WIRELESS CHARGER

HARITH ISKANDAR BIN MOHD DIN

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the
Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power System)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

DECEMBER 2010
 ii

“All the trademark and copyrights use herein are property of their respective owner.
References of information from other sources are quoted accordingly; otherwise the
information presented in this report is solely work of the author.”

Signature : ____________________________

Author : HARITH ISKANDAR BIN MOHD DIN

Date : 30 NOVEMBER 2010

 iv

“I hereby acknowledge that the scope and quality of this thesis is qualified for the award
of the Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power System)”

Signature : ________________________

Name : MR.RAMDAN BIN RAZALI

Date : 30 NOVEMBER 2010

 v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First at all, I would like to thank God the Almighty for his bless towards myself.
Without his blessing I might not able to complete my final year project entitled
“Wireless Charger”.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank all the people who had assisted
me directly and indirectly in completing the project. My first gratitude goes to Mr.
Ramdan bin Razali, my supervisor for the project whom had given supports, advices and
guidance I might need. He had been guiding me from the start of the project until the
final touch of the thesis write up. With his helps, I had learned many things regarding
the project, as well as extra knowledge that I believe I would not have this sort of
opportunity elsewhere. The project would obviously not be successful without him. A
million thanks to Mr. Ramdan bin Razali.

Very special thanks also to other friends who had guided and helped me a lot
with the project. Not to forget, I would also wish to thank all of my lecturers who had
given their full co-operation. They had never hesitated to share knowledge and opinions
in ensuring the project be completed successfully.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved parents who had given me a
lot of moral support while I was struggling with this project. Thanks for the
understanding and the prayer for my successness.

Once again to all, thank you very much.

 vi

ABSTRACT

Everyone nowadays is users of electrical devices such as, mobile phone,

notebook, LCD, and many more. Those electrical devices supplied power by wired
transmission from power supply. Wires create mess in a small room and sometimes can
cause electrical shock or even house burnt due to the wire cut and short circuit. In order
to prevent those things to happen, a wireless power transmission was invented. By
transmitting the power through air by using radio frequency can reduce the uses of wire
cable. From the power supply, a built-in coil transmits the magnetic flux as the
transmitter. There is also a built in coil in the electrical devices that receive the magnetic
wave and charging the electrical devices.
 vii

ABSTRAK

Setiap orang pada masa ini adalah merupakan pengguna alatan elektrik seperti

telefon mudah alih, computer riba, LCD dan sebagainya. Kesemua peralatan itu

dibekalkan kuasa dari sumber kuasa melalui wayar. Wayar adalah penyebab serakan di

dalam bilik kecil dan boleh menyebabkan kejutan elektrik juga boleh menyebabkan

kebakaran disebabkan oleh luka pada wayar dan juga litar pintas. Sebagai langkah bagi

mengatasinya, pancaran kuasa tanpa wayar telah dicipta. Pancaran melalui udara

menggunakan frekuensi radio mengurangkan penggunaan wayar. Dari sumber kuasa,

gelung yang dibina memancarkan kuasa melalui pemancar. Terdapat juga gelung di

bahagian penerima untuk menerima kuasa tersebut.

 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION OF THESIS’S STATUS ii

DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR iii
TITLE iv
DECLARATION v
DEDICATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
ABSTRACT xiii
ABSTRAK xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS xii
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICS
1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Background 1
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Project Scopes 3
1.5 Problem Statement 3
1.6 Thesis Outline 4
 ix

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Choosing Type of Transmission 7
2.2.1 Radio Wave 7
2.2.2 Inductive coupling 9
2.2.3 Laser 10
2.2.4 Ultrasonic 10
2.2.5 Comparison 11
2.3 Choosing of Equipment/Circuit 12
2.3.1 Oscillator 12
2.3.1.1 Colpitts Oscillator 12
2.3.1.2 Hartley Oscillator 13
2.3.2 Voltage Booster 14
2.3.2.1 Voltage Doubler 14

3 METHODOLOGY 16

3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Power Supply 17
3.3 Oscillator 18
3.3.1 Design 19
3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 21
3.3.3 Design Challenge 21
3.4 Power Amplifier 22
3.4.1 Design 22
3.5 Transmitter and Receiver 25
3.5.1 Solenoid Design 25
3.5.2 LC Arrangement 26
 x

3.5.3 Inductance Determination 27

3.5.4 Type of Coil 28
3.6 Voltage Doubler 30
3.6.1 Design 30
3.7 Charging Circuit 31
3.7.1 Design 31
3.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 32

4 RESULT & ANALYSIS 33

4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Oscillator 33
4.3 Power Amplifier 35
4.4 Transmitter and Receiver Coils 36
4.5 Voltage Doubler 37
4.6 Effect of The Type of Coil 38

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 40

5.1 Conclusion 40
5.2 Future Recommendation 41
5.3 Commercialization 42

REFERENCES 44

APPENDICES 46
 xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

Table 4.1 Transmitter and Receiver Voltage 36

Table 4.2 Booster Result Without LED Light 37
Table 4.3 Booster Result with LED 37
Table 4.4 Coil Effectiveness (C-to-O Transmitter) 38
Table 4.5 Coil Effectiveness (B-to-F Transmitter) 39
 xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 The Rectenna 8

2.2 Components of An Inductive Power
Transfer Power 9
2.3 Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission 10
2.4 Basic Diagram of Colpitts Oscillator 12
2.5 Basic Diagram of Hartley Oscillator 13
2.6 Voltage Doubler 15
3.1 System Block Diagram 17
3.2 Colpitts oscillator schematic 19
3.3 Oscillator system schematic 22
3.4 Class B Amplifier 23
3.5 Power Amplifier 24
3.6 Flux Density In A Solenoid 25
3.7 Topology of LC Arrangement 27
3.8 Center-to-Outer Coil 29
3.9 Back-to-Front Coil 29
3.10 Schematic of the Voltage
Doubler 30
3.11 Charging Circuit 31
4.1 Oscillated Voltage 34
4.2 Power Output Amplifier 35
4.3 Transceiver and Receiver 36
5.1 One to Many Transmission 42
 xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC - Alternate Current
DC - Direct Current
RF - Radio Frequency
FCC - Federal Communications Commission
BJT - Bijunction Transisitor
LED - Light Emitting Diode
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The development of technology nowadays is increasing rapidly. From wired to

wireless. It is being practiced for many years ago. The wireless technology first
developed by Guglielmo Marconi was the telegraph that sending data for certain miles
[1].

After that, it was developed till this day. Anyway, this wireless power
transmission was invented by Nikola Tesla and still yet being developed. This
document is mainly about transferring power wirelessly. The method chosen for this
project is using radio frequency. Why this method being chosen will be explain later. By
the way, this project is presented the capability to transfer it wireless without any harm
to the human life.

1.2 Background

It is been well known that Nikola Tesla is a genius who lit the world. He is the
person who defies the efficiency of direct current invented by Thomas Edison. After
 2

that, he invented the Alternating current in order to overcome the problem of direct
current.

When Nikola Tesla discovered alternating current (AC) electricity, he had great
difficulty convincing men of his time to believe in it. Thomas Edison was in favor of
direct current (DC) electricity and opposed AC electricity strenuously. Tesla eventually
sold his rights to his alternating current patents to George Westinghouse for $1,000,000.
After paying off his investors, Tesla spent his remaining funds on his other inventions
and culminated his efforts in a major breakthrough in 1899 at Colorado Springs by
transmitting 100 million volts of high-frequency electric power wirelessly over a
distance of 26 miles at which he lit up a bank of 200 light bulbs and ran one electric
motor! With this souped up version of his Tesla coil, Tesla claimed that only 5% of the
transmitted energy was lost in the process. But broke of funds again, he looked for
investors to back his project of broadcasting electric power in almost unlimited amounts
to any point on the globe. The method he would use to produce this wireless power was
to employ the earth's own resonance with its specific vibrational frequency to conduct
AC electricity via a large electric oscillator. [2]

1.3 Objectives

1. To design a circuit of the wireless power system to transmit voltage wirelessly

from source to device
2. To gain the specification for the transmitter and receiver circuit.
 3

1.4 Project Scope

This project is focus on the building of the circuit that capable to transmit the
power wirelessly. It is the hardest part in designing this project. It is because I have to
consider the frequency that I am using as a medium to transmit the energy. By the way,
before considering the frequency, the choosing of method to be used to generate high
frequency of supply is important. I have to reconsider all factors before make a decision
on what method should be used

Aside from that, another scope that I have to encounter is the transmitter and
receiver it selves. To make sure the transmission from supply to load is in the highest
efficiency, the value of the transmitter size and the receiver size had to be calculated.

1.5 Problem Statement

Nowadays, electricity is very important in daily life. Without any of electrical

appliance, world is stop working. A copper wire are use to transfer the current from the
supplier to load. With the so many appliances in one place, thus there so many wires in a
place to supply each appliance. The crowd of the cables produces messes which will
produce other problems.

Supplying voltage without using cable is almost impossible due to the

connectivity and the efficiency.
 4

1.6 Thesis outline

There are all five chapters being structures in this thesis and every chapter will
elaborate in detail about this project. For the first chapter, an overview about this
project, variable input constant output 3 phase ac-dc converter is discussed including the
objectives and scopes of the project as a guide to develop three phase controlled
rectifier.

Chapter 2 will explain and discuss on the literature review of the wireless power
transmission that being in research before. At this chapter there are also the explanations
on the method used to transmit energy. The advantage and disadvantage of each method
also being explain in this chapter. I also put my stand on which type of method I would
choose in my project.

Chapter 3 discusses the methodology that I use to transmit the energy wirelessly.
In this chapter it will be presented part by part. From the power supply, power amplifier,
transmitter coil which all these are included in transmitter part and also in the receiver
part which are receiver coil, boost converter and the charging circuit. Beside that, I will
also explain on the safety of this project specification.

Chapter 4 is discussing and displaying all the results obtained and the limitation
of the project. All discussions are concentrated on the result and the overall performance
of the wireless power transfer. It also mention on the distance that could be use to
transmit the energy.
 5

Chapter 5 in overall will discuss on the conclusion and summary of the

development of the three phase controlled rectifier project. In this chapter also discusses
on the problems and recommendation for this project development or modification.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE RIVEW

1.1 Introduction

By transferring voltage via cable, the efficiency of the power transferring is

about 95%. The losses that appear in the transferring via cable are because of the
insulator or cable heating. The losses of the power transfer via cable can be affected by
the distance of the cable. The longer the cable, more losses occurred on the system.

Same thing happen to the wireless power transfer, losses happen in the circuit
system. Moreover, losses that occur are gradually high. Just for a few inches of distance,
the efficiency is dropping to only 10%.

In the way to transmit the power wirelessly there are many method can be used.
It also been researched by others. As an example, the inductive coupling done by Marin
Soljacic from MIT. Years ago, Tesla had performed so many researches on wireless
power and he succeeded his researches and managed to light a bulb grounded on earth.
 7

Even so, he cannot proceed the mushroom cap wireless power transmitter due to some
problem [3]. Many researches to continue his project are widely done nowadays.

2.2 Choosing type of transmission

2.2.1 Radio wave

Power transmission by radio waves dates back to the early work of Heinrich
Hertz [4]. Hertz experimented largely with power transfer through radio waves while
Tesla’s work was based on much longer wavelengths [4]. For about fifty years after
Hertz and Tesla, there were not many people who experimented with wireless power
transfer because people realized that efficient point-to-point wireless transfer of energy
depended upon concentrating electromagnetic energy into a narrow beam. The only
practical way to do this was by using electromagnetic energy that was very short in
wavelength and devices were not available to supply energy in these wavelengths [4].
Although these devices were developed during World War II, it would be more than a
decade later before serious interest in microwave power transfer would begin [4].

Wireless power transfer through radio waves is a three-step process:

(1) Direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) electrical power is converted
into radio frequency (RF) power,

(2) The RF power is transmitted through space to some distant point

 8

(3) The power is collected and converted back into DC power at the receiving point
[4].

There are many choices of converters for stage 1; numerous devices will convert
electrical energy to RF power. The choices of converters for stage 3 are not as
abundant. This part is largely dominated by semiconductor rectennas [5].

Figure 2.1: The rectenna

This rectenna was Conceived at Raytheon Co. in 1963, it was built and tested by R. H.
George at Purdue University. It was composed of 28 half-wave dipoles, each terminated in a
bridge rectifier made from four 1N82G point-contact, semiconductor diodes. A power output of
7 W was produced at an estimated 40 percent efficiency.

Power transmission by radio waves dates back to the early work of Heinrich Hertz.
Not only did he demonstrate electromagnetic wave propagation in free space by using a
complete system with a spark gap to generate high-frequency power and to detect it at
the receiving end, but he also used parabolic reflectors at both the transmitting and
receiving ends of the system [4].
 9

2.2.2 Inductive coupling

This method is one of the simplest method because it only contribute the supply,
primary winding, secondary winding and load [6]. The induction system is almost the
same with the system of the transformer. The only different is transformer need core to
transfer the induction current but inductive coupling is just the induction between two
coils with air [7].

This kind of method had been used widely and being commercialized by so
many company. As an example of appliance that use this kind of method is the electrical
toothbrush, electrical shaver battery free and ‘wireless mouse battery free’ from A4
Company and many more. The system is just like shown in the figure below.

Figure 2.2: Components of an

Inductive Power Transfer

The main reason of using this method in most company in their products is
because the efficiency of the energy transfer is high. The efficiency of inductive
coupling method is merely 80% which the highest efficiency in the wireless power
transfers [8]. The disadvantage of this method is the distance between two coils is very
small. It is just about 1cm distance between both coils to gain the 80% efficiency of the
transmission.
 10

2.2.3 Laser

Laser is another method of transmitting power wirelessly. The concept of using

laser is converting DC voltage to electromagnetic wave before transmitting. Recollect it
in electromagnetic wave before convert it back to DC voltage [5].Lasers would allow for
a very concentrated stream of power to be transferred from one point to another. Based
upon available research material, it appears that this solution would be more practical for
space to upper atmosphere or terrestrial power transmission. Usually the Laser method
are suitable to use in aerospace because transmitting via laser there a huge disadvantage
which is the laser is a light beam and it move in a straight line and it cannot through
anything that blocking the way of the laser sight.

Other than that, using laser as a medium to transmit energy gives the efficiency
as low as 10%-20% [5]. It can maybe used as a domestic usage for small appliance after
further research and development be done on it to make sure the safety of it.

2.2.4 Ultrasonic

In addition to laser wireless power transfer, a new-concept wireless power

transmission system that uses ultrasonic air transducers has been developed [19].

Figure 2.3: Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transmission

 11

In ultrasonic wireless power transmission a transmitter, which is composed of a

pulse generator, an amplifier, and a horn, transfers the power through the air. A receiver
composed of a receiving transducer, a rectifier, and a capacitor, then receives the power
and applies it to a circuit.

These systems have promise, but have not been demonstrated over large
distances. With time, ultrasonic wireless power transfer will be more promising in low
power consuming applications. In fact, Ishiyama was able to power an alarm clock that
consumed about 0.3 mW at a distance of about a foot. This distance, however, is no
where near the 30 foot distance that is targeted in the proposed application [19].

2.2.5 Comparison

From the medium of transmission presented above, many things have to be

considered before choosing the medium of transmission for this project. The efficiency
of the medium, the cost of the project and the simplest project as it can be.

From the consideration above, the simplest project can be done is the
transmission by using the inductive coupling. The flow of the project will be displayed
in the methodology.
 12

2.3 Choosing of Equipment/circuit

2.3.1 Oscillator

2.3.1.1 Colpitts Oscillator

Figure 2.4: Basic Diagram of Colpitts Oscillator

The Colpitts oscillator (named for its inventor, Edwin H. Colpitts) is sort of a
reverse on the Hartley oscillator. Instead of a tapped coil, it uses two capacitors in series
to provide the feedback point.

Because feedback is through the capacitive leg of the LC tank circuit, the total
capacitance of this leg is the series combination of C1 and C2, so that C = C1C2/C1+C2.
The operating frequency is controlled by the tank circuit: ω = 2πf = 1/ .

Because the transistor cannot be biased through the capacitors, we need a

separate dc biasing circuit for the transistor itself. That is the purpose of the source
resistor in this circuit. Of course, parasitic capacitance in the resistor and the transistor