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Operating Systems Concepts

OS is software - it's a program it "virtualises" your computer. It's what makes it possible to buy and sell computer programs. More than 90% of all software products sold are designed for just one virtual machine.

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63 views20 pages

Operating Systems Concepts

OS is software - it's a program it "virtualises" your computer. It's what makes it possible to buy and sell computer programs. More than 90% of all software products sold are designed for just one virtual machine.

Uploaded by

mit_thakkar_2
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems Concepts

An introduction to the software that makes computers


usable, ensures that systems can be made secure and
provides the environment for software to be a
marketable commodity
What is an Operating System

The OS is software - it’s a program It


“virtualises” your computer

Your computer needs to be virtualised… trust


me!!

Because that’s what makes it possible to buy


and sell computer programs

And that’s a major economic activity


There are lots…
Microsoft: Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows CE
Linux
BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD)
Sun: Solaris
IBM: AIX Various kinds of
Compaq: Tru64 Unix, OpenVMS
Hewlett-Packard: HP-UX
Unix
Apple: MacOS-8, MacOS-X
Symbian: EPOC
PalmOS
Designed for
QNX handhelds
VXWorks Embedded real-
LynxOS
MVS, AS/400
time
Many many more, mostly more-or-less Unix/POSIX compatible eg MESHIX
Literally thousands of variants and research prototypes eg MACH, Plan9,
Pebble, Go!
Sun (again): the Java Virtual Machine is it??? JOS??
Opening up the software market
More than 90% of all software products sold are designed for just one virtual
machine
This has been quite good for their business...
Overview of Course
What is an OS

Terminology

Kinds of OS

How does the OS work

What principles underpin OS Operation

What does an OS look like ‘under the bonnet’


Recommended textbooks

Modern Operating
Systems. A Tanenbaum
Prentice-Hall
Generation of OS

What did the first operating system look like?

1945 to 1955
No operating system

human operators
1956 to 1965
Transistors and batch systems ,
Clear distinction between designers, builders, operators,
programmers, and maintenance personnel,
I/O channel,
Read ahead / spooling,
Interrupts/ exceptions,
Minimal protection,
Libraries / JCL
1965 to 1980
ICs and Multiprogramming,
System 360 and S/370 family of computers,
Spooling (simultaneous peripheral operation
on-line),
Time sharing, On-line storage for System
programs,
User programs and data, Program libraries,
Virtual memory,
Multiprocessor configurations e.g. MULTICS
1980-now
Personal computers and
workstations
MS-DOS and Unix
Massively parallel systems
Pipelining
Array processing / SIMD
General multiprocessing / MIMD
Symmetric multiprocessing / SMD
Any process and any thread can
run on any available processor
Computer networks
(communication aspect) -- network
operating systems
Distributed computing -- distributed
operating systems

Cray
Connection Machine
What is an OS
A program, C or C++

Loads and runs other programs

Application programs might wish to:


Draw on the screen
Interact via a keyboard, mouse etc
Access the hard disk (files)
Communicate with other application programs

The OS should provide a consistent way to do


this
Works on whatever hardware you have.
Virtual or Abstract Machines

Effectively wraps the hardware to


provide a ‘virtual’ machine

Consistent interface to devices and


services

What are the limits/difficulties?


Challenges to the VM approach

Performance
machine too slow to run application,
I want to safely run lots of
applications!

Resources - Machine too little memory

© DOC, Imperial College, 2006


Overcoming VM challenges
Most OSs solve this problem

Uses virtual memory – paging


Application or program requiring 100MBytes of
memory can run on just 10 Mbytes of physical
memory using VM
Slowly mind!

What if I want to run more than one program?


Can you read mail and eat? – you have one brain
Processor switch from one process to another
Regularly, use a timer to interrupt the processor
Most do this fairly (according to application needs)
Time-slicing – scheduling and priority
© DOC, Imperial College, 2006
Current Technology
DoCoMo
video
phone

Best friend
Laptop

Mobile phone / PDA Personal digital


assistant (PDA)
Wearable Wearable or
luggable?

LCD
Jacket

Designer
Gear
Intelligent
Environment
Fridge and cupboards
tracks consumption
and reorder your
groceries
Your car computer
reminds you to pick up
your order on the way
home when you are
near the supermarket.
Intelligent Environment - 2

Lights, air conditioning, TV automatically switch on and off when


you enter or leave rooms
Sit on your favourite chair and TV switches on to the program you
usually watch at this time of the day
Use communicator/pda for phone, remote control, keys
payments, passport, health records, authenticator.
Route input from ‘virtual’ keyboard to nearest suitable display.
Automatic detection of new items to control and physical layout in
a room or office, using computer vision.
End of the Lecture on 10/01/2011

Darshak Shah...

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