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    Chem F4 Chapter 8

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    JΞτΗασ
    The document discusses different manufactured substances used in industry including alloys, glass, ceramics, and composite materials. Alloys are mixtures of metals that combine properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Glass composition depends on the type but commonly includes silica, with soda-lime glass used for windows and bottles. Ceramics are strong but brittle materials made from clay or inorganic substances. Composite materials consist of two materials like plastic and glass to produce new properties, for example reinforced concrete combining concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength.

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    Chem F4 Chapter 8

    Uploaded by

    JΞτΗασ
    406 views6 pages
    The document discusses different manufactured substances used in industry including alloys, glass, ceramics, and composite materials. Alloys are mixtures of metals that combine properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Glass composition depends on the type but commonly includes silica, with soda-lime glass used for windows and bottles. Ceramics are strong but brittle materials made from clay or inorganic substances. Composite materials consist of two materials like plastic and glass to produce new properties, for example reinforced concrete combining concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength.

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    The document discusses different manufactured substances used in industry including alloys, glass, ceramics, and composite materials. Alloys are mixtures of metals that combine properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Glass composition depends on the type but commonly includes silica, with soda-lime glass used for windows and bottles. Ceramics are strong but brittle materials made from clay or inorganic substances. Composite materials consist of two materials like plastic and glass to produce new properties, for example reinforced concrete combining concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    406 views6 pages

    Chem F4 Chapter 8

    Uploaded by

    JΞτΗασ
    The document discusses different manufactured substances used in industry including alloys, glass, ceramics, and composite materials. Alloys are mixtures of metals that combine properties like strength and corrosion resistance. Glass composition depends on the type but commonly includes silica, with soda-lime glass used for windows and bottles. Ceramics are strong but brittle materials made from clay or inorganic substances. Composite materials consist of two materials like plastic and glass to produce new properties, for example reinforced concrete combining concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Chapter 8 : Manufactured Substances In Industry

    8.1 Alloy and Its Importance

    1. An alloy is a mixture of a pure metal with small quantities of other metals added in fixed
    percentages.

    2. Comparison of alloy with pure metal

    Properties Alloy Pure Metal


    Surface Shiny Dull
    Resistance to corrosion High Low
    Hardness Hard Less Hard

    3. Purpose of forming alloys

    increase the hardness prevent corrosion or improve the


    and strength of the not clear-rusting. appearance of the
    metal. metal surface.

    4. Pure metals are weak and soft because the atoms in a metal are packed together as close as
    possible and arranged in orderly manner. When a force is applied, the layers of atoms start to
    slide or slip over each other.

    5. Ductile, Malleable High Density

    Physical properties of pure metal

    High melting point Good heat &


    & boiling point electricity conductor
    6. Small quantity of other metals or a foreign metal is added to the molten pure metal.
    When the alloy harden, the other metal atoms replace the position of some of the pure
    metals.

    7. The composition, properties and uses of some common alloys.

    Alloy Composition Properties Uses


    In construction of bridges,
    99% iron,
    Carbon steel Hard vehicles, tools and heavy
    1% carbon
    machinery framework.
    90% copper, Hard shiny
    Bronze Kitchenware, ornaments
    10% tin
    70% copper, Electrical connectors, musical
    Brass Hard, shiny
    30% zinc instruments, ornaments
    95% aluminium, Aircraft body, racing bicycle,
    Duralumin 4% copper, Light, hard fan blade, light electrical cable.
    1% magnesium
    74% iron,
    Stainless Crockery, kitchenware,
    18% chromium, Resists rusting
    steel machine part
    8% nickel
    97% tin,
    Mug, decorative ornaments,
    Pewter 3% lead and Hard, shiny
    souvenirs
    antimony
    50% tin, Hard, shiny, low Soldering, electrical wire,
    Solder
    50% lead melting point metal pipes
    Copper, nickel Hard, shiny,
    Cupronickel (percentage resists To make coin
    according to colour) corrosion

    8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses

    1. The raw material to make glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.


    2. Other ingredients for making glass are alkaline substances such as calcium oxide and
    sodium oxide.
    3. Glass has the following common properties:
    a. transparent
    b. hard but brittle
    c. non-porous
    d. heat-insulator
    e. electrical insulator
    f. resistant to chemicals
    g. easy to clean
    h. can withstand compression

    4. Different type of glasses

    Glass type Composition Properties Uses


    - High melting point - Laboratory
    - Difficult to change its shape glassware
    - Resistant to chemical reaction - Arc tubes in lamps
    Fused glass Silica (Silicon dioxide)
    - Transparent to ultraviolet and - Lenses
    infrared light. - Telescope mirrors
    - Optical fibres
    - Low melting point - Bottle
    - High thermal expansion - Flat glass
    Silica (Silicon dioxide) coefficient - Windowpanes
    Soda (Calcium - Does not withstand heat - Mirrors
    Soda-lime
    carbonate) - Cracks easily with sudden - Light bulbs
    glass
    Limestone (Sodium change in temperature - Industrial and art
    carbonate) - Less resistant to chemicals objects
    - Easy to change its shape
    - Transparent to visible light.
    - Transparent to visible light - Cooking utensils
    Silica (Silicon dioxide) - Resistant to chemicals - Laboratory
    Soda (Calcium - Does not break easily glassware
    carbonate) - Resistant to chemical - Automobile
    Borosilicate
    Limestone (Sodium reactions headlights
    glass
    carbonate) - Can withstand wide range of - Glass pipelines
    Boron oxide temperature changes - Electrical tubes
    Aluminium oxide

    - Soft and easy to melt - Lenses


    Silica (Silicon dioxide) - Reflects light rays - Prism
    Lead crystal Soda (Calcium - High density - Crystals
    glass carbonate) - High refractive index - Tableware
    Lead (II) oxide - Chandeliers
    8.3 Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses

    1. A ceramic is a non-metallic material, which is a better electrical and thermal insulator


    than metal.
    2. Ceramic is manufactured using clay that is dried and then baked in a high temperature.
    3. Properties of ceramic:
    a. strong and hard but brittle
    b. electrical and heat insulator
    c. resistant to chemicals
    d. very high melting point
    e. breaks easily

    4. Atoms of ceramic are strongly bonded by covalent and ionic bonds in a fixed arrangement.
    Hence, ceramic is highly resistant to compression and is hard. It also has high melting point
    due to the strong covalent and ionic bonds.

    5. There are 2 types of ceramics:

    a) Traditional Ceramics : made from clay eg Kaolin

    - Used to make construction materials (eg. brick, tiles and cement) and ornamental
    articles (eg. plate, bowl, vase, cup and porcelain)

    b) Advanced Ceramics : Made from inorganic substances eg. Oxides, carbides and nitrides

    - Has higher resistance to heat and abrasion

    - act as a superconductor: a class of ceramic that conduct electricity without


    resistance and without loss of electrical energy.
    - Used to make cutting disc, brake disc and tungsten carbide ring

    8.4 Composite Materials and Its Importance

    1. Composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with
    significantly different physical or chemical properties such as metals, non-metals, alloys,
    glass, ceramic and polymers.

    2. They consist of a matrix substance and a strengthening substance.

    3. The composite material produced will have different properties from its original material.
    4. Examples of composites are reinforced concrete, fibreglass, superconductor, photochromic
    gas, racing helmet, fishing rod and others.

    a. Reinforced concrete
    - This is a mixture of concrete and steel rods or wire mesh.
    - It is made by pouring liquid concrete over a network of steel rods.
    - Concrete is a very strong but it has little tensile strength.
    - Steel has good tensile strength
    - The combination of concrete and steel produces a strong and better ability to
    withstand tensile forces.
    - It is used to build bridges, dams and buildings.
    b. Fibreglass
    - Glass is hard, strong but brittle and high density.
    - Plastic is elastic, flexible, low density but not strong.
    - The combination of plastic and glass creates a fibreglass, which gives high tensile
    strength and low density.
    - Fibreglass can be easily coloured, moulded and shapes.
    - Fibreglass is used in making water storage tank, car bumper, badminton racquet,
    boat and helmet.

    c. Optical fibre

    - An optical fibre is made up of three layers :


     Innermost core : Silica glass fiber
     Second layer : glass or plastic
     Outer layer : plastic protective jacket
    - An optical fibre consists of a glass core of high refractive index enclosed by a sheath
    of lower refractive index. Hence, it transmits information through total internal
    reflection of light.
    - Optical fibre transmit information such as telephone and television signals as well as
    digital data over long distance without distortion and loss of signal using light waves
    that pass through the fibre.
    - Optical fibres are also used in endoscopes in the field of medicine.
    d. Photochromic glass

    - This glass is created by adding silver chloride or silver bromide and copper(II)
    chloride to glass
    - Photochromic glass is sensitive to light intensity.
    - The glass becomes darken when exposed to sunlight but becomes clear when the light
    intensity decreases.
    - When exposed to ultraviolet light, AgCl or AgBr decomposes to form silver and
    halogen atoms. This fine silver deposited in the glass is black and the glass is
    darkened.
    2AgBr  2Ag + Br2
    - As compared to dark condition, the process is reversed and the glass turns transparent
    again. Copper (II) chloride catalyses the process.

    e. Superconductor
    - Superconductors are substances that can conduct electricity with zero resistance, thus
    preventing loss of energy in the form of heat.
    - The materials used to make superconductor are called YBa2Cu3O7 that contain
    yttrium, barium, copper and oxygen.
    - Superconductors are used to make superconductor magnet or supermagnet. These are
    used in particle accelerators and involved in MRI machines.

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