Introduction to Different Civil Engineering NATURE OF WORK OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Specialization
 Design and analysis of structures used to
support loads in the most economical manner,
with of safety.
Structural Engineering
 Make sure that loads applied could be of a
varied nature, including the load on bridges due
 focuses on the framework of structures, and on to traffic, effect of strong winds on high
designing those structures to withstand the buildings, load on structures because of
stresses and pressures of their environment and variation in temperatures caused due to
remain safe, stable and secure throughout their changes in weather, and load due to
use. earthquakes.
 Structural engineers make sure that buildings  Specialties of structural engineering are building
don't fall down and bridges don't collapse. engineering, industrial structures, and pipeline
 Structural engineering is among the oldest engineering.
types of engineering, dating back to the first  Significant influence on the life, healthiness, and
instance of tree branches being lashed together goods of people, due to which extra vigilance is
with vines to make a shelter. required during the construction and inspection
of the structures
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 workalongsidecivilengineersandarchitectsaspart
 People have been designing and building ofaconstructionteam.
increasingly larger and more sophisticated  "In a nutshell," according to the Institution of
structures, from primitive huts to the Structural Engineers, "if a structure was a
International Space Station. human body, then the architect would be
 James Lucas (2014) expresses that the names of concerned with the body shape and
the earliest practitioners of Structural appearance, and the structural engineer would
Engineering are lost to antiquity be concerned with the skeleton and sinews."
 It is possible that no one will ever know who  Analyzing blueprints, maps, reports, and
designed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the topographical and geological data.
Parthenon or the aqueducts of the Roman  Estimating the cost and quantities of materials,
Empire. equipment and labor
 Structural engineering has been in use since  Computing load and grade requirements, water
ages, and one of the greatest ancient flow rates and material stress factors to
structureswasthePyramidofGizathatwasconstru determine design specifications.
ctedinthe26thcenturyBC.  Inspecting project sites to monitor progress and
 The major structures during the medieval ensure the project is being constructed
period were the pyramids since the shape of the according to design specifications.
pyramids is basically stable  Conductingstudiesoftrafficpatternsorenvironme
 Theoretical knowledge about the structures was ntalconditionstoidentify potential problems and
limited, and construction techniques were assess how they will affect the project.
based on experience only
SKILLES NEEDED IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 The real advancement in the structural
engineering was achieved in the 19th century 1. Critical Thinking Skill
during the industrial revolution when significant 2. Communication Skills
progress was achieved in the sciences of 3. Managerial Skills
structural analysis and materials science. 4. Leadership Skills
Earliest practitioners of structural engineering  The design and construction function was
designed the following: subdivided into many engineering specialties
and trade activities respectively.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon
 Managing the multitude of parties and workers
 Parthenon
involved in modern projects together with the
 Aqueducts of Roman Empire
adversary relationships among the Architect,
Latter-day practitioners of structural engineering: Engineer, General Contractor and owner, is not
an easy task.
 Gustave Eiffel > Eiffel Tower and Statue of
 This paved the way to the emergence of
Liberty
construction engineering and management as a
 Eero Saarinen > Gateway Arch
discipline, which is a set of professional
 Large Hadron Collider James
management activities that must be carried out
Webb Space Telescope > Companies &
to minimize the risks of the uncertainties of
Government Organizations
time and cost, thereby enhancing the
probability of the successful completion of a
Construction Engineering Management project.

 Application of technical and scientific CONSTRUCTION SITE ENGINEER’S SPECIFIC

knowledge to infrastructure construction RESPOSIBILITIES
projects
1. Construction Site
 Engineering focuses on design and construction 2. Travelling
management is concerned with overseeing the 3. Technical Activities
actual construction, CEM often represents a 4. Quality Assurance
blend of both disciplines, bridging design and 5. Site Engineer for Health & Safety
management or project execution. 6. Preparation of Reports and Schedule
 Construction engineering managers may have 7. Communication & Leadership
an educational background at both
undergraduate and graduate levels as well as SKILLS NEEDED IN C.E.M
experience in construction management
1. Communication skills
techniques.
2. Strong critical thinking skills
HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MNGMT.
Geotechnical Engineering
 The practice of Construction Engineering
 Related to the performance of soil mechanics,
started from the days the Egyptian pyramids
subsurface conditions physical, mechanical, and
were built until the early eighteenth century
chemical properties the assessment of the risks
where in the Architect was the master – builder
that may be created by conditions of the site
Faced with simple technology, less variety of
 Data gathered by geotechnical engineers are
construction materials, and owners’ lack of
utilized in the design of earth works and
sophistication in the delivery of projects, his
foundation
role expanded to include the management of
 Also related to coastal engineering, which is
the construction process.
involved with the design and creation of
 As clients progressively demanded more
harbors, quay sand marinas.
different and complex buildings and facilities,
 Ocean engineering is also concerned with
the need for new construction methods and
geotechnical engineering, and it
management techniques, coupled with
dealswithanchorsystemsforoilplatformsandothe
advancement in technology, fostered the
roffshorestructures.
development of the general contractor.
 Geotechnicalengineeringhasevolvedandgeosynt
heticshashelpedtosolve many conventional
 problems that are encountered by the construction of building foundations began to
engineers in the field. emerge.
 Geosynthetic products have a wide range of  A French engineer by the name Henri Gautier
applications and are currently used in many civil recognized “natural slope” of different soils an
and geotechnical engineering applications idea which later developed into something
including roads, embankments, retaining known as soil’s angle of repose. And then more
structures, canals, landfills, bank protection, principles of soil mechanics came in to
and coastal engineering. existence.

HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING NATURE OF WORK OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

 Our ancestors in the olden days used soil for an  Focus on the topography of the land and the
extensive variety of activities from building and attributes of rocks and soils in the building
creation of construction materials to irrigation process
and flood control.  Study water tables and floodplains to come up
 The earliest applications were simply related to with the best approach to developments
flood control as well as irrigation as exhibited by  Study how a building or development might
traces of dykes, dams, and canals that have sustain itself against the natural order of the
been discovered in some parts of ancient Egypt, land scape where it will be built.
Greece and other parts of the world dating back  Work on embankments and around waterworks
to not less than 2000BCE. such as relief tunnels and floodplains
 As these areas developed, construction of  Monitor drilling
structures which were supported by formalized  Geotechnical engineer’s Roles and
foundations begun. For instance, the people of Responsibilities:
Greece notably built pad footings as well as  Plan and design structures for buildings, roads,
strip and-raft foundations during this time. embankments and canals
However, the science of soil design was still a  Beyond their construction role, the geotechnical
non-existing phenomenon. engineer will also deal with geological hazards
 By the 18th century, numerous engineering like landslides, soil erosion, & earthquakes.
problems related to building foundations began
to emerge. The Leaning Tower of Pisa which is a TASK OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS:
tourist attraction today for example presented a 1. Subsurface Investigation
unique challenge at that time. 2. Computer Analysis
 What happened is that the tower had been 3. Field test
constructed on soft ground composed mostly of 4. Client Meetings
clay, fine sand, and shells without using enough
stones to make a strong foundation. Due to the SKILLS NEEDED FOR GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
heavy weight without enough base support, the 1. A Civil Engineering degree from accredited civil
structure had no option but to sink a little bit engineering institution with geotechnical
into the earth. One side happened to go further engineering as main subject in the bachelors or
deeper into the ground than the other causing master's degree.
the tower to lean to one side. The Leaning 2. Good Analytical skill and ability to work as a
Tower of Pisa makes an important part of the team with other members of the project.
history of geotechnical engineering. 3. Excellent knowledge in computer software
 The Leaning Tower experience is what pertaining to geotechnical designing.
prompted engineers to start taking a more 4. Excellent written and verbal communication.
scientific approach to setting up foundations of
buildings with respect to soil design and Water Resource Engineering
structure. Significant soil theories guiding the
 Concerned with the structures and processes
related to water supplies for human
 consumption and the removal of water for NATURE OF WORK OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEER:
safety.
 Designing sewer improvement plans or flood
 Deals with the provision of water for human
defense programs, and associated structures,
use, and the development of techniques for the
such as pumping stations, pipework and
prevention of destruction from floods.
earthworks (the scale may range from an initial
 Planning and management of facilities such as
outline to a full, detailed design)
canals for irrigation and sewers for drainage and
 Keeping up to date with environmental matters;
to avoid waterlogging, and all other issues
being aware of policy and developments
related with the usage and control of water.
 Presenting technical data or project results;
 Ensures that water requirements of society and
both technical and non-technical
environment are met.
 Keeping track of the progress of projects from
HISTORY OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING beginning to end - from feasibility, to design
through to construction and handover (or
 Water – resources development has had a long
handling just one section of a large project
history, basically beginning when humans
 RESPONSIBILITIES
changed from being hunters and food gatherers
OFAWATERRESOURCEENGINEER:
to developing of agriculture and settlements.
 Supervisingtheoperationandmaintenanceofwat
This change resulted in humans harnessing
erandsewageinfrastructure
water for irrigation. As humans developed, they
 Using computer simulations to analyze, for
began to invent and develop technologies, and
example, potential dam failure
to transport and manage water for irrigation.
 Devising flood defense strategies
 The first successful efforts to control the flow of
 Monitoring flood levels at times of high risk
water were in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Since
that time humans have continuously built on SKILLS NEEDED FOR WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
the knowledge of water resources engineering.
1. Excellent Analytical Skills
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF W.R.E. 2. Team-working Skills
3. People-management Skills
 Deals with the provision of water for human
4. Information Technology skills
use, and the development of techniques for the
5. Problem-solving Skills
prevention of destruction from floods.
6. Time-management Skills
 Includes the planning and management of
7. Project-management skills
facilities that are constructed for these tasks
8. Communication Skills
like making canals for irrigation and sewers for
drainage and to avoid waterlogging, and all Transportation Engineering
other issues related with the usage and control
of water  Planning, design, operation, and maintenance
of safe and efficient transportation systems
 Deals with sewer systems for storms and
such as roadways, railways, waterways, and
wastewater, irrigation network, river
inter modal operations
engineering, including ice covered rivers,
hydraulic structures, including dams, spillways,  The demand is the amount of traffic (people,
floodways and reservoirs, seepage control, cars, railcars, barges) that is expected to use a
hydrology, floods, flow of mud and debris, wave particular transportation facility, while the
analysis supply is the quantity and type of infrastructure
components (roadways, bridges, pavements,
 Development of new equipment and systems
etc.)
for water resource management facilities and
supervision for the construction and HISTORY OF TRASPORTATION ENGINEERING
maintenance of the systems are still scopes of a
water resource engineer.  Overland and river routes served the trade of
Mesopotamia five millennia ago.
  Roads in Rome were constructed in a large scale Transportation engineers may administer plans with
and it radiated in many directions helping them contractors and determine the overall costs for a
in military operations. Hence, they are project.
considered to be pioneers in road construction.
Also, Transportation Engineers review development
 Thorough going changes in transportation
plans to determine potential traffic impact.
accompanied the evolution of the modern
world. A wave of these were seen in Europe in Transportation Engineers also prepare administrative,
the centuries just before 1300, when a network technical, or statistical reports on traffic-operation
of trade centers emerged to replace feudal matters, such as accidents, safety measures, or
economies. pedestrian volume or practices.
 By the eleventh century, road transport had
Moreover, on a weekly to monthly basis, they prepare
adopted existing technologies including iron
project budgets, schedules, or specifications for labor or
shoes and harnesses for draft animals, swiveling
materials and plan alteration or modification of existing
front axles for wagons, and bridge building
transportation structures to improve safety or function.
techniques. But because road transport costs
were high, coastal and river transport served Furthermore, they model transportation scenarios to
most movements. evaluate the impacts of activities such as new
 Beginning about 1900, developments building development or to identify possible solutions to
on those modes began serving the modern transportation problems.
world with other varieties of air, marine, and
land transportation. SKILLS NEEDED OF TRASPORTATION ENGINEERING

NATURE OF WORK OF TRANSPORTATION 1. Time Management

ENGINEERING 2. Identifying complex problems
3. Writing to communicate effectively
Transportation Engineers focus on planning new and 4. Management of Financial Resources
different transportation means and ways that include 5. Quality Control Analysis
roads, airports, trains, bridges, etc. To do these, they 6. Social Perceptiveness
analyze data, identify various problems, and solving 7. Make mathematical computations and design
them through innovative answers. projects
8. Read and interpret plans and technical reports
In order to solve these difficulties, Transportation
Engineers typically need collection and validation of Environmental Engineering
systems, traffic flow, accidents, price, and any other
means of statistics.  Concerned with protecting people from the
effects of adverse environmental effects, such
Transportation Engineers may also be involved in as pollution, as well as improving environmental
government departments or other utility company quality. Environmental engineers work to
parties to cooperate for certain projects. improve recycling, waste disposal, public health,
and water and air pollution control.
Transportation engineers draw up plans for new
multilane highways to be built in places where only local HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
road sexist.
 Branch of civil engineering that is concerned
Other duties of Transportation Engineers include with protecting people from adverse
analysis of schematics and engineering data, posing environmental effects such as pollution, as well
recommendations for traffic and driving policies, as improving environmental quality
designing transit means and analyzing the effects of  Application of science and engineering
transition urban areas. principles to improve the environment (air,
water, and/or land resources), to provide
healthful water, air, and land for human
 habitation and for other organisms, and to  Marc Edwards- a professor of civil and
remediate polluted sites. environmental engineering at Virginia
 Involves sustainable design for the control and Polytechnic Institute and State University. He is
protection of the environment and its pioneer in detecting and reducing lead in
resources. drinking water.
 The practice of environmental engineering  JosephLstiburek-
dates back to the dawn of civilization. Ever since aleadingauthorityonbuildingscienceandindoorai
groups of people began living in semi- rquality.
permanent settlements, they have had to deal  George F. Pinder- a professor of civil and
withthechallengesofprovidingcleanwateranddis environmental engineering, mathematics, and
posingofsolidwasteandsewage. statistics at the University of Vermont. He is
 With the growth of cities and the advent of known for his expert testimony in the legal
large-scale farming and manufacturing, people cases regarding environmental contamination
have also had to worry about air quality and soil at Love Canal, New York, and Woburn,
contamination. Massachusetts.
 Environmental engineering was traditionally a
NATURE OF WORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
specialized field within civil engineering
andwascalledsanitaryengineeringuntilthemid-  Environmental Engineers use the principles
1960s. of engineering, soil science, biology and
 5 chemistry to develop solutions to
 Joseph Bazalgette, considered as first environmental problems.
environmental engineer, oversaw the  Environmental engineering functions
construction ofthefirstlarge- include applied research and teaching;
scalemunicipalsanitarysewersysteminLondonint project planning and management; the
hemid-19th century. This was prompted by a design, construction, and operation of
series of cholera epidemics, as well as persistent facilities; sale and marketing of
unbearable stench, that were attributed to the environmental-control equipment; and the
discharge of raw sewage into the Thames River, enforcement of environmental standards
which was also the main source of drinking and regulations.
water for the city.
SKILLS NEEDED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
 This “great stink”, which was so noxious that it
caused Parliament to evacuate Westminster, 1. Imagination - able to foresee how proposed
gave then-prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli designs will interact with the other components
grounds to ask for 3.5 million pounds to of larger system
improve the city’s sewage disposal system. 2. Interpersonal Skills - able to work with others
 6 toward a common goal
 Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards- a pioneer 3. Problem Solving Skills - able to identify and
19th century industrial and environmental anticipate problems in order to prevent losses
chemist. She was the first woman admitted to for their employers, safeguard workers’ health
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and mitigate environmental damage
(MIT)and later, an instructor in sanitary 4. Reading Skills – able to read and understand
chemistry there. She worked with many local documents with topics outside their scope of
and national groups dealing with water supplies training
and public health problems. 5. Writing Skills – able to write clearly so that
 G.D.Agwaral a respected environmental others without their specific training can
engineer in India. He has worked to clean up the understand their plans, proposals,
Ganges River and fasted to protest the specifications, and findings
damming of the Bhagirathi River
 7