This set of Microwave Engineering Assessment Questions and Answers focuses on “Impedance

and Admittance Matrices”.

1. The one below among others is not a type TEM line used in microwave networks:
a) Co-axial wire
b) Micro strip line
c) Strip lines
d) Surface guide
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Coaxial micro strip and strip lines all support TEM mode of propagation through
them. But surface guides do not support TEM mode of propagation in them. Hence it cannot be
called a TEM line.

2. The one below is the only micro wave network element that is a TEM line:
a) Co-axial cable
b) Rectangular wave guide
c) Circular wave guide
d) Surface wave guide
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Coaxial cables support TEM mode of propagation in them and rectangular
waveguide, circular wave guide, surface waveguides do not support TEM mode of propagation
in them.

3. The relation between voltage, current and impedance matrices of a microwave network is:
a) [V] = [Z][I].
b) [Z] = [V][I].
c) [I] = [Z][V].
d) [V] = [Z]-[I].
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In microwave networks, at any point in a network, the voltage at a point is the
product of the impedance at that point and current measured. This can be represented in the form
of a matrix.

4. The relation between voltage, current and admittance matrices of a microwave network is:
a) [I] = [Y] [V].
b) [Y] = [V] [I].
c) [I] = [Z] [V].
d) [V] = [Z]-1[I].
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The relation between voltage current and admittance matrices is [I] = [Y] [V]. here
I represents the current matrix, Y is the admittance matrix and V is the voltage matrix.

5. Admittance and impedance matrices of a micro waves network are related as:
a) [Y] = [Z]-1.
b) [Y] = [Z].
c) [V] = [Z] [Z]-1.
d) [Z] = [V] [V]-1.
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Both admittance and impedance matrix can be defined for a microwave network.
The relation between these admittance and impedance matrix is [Y] = [Z]-1. Admittance matrix
is the inverse of the impedance matrix.

6. The element of a Z matrix, Zij can be given in terms of voltage and current of a microwave
network as:
a) ZIJ = VI/IJ
b) ZIJ = VIIJ
c) 1//ZIJ = 1/JIVI
d) VIJ = IJ/JI
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The element Zij of a Z matrix is defined as the ratio of voltage at the ith port to the
current at the jth port given that all other currents are set to zero.

7. In a two port network, if current at port 2 is 2A and voltage at port 1 is 4V, then the impedance
Z₁₂ is:
a) 2 Ω
b) 8 Ω
c) 0.5 Ω
d) Insufficient data
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Z12 is defined as the ratio of the voltage at port 1 to the current at port 2.
Substituting the given values in the above equation, Z12 parameter of the network is 2 Ω.

8. In a 2 port network, if current at port 2 is 2A and voltage at port 1 is 4 V, then the admittance
Y₂₁ is:
a) 0.5 Ʊ
b) 8 Ʊ
c) 2 Ʊ
d) 4 Ʊ
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Admittance parameter Y12 is defined as the ratio of current at port 1 to the voltage
at port 2. Taking the ratio, the admittance Y12 is 0.5 Ʊ.

9. For a reciprocal network, Z matrix is:

a) A unit matrix
b) Null matrix
c) Skew symmetric matrix
d) Symmetric matrix
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: For a reciprocal matrix, the impedance measured at port Zij is equal to the
impedance measured at port Zji. Since these parameters occupy symmetric positions in the Z
matrix, the matrix becomes symmetric.

10. For a lossless network, the impedance and admittance matrices are:
a) Real
b) Purely imaginary
c) Complex
d) Rational
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For a network to be lossless, the network should be purely imaginary. Presence of
any real component implies the presence of resistance in the network from which the network
becomes lossy. So the matrices must be purely imaginary.

11. The matrix with impedance parameters Z₁₁=1+j, Z₁₂=4+j, Z₂₂=1, Z21=4+j is said to be
a) Reciprocal network
b) Lossless network
c) Lossy network
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In the given case, Z12=Z21. This condition can be satisfied only by reciprocal
networks. Hence the given network is a reciprocal network.
Scattering Matrix

This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Scattering Matrices”.

1. S parameters are expressed as a ratio of:

a) Voltage and current
b) Impedance at different ports
c) Indecent and the reflected voltage waves
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: S matrix can be used to represent any n port network. S parameters are defined for
microwave networks. Hence instead of voltage and current measurement, the amplitude of the
incident and reflected voltage waves is measured.

2. The relation between incident voltage matrix , reflected voltage matrix and S matrix for a
microwave network:
a) [v-] = [s] [v+].
b) [v+] = [s] [v-].
c) [v-] [v] = [s].
d) [s] = [v] [v-].
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: S parameter for a microwave network is defined as the ratio of reflected voltage
wave to the incident voltage wave. When represented in the form of a matrix, reflected voltage
matrix is the product of S parameter and the incident voltage wave at that port.

3. The specific element Sij of the scattering matrix can be determined as:
a) SIJ= Vi-/Vj+
b) SIJ= Vi+/Vj-
c) S= Vj+/Vi-
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The parameter Sij is found by driving port j with an incident wave of voltage Vj+
coming out of ports i. The incident waves on all ports except the jth port are set to zero.

4. The device used to get the measurement of S parameters of n- port micro wave network is:
a) CRO
b) Network analyzer
c) Circulator
d) Attenuator
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Network analyzer is a device to which any microwave network can be externally
connected with the help of probes and the s parameters of the network can be obtained.

5. For a one port network , the scattering parameter S₁₁ in terms of impedance parameter Z₁₁ is:
a) (Z11-1)/ (Z11+1)
b) (Z11+1)/ (Z11-1)
c) (Z11+1) (Z11-1)
d) Z11
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If Z matrix of a one port network is computed, then the s matrix of the same can be
computed using the Z11 coefficient. To compute the S11 parameter of the network, the relation
used is (Z11-1)/ (Z11+1).

6. Scattering matrix for a reciprocal network is:

a) Symmetric
b) Unitary
c) Skew symmetric
d) Identity matrix
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a reciprocal network, the input to port I and output at port j is the same as the
input at port j and output measured at port i. Hence, the ports are interchangeable. As the ports
are interchangeable, this is reflected in the matrix and the matrix becomes symmetric.

7. S₁₂=0.85-45⁰ and S₁₂=0.85 +45⁰ for a two port network. Then the two port network is:
a) Non-reciprocal
b) Lossless
c) Reciprocal
d) Lossy
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a reciprocal network, the S matrix is symmetric. For the matrix to be
symmetric, Sij=Sji. Since this condition is not satisfied in the above case, the matrix is non
reciprocal.

8. Scattering matrix for a lossless matrix is:

a) Unitary
b) Symmetric
c) Identity matrix
d) Null matrix
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a lossless network, the scattering matrix has to be unitary. That is, the law of
conservation of energy is to be verified for this case. Using appropriate formula, this condition
can be verified.

9. If the reflection co efficient of a 2 port network is 0.5 then the return network loss in the
network is:
a) 6.5 dB
b) 0.15 dB
c) 6.020 dB
d) 10 dB
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Given the reflection coefficient of the network, return loss of the network is
calculated using the formula -20 log │Г│. Substituting for reflection coefficient, the return loss
of the network is 6.02 dB.

10. If the reflection co efficient of a 2 port network is 0.25 then the return network loss in the
network is:
a) 12.05 dB
b) 0.15 dB
c) 20 dB
d) 10 dB
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given the reflection coefficient of the network, return loss of the network is
calculated using the formula -20 log │Г│. Substituting for reflection coefficient, the return loss
of the network is 12.05 dB.

This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Transmission Matrix(ABCD)”.

1. ABCD matrix is used:

a) When there is two or more port networks in the cascade
b) To represent a 2 port network
c) To represent a 2 port network
d) To represent the impedance of a microwave network
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The Z, Y, and S parameter representation can be used to characterize a microwave
network with an arbitrary number of ports. But most microwave networks consist of cascade of
two or more two port networks. In this case it is convenient to use ABCD matrix for network
representations.

2. The voltage equation for a 2 port network that can be represented as a matrix is:
a) V1=AV2 + BI2
b) V1=CV2 + DI2
c) V1=BV2 +AI2
d) V1=DV2+CI2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In the equation, V1 is the voltage measured at port 1 and V2 is the voltage measured
at port 2 and I2 is the current measured at the second port. A and B are the network constants.

3. ABCD matrix of the cascade connection of 2 networks is equal to:

a) Product of ABCD matrices representing the individual two ports
b) Sum of the ABCD matrices representing the individual two ports
c) Difference of the ABCD matrices representing the individual two ports
d) Sum of transpose of ABCD matrices representing the individual two ports
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When two networks are connected in cascade, each of the two networks are
represented as a 2×2 square matrix. Then to obtain the equivalent matrix of the cascade, the
product of the ABCD matrices of each stage is taken.

4. For simple impedance Z, the ABCD parameters are:

a) A=1, Z=B, C=0, D=1
b) A=0, B=1, C=1, D=0
c) A=Z, B=1, C=1, D=0
d) A=1, B=0, C=Z, D=1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If simple impedance or an equivalent impedance of a network is represented as a
ABCD matrix, writing the equations in terms of voltage and current and setting each variable to
zero, the four constants are obtained. For an impedance Z, the constants are A=1, Z=B, C=0,
D=1.

5. For a simple admittance Y, the ABCD parameters are:

a) A=1, B=0, C=Y, D=1
b) A=Z, B=1, C=1, D=0
c) A=1, B=0, C=Z, D=1
d) A=1, Y=B, C=0, D=1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If simple admittance or an equivalent admittance of a network is represented as a
ABCD matrix, writing the equations in terms of voltage and current and setting each variable to
zero, the four constants are obtained. For an admittance Y, the constants are A=1, Z=B, C=0,
D=1.

6. C parameter for a transmission line of characteristic impedance Zₒ, phase constant β and
length ‘l’ is:
a) j Yₒ Sin βl
b) j Zₒ Sin βl
c) j Zₒ tan βl
d) j Yₒ tan βl
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If a transmission line is represented as two port network, constants can be derived
in terms of the A, B, C, D constants for the network. But setting each electrical parameter to
zero, this constant is found. By doing so, the C parameter of transmission line is j Yₒ Sin βl.

7. For a 2 port network if Z₁₁=1.5 and Z₁₂=1.2, A parameter for the same 2 port network is:
a) 1.5
b) 1.25
c) 0.75
d) 1.75
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A parameter for the two port network is the ratio of the impedance Z11 and the
impedance Z12. Substituting in this equation,’ A’ parameter of the network is 1.25.

8. For a 2 port network, if the admittance parameter Y₁₂=0.4, then B among the ABCD,
parameters for the 2 port network is:
a) 2.5
b) 4.5
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a two port network, B parameter is defined as the reciprocal of the admittance
Y12. Taking the reciprocal of the given value, the B parameter of the network is 2.5.
9. If D=1.6 and B=2.8 for a 2 port network, then Y₁₁=?
a) 0.5714
b) 0.987
c) 0.786
d) 1.75
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The admittance Y11 of the network is defined as the ratio of B parameter to the D
parameter of the network. Taking the ratio of the given values, admittance Y11 is 0.5714.

10. If A=2.8 and B=1.4 for a 2 port network then Z₁₁=?

a) 0.5
b) 2
c) 4.2
d) 2.7
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Z11 parameter of a two port network is the ratio of the A parameter of the network
to the B parameter of the network. Taking the ratio of the given values, Z11 is 2.

This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Aperture Coupling”.

1. The matched network is placed between:

a) load and transmission line
b) source and the transmission line
c) source and the load
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: At microwave frequencies, for maximum power transmission, the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line must be matched to the load impedance with which the line is
terminated. Hence to match these impedances, the matched network is laced between load and
transmission line.

2. When a transmission line is matched to a load using a matched network, reflected waves are
present:
a) between the load and the matched network
b) between the matched network and the transmission line
c) between the source and the transmission line
d) between the matched network and source
View Answer
Answer: A
Explanation: The matching circuit is used to match the transmission line and the load. This
circuit prevents the reflection of the waves reaching the source. Hence, reflected waves are
present between the load and the matched network.

3. Impedance matching sensitive receiver components may improve the _____ of the system.
a) noise
b) SNR
c) amplification factor
d) thermal noise
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: SNR (signal to noise ratio) of the system defines the ratio of signal power to noise
power. An increase in this value results in increase of the signal strength. Impedance matching
certain sensitive receiver components helps in delivering maximum power to the load and
increased signal strength.

4. One of the most important factors to be considered in the selection of a particular matching
network is:
a) noise component
b) amplification factor
c) bandwidth
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: C
Explanation: Any type of matching network can ideally give a perfect match at a single
frequency. But it is desirable to match a load over a band of frequencies. Hence, bandwidth plays
an important role in the selection of the matching network.

5. The simplest type of matching network, L section consists of _______ reactive elements.
a) one
b) two
c) four
d) six
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: As the name of the matching circuit indicates, ‘L’ section consists of 2 reactive
elements, one element vertical and another horizontal. 2 types of ‘L’ sections exist. The best one
is chose based on the normalized value of the load impedance.

6. The major limitation of a lumped elements matching ‘L’ network is:

a) they are not equally efficient at higher frequencies as they are at lower frequencies.
b) size of the network
c) they restrict flow of current
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: Since we use lumped elements like inductors and capacitors as the components of
the matching network, they behave differently at frequencies higher than 1GHz, because of the
frequency dependent factor of inductive and capacitive reactance. This is one of the major
limitations.

7. An ‘L’ network is required to match a load impedance of 40Ω to a transmission line of

characteristic impedance 60Ω. The components of the L network are:
a) 28.28+j0 Ω
b) 28.28+j1 Ω
c) 50Ω
d) 48.9Ω
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: Since both load impedance and characteristic impedance are resistive (real), the
imaginary part of the matching network is 0. Real part of the matching network is given by the
expression ±√(RL(Z0– RL))-XL. Substituting the values given, the matching network impedance is
28.28Ω.

8. The imaginary part of the matching network is given by the relation:

a) ±(√(Z0– RL)/RL)Z00
b) ±(√(Z0– RL)/RL)
c) ±(√(Z0– RL)/ Z0
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: By theoretical analysis, the expressions for real and imaginary parts of the
impedance of the matching network are derived in terms of the load impedance and the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line. This expression derived is ±(√(Z0– RL)/RL)Z0 .

9. Which of the following material is not used in the fabrication of resistors of thin films?
a) nichrome
b) tantalum nitride
c) doped semiconductor
d) pure silicon
View Answer

Answer: D
Explanation: Certain physical properties are to be met in order to use a material to make thin film
resistors. These properties are not found in pure silicon which is an intrinsic semiconductor.
10. Large values of inductance can be realized by:
a) loop of transmission line
b) spiral inductor
c) coils of wires
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: Loop of transmission lines are used to make inductors to realize lower values of
inductance. Coils of wires cannot be used to realize inductors at higher frequencies. Spiral
conductors can be used to realize inductors of higher values at higher frequencies.

11. A short transmission line stub can be used to provide a shunt capacitance of:
a) 0-0.1µF
b) 0-0.1pF
c) 0-0.1nF
d) 1-10pF
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: Since a transmission line consists of two wires, which can act plates of a capacitor,
they can be used as a capacitor of very low values of the range 0-0.1pF.
Transmission Lines

This set of Basic Microwave Engineering Questions and Answers focuses on “Lumped Element
Circuit Model of Transmission Line”.

1. The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory is:
a) circuit elements
b) voltage
c) current
d) electrical size
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Circuit theory assumes physical dimensions of the network smaller than electrical
wavelength, while transmission lines may be considerable fraction of wavelength.

2. Transmission line is a _________ parameter network.

a) lumped
b) distributed
c) active
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since no lumped elements like resistors, capacitors are used at microwave
frequencies, only transmission lines are used. Hence they are called distributed parameter
network.

3. For transverse electromagnetic wave propagation, we need a minimum of:

a) 1 conductor
b) 2 conductors
c) 3 conductors
d) bunch of conductors
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: With a single conductor, transverse electromagnetic wave propagation is not
possible. Hence we need a minimum of 2 conductors.

4. To model a transmission line of infinitesimal length Δz, the lumped element that is not used is:
a) resistor
b) inductor
c) capacitor
d) transistor
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In the lumped element circuit model of a transmission line, we use only resistor,
capacitor and inductor. Hence no transistor is used.

5. _________ and __________ contribute to the impedance of a transmission line in the lumped
element representation.
a) resistor, inductor
b) resistor, capacitor
c) capacitor, inductor
d) transistor, capacitor
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Z=R+jωL. Hence, both resistor and inductor contribute to the impedance of the
transmission line.

6. _________ and __________ contribute to the admittance of a transmission line in the lumped
element representation.
a) conductance G, capacitor
b) conductance, inductor
c) resistor, capacitor
d) resistor, inductor
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:Y=G+jωC. Hence, both conductance and capacitance contribute to the admittance of
the transmission line.

7. Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is:

a) impedance Z of a transmission line
b) impedance which is a constant at any point on the transmission line
c) reciprocal of admittance of a transmission line
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Characteristic impedance is defined as that impedance of a line which is a constant
when measured at any point on the line, Hence B.

8. Propagation constant γ is a :
a) real value
b) none of the mentioned
c) imaginary value
d) complex value
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Since propagation constant is a complex value, containing attenuation constant α,
phase constant β respectively as their real and imaginary parts.

9. Attenuation constant α signifies:

a) real part of propagation constant
b) loss that the transmission line causes
c) none of the mentioned
d) all of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: α is the real value of propagation constant, also signifies the loss that the
transmission line causes and hence the total amount of energy transmitted. Hence all the
mentioned.

10. Propagation constant γ is given by:

a) α+jβ
b) α-jβ
c) α/jβ
d) α.jβ
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Propagation constant is a complex sum of α and β, α being the real value and β
being the complex part.

11. Characteristic impedance Zₒ is given by:

a) √Z/Y
b) √ZY
c) √Z+√Y
d) √Z-√Y
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Characteristic impedance Zₒ is the square root of ratio of impedance and admittance
of the transmission line.

12. Propagation constant γ in terms of admittance and impedance of the transmission line is:
a) √Z/Y
b) √ZY
c) ZY
d) ZY*
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Propagation constant is the root of product of impedance and admittance of the
transmission line.

This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Lossless Lines”.

1. The value of ‘α’ for a lossless line is:

a) 0
b) 1
c) Infinity
d) Data insufficient
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: α-for a transmission line signifies the attenuation constant. For a lossless
transmission line attenuation constant is zero and the propagation occurs without losses.

2. If propagation constant is 12:60°, then the value of phase constant and attenuation constant is:
a) α=6, β=10.39
b) α=61, β=78
c) α=12, β=20.6
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The given propagation constant is in polar form .converting from polar form to
rectangular form and equating the real and imaginary parts, we get α=6 and β=10.39.

3. If a transmission line with inductive reactance of 41.97 Ω and capacitive reactance of 1132.5Ω
is operated at 1 GHz , then its phase constant is:
a) 0.0305
b) 0.3
c) 30.3
d) 0.6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: From the given inductive reactance and capacitive reactance, L and C are calculated
using XL =2πfL and Xc = 1/2πfC. β=ω√LC, substituting the calculated L and C, we get β=0.0305.

4. The expression for a phase velocity of a transmission line is:

a) √LC
b) 1/√LC
c) XL+Xc
d) XL/Xc
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The expression for phase velocity is derived from known basic transmission line
equations and the derived equation comes out to be 1/√LC .

5. If the admittance and the impedance of a transmission line are 100 Ω and 50 Ω of a
respectively, then value of phase constant β is:
a) 0
b) 20
c) 132
d) 50
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: β=ω√LC. Since both the line impedance and line admittance are both real, there is
no phase difference caused and hence substituting in the above equation, we get β=0.

6. For a lossless line, which of the following is true?

a) γ=jβ
b) γ=α
c) γ=α+jβ
d) γ=α*jβ
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a lossless line, attenuation constant α is 0. Hence substituting α=0 in γ=α+jβ,
we get γ= jβ.

7. Expression for phase constant β is:

a) √LC
b) ω √LC
c)1/ (ω √LC)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: From the equation of γ in terms of Z and Y(impedance and admittance of the
transmission line respectively), expanding the equation and making certain approximations, β= ω
√LC.

8. A microwave generator at 1.2 GHz supplies power to a microwave transmission line having
the parameters R=0.8Ω/m, G=O.8millisiemen/m, L=0.01µH/m and C=0.4PF/m. Propagation
constant of the transmission line is:
a) 0.0654 +j0.48
b) 0.064+j4.8
c) 6.4+j4.8
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Z=R+jωL and Y=G+jωC, hence finding out Z and Y from these equations,
substituting in γ=√ZY, value of γ is found out to be 0.0654+j0.48.

9. In a certain microwave transmission line, the characteristic impedance was found to be 210
10°Ω and propagation constant 0.2 78°.What is the impedance Z of the line, if the frequency of
operation is 1 GHz?
a) 0.035+j41.97
b) 0.35+j4.97
c) 35.6+j4.28
d) 9.254+j4.6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Impedance Z of a transmission line is given by the product of propagation constant
γ and characteristic Zₒ, Z= γZₒ , we get Z=0.035+j41.97.

10. For a transmission line, L=1.8mh/m C=0.01pF/m, then the phase constant of the line when
operated at a frequency of 1 GHz is:
a) 4.2426
b) 2.2
c) 0.3
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Formula to calculate the phase constant β is β=ω√LC.substituting the given values
of L,C and f, the value of β is 4.2426.

This set of Microwave Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines – 1”.

1. When a lossless line is terminated with an arbitrary load impedance ZL, then it :
a) causes wave reflection on transmission lines
b) transmits the entire supplied power
c) causes loss in transmission line
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When a line is terminated with a impedance other the characteristic impedance of
the transmission line, It results in reflection of waves from the load end of the transmission line
hence resulting in wave reflection in the transmission line.

2. We say a transmission line is matched when:

a) ZL=Z0
b) ZL=√Z0
c) ZL=Z0/2
d) ZL=2Z0
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We say a line is matched only when the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line is equal to the terminating load impedance. Hence condition for a line to be
matched is ZL=Z0.

3. Voltage reflection coefficient can be defined as:

a) ratio of amplitude of reflected voltage wave to the transmitted voltage wave
b) ratio of amplitude of reflected voltage to the incident voltage wave
c) ratio of load impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: From transmission line theory, reflection co-efficient of a transmission line is
defined as the ratio of amplitude of reflected voltage to the incident voltage wave.

4. Expression for a voltage reflection co-efficient in terms of load impedance and characteristics
impedance is:
a) (ZL– Z0)/(ZL+ Z0)
b) (ZL+ Z0)/(ZL– Z0)
c) ZL. Z0/( ZL+ Z0)( ZL-Z0)
d) (ZL+ Z0)( ZL-Z0)/ ZL. Z0
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The amplitude of the reflected voltage wave at the load end is equal to the
difference between the load and the characteristic impedance, incident voltage is proportional to
the sum of the load and characteristic impedance.

5. If a transmission line of a characteristics impedance 50 Ω is terminated with a load impedance

of 100 Ω, then the reflection co efficient is:
a) 0.3334
b) 0.6667
c) 1.6
d) 1.333
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Expression for reflection co-efficient of a transmission line is (ZL– Z0)/(ZL+ Z0)
.substituting the given values of load and characteristic impedance, we get reflection co-efficient
equal to 0.3334.

6. Return loss for a transmission line in terms of its reflection co efficient is given by:
a) -20logl┌l in dB where ┌ is the reflection coefficient.
b) -10logl┌l in dB where ┌ is the reflection coefficient
c) -10log (1/l┌l) in dB where ┌ is the reflection coefficient
d) -20log (1/l┌l) in dB where ┌ is the reflection coefficient
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Return loss signifies the amount of energy reflected back from the load which is
proportional to the reflection co-efficient of the line. Return loss in dB is given by the logarithm
of the reflection co-efficient.

7. If the reflection coefficient for transmission line is 0.24, then the return lossin dB is:
a) 12.39dB
b) 15dB
c) -12.39dB
d) -15.2dB
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The return loss of a transmission line, given the reflection co-efficient is -20logl┌l
in dB where ┌ is the reflection co-efficient. Substituting for reflection co-efficient in the above
equation, return loss is 12.39dB.

8. Expression for VSWR in terms of reflection co-efficient is:

a) (1+│┌│)/(1-│┌│)
b) (1-│┌│)/(1+│┌│)
c) 1/│┌│
d) 1/1+│┌│
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: VSWR is the ratio of maximum amplitude of the standing wave formed to the
minimum amplitude of the standing wave, when these voltages are expressed in terms of
reflection co-efficient, we get the expression(1+│┌│)/(1-│┌│).

9. If the reflection co-efficient for a transmission line is 0.3, then the VSWR is:
a) 0.5384
b) 1.8571
c) 0.4567
d) 3.6732
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) in terms of reflection co-efficient is given by
(1+│┌│)/(1-│┌│).substituting ┌=0.3 in this equation we get, VSWR=1.8571.

10. If a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 Ω is terminated with a load impedance

of 150 Ω , then VSWR is:
a) 0.75
b) 0.5
c) 2
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) in terms of load and characteristic impedance
is given by ZL– Z0 /ZL+ Z0. Substituting for ZL and Z0 in the above equation, VSWR is 0.5.

Smith Chart

1. Smith chart is based on the polar plot of:

a) Reactance
b) Voltage
c) Current
d) Voltage reflection co-efficient
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: let the reflection co-efficient be expressed in terms of magnitude and direction as
┌=|┌|ejθ. Magnitude is plotted as radius from the center of the chart, and the angle is measured in
counter clockwise direction from the right hand side. Hence, smith chart is based on the polar pot
of voltage reflection co-efficient.

2. Any passively realizable reflection coefficient can be plotted as a unique point on the smith
chart. This statement implies that:
a) Reflection co-efficient less than or equal to 1 can be plotted
b) Reflection co-efficient greater than or equal to 1 can be plotted
c) Transmission co-efficient has to be less than or equal to one for the point to be located
d) T=Г+1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Reflection co-efficient is defined as the ratio of reflected voltage /current to the
incident voltage or current. Hence reflection co-efficient can never be greater than 1. Hence, only
reflection co-efficient less than or equal to 1 can be plotted.

3. Reflection coefficient of a transmission line in its polar form can be represented as:
a) ┌=|┌|ejθ
b) ┌=|┌|ejθ-1
c) ┌=|┌|ejθ+1
d) ┌=|┌|ejθ+α
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Reflection c co-efficient is defined as the ratio of reflected voltage /current to the
incident voltage or current. It is a complex value consisting of both real and imaginary parts.
Converting it to polar form, it takes the form of ┌=|┌|ejθ, Consisting of both magnitude and
phase θ.

4. If the characteristic impedance of a ƛ/2 transmission line is 50 Ω and reflection coefficient 0.3,
then its input impedance
a) 26.92 Ω
b) 30 Ω
c) 40 Ω
d) 34.87 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given the characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient of a transmission line,
input impedance is given by Zₒ (1+Гe-2jβL)/ (1- Гe-2jβL). Substituting the given values, the input
impedance of the line is 26.92 Ω

5. If the normalized input impedance of a transmission line is 0.5 Ω, then he reflection

coefficient of a ƛ/2 transmission line is
a) 0.3334
b) 0.5
c) 0.6667
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given the characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient of a transmission line,
input impedance is given by Zₒ (1+Гe-2jβL)/ (1- Гe-2jβL). Substituting the given values in the above
equation, reflection coefficient is 0.3334.
6. If the input impedance of a ƛ/2 transmission line is 100 Ω with a voltage reflection coefficient
of 0.344, then the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is:
a) 200 Ω
b) 100 Ω
c) 50 Ω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given the characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient of a transmission line,
input impedance is given by Zₒ (1+Гe-2jβL)/ (1- Гe-2jβL). Substituting the given values in the above
equation, characteristic impedance of the transmission line is 200 Ω.

7. Normalized impedance of 0.3+j0.4 lies in the:

a) Upper half of the impedance smith chart
b) Lower half of the impedance smith chart
c) Horizontal line of the chart
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In the impedance smith chart, the upper part of the smith chart refers to positive
reactance or inductive reactance. Hence, the given point lies in the upper half of the smith chart
corresponding to the intersection of circles r=0.3 and r=0.4

8. Normalized impedance of 1-j is:

a) In the upper half of the impedance smith chart
b) In the Lower half of the impedance smith chart
c) On the outer most circle of the smith chart.
d) On the horizontal line of the smith chart
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In the impedance smith chart, the lower half of the smith chart corresponds to
negative reactance or capacitive reactance. Hence the given point lies in the lower half of the
smith chart.

9. If a transmission line of a characteristic impedance 100 Ω is terminated with a load impedance

of 300+j200 Ω, then the normalized load impedance is:
a) 1+j
b) 1-j
c) 3+2j
d) 2-3j
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Normalized load impedance is obtained by dividing the load impedance with the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Dividing 300+200j from 100, we get 3+2j.

10. If the normalized load impedance of a transmission line is 0.3-j0.4 with a characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω, then the load impedance is:
a) 15-j20
b) 15+j20
c) 1-j
d) 0.3-0.4j
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Load impedance is the product of characteristic impedance and normalized load
impedance. Hence taking the product of characteristic impedance and load impedance, we get
15-j20Ω.

11. To get an admittance chart from an impedance chart:

a) Smith chart has to be rotated by 90⁰
b) Smith chart has to be rotated by 180⁰
c) Admittance chart cannot be obtained from the impedance chart anyway.
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Impedance and admittance parameters, both are a reciprocal of one another. Hence
one chart can be obtained from the other chart. By rotating the impedance smith chart by an
angle of 180⁰, admittance chart is obtained.

Quarter Wave Transformer

1. If a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 Ω is to be matched to a load of 100Ω,

then the characteristic impedance of the ƛ/4 transmission line to be used is:
a) 70.71 Ω
b) 50 Ω
c) 100 Ω
d) 75 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When a transmission line is not terminated with a matched load, it leads to losses
and reflections. In order to avoid this, a λ/4 transmission line can be used for matching purpose.
The characteristic impedance of the λ/4 transmission line is given by Z1=√(ZₒR)L. substituting
the given values, we get Z1=70.71 Ω.
2. If a λ/4 transmission line is 100Ω is used to match a transmission line to a load of 100Ω, then
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is:
a) 100 Ω
b) 50 Ω
c) 70.71 Ω
d) 200 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When a transmission line is not terminated with a matched load, it leads to losses
and reflections. In order to avoid this, a λ/4 transmission line can be used for matching purpose.
The characteristic impedance of the λ/4 transmission line is given by Z1=√(ZₒR)L. substituting
the given values,
Z0=100 Ω.

3. Expression for the characteristic impedance of a transmission line(λ/4) used for impedance
matching is:
a) Z1=√(ZₒR)L
b) Z1=√(Zₒ/R)L
c) Z1=√(Zₒ+R)L
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When a transmission line is not terminated with a matched load, it leads to losses
and reflections. In order to avoid this, a λ/4 transmission line can be used for matching purpose.
Hence the expression used to find the characteristic impedance of the λ/4 transmission line is
Z1=√(ZₒR)L.

4. If there is no standing wave on a transmission line, then the value of SWR is:
a) 1
b) 0
c) Infinity
d) Insufficient data
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When there are no standing waves in the transmission line, the reflection co-
efficient is zero and hence input impedance of the transmission line is equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line. Hence the relation between SWR and reflection co-efficient yields SWR
as 1.

5. When a λ/4 transmission line is used for impedance matching, then which of the following is
valid?
a) Standing waves are present on the λ/4 transmission line
b) No standing waves on the λ/4 transmission line
c) Standing waves are not present both on the feed line and the matching λ/4 line
d) Standing waves are present on both the feed line and the matching λ/4 line
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: λ/4 transmission line is used to match the load impedance to the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line. Hence, standing waves are present on the λ/4 transmission
line, but not on the transmission line since it is matched

6. For a transmission line , if the input impedance of the transmission line is 100Ω with a
characteristic impedance of 150Ω, then the magnitude of the reflection co efficient:
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 0.2
d) 0
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The expression for reflection co-efficient of a transmission line in terms input and
characteristic impedance is (Zin-Zₒ)/(Zin+ Zₒ). Substituting the given values in the above
expression, reflection co-efficient is 0.2.

7. If the reflection co-efficient of a transmission line is 0.334 with a characteristic impedance of

50Ω then the input impedance of the transmission line is:
a) 100 Ω
b) 50 Ω
c) 150 Ω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Substituting the given voltage reflection co-efficient and the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line in ┌= (Zin-Zₒ)/(Zin+ Zₒ). The input impedance of the
transmission line is 100Ω

8. When a transmission line of characteristic impedance(50Ω) zₒ is matched to a load by a λ/4

transmission line of characteristic impedance 100Ω, then the transmission co efficient is:
a) 1.5
b) 0.5
c) 1.333
d) 2
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: When a transmission line is matched to a load by using a λ/4 transmission line, the
transmission co-efficient T1 of the line is obtained using the expression 2Z1/ (Z1+Z0). Here Z1 is
the characteristic impedance of the λ/4 transmission line and Z1 is the characteristic impedance of
the transmission line. Substituting the given values, we get T1=1.3333.

9. If a transmission line of zₒ=50Ω is matched using λ/4 transmission line of z₁=100Ω, then the
transmission co efficient T₂ is:
a) 1
b) 0.6667
c) 1.3333
d) 2
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: When a transmission line is matched to a load by using a λ/4 transmission line, the
transmission co-efficient T2 of the line is obtained using the expression 2Z0/ (Z1+Z0). Here Z1 is
the characteristic impedance of the λ/4 transmission line and Z0 is the characteristic impedance of
the transmission line. Substituting the given values, we get T2=0.6667.

10. If the transmission co-efficient T₁ of a transmission line is 1.333 and the characteristic
impedance of the λ/4 transmission line used is 100Ω, then the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line is:
a) 50Ω
b) 100Ω
c) 70.71Ω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Expression for transmission co-efficient of a transmission line matched using a λ/4
transmission line is 2Z1/ (Z1+Z0). Substituting the known values, the characteristic impedance of
the transmission line is 50Ω.

Generator and Load Mismatch

1. When a load is matched to a transmission line, the condition that is satisfied when matched is:
a) ZL=Z0
b) ZL=2Z00
c) ZL=Zin
d) ZL=2Zin
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: In order to deliver the maximum power from source to load, the transmission line
has to be matched to the load. Hence for the transmission line to be matched to the load, the
condition to be satisfied is ZL=Z0.
2. When a load ZL is matched to a line, the value of standing wave ratio is:
a) 1
b) 0
c) infinity
d) insufficient data to calculate SWR
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: When the load is matched to the transmission line, they are said to be matched.
Hence standing waves exist on the transmission line. Hence SWR is 1.

3. The value of reflection co efficient when a transmission line is matched to the load is:
a) 1
b) 0
c) 0.707
d) cannot be determined
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: When the transmission line and the load are matched, no reflections occur in the
transmission line and hence no voltage wave is reflected back. Hence, the reflection co-efficient
for a matched line is 0.

4. The value of transmission co efficient when a transmission line is matched to a load is:
a) 1
b) 0
c) 0.5
d) 0.707
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: Transmission co-efficient is defined as the ratio of the incident power to transmitted
power at the load end. When the transmission line is matched, the incident power is completely
transmitted. Hence, transmission co-efficient is 1.

5. The expression for power delivered to a load , when a line is matched and supplied with a
source of Vg with generator impedance Rg +jXg is:
a) 0.5*Vg2/Rg
b) 0.5*Vg2Rg/4(Rg2+ Xg2)
c) Rg/4(Rg2+ Xg2)
d) generator impedance does not cause any losses
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: Due to the generator impedance, there will be some power dissipated and hence the
total source power is not transmitted. Hence that power dissipated due to generator impedance is
also removed from the total power delivered.

6. If a transmission line is exited from a source of 4V at 1.2GHz frequency with a generator

impedance of 4+j3 with a characteristic impedance of the transmission line 50Ω,then the power
delivered to the load is:
a) 0.1 watt
b) 0.9 watt
c) 0.8 watt
d) 1watt
View Answer

Answer: C
Explanation: The expression for total power delivered given the generator impedance is
0.5*Vg2Rg/4(Rg2+ Xg2). Substituting the given values in the above equation, the total power
delivered is 0.8 watt.

7. If the generator impedance of a source connected to a transmission line is 50+j100Ω, then for
conjugate matching to occur , the input impedance must be:
a) 50-j100 Ω
b) 50+100 Ω
c) 50 Ω
d) one of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: The condition for conjugate matching is Zin=*Zg, where Zin is the input impedance
of the transmission line and Zg is the generator impedance. For conjugate matching, taking the
conjugate of the given impedance, the input impedance must be 50-100j Ω.

8. After conjugate impedance matching the input impedance used for matching after
normalization was 1+j with the characteristic impedance of the transmission line being 100Ω,
then the generator impedance must have been:
a) 100+100j
b) 1+j
c) 100-100j
d) 1-j
View Answer

Answer: C
Explanation: After conjugate matching the input impedance of a transmission line after
normalization is 1+j. hence the generator impedance will be the conjugate, that is 1-j.
multiplying with the characteristic impedance, we get 100-100j.

9. For a matched transmission line with a generator impedance of 50Ω and the source being
4V,1GHZ,then the maximum power delivered to the line is:
a) 0.4 watt
b) 0.04 watt
c) 0.5 watt
d) no power is delivered
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: The maximum power delivered to the load given the generator impedance is
0.5*Vg2Rg/4(Rg2+ Xg2). Substituting in the above equation the given values, power delivered is
0.04 watt.

10. If the power delivered to a load is 0.04w, then the normalized generator impedance if the
source use is 4V at 2GHz and the generator impedance is real and characteristic impedance of
the transmission line is 50Ω is:
a) 1 Ω
b) 1+j Ω
c) 1-j Ω
d) 50 Ω
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: The maximum power delivered to the load given the generator impedance is
0.5*Vg2Rg/4(Rg2+ Xg2). Rearranging the equation and substituting the given value, Rg is 50Ω. To
normalize, dividing the impedance by characteristic impedance, the impedance is 1 Ω.

Lossy Transmission Line

1. For a low loss line when both conductor and di-electric loss is small, the assumption that could
be made is:
a) R < < ωL and G < < ωC
b) R > > ωL and G > >ωC
c) R < <ωC and G < < ωL
d) R > >ωC and G > >ωL
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: For a low loss line, the real part of impedance and admittance, that is resistance and
conductance must be very small compared to the complex part of admittance and impedance for
maximum power transfer. Hence R < <ωL and G < < ωC.

2. Expression for α(attenuation constant) in terms of R , G, L and C of a transmission line is:

a) (R√(C/L)+G√(L/C))0.5
b) (R√(C/L)+G√(L/C))
c) (R√(L/C)+G√(C/L))
d) (R√(L/C)+G√(C/L))0.5
View Answer
Answer: A
Explanation: For a low loss line, the real part of impedance and admittance, that is resistance and
conductance must be very small compared to the complex part of admittance and impedance for
maximum power transfer. Hence R < <ωL and G < < ωC, with this assumption, modifying the
expression for propagation constant, the simplified expression for attenuation constant α is
(R√(C/L)+G√(L/C))0.5.

3. Expression for characteristic impedance Zₒ of a transmission line in terms of L and C the

transmission line is:
a) √(C/L)
b) √(CL)
c) √(L/C)
d) 1/√(LC)
View Answer

Answer: C
Explanation: For a low loss line, the real part of impedance and admittance, that is resistance and
conductance must be very small compared to the complex part of admittance and impedance for
maximum power transfer. HenceR < <ωL and G < < ωC, with this assumption, modifying the
expression for characteristic impedance√(((R+jωL))/√(G+jωC)), the ratio reduces to √ (L/c).

4. If the inductance and capacitance of a loss line transmission line are 45 mH/m and10 µF/m,
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is:
a) 50Ω
b) 67.08Ω
c) 100Ω
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: The expression for characteristic impedance of a transmission line in terms of
inductance and capacitance of a transmission line is√((L)/C). Substituting the given values in this
equation, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is 67.08Ω.

5. If the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is 50 Ω, and the inductance of the

transmission line being 25 mH/m, the capacitance of the lossy transmission line is:
a) 1µF
b) 10 µF
c) 0.1 µF
d) 50 µF
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: The expression for characteristic impedance of a transmission line in terms of
inductance and capacitance of a transmission line is√((L)/C). Substituting the given values in this
equation, and solving for C, value of C is 10µF.
6. If R = 1.5Ω/m, G = 0.2 mseimens/m, L = 2.5 nH/m, C = 0.1 pF/m for a low loss transmission
line, then the attenuation constant of the transmission line is:
a) 0.0.158
b) 0.0523
c) 0.0216
d) 0.0745
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: The expression for attenuation constant of a low loss transmission line is (R√(C/L)
+G√(L/C))0.5. Substituting the given values in the above expression, the value of attenuation
constant is 0.0158.

7. A lossy line that has a linear phase factor as a function of frequency is called:
a) distortion less line
b) terminated lossy line
c) loss less line
d) lossy line
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: A distortion less transmission line is a type of a lossy transmission line that has a
linear phase factor as a function of frequency. That is, as the frequency of operation changes, the
phase variation is linearly dependent.

8. The condition for a distortion less line is:

a) R/L=G/C
b) R/C=G/L
c) R=G
d) C=L
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: The special case of a lossy transmission line that has a linear phase factor as a
function of frequency is called distortion less line. The relation between the transmission line
constants for such a distortion less line R/L=G/C.

9. For a distortion less line, R= 0.8Ω/m, G= 0.8 msiemens/m, L= 0.01µH/m then C is:
a) 10 pF
b) 1pF
c) 1nF
d) 10nF
View Answer

Answer: A
Explanation: The special case of a lossy transmission line that has a linear phase factor as a
function of frequency is called distortion less line. The relation between the transmission line
constants for such a distortion less line R/L=G/C. substituting the given values in the equation,
we get 10pF.

10. For a lossy transmission line, γ=0.02+j0.15 and is 20m long. The line is terminated with an
impedance of a 400Ω. Then the input impedance of the transmission line given that the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line is 156.13+j11.38Ω is:
a) 100+j50 Ω
b) 228+j36.8 Ω
c) 50+36.8j Ω
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: B
Explanation: The relation between source impedance, propagation constant and characteristic
impedance is given by ZS= Z0 (ZLcosh(γl) + Z0 sinh(γl))/( Z0cosh(γl) + ZL sinh(γl)).
Substituting the given values in the above equation, input impedance of the transmission line is
228+j36.8 Ω.

This set of Microwave Engineering Problems focuses on “General Solutions-TE,TEM,TM

Waves”.

1. Maxwell’s equation for electromagnetic waves in a waveguide is:

a) ∇×E = -jωµ(vector H)
b) ∇×E =-jωμ(vector E)
c) ∇×H=-jωμ(vector H)
d) ∇×H=jωμ(vector H)
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Maxwell’s equation governs the propagation of waves in a waveguide. This
equation describes the relation between electric field and magnetic field inside the waveguide.

2. If the wavelength of a signal is 10 mm, then the wavenumber of the material when a
waveguide is filled with that material is:
a) 628
b) 345
c) 123
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The wave number is given by the expression 2π/λ. Substituting the given
wavelength, wave number is 628.
3. If a waveguide is filled with a lossy material then the expression for ∈ for that material is:
a) ∈=∈∈r(1-jtan δ)
b) ∈= ∈ₒ∈r (1/ j tanδ)
c) ∈=∈ₒ∈r/(1+ j tan δ )
d) ∈=∈ₒ∈r/(1-j tan δ )
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When a waveguide is filled with a dielectric of or any lossy material, the relative
permittivity is given by ∈=∈∈r(1-jtan δ).

4. If a waveguide is filled with a lossless material of relative permeability 2, then the wave
impedance in the TEM mode is:
a) 188.5 Ω
b) 170 Ω
c) 123 Ω
d) 345 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The wave impedance is given by the expression /√∈. is the intrinsic impedance of
the medium substituting the given values in the above expression, wave impedance is 188.5 Ω.

5. If the wave impedance of a medium is 200 Ω, then what is the relative permittivity of that
medium?
a) 1.885
b) 2
c) 2.2
d) 2.5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The wave impedance is given by the expression /√∈. is the intrinsic impedance of
the medium substituting the given values in the above expression, the relative permittivity is
1.885.

6. If p=0.3 and the wave number of air in TM mode is 16, then the intrinsic impedance of air in
TM mode given wave number is 125 is:
a) 1 Ω
b) 0.9 Ω
c) 0.8 Ω
d) 2 Ω
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Intrinsic impedance for TM mode of propagation is given by β/k. substituting the
given values in the above equation; the intrinsic impedance is 0.9 Ω.

7. If the intrinsic impedance of a medium is 0.8 Ω, with wave number 125 and β being 0.2, then
the relative permeability of the medium is:
a) 1.326
b) 2.34
c) 4.5
d) 6.7
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Intrinsic impedance for TM mode of propagation is given by β/k. substituting the
given values in the above equation; the permeability of the medium is 1.326.

8. The losses that occur in a transmission line is:

a) Conduction losses
b) Di-electric loss
c) Both of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Both conductor loss and dielectric loss occur in a transmission medium. Conductor
loss is due to the property of the transmission line while dielectric loss is due to the medium
inside the transmission line.

9. Which of the following is true regarding attenuation?

a) Conductor loss
b) Di-electric loss
c) Sum of both conductor loss and di electric loss
d) Attenuation is different from the losses
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Attenuation of a propagating wave is due to both the irregularities in the waveguide
and as the property of the dielectric material. Hence attenuation of a propagating wave is due to
both conductor loss and dielectric loss.

10. If the wave number of a medium is 20 and loss tangent is 0.4 , then the dielectric loss caused
by the medium is:
a) 4
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dielectric loss in a medium is given by the expression k tan δ/2. Substituting the
given value of loss tangent and wave number dielectric loss is 4 Np/m.

11. If the dielectric loss of a medium is 0.2 Np/m with a wave number of 12, then the value of
loss tangent is:
a) 0.0334
b) 0.05
c) 0.08
d) 0.09
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dielectric loss in a medium is given by the expression k tan δ/2. Substituting the
given values, the loss tangent of the medium is 0.0334.

1. The modes of propagation supported by a rectangular wave guide is:

a) TM, TEM, TE modes
b) TM, TE
c) TM, TEM
d) TE, TEM
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A hollow rectangular waveguide can propagate TE and TM modes. Since only a
single conductor is present, it does not support TEM mode of propagation.

2. A hollow rectangular waveguide cannot propagate TEM waves because:

a) Of the existence of only one conductor
b) Of the losses caused
c) It is dependent on the type of the material used
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A rectangular hollow waveguide can propagate both TE and TM modes of
propagation. But due the presence of only one conductor, rectangular waveguide does not
support the propagation of TEM mode.

3. For any mode of propagation in a rectangular waveguide, propagation occurs:

a) Above the cut off frequency
b) Below the cut off frequency
c) Only at the cut-off frequency
d) Depends on the dimension of the waveguide
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Both TE and TM modes of propagation in rectangular waveguide have certain
separate and specific cut off frequencies below which propagation is not possible. Hence
propagation of signal occurs above the cut off frequency.

4. In TE mode of wave propagation in a rectangular waveguide, what is the equation that has to
be satisfied?
a) (∂2/ ∂x2 + ∂2/ ∂y2+ kC2).HZ(x, y) =0
b) (∂2/ ∂x2 + ∂2/ ∂y2– kC2).HZ(x, y) =0
c) (∂2/ ∂x2 – ∂2/ ∂y2+ kC2).HZ(x, y) =0
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For TE mode of propagation in a rectangular waveguide, electric field along the
direction of propagation is 0. Hence for propagation, the above partial differential equation in
terms of magnetic field along Z direction has to be satisfied.

5. Dominant mode is defined as:

a) Mode with the lowest cut off frequency
b) Mode with the highest cut off frequency
c) Any TEM mode is called a dominant mode
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Among the various modes of propagation in a rectangular waveguide, the mode of
propagation having the lowest cutoff frequency or the highest wavelength of propagation among
the other propagating modes is called dominant mode.

6. For TE1ₒ mode, if the waveguide is filled with air and the broader dimension of the waveguide
is 2 cm, then the cutoff frequency is:
a) 5 MHz
b) 7.5 MHz
c) 7.5 GHz
d) 5 GHz
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The cutoff frequency for TE 10 mode of propagation in a rectangular waveguide is
1/2a√(∈μ) where ‘a’ is the broader dimension of the waveguide. Substituting for the given value
and 1/√(∈μ)=3*108. The cutoff frequency is 7.5 GHz.
7. TEₒₒ mode for a rectangular waveguide:
a) Exists
b) Exists but defined only under special cases
c) Does not exist
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The field expressions for TEₒₒ mode disappears or becomes zero theoretically.
Hence, TEₒₒ mode does not exist.

8. For dominant mode propagation in TE mode, if the rectangular waveguide has a broader
dimension of 31.14 mm , then the cutoff wave number:
a) 100
b) 500
c) 50
d) 1000
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The cutoff wave number for the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide is
given by π/a where ‘a’ is the broader dimension of the waveguide, substituting the given values,
the wave number 100.

9. The lowest mode of TM wave propagation is:

a) TM10 mode
b) TM01 mode
c) TM11 mode
d) TM12 mode
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The field components for other lower modes of propagation in TM mode disappear
for other lower modes of propagation. Hence, the lowest mode of propagation is TM11 mode.

10. The cutoff frequency for the dominant mode in TM mode propagation for a rectangular
waveguide of dimension of 30mm*40mm is:
a) 2 GHz
b) 1 GHz
c) 2 MHz
d) 4 MHz
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The cutoff frequency of dominant mode in TM mode is √((π/a)2 + (π/b)2). Here, ‘a’
and ‘b’ are the dimensions of the waveguide. Substituting the corresponding values, the cutoff
frequency is 2 GHz.

11. In TE10 mode of wave propagation in a rectangular waveguide, if the broader dimension of
the waveguide is 40 cm, then the cutoff wavelength for that mode is:
a) 8 cm
b) 6 cm
c) 4 cm
d) 2 cm
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In TE10 mode of propagation in a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff wavelength of
the waveguide is given by 2a where ‘a’ is the broader dimension of the waveguide. Substituting,
the cutoff wavelength is 8 cm.

12. In TE01 mode of wave propagation in a rectangular waveguide, if the smaller dimension of
the waveguide is 2 cm, then the cutoff wavelength for that mode is:
a) 4 cm
b) 8 cm
c) 1 cm
d) 2 cm
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For TE01 mode of wave propagation in a rectangular wave guide, if the smaller
dimension of the wave guide is 2 cm, then the cut off wavelength is 2b where b is the smaller
dimension of the waveguide. substituting, the cutoff wavelength is 4 cm.

1. In TE mode of a circular waveguide, EZ=0. The wave equation is:

a) ∇2HZ+k2HZ=0
b) ∇2HZ-k2HZ=0
c) ∇2HZ-HZ=0
d) ∇2HZ+HZ=0
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In TE mode, EZ=0. Hence, when we substitute it in the wave equation, we get
∇2HZ+k2HZ=0.

2. Bessel’s differential equation for a circular waveguide is:

a) ρ2(d2R/ dρ2) + ρ(dR/dρ) + (ρ2kC2– n2) R=0
b) n2(d2R/ dρ2) + n(dR/dρ) + (ρ2kC2– n2) R=0
c) d2R/ dρ2 + dR/dρ + (ρ2kC2– n2) R=0
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: After solving the wave equation ∇2HZ+k2HZ=0 in TE mode by making suitable
assumptions and making appropriate substitutions, the final equation obtained is ρ2(d2R/ dρ2) +
ρ(dR/dρ) + (ρ2kC2– n2) R=0.

3. The lowest mode of TE mode propagation in a circular waveguide is:

a) TE10 mode
b) TE00 mode
c) TE01 mode
d) TE11 mode
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A circular waveguide can support various modes of propagation. Among these, the
lowest mode of propagation supported by the waveguide is TE10 mode of propagation.

4. What is the cutoff frequency for TE₁₁ mode in a circular waveguide of radius 2 cm with
P’₁₁= 1.841?
a) 5.5 GHz
b) 4.3 GHz
c) 7.7 GHz
d) 8.1 GHz
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The cutoff frequency for TE11 mode of propagation in a circular waveguide is
given by Pnm/ 2πa√μϵ. Substituting the given values in the above expression, the cutoff frequency
is 4.3 GHz.

5. In a circular waveguide, if the propagation is in TE21 mode with P21=3.054, with a diameter of
60 mm, then the cutoff frequency for the mode is:
a) 5.6 GHz
b) 6.4 GHz
c) 3.5 GHz
d) 4.8 GHz
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The cutoff frequency for TE21 mode of propagation in a circular waveguide is
given by Pnm/ 2πa√μϵ. Substituting the given values in the above expression, the cutoff frequency
is 4.8 GHz.
6. For a circular waveguide in TM11 mode of propagation with inner radius of 30mm, and the
phase constant being equal to 0.3, then the wave impedance is equal to:
a) 0.16 Ω
b) 0.15 Ω
c) 0.5 Ω
d) 0.4 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a given mode of propagation in a circular waveguide, wave impedance is given
by the expression k/β, where is the intrinsic impedance of the air k is the wave number, β is the
phase constant. Determining the wave number and substituting in the given equation, the wave
impedance is 0.16 Ω.

7. For TM mode. The wave equation in cylindrical co ordinates is:

a) (∂2/∂ρ2+1/ρ ∂/∂ρ + 1/ρ2 (∂2/∂∅2 + kc2) =0
b) ∂2E2/∂ρ2 + 1/ρ ( ∂E/∂ρ)=0
c) ∂2E2/∂ρ2 + 1/ρ2 (∂2E2/∂∅2 ) = 0
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The wave propagation in a cylindrical waveguide in TM mode of propagation is
governed by the equation (∂2/∂ρ2+1/ρ ∂/∂ρ + 1/ρ2 (∂2/∂∅2 + kc2) =0. This is a second order
differential equation.

8. In TM mode, what is the first propagating mode?

a) TM01 mode
b) TM11 mode
c) TM12 mode
d) TM10 mode
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: TM mode in a circular waveguide supports various modes of propagation. Among
these modes of propagation, the first or the lowest mode of propagation is TM01 mode.

9. For TM01 mode of propagation in a circular waveguide with P01=2.405, with the inner
diameter of the circular waveguide being equal to 25 mm. What is the cut off frequency for this
mode of propagation?
a) 2.8 GHz
b) 6 GHz
c) 3.06 GHz
d) 4 GHz.
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The cutoff frequency for TM01 mode of propagation in a circular waveguide is
given by Pnm/ 2πa√μϵ. Substituting the given values in the above expression, the cutoff frequency
is 3.06 GHz.

10. If β is 0.3 for a circular wave guide operating in TM12 mode with P21=5.315, with the radius
of the circular waveguide being equal to 25 mm, then the intrinsic impedance of the wave is:
a) 0.55 Ω
b) 0.4 Ω
c) 0.3 Ω
d) 1.2 Ω
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a given mode of propagation in a circular waveguide, wave impedance is given
by the expression k/β, where is the intrinsic impedance of the air k is the wave number, β is the
phase constant. Determining the wave number and substituting in the given equation, the wave
impedance is 0.55 Ω.

11. The cutoff frequencies of the first two propagating modes of a Teflon on a filled circular
waveguide with a=0.5 with ∈r=2.08 is:
a) 12.19 GHz, 15.92 GHz
b) 10 GHz, 12 GHz
c) 12 GHz, 15 GHz
d) 15 GHz, 12 GHz
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The cutoff frequencies are given by the expression p*C/2πa√∈. Substituting the
given values in the above expression, the cutoff frequencies are 12.19 GHz, 15.92 GHz.

Striplines

1. Which mode of propagation is supported by a strip line?

a) TEM mode
b) TM mode
c) TE mode
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Since a stripline has 2 conductors and a homogeneous dielectric, it supports a TEM
wave, and this is the usual mode of operation.

2. The higher order wave guide modes of propagation can be avoided in a strip line by:
a) Restricting both the ground plate spacing and the sidewall width to less than λd/2
b) Restricting both the ground facing plate spacing and the sidewall width to less than λd
c) Filling the region between 2 plates with di electric
d) Restricting both the ground plate spacing and the sidewall width between λg and λg/2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When stripline is used as a media for propagation, it is always preferred that only
certain modes of propagation are allowed. Hence, in order to avoid the higher order modes, it is
achieved by restricting both the ground plate spacing and the sidewall width to less than λd/2.

3. Stripline can be compared to a:

a) Flattened rectangular waveguide
b) Flattened circular waveguide
c) Flattened co axial cable
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A stripline has an enter conductor enclosed by an outer conductor and are
uniformly filled with a dielectric medium, these are similar to a coaxial cable. Hence it can be
compared to a flattened coaxial cable.

4. If the dielectric material filled between the round plates of a microstrip line has a relative
permittivity of 2.4, then the phase velocity is:
a) 1.3*108 m/s
b) 1.9*108 m/s
c) 3*108 m/s
d) 2*108 m/s
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Phase velocity is given by the expression C/√∈ for a stripline. Substituting the
given values, the phase velocity for the above case is 1.9*108 m/s.

5. Expression for propagation constant β of a strip line is:

a) ω(√µ∈∈r)
b) ω(√µₒ/√∈r)
c) ω/(√µₒ∈ₒ∈r)
d)c/(√µₒ∈ₒ∈r)
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Propagation constant is associated with the propagating wave in the strip line. This
propagation constant for a wave is defined by the expression ω(√µ∈∈r).
6. If the phase velocity in a stripline is 2.4*108m/s, and the capacitance per unit length of a micro
stripline is 10pF/m, then the characteristic impedance of the line:
a) 50 Ω
b) 41.6 Ω
c) 100 Ω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Characteristic impedance of a stripline is given by 1/ (vPc). Substituting the given
values of phase velocity and capacitance, the characteristic impedance of the line is 41.6 Ω.

7. The expression for characteristic impedance Zₒ of a stripline is:

a) (30πb/√∈r)(1/We+0.441b)
b) (30πb) (1/We+0.441b)
c) 30π/√∈r
d) (1/We+0.441b)
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Characteristic impedance of a stripline is a function of the various parameters of the
stripline. They are effective width, thickness and relative permittivity of the dielectric material.
Changing any one of these parameters results in changing the characteristic impedance of the
line The derived expression is hence (30πb/√∈r)(1/We+0.441b).

8. If the effective width of the center conductor is 3 mm and the distance between the two ground
plates is 0.32 cm with the material of the dielectric used having a relative permittivity of 2.5,
then what is the characteristic impedance of the strip line?
a) 50Ω
b) 71.071Ω
c) 43.24Ω
d) 121Ω
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The characteristic impedance of a stripline is given by the expression (30πb/√∈r)
(1/We+0.441b). Substituting the given values in the given expression and hence solving, the
characteristic impedance of the line is 43.24 Ω.

9. The wave number of a stripline operating at a frequency of 10 GHz is:

a) 401
b) 155
c) 206
d) 310
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The wave number of a microstrip line is given by the expression 2πf√∈r/c, c is the
speed of light in space, ∈r is the relative permittivity of the dielectric medium. Substituting the
given values in the equation, the wave number is 310.

10. If the loss tangent is 0.001 for a stripline operating at 12 GHz with the relative permittivity of
the dielectric material being used equal to 2.6, then the conductor loss is:
a) 0.102
b) 0.202
c) 0.001
d) 0.002
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Conductor loss in a stripline is given by the expression k*tanδ/2. K is given by the
expression 2πf√∈r/C which is the wave number. Substituting the values in the above two
equations, conductor loss is 0.202.

11. If the dielectric material used between the grounded plates of a stripline is 2.2, when the strip
line operating at 8 GHz, the wavelength on stripline is:
a) 1.2 cm
b) 2.52 cm
c) 0.15 cm
d) 3.2 cm
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The propagating wavelength on the stripline is defined by the relation C/f√∈r.
substituting in the above relation, the propagating wavelength on the microstrip line is 2.52 cm.

12. Fields of TEM mode on strip line must satisfy:

a) Laplace’s equation
b) Ampere’s circuital law
c) Gaussian law
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If φ(x,y) is the function of potential in the stripline varying along the width and
thickness, this potential function must satisfy the Laplace’s equation.

Microstrips

1. Micro strip can be fabricated using:

a) Photo lithographic process
b) Electrochemical process
c) Mechanical methods
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Microstrip lines are planar transmission lines primarily because it can be fabricated
by photolithographic processes and is easily miniaturized and integrated with both passive and
active microwave devices.

2. The mode of propagation in a microstrip line is:

a) Quasi TEM mode
b) TEM mode
c) TM mode
d) TE mode
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The exact fields of a microstrip line constitute a hybrid TM-TE wave. In most
practical applications, the dielectric substrate is very thin and so the fields are generally quasi-
TEM in nature.

3. Microstrip line can support a pure TEM wave.

a) True
b) False
c) Microstrip supports only TM mode
d) Microstrip supports only TE mode
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The modeling of electric and magnetic fields of a microstrip line constitute a hybrid
TM-TE model. Because of the presence of the very thin dielectric substrate, fields are quasi-
TEM in nature. They do not support a pure TEM wave.

4. The effective di electric constant of a microstrip line is:

a) Equal to one
b) Equal to the permittivity of the material
c) Cannot be predicted
d) Lies between 1 and the relative permittivity of the micro strip line
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line is given by (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2
* 1/ (√1+12d/w). Along with the relative permittivity, the effective permittivity also depends on
the effective width and thickness of the microstrip line.
5. Effective dielectric constant of a microstrip is given by:
a) (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2 * 1/ (√1+12d/w)
b) (∈r+1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2
c) (∈r+1)/2 (1/√1+12d/w)
d) (∈r + 1)/2-(∈r-1)/2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line is (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2 * 1/
(√1+12d/w). This relation clearly shows that the effective permittivity is a function of various
parameters of a microstrip line, the relative permittivity, effective width and the thickness of the
substrate.

6. The effective dielectric constant of a micro strip line is 2.4, then the phase velocity in the
micro strip line is given by:
a) 1.5*108 m/s
b) 1.936*108 m/s
c) 3*108 m/s
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The phase velocity in a microstrip line is given by C/√∈r. substituting the value of
relative permittivity and the speed of light in vacuum, the phase velocity is 1.936*108 m/s.

7. The effective di electric constant of a micro strip line with relative permittivity being equal to
2.6, with a width of 5mm and thickness equal to 8mm is given by:
a) 2.6
b) 1.97
c) 1
d) 2.43
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line is given by (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2
* 1/ (√1+12d/w). Substituting the given values of relative permittivity, effective width, and
thickness, the effective dielectric constant is 1.97.

8. If the wave number of an EM wave is 301/m in air , then the propagation constant β on a
micro strip line with effective di electric constant 2.8 is:
a) 602
b) 503.669
c) 150
d) 200
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The propagation constant β of a microstrip line is given by k0√∈e. ∈e is the effective
dielectric constant. Substituting the relevant values, the effective dielectric constant is 503.669.

9. For most of the micro strip substrates:

a) Conductor loss is more significant than di electric loss
b) Di electric loss is more significant than conductor loss
c) Conductor loss is not significant
d) Di-electric loss is less significant
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Surface resistivity of the conductor (microstrip line) contributes to the conductor
loss of a microstrip line. Hence, conductor loss is more significant in a microstrip line than
dielectric loss.

10. The wave number in air for EM wave propagating on a micro strip line operating at 10GHz is
given by:
a) 200
b) 211
c) 312
d) 209
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The wave number in air is given by the relation 2πf/C. Substituting the given value
of frequency and ‘C’, the wave number obtained is 209.

11. The effective dielectric constant ∈r for a microstrip line:

a) Varies with frequency
b) Independent of frequency
c) It is a constant for a certain material
d) Depends on the material used to make microstrip
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line is given by (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2
* 1/ (√1+12d/w). The equation clearly indicates that the effective dielectric constant is
independent of the frequency of operation, but depends only on the design parameters of a
microstrip line.

12. With an increase in the operating frequency of a micro strip line, the effective di electric
constant of a micro strip line:
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Independent of frequency
d) Depends on the material of the substrate used as the microstrip line
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: As the relation between effective permittivity and the other parameters of a
microstrip line indicate, effective dielectric constant is not a frequency dependent parameter and
hence remains constant irrespective of the operation of frequency.

Single Stub Matching

1. The major advantage of single stub tuning over other impedance matching techniques is:
a) Lumped elements are avoided
b) It can be fabricated as a part of transmission line media
c) It involves two adjustable parameters
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Single stub matching does not involve any lumped elements, it can be fabricated as
a part of transmission media and it also involves to adjustable parameters namely length and
distance from load giving more flexibility.

2. Shunt stubs are preferred for:

a) Strip and microstrip lines
b) Coplanar waveguides
c) Circular waveguide
d) Circulators
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Since microstrip and strip lines are simple structures, impedance matching using
shunt stubs do not increase the complexity and structure of the transmission line. Hence, shunt
stubs are preferred for strip and microstrip lines.

3. The two adjustable parameters in single stub matching are distance‘d’ from the load to the
stub position, and _________
a) Susceptance or reactance provided by the stub
b) Length of the stub
c) Distance of the stub from the generator
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Reactance or susceptance of the matching stub must be known before it used for
matching, since it is the most important parameter for impedance matching between the load and
the source.

4. In shunt stub matching, the key parameter used for matching is:
a) Admittance of the line at a point
b) Admittance of the load
c) Impedance of the stub
d) Impedance of the load
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In shunt stub tuning, the idea is to select d so that the admittance Y, seen looking
into the line at distance d from the load is of the form Yₒ+jb) Then the stub susceptance is chosen
as –jB, resulting in a matched condition.

5. For series stub matching, the parameter used for matching is:
a) Impedance of the transmission line at a point
b) Voltage at a point on the transmission line
c) Admittance at a point on the transmission line
d) Admittance of the load
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In series sub matching, the distance‘d’ is selected so that the impedance, Z seen
looking into the line at a distance‘d’ from the load is of the form Zₒ+jX. Then the stub reactance
is chosen as –jX resulting in a matched condition.

6. For co-axial lines and waveguides, ________ is more preferred.

a) Open circuited stub
b) Short circuited stub
c) Slotted section
d) Co-axial lines cannot be impedance matched
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For co-axial cables and waveguides, short-circuited stub is usually preferred
because the cross-sectional area of such an open-circuited line may be large enough to radiate, in
which case the stub is no longer purely reactive.

7. For a load impedance of ZL=60-j80. Design of 2 single-stub shunt tuning networks to match
this load to a 50Ω line is to be done. What is the normalized admittance obtained so as to plot it
on smith chart?
a) 1+j
b) 0.3+j0.4
c) 0.4+j0.3
d) 0.3-j0.4
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: To impedance match a load to a characteristic impedance of the transmission line,
first the load has to be normalized. That is, zL=ZL/Z0. For impedance matching using shunt
stubs, admittance is used. Taking the reciprocal of impedance, normalized load admittance is
0.3+j0.4.

8. If the normalized admittance at a point on a transmission line to be matched is 1+j1.47. Then

the normalized susceptance of the stub used for shunt stub matching is:
a) 1Ω
b) 1.47 Ω
c) -1.47 Ω
d) -1 Ω
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: When shunt stubs are used for impedance matching between a load and
transmission line, the susceptance of the shunt stub must be negative of the line’s susceptance at
that point for impedance matching.

9. After impedance matching, if a graph is plot with frequency v/s reflection co-efficient of the
transmission line is done, then at the frequency point for which the design is done, which of the
following is true?
a) There is a peak at this point of the curve
b) There is a dip at this point of the curve
c) The curve is a straight line
d) Such a plot cannot be obtained
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since the plot is frequency v/s reflection co-efficient, after impedance matching the
reflection co-efficient will be zero or minimum. Hence, there is a dip at that point of the curve.

10. In series stub matching, if the normalized impedance at a point on the transmission line to be
matched is 1+j1.33. Then the reactance of the series stub used for matching is:
a) 1 Ω
b) -1.33 Ω
c) -1 Ω
d) 1.33 Ω
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The reactance of the series stub is negative of the reactance of the line at the point
at which it has to be matched. That is, if the line reactance is inductive, the series stub’s
reactance is capacitive.

Double Stub matching

1. The major disadvantage of single stub tuning is:

a) it requires a variable length of line between the load and the stub
b) it involves 2 variable parameters
c) complex calculation
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Single stub matching requires a variable length line between the stub and the load
for matching which is a major disadvantage since the length of the stub plays a crucial role in
matching.

2. The major advantage of double stub tuning is:

a) it uses 2 tuning stubs in fixed positions
b) it involves 2 stubs
c) length of the stub is variable
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The disadvantage of single stub tuning is overcome in double stub tuning. It uses 2
tuning stubs in fixed positions so that the length between the first stub and the load is not
variable.

3. In a double stub tuner circuit, the load is of _______ length from the first stub.
a) fixed length
b) arbitrary length
c) depends on the load impedance to be matched
d) depends on the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The position of the first stub in a double stub tuner is variable from the load end.
But the distance between the 2 stubs is fixed based on the value to which impedance is matched.

4. Double stub tuners are fabricated in coaxial line are connected in shunt with the main co-axial
line.
a) true
b) false
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Most of the transmission lines used in most of the practical applications use coaxial
cables, for which impedance matching of the load are done using double stub tuners which are
made of coaxial cables for their best suited properties.

5. Impedance matching with a double stub tuner using a smith chart yields 2 solutions.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Both single stub tuning and double stub tuning give two solutions. The intersection
of the admittance and the 1+jb circle drew on the smith chart yields 2 points from which 2
solutions can be generated.

6. All load impedances can be matched to a transmission line using double stub matching.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When a smith chart is used for impedance matching, if the normalized load
admittance yL were inside the g+jb circle, no value of stub susceptance b1 could ever bring the
load point to intersect with the 1+jb circle; this forms a forbidden range of admittance that cannot
be matched.

7. The simplest method of reducing the forbidden range of impedances is:

a) increase the distances between the stubs
b) reduce the distance between the stubs
c) increase the length of the stubs
d) reduce the length of the stubs
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Reducing the distances between the stubs reduces the forbidden area in the smith
chart which involves the load impedances that cannot be matched. Thus, more number of load
impedances (range) can be matched to the transmission line.

8. Stub spacing that are near 0 and λ/2 lead to more frequency sensitive matching networks.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Though theoretically the stub spacing must be small enough to reduce the forbidden
area, for practical considerations, the stubs have to be placed sufficiently far enough for
fabrication ease and reduce frequency sensitivity.

9. The standard stub spacing usually used is:

a) 0, λ/2
b) λ/4, λ/8
c) λ/8, 3λ/8
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: While stub spacing of 0, λ/2 lead to frequency sensitive matching circuits, an
optimum value of spacing is chosen taking into consideration, the various design constraints.
This optimum spacing usually used is λ/8, 3λ/8.

10. If the length of the line between the first stub and the load can be adjusted, the admittance
can be moved from the forbidden region.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If the design requirements for impedance matching are more flexible, then the
length of the line between the load and the first stub can be varied. This would result in moving
the load admittance point out of forbidden region in the smith chart thus enabling impedance
matching.
Directional Coupler
1. In coupled line directional couplers, power from one line to another is transmitted through a
microstrip line running between them.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In coupled line couplers, the power is transmitted between the 2 lines by coupling
from one line to another due to the interaction of the electromagnetic fields. Hence, wireless
power transmission occurs here.

2. The number of conductors used in the construction of coupled line couplers is fixed.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Since the method of power transmission in coupled line couplers is wireless power
transmission by the interaction of electromagnetic fields, any number of wires can be used. But
as a standard, 3 lines are used in the construction of these couplers.

3. The mode of propagation of propagation supported by coupled line couplers is:

a) TM mode
b) TE mode
c) TEM mode
d) quasi TEM mode
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Coupled transmission lines are assumed to operate in TEM mode of propagation.
TEM mode of propagation is mostly valid for coaxial and stripline structures while microstrip
lines support quasi TEM mode of propagation.

4. Coupled line couplers are:

a) symmetric couplers
b) asymmetric couplers
c) in phase couplers
d) type of hybrid coupler
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Coupled line couplers are symmetric three line couplers. Symmetric here means
that the lines are of equal width and thickness. Their position with respect to ground is identical.

5. For coupled line coupler, if the voltage coupling factor is 0.1 and the characteristic impedance
of the microstrip line is 50 Ω, even mode characteristic impedance is:
a) 50.23 Ω
b) 55.28 Ω
c) 100 Ω
d) 80.8 Ω
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Even mode characteristic impedance of coupled line coupler is Z0√ (1+C) /√ (1-
C).here C is the voltage coupling coefficient. Substituting the given values, even mode
characteristic impedance is 55.28 Ω.

6. If the coupling coefficient of a coupled line coupler is 0.1 and the characteristic impedance of
the material is 50 Ω, then the odd mode characteristic impedance is:
a) 45.23 Ω
b) 50 Ω
c) 38 Ω
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Odd mode characteristic impedance of a coupled line coupler is Z0√ (1-C)/ √ (1+C).
C is the voltage coupling co-efficient. Substituting the given values, odd mode characteristic
impedance is 45.23.

7. Dielectric and conductor loss have no effect on the directivity of the coupled line coupler.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Both dielectric loss and conductor loss reduce the directivity of the coupled line
coupler. In the absence of loss under matched conditions, the directivity of a coupler could be up
to 70 dB.

8. Multisection couplers have a very narrow operational bandwidth which is a major

disadvantage.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Multisection couplers have very high operational bandwidth. This high bandwidth
can be achieved only when the coupling levels are low. In order to achieve these low coupling
levels, stripline are used in their construction.

9. Three section binomial couplers have very low directivity as compared to other coupler
designs.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Three section binomial couplers have very low conductor and dielectric losses. This
low loss can be achieved by efficient design. Since the losses are low for a binomial coupler,
they have directivity greater than 100 dB.

10. The capacitance per unit length of broadside parallel lines with width W and separation d is:
a) ∈W/d
b) ∈d/W
c) dW/∈
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The capacitance of the line used in the construction of a coupled line coupler is
directly proportional to the width of the line. As the width increase, capacitance increases.
Capacitance varies inversely with distance d. as the separation increases, capacitance decreases.

Microwave Amplifier

1. The power gain G of a two port network is independent of the source impedance of the two
port network.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Power gain G is the ratio of power dissipated in the load ZL to the power delivered
to the input of the two port network. This gain is independent of ZS although the characteristic of
some active devices is dependent on ZS.

2. __________ is defined as the ratio of power available from the two port network to the power
available from the source.
a) Transducer power gain
b) Available power gain
c) Power gain
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Available power gain is defined as the ratio of power available from the two port
network to the power available from the source. This assumes conjugate matching of both source
and the load and depends on ZS, not ZL.

3. Transducer power gain of a two port network is dependent on :

a) ZS and ZL
b) ZS
c) ZL
d) Independent of both the impedances
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Transducer power gain of a two port network is the ratio of the power delivered to
the load to the power available from the source. This depends on both ZS and ZL.

4. For a two port network the voltage reflection coefficient seen looking towards the load, ГS is:
a) (ZS –Z0)/ (ZS –Z0)
b) (ZS +Z0)/ (Z0 – Z0)
c) ZS / (ZS –Z0)
d) Z0/ (ZS –Z0)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a two port network, the reflection coefficient ГS seen looking towards the load
is (ZS –Z0)/ (ZS –Z0). Here ZS is the input impedance of the transmission line and Z0 is the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line.

5. In a two port network, the source impedance was measured to be 25 Ω and the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line was measured to be 50 Ω. Then the reflection coefficient at
the source end is:
a) -0.33333
b) -0.1111
c) 0.678
d) 0.2345
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a two port network, the reflection coefficient ГS seen looking towards the load
is (ZS –Z0)/ (ZS –Z0). Substituting the given values in the above equation, reflection coefficient at
the source end is -0.3333.

6. For a unilateral transistor, the S parameter that is zero is:

a) S11
b) S12
c) S21
d) S22
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In a unilateral transistor power flow occurs only in one direction and hence S12 is
sufficiently small and can be ignored. Also for a unilateral transistor the reflection coefficients
reduce to Гin=S11 and Гout=S22.

7. Gain of an amplifier is independent of the operating frequency.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Gain of an amplifier depends on the operating frequency. Gain of a conjugate
matched FET amplifier drops off as 1/f2 or 6dB per octave.

8. Gain of a conjugate matched FET amplifier is given by the relation:

a) Rds (fT)2/ 4Ri (f)2
b) 4Ri (f)2/Rds (fT)2
c) Rds/ Ri
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Gain of FET amplifier is given by the relation Rds (fT)2/ 4Ri (f)2. Gain depends on
the drain to source resistance, input resistance and also on the frequency of operation of the
amplifier.

9. When both input and output of an amplifier are matched to zero reflection (in contrast to
conjugate matching), the transducer power gain is:
a) │S21│2
b) │S22│2
c) │S12│2
d) |S11│2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When both input and output of an amplifier are matched to zero reflection, ГL=0
and ГS=0. This reduces the complex transducer gain equation to the s parameter of the amplifier
S21. S21 signifies the power at port 2 due to input applied at port 1.

10. If the load impedance of a two port network is 40 Ω and the characteristic impedance is 50 Ω,
then the reflection coefficient of the two port network at the load end is:
a) -0.111
b) -0.333
c) -0.987
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Reflection coefficient at the load end of a two port network is given by the ratio
(ZL-Z0)/ (ZL+Z0). ZL is the load impedance and Z0 is the characteristic impedance. Substituting,
reflection at load end is -0.1111.

Stability Circle

1. For a transistor amplifier to be stable, either the input or the output impedance must have a
real negative part.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a transistor amplifier to be stable, either the input or the output impedance must
have a real negative part. This would imply that │Гin│>1 or │Гout│>1, because these reflection
coefficients depend on the source and load matching network.

2. ____________ condition, if met then the transistor can be impedance matched for any load.
a) Conditional stability
b) Unconditional stability
c) Infinite gain
d) Infinite input impedance
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A network is said to be unconditionally stable if │Гin│<1 and │Гout│<1 for all
passive source and load impedance. Transistors that are unconditionally stable can be easily
matched.

3. A network is said to be conditionally stable if:

a) │Гin│<1, │Гout│<1.
b) │Гin│>1, │Гout│>1
c) │Гin│>1, │Гout│<1
d) │Гin│<1, │Гout│>1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For conditional stability, the condition to be satisfied is │Гin│<1, │Гout│<1. But
this condition will be valid only for a certain range of passive source and load Impedance. His
condition is also called potentially unstable.

4. Stability condition of an amplifier is frequency independent and hence can be operated at any
frequency.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Stability condition of an amplifier is frequency dependent since the input and
output matching networks generally depend on frequency. Hence it is possible for an amplifier to
be stable at the designed frequency and unstable at other frequencies.

5. For a unilateral device condition for unconditional stability in terms of S parameters is:
a) │S11│<1, │S22│<1
b) │S11│>1, │S22│>1
c) │S11│>1, │S22│<1
d) │S11│<1, │S22│>1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a unilateral device, the condition for unconditional stability is │S11│<1,
│S22│<1. S11 parameter signifies the amount of power reflected back to port 1, which is the input
port of the transistor. If this S parameter is greater is than 1, more amount of power is reflected
back implying the amplifier is unstable.
6. If │S11│>1 or │S22│>1, the amplifier cannot be unconditionally stable.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If │S11│>1 or │S22│>1, the amplifier cannot be unconditionally stable because we
can have a source or load impedance of Zₒ leading to Гs=0 or ГL=0, thus causing output and
input reflection coefficients greater than 1.

7. For any passive source termination ГS, Unconditional stability implies that:
a) │Гout│<1
b) │Гout│>1
c) │Гin│<1
d) │Гin│>1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Unconditional stability implies that │Гout│<1 for any passive source termination,
Гs. The reflection coefficient for passive source impedance must lie within the unit circle of the
smith chart, nd the other boundary of the circle is written as Гs=ejφ.

8. The condition for unconditional stability of a transistor as per the K-∆ test is │∆│> 1 and
K<1.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The condition for unconditional stability of a transistor is │∆│< 1 and K>1. Here,
│∆│ and K are defined in terms of the s parameters of the transistor by defining the S matrix. To
determine the unconditional stability of a transistor in K-∆ method, the S matrix of the transistor
must be known.

9. If the S parameters of a transistor given are

S11=-0.811-j0.311
S12= 0.0306+j0.0048
S21=2.06+j3.717
S22=-0.230-j0.4517
Then ∆ for the given transistor is:
a) 0.336
b) 0.383
c) 0.456
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Given the S parameters of a transistor, the ∆ value of the transistor is given by
│S11S22-S12S21│. Substituting the given values in the above equation, the ∆ of the transistor is
0.336.

10. By performing the K-∆ test for a given transistor the values of K and ∆ were found to be
equal to 0.383 and 0.334 respectively. The transistor with these parameters has unconditional
stability.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The condition for unconditional stability of a transistor is │∆│< 1 and K>1. Here,
│∆│ and K are defined in terms of the s parameters of the transistor by defining the S matrix.
Here │∆│< 1 but the second condition is not satisfied. Hence they are not unconditionally stable.

1. The overall gain of a transistor is always a fixed value and cannot be changed as per design
requirements.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For a given transistor gain G0 is a fixed value and cannot be changed. But the
overall transducer gain of the amplifier will be controlled by GS and GL, of the matching section
used with the transistor.

2. The frequency response of an amplifier is _______

a) Wide band
b) Narrow band
c) Pass band
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Most transistors exhibit a significant impedance mismatch (large S11 and S22). This
results in a frequency response of the transistor that being narrow band.

3. Maximum power transfer from the input matching port to the transistor will occur when:
a) Гin=Г*S
b) Гin=ГS
c) Гin=ГS. ejω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a transistor, ГS is the reflection co-efficient of the amplifier looking towards the
source. Гin is the reflection coefficient of the amplifier looking towards the input terminals of an
amplifier. For maximum power transfer, the above mentioned condition must be satisfied.

4. The condition for maximum power transfer from the transistor to the output matching network
will occur when:
a) Гout=ГL*
b) Гout=ГL
c) Гout=1/ ГL
d) Гout=1/ ГL*2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The condition for maximum power transfer from the transistor to the output
matching network will occur when Гout=ГL*. ГL is the reflection coefficient seen looking towards
the load. Гout is the looking towards the output ports of the transistor.

5. The input and output ports of an amplifier are always matched to the impedance Z0 .
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: With two different matching techniques called conjugate matching and lossless
matching sections, the input and output ports of a transistor are matched to the characteristic
impedance Z0 of the feed line used.

6. Unconditionally stable devices can always be ____________ for maximum gain.

a) Lossless matched
b) Conjugate matched
c) Forward biased
d) Driven with high current
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Unconditionally stable devices can always be conjugate matched for maximum
power gain and potentially unstable devices can be conjugate matched if K>1 and │∆│<1.

7. The maximum transducer gain occurs when the source and the load are matched to the
impedance Z of the transistor by lossless method.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The maximum transducer power gain occurs when the source and load are
conjugated matched to the transistor. This matched condition can be verified using the relation
between the reflection coefficients.

8. Maximum transducer gain for an amplifier is the same as the maximum gain for an amplifier.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum transducer gain is also referred to as matched gain. Maximum gain does
not give a meaningful result when the device is only conditionally stable, since the simultaneous
conjugate match of the load and source is not possible simultaneously.

9. In terms of S parameters for a transistor, the transducer gain is given by the relation:
a) │S21│/│S12│
b) │S12│/│S21│
c) │S22│/│S11│
d) │S11│/│S22│
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Transducer power gain is defined as the ratio of power measured at the port 2
(output port) to the ratio of the power at the input port. This is redefined in terms of the S
parameter of the network and can be written as │S21│/│S12│.

10. In the S matrix of a transistor, if the parameter S21 is 2.6 then the gain G0 of the transistor has
the value
a) 6.2 dB
b) 8.3 dB
c) 2.22 dB
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Gain G0 of a transistor amplifier is given as 10 log S12. Substituting for S12 in the
equation, then the gain G0 of the amplifier is given by 8.3 dB.

Microwave Oscillator

1. In microwave oscillators, negative resistance transistors and diodes are used in order to
generate oscillations in the circuit.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In microwave oscillator, for a current to flow in the circuit the negative impedance
of the device must be matched with positive impedance. This results in current being non-zero
and generates oscillation.

2. Any device with negative impedance as its characteristic property can be called:
a) Energy source
b) Energy sink
c) Oscillator
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A positive resistance implies energy dissipation while a negative resistance implies
an energy source. The negative resistance device used in the microwave oscillator, thus acts as a
source. The condition Xin+ XL=0 controls the frequency of oscillation. Xin is the impedance of the
negative resistance device.

3. In a microwave oscillator, a load of 50+50j is connected across a negative resistance device of

impedance -50-50j. Steady state oscillation is not achieved in the oscillator.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The condition for steady state oscillation in a microwave oscillator is Zin=-ZL. Since
this condition is satisfied in the above case, steady state oscillation is achieved.

4. For achieving steady state oscillation, the condition to be satisfied in terms of reflection
coefficients is:
a) Гin=ГL
b) Гin=-ГL
c) Гin=1/ГL
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The condition for steady state oscillation to be achieved in terms of reflection
coefficient is Гin=1/ГL. Here Гin is the reflection coefficient towards the reflection coefficient
device and ГL is the reflection coefficient towards the load.

5. A one port oscillator uses a negative resistance diode having Гin=0.9575+j0.8034 (Z0=50Ω) at
its desired frequency point. Then the input impedance of the diode is:
a) -44+j123
b) 50+j100
c) -44+j145
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The input impedance of the diode given reflection coefficient and characteristic
impedance is Z0 (1+Гin)/ (1-Гin). Substituting in the given equation, the input impedance is -44
+j123 Ω.

6. If the input impedance of a diode used in the microwave oscillator is 45-j23 Ω, then the load
impedance is to achieve stable oscillation is:
a) 45-j23 Ω
b) -45+j23 Ω
c) 50 Ω
d) 23-j45 Ω
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The condition for stabilized oscillation is Zin=-ZL. According to this equation, the
load impedance required for stabilized oscillation is – (45-j23) Ω. The load impedance is thus
-45+j23 Ω.

7. To achieve stable oscillation, Zin + ZL=0 is the only necessary and sufficient condition to be
satisfied by the microwave oscillator.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The condition Zin + ZL=0 is only a necessary condition for stable oscillation and not
sufficient. Stability requires that any perturbation in current or frequency is damped out,
allowing the oscillator to return to its original state.

8. In transistor oscillators, the requirement of a negative resistance device is satisfied using a

varactor diode.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In a transistor oscillator, a negative resistance one port network is created by
terminating a potentially unstable transistor with impedance designed to drive the device in an
unstable region.

9. In transistor oscillators, FET and BJT are used. Instability is achieved by:
a) Giving a negative feedback
b) Giving a positive feedback
c) Using a tank circuit
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Oscillators require a device that has high instability. To achieve this condition,
transistors are used with a positive feedback to increase instability.

10. In a transistor amplifier, if the input impedance is -84-j1.9 Ω, then the terminating impedance
required to create enough instability is:
a) -84-j1.9 Ω
b) 28+j1.9 Ω
c) – (28+j1.9) Ω
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Relation between terminating impedance and input impedance is Zs=-Rin/3. Zs is the
terminating impedance. Substituting in the given equation, the terminated impedance is 28+j1.9
Ω.

1. If an antenna has a directivity of 16 and radiation efficiency of 0.9, then the gain of the
antenna is:
a) 16.2
b) 14.8
c) 12.5
d) 19.3
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Gain of an antenna is given by the product of radiation efficiency of the antenna
and the directivity of the antenna. Product of directivity and efficiency thus gives the gain of the
antenna to be 16.2.

2. Gain of an antenna is always greater than the directivity of the antenna.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Gain of an antenna is always smaller than the directivity of an antenna. Gain is
given by the product of directivity and radiation efficiency. Radiation efficiency can never be
greater than one. So gain is always less than or equal to directivity.
3. A rectangular horn antenna has an aperture area of 3λ × 2λ. Then the maximum directivity that
can be achieved by this rectangular horn antenna is:
a) 24 dB
b) 4 dB
c) 19 dB
d) Insufficient data
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Given the aperture dimensions of an antenna, the maximum directivity that can be
achieved is 4π A/λ2, where A is the aperture area and λ is the operating wavelength. Substituting
the given values in the above equation, the maximum directivity achieved is 19 dB.

4. A rectangular horn antenna has an aperture area of 3λ × 2λ. If the aperture efficiency of an
antenna is 90%, then the directivity of the antenna is:
a) 19 dB
b) 17.1 dB
c) 13 dB
d) 21.1 dB
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Given the aperture dimensions of an antenna, the directivity that can be achieved is
ap4π A/λ2, where A is the aperture area and λ is the operating wavelength, ap is the aperture
efficiency. Substituting the given values in the above equation, the directivity achieved is 17.1
dB.

5. If an antenna has a directivity of 16 and is operating at a wavelength of λ, then the maximum

effective aperture efficiency is:
a) 1.27λ2
b) 2.56λ2
c) 0.87λ2
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum effective aperture efficiency of an antenna is given by D λ2/4π, D is the
directivity of the antenna. Substituting in the equation the given values, the maximum effective
aperture is 1.27λ2.

6. A resistor is operated at a temperature of 300 K, with a system bandwidth of 1 MHz then the
noise power produced by the resistor is:
a) 3.13×10-23 watts
b) 4.14×10-15 watts
c) 6.14×10-15 watts
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For a resistor noise power produced is given by kTB, where T is the system
temperature and B is the bandwidth. Substituting in the above expression, the noise power
produced is 4.14×10-15 watts.

7. With an increase in operating frequency, the background noise temperature:

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Remains unaffected
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The plot of frequency v/s background noise temperature shows that with the
increase of the signal frequency, the background noise temperature increases. Also, with the
increase of the elevation angle from the horizon, background noise temperature increases.

8. The noise temperature of an antenna is given by the expression:

a) radTb + (1-rad) Tp
b) (1-rad) TP
c) radTb
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The noise temperature of an antenna is given by the expression radTb + (1-rad) Tp.
here, Tb is the brightness temperature and Tp is the physical temperature of the system. rad is the
radiation efficiency. Noise temperature of a system depends on these factors.

9. Low is the G/T ratio of an antenna, higher is its efficiency.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In the G/T ratio of an antenna, G is the gain of an antenna and T is the antenna
noise temperature. Higher the G/T ratio of an antenna better is the performance of the antenna.

10._________ has a constant power spectral density.

a) White noise
b) Gaussian noise
c) Thermal noise
d) Shot noise
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal noise has a power spectral density for a wide range of frequencies. Its plot
of frequency v/s noise power is a straight line parallel to Y axis.

1. A __________ is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a transmission line

into a plane wave propagating in free space.
a) Transmitting antenna
b) Receiving antenna
c) Radar
d) Mixer
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A transmitting antenna is a device that converts a guided electromagnetic wave on a
transmission line into a plane wave propagating in free space. It appears as an electrical circuit
on one side, provides an interface with a propagating plane wave.

2. Antennas are bidirectional devices.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Antennas can be used both as transmitters and receivers. As transmitters they
radiate energy to free space and as receivers they receive signal from free space. Hence, they are
called bidirectional devices as they are used at both transmitting end and receiving end.

3. Dipole antennas are an example for:

a) Wire antennas
b) Aperture antennas
c) Array antennas
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dipoles, monopoles, oops, Yagi-Uda arrays are all examples for wire antennas.
These antennas have low gains, and are mostly used at lower frequencies.

4. _________ antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed network
a) Aperture antennas
b) Array antennas
c) Printed antennas
d) Wire antennas
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Array antennas consist of a regular arrangement of antenna elements with a feed
network. Pattern characteristics such as beam pointing angle and side lobe levels can be
controlled by adjusting the amplitude and phase excitation of array elements.

5. A parabolic reflector used for reception with the direct broadcast system is 18 inches in
diameter and operates at 12.4 GHz. The far-field distance for this antenna is:
a) 18 m
b) 13 m
c) 16.4 m
d) 17.3 m
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Far field distance for a reflector antenna is given by 2D2/λ. D is the diameter and λ
is the operating signal wavelength. Substituting in the above expression, far field distance is 17.3
m.

6._________ of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength versus position
around the antenna.
a) Radiation pattern
b) Directivity
c) Beam width
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the magnitude of the far field strength
versus position around the antenna. This plot gives the detail regarding the region where most of
the energy of antenna is radiated, side lobes and beam width of an antenna.

7. Antennas having a constant pattern in the azimuthal plane are called _____________
a) High gain antenna
b) Omni directional antenna
c) Unidirectional antenna
d) Low gain antenna
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Omni directional antennas radiate EM waves in all direction. If the radiation pattern
for this type of antenna is plotted, the pattern is a constant signifying that the radiated power is
constant measured at any point around the antenna.
8. Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Beamwidth and directivity are both measures of the focusing ability of an antenna.
An antenna with a narrow main beam will have high directivity, while a pattern with low beam
will have low directivity.

9. If the beam width of an antenna in two orthogonal planes are 300 and 600. Then the directivity
of the antenna is:
a) 24
b) 18
c) 36
d) 12
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Given the beam width of the antenna in 2 planes, the directivity is given by
32400/θ*∅, where θ,∅ are the beam widths in the two orthogonal planes. Substituting in the
equation, directivity of the antenna is 18.

10. If the power input to an antenna is 100 mW and if the radiated power is measured to be 90
mW, then the efficiency of the antenna is:
a) 75 %
b) 80 %
c) 90 %
d) Insufficient data
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Antenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of radiated power to the input power to
the antenna. Substituting the given data in the efficiency equation, the efficiency of the antenna
is 90%.

1. In a RADAR system the transmitter of the radar is more sensitive than the receiver.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The basic operation of RADAR is that the transmitter sends out a signal, which is
partially reflected by the distant target, and then detected by a sensitive receiver. Because of the
presence of noise in the received signal, the receiver has to be more sensitive.
2. For radar system, antennas with a large beam width are preferred over narrow beam antennas.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If a narrow beam width antenna is used in radar, the target’s direction can be
accurately given by the angular position of the antenna. Hence narrow beam antennas give more
accurate position of the objects.

3. The radar in which both transmission and reception is done using the same antenna are called:
a) Monostatic radar
b) Bistatic radar
c) Monopole radar
d) Dipole radar
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Radar transmits electromagnetic waves and receives the waves that are reflected by
objects. If a single antenna is used both for transmission and reception of the signals, they are
called monostatic radar.

4. For applications like missile fire control, bistatic radars are used.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In missile fire control, the target is illuminated with one antenna and the reflected
wave is received from another antenna in the radar. In situations where continuous transmission
and reception of signals is required, bistatic radars are used.

5. When a power Pt is transmitted by an antenna, amount of energy incident on the target is

given by the expression:
a) Pt×G/4πR2
b) Pt/4πR2
c) Pt×4 πR2/G
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The amount of energy incident on the target is proportional to the energy radiated;
gain of the antenna G, and R is the distance of the target from the radar system. As the distance
from the radar system, the energy incident on the target reduces.
6. The term radar cross section defines the:
a) Scattering ability of the target
b) Power radiating ability of the radar
c) Amount of energy scattered by unwanted objects
d) Cross section of radar area through which energy is emitted
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Radar cross section is defined as the ratio of scattered power in a given direction to
the power incident on it. The power incident is the energy radiated by the transmitting antenna of
the radar.

7. A ________ determines the target range by measuring the round trip time of a pulsed
microwave signal.
a) Pulse radar
b) Doppler radar
c) Cross section radar
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The working principle of pulse radar is that continuous pulses are transmitted and
time is recorded until the pulse is received back by the radar. Based on this delay recorded, the
range of target is estimated.

8. Construction of pulse radar is much simpler than a Doppler radar.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In Doppler radar the power / signal is continuously radiated by the transmitting
antenna. In pulse radar, pulses are transmitted to the target. Generation and transmission of
pulses is more complex as compared to continuous signal.

9. In military applications the radar cross sections of vehicles is minimized.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In military applications the radar cross sections of vehicles is minimized so that the
military vehicles remain undetected. Lower the radar cross section, lower is the power scattered,
and hence the object remains undetected.
10. Pulse radar operating at 10GHz frequency has an antenna with a gain of 28 dB and a
transmitted power of 2kW. If it is desired to detect a target of cross section 12m2, and the
minimum detectable signal is -90 dBm, the maximum range of the radar is:
a) 8114 m
b) 2348 m
c) 1256 m
d) 4563 m
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum range of a radar system is given the expression, [PtG2σλ22/ (4π)
Pmin] 0.25. Pt is the transmitted power, σ is the radar cross section, G is the antenna gain.
Substituting the given values in the above equation, the maximum range of the radar is 8114 m.

1. The basic requirements of transmitting antennas are:

a) High efficiency
b) Low side lobes
c) Large signal to noise ratio
d) Lone of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The basic requirements of a transmitting antenna are high gain and efficiency while
requirements of receiving antennas are low side lobes and large signal to noise to ratio.

2. _________ is a device that converts electrons to photons or vice-versa.

a) Antenna
b) Electron gun
c) Photon amplifier
d) Microwave tube
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Antenna is a device that converts electrons into photons or vice versa. A
transmitting antenna converts electrons into photons while a receiving antenna converts photons
into electrons.

3. The basic equation of radiation that is applied to any antenna irrespective of the type of the
antenna is:
a) iL= Qv
b) iQ = Lv
c) i/L=Q/v
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Basic equation of radiation is given by iL=Qv. i is the time change in current, l is
the length of the current element, q is the charge v is the acceleration of the charge.

4. When the separation between two lines that carry the TEM wave approaches λ the wave tends
to be radiated.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When the separation between two lines that chary the TEM wave approaches λ the
wave tends to be radiated so that the opened – out line act as an antenna which lunches a free
space wave.

5. The number of patterns radiation pattern required to specify the characteristic are :
a) Three
b) Four
c) Two
d) Five
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The three patterns required are, θ component of the electric field as the function of
the angles as θ and φ, the φ component of the electric field as the function of the angles θ and φ,
the phase of these fields as a functions of the angle φ and θ .

6. The beam width of the antenna pattern measured at half power points is called:
a) Half power beam width
b) Full null beam width
c) Beam width
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The beam width of an antenna measure at half of the maximum power received by
an antenna or the 3 dB beam width of the antenna is termed as half null beam width.

7. An antenna has a field pattern of E (θ) = cos2 θ, θ varies between 0 and 900. Half power beam
width of the antenna is:
a) 330
b) 660
c) 12000
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Half power beam width of the antenna is obtained by equating the field pattern of
the antenna to 0.707 (half power point) and finding θ. 2θ gives the value of beam width. Solving
the given problem in the same flow, half power beam width of the antenna is 660.

8. An antenna has a field pattern E (θ) =cos θ. cos 2θ. The first null beam width of the antenna is:
a) 450
b) 900
c) 1800
d) 1200
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Half power beam width of the antenna is obtained by equating the field pattern of
the antenna to 0.707 (half power point) and finding θ. 2θ gives the value of beam width. Twice
the half power beam width gives the first null beam width. With the same steps applied, the half
power beam width of the antenna is 450. First null beam width is 900.

9. The solid area through which all the power radiated by the antenna is:
a) Beam area
b) Effective area
c) Aperture area
d) Beam efficiency
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The beam area is the solid angle through which all of the power radiated by the
antenna would stream if P (θ, φ) maintained its maximum value over beam area and zero
elsewhere. This value is approximately equal to the angles subtended by the half power points of
the main lobe in the two principal planes.

10. Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called radiation intensity.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called radiation intensity.
Unit of radiation intensity is watts per steridian or per square degree.

1. As the beam area of an antenna decreases, the directivity of the antenna:

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains unchanged
d) Depends on the type of the antenna
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Beam area of an antenna and the directivity of the antenna are inversely
proportional. As the beam area is reduced, the directivity increases, meaning smaller the
radiating area of the transmitting antenna, more directed is the emitted energy.

2. If an antenna radiates over half a sphere, directivity of the antenna is:

a) Two
b) Four
c) Three
d) One
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Since the antenna radiates over half the sphere, beam area of the antenna is 2π,
directivity of the antenna is given by 4π/ beam area. Substituting for beam area, the directivity of
the antenna is two.

3. The half power beam width of an antenna in both θ and φ are 400 each. Then the gain of the
antenna is:
a) 23
b) 25
c) 14
d) 27
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Approximate gain of an antenna is given by the expression 40000/ (HPBW) 2.
Substituting the given values in the above expression, the gain of the antenna is 25. In dB scale
the gain of the antenna is 14 dB.

4. The number N of radio transmitters or point sources of radiation distributed uniformly over the
sky which an antenna can resolve is given by:
a) 4π/ ΩA
b) 2π/ ΩA
c) π/ ΩA
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Resolution may be defined as equal to half the beam width between first nulls. In
the above expression the resolution N is given as 4π/ ΩA.. Here ΩA is the beam area.
5. Ideally, the number of point sources an antenna can resolve is numerically equal to:
a) Gain of the antenna
b) Directivity
c) Beam efficiency
d) Beam area
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The number of point source an antenna can resolve is given by 4π/ ΩA Directivity
of an antenna is mathematically given by the relation 4π/ ΩA . Numerically resolution and
directivity are equal.

6. Effective aperture is a parameter of the antenna that gives the physical aperture of the antenna.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Effective aperture defines the amount of the total aperture of the antenna that is
utilized for radiation of energy. Higher the effective aperture of an antenna, more is the aperture
efficiency.

7. Effective aperture in terms of beam area and operating wavelength is given by the relation:
a) λ2/ ΩA
b) ΩA / λ2
c) λ2× ΩA
d) No such relationship exists
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Effective aperture is given as λ2/ ΩA. Here ΩA is the beam area. If the beam area is
specified in terms of the operating wavelength λ, then effective are of the antenna can be made
operating wavelength independent.

8.________ of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the incident electric
field.
a) Effective height
b) Gain
c) Directivity
d) Loss
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: At the receiving end, effective height of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the
induced voltage to the incident electric field. Otherwise, if the effective length of the receiving
antenna is known and if the induced voltage is measured, then the field strength can be
determined.

9. The directivity of an antenna in terms of the aperture efficiency and operating wavelength is
given by:
a) 4πAe/λ2
b) 2πAe/λ2
c) πAe/λ2
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The directivity of an antenna in terms of aperture efficiency is given by 4πAe/λ2.
Here Ae is the aperture efficiency. λ is the operating frequency. With an increase in the effective
aperture area of an antenna, directivity of the antenna can be increased making the radiated beam
narrower.

10. A radio link has 15 W transmitter connected to an antenna of 2.5 m2 effective aperture at 5
GHz. The receiving antenna has an effective aperture of 0.5 m2 and is located at a 15 Km line of
sight distance from transmitting antenna. Assuming lossless, matched antennas, the power
delivered to the receiver is:
a) 20 µW
b) 15 µm
c) 23 µm
d) 25 µm
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The power delivered to the receiving antenna is Pt (A1 A2/ r2λ2). Substituting the
given values in the above equation, the power at the receiver is 23 µm.

1. An antenna source that radiates energy uniformly in all the directions is called:
a) Isotropic source
b) Anisotropic source
c) Point source
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Isotropic source radiates energy in all the direction uniformly. For such a source,
the radial component Sr of the pointing vector is independent of θ and φ. The three dimensional
power pattern of n isotropic source is a sphere.

2. Antennas that radiate energy only in a specified are called anisotropic antennas.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: All physically realizable, simplest antennas also have directional properties. That is,
they radiate energy in one direction than in any other direction. Such sources are called
anisotropic point sources.

3. The expression for pointing vector of an isotropic point source at a distance ‘r’ from the source
is given by:
a) P/ 4πR2
b) P/4π
c) P/ 4πR
d) P×4πR2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The pointing field vector for an isotropic source is given by the expression P/
4πR2.P is the total power radiated y the source. As the distance of the point from the source
increases, the magnitude of pointing vector decreases.

4. A source has a cosine radiation-intensity pattern given by U=UM cos (θ). The directivity of this
source is:
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: To find the directivity of the given source, the power radiated by the given source is
found out by the method of integration. Taking the ratio of the power radiated by the given
source to the power radiated by an isotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 4.

5. A source has a cosine power pattern that is bidirectional. Given that the directivity of a
unidirectional source with cosine power pattern has a directivity of 4, then the directivity of the
unidirectional source is:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 4
d) 8
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Given the directivity of unidirectional power pattern, the directivity of bidirectional
power pattern is half of it. Hence the directivity of the source is 2.

6. A source has a radiation intensity pattern given by U=UM sin θ. The directivity of the source
with this power pattern is:
a) 1
b) 1.27
c) 2.4
d) 3.4
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: To find the directivity of the given source, the power radiated by the given source is
found out by the method of integration. Taking the ratio of the power radiated by the given
source to the power radiated by an isotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 1.27.

7. A source has a sine squared radiation intensity power pattern. The directivity of the given
source is:
a) 1.5
b) 3
c) 2.5
d) 3.5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: To find the directivity of the given source, the power radiated by the given source is
found out by the method of integration. Taking the ratio of the power radiated by the given
source to the power radiated by an isotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 1.5.

8. A source with a unidirectional cosine squared radiation intensity pattern is given by UMcos2
(θ). The directivity of the given source is:
a) 6
b) 8
c) 2
d) 7
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: To find the directivity of the given source, the power radiated by the given source is
found out by the method of integration. Taking the ratio of the power radiated by the given
source to the power radiated by anisotropic source gives the directivity. Following the above
steps, the directivity of the given source is 6.
9. Considering distance as a parameter, two types of field zones can be defined around an
antenna.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Considering distance as a parameter, two types of field zones can be defined around
an antenna) .The field near the antenna is called near field or Fresnel region and the other region
is the far field that is also called as Fraunhofer region.

10. If the field strength at receiving antenna is 1 µV/m, and the effective aperture area is 0.4 m2
and the intrinsic impedance of the medium is 377 Ω, then the power received by the antenna is:
a) 1.06 pW
b) 1.06 fW
c) 2 µW
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The received power by the antenna is given by E2Ae/Zₒ. Substituting the known
values in the above equation, the power received is 1.06×10-15 watts.

1.S parameters are expressed as a ratio of:

Voltage and Current
Impedance at different ports
Incident and the reflected voltage waves
None of the mentioned

2. The specific element Sij of the scattering matrix can be determined as:
Sij= Vi-/Vj+
Sij= Vi+/Vj-
S= Vj+/Vi-
Option 4

3. The device used to get the measurement of S parameters of n- port micro

wave network is:
Network Analyzer
Circulator
Attenuator
 CRO

4.Scattering matrix for a reciprocal network is:

Symmetric
Unitary
Skew Symmetric
Identity Matrix

5.S₁₂=0.85<-45⁰ and S₂₁=0.85<+45⁰ for a two port network. Then the two port
network is:
Non-reciprocal
Lossless
Reciprocal
Lossy

6.If the reflection co efficient of a 2 port network is 0.5 then the return network
loss in the network is:
6.5dB
0.15dB
6.02dB
10dB

7.For a unilateral mode of transmission:

S11=0
S12=0
S21=0
S21=1

8.For a perfectly matched port:

Sij=0
Sii=0
Sij=1
Sii=1

9.For a matched line, the return loss is:

High
Low
may be low or high depends on frequency
 can not be defined

10.Insertion loss for higher value of reflection coefficient is:

High
Low
insertion loss is not depends on reflection coefficient
None of above