Unit 11

1. Theorem. If the boundary value problems given by (1) to (4) has only the trivial solution

y (x) 0, then the operator L has a unique Green’s function G (x, t). p-322

2. Theorem. Let the Green’s function for L y(x) 0 be given by (22). Then y (x) is a solution of

boundary value problem given by (1), (3a) and (3b) if and only if

 
y(x )  G (x ,t ) ( t) dt p327

3. Find the Green’s function of the boundary value problem. y0, y(0) y(l) 0. P330

4. Find the Green’s function for the boundary value problem

d2 y / dx2 2 y 0, y(0) y (1) 0. P331

5. Construct Green’s function for the differential equation xyy0 for the following

conditions. y (x) is bounded as x0, and y (1) y ' (1), 0. P-332

6. Construct Green’s function for the homogeneous boundary value problem

d4 y / dx4 0, y(0) y(0) y(1) y(1) 0. P-334

7. Construct the Green’s function for the boundary value problem d2y/dx2 – y = 0;

y (0) = y(0) and y(l) y(l) 0. P-335

8. Using Green’s function, solve the boundary value problem

yy x, y(0) y(/ 2) 0. P-338

9. Using Green’s function, solve the boundary value problem y– y = x, y (0) = y (1) = 0 p-340

10. Reduce the boundary-value problem yy x, y (0) y (/ 2) 0 to an integral
equation. P-342

11. Reduce the following boundary value problem into an integral equation with help of

Green’s function : yy 0, y (0) = 0, 2 y(1) v y(1) 0 p-344

12. Reduce the boundary-value problem y+ y = x, y (0) = 0, y(1) = 0 to a Fredholm

integral equation. P-345

13. Transform the problem yxy 1, y (0) = y (1) = 0 to the integral equation


y (x)  G( x, t) y( t )dt x(1 x)

where G (x, t) = x (1 – t) when x < t and G (x, t) = t (1 – x) when x > t. p-346

14. Reduce the Bessel equation x2 (d2 y / dx2 ) x(dy / dx) (x2 1) y 0 with end

conditions y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0, to a Fredholm integral equation. P-347

15. (a) Show that the Green’s function for the Bessel operator of order n,

Ly=d/ d x(x dy/dx)- n2/x y, (n≠ 0)

relevant to the end conditions y (0) = y (1) = 0, is of the form

(b) Use the result of part (a) to reduce the problem

X2 d2 y/dx2 x dy/dx (x n2 ) y 0, y(0) y(1) 0

to an integral equation, when n 0. P-349

16. Reduce the following boundary value problem into an integral equation

y+ xy = 1, y (0) = 0, y (l) = 1. P-352

17. Transform the problem d2 y / dx2 y x, y(0) 1, y(1) 0 to a Fredholm integral

equation. P-353
 18. Reduce the following boundary value problem to a Fredholm integral equation :

yxy 1, y (0) 0, y (l) 0 . p-355

19. Convert the initial value problem

y+ y = f (x), 0 < x < 1, y (0) = y(0) = 0

into an integral equation. P-362

20. Convert the initial value problem

y+ y = f (x), 0 < x < 1, y (0) = 1, y(0) = – 1

into a Volterra integral equation of the second kind. P-362

21. Method of reducing the inhomogeneous equation

L y = (x) ... (6)

with prescribed homogeneous end conditions into an integral equation when the following

consistency condition is satisfied

( x)w (x )dx . p-370

22. Method of reducing the inhomogeneous differential equation (1)with prescribed homogeneous

bondary condition into an integral equation. P-372

unit 10
Theorem I.The necessary and sufficient condition that the second order homogeneous linear

differential equation a0 (x) (d2y/dx2) + a1 (x) (dy/dx) + a2 (x) y = 0, where a0 (x) is continuously

differentiable positive function and a1(x) has a continuous first order derivative on a x b to be

self adjoint is that a0(x) a1(x) on a x b, where prime denotes differentiation w.r.t. ‘x’. p-307
Corollary. If a0 (x) (d2y/dx2) + a1 (x) (dy/dx) + a2 (x)y = 0 is self adjoint, then it can be

re-written as 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 0. P-308

Theorem II. If the coefficients a0 (x) , a1(x), a2(x) in the equation a0(x) (d2y/dx2)

+ a1(x) (dy/dx) + a2 (x) y = 0 are continuous on a x b and a0 (x) 0, then it can be transformed

into the equivalent self adjoint equation ( ) ( ) 0, p-308

Theorem III. If M is the adjoint operator of operator L, then L is the adjoint of M, i.e.,

the adjoint of the adjoint operator is the operator itself. P-309

1. Find the adjoint equation of x2 (d2y/dx2) + (2x3 + 1) (dy/dx) + y = 0. P-309

2. Show that x2 (d2y/dx2) – 2x (dy/dx) + 2y = 0 is not a self adjoint equation. Transform it

into an equivalent self adjoint equation. P-309

3. To show that ∫f (x)  (x) dx= f (0),

where f (x) is a continuous and bounded function p-312

Unit 09

1. Solve the Abel’s equation  Y( x) dx/(t-x) 1/3

2. Solve the Abel’s integral equation :  Y( x) dx/(t-x) 1/2

3. Solve the Volterra integral equation of the first kind :

4. Solve the Volterra integral equation of the second kind 2


Y (t) t  Y( u )sin( t u )du p-289

5. Solve the integral equation


Y (t ) Y (x) sin( t x) dx and verify your solution. P-289

6. Solve. 
Y( t) a sin ( t)  2 Y (x) cos( t x) dx p-290

7. Solve the equation Y( t) e cos  t x) Y (x) dx by using Laplace transform p-290

8. Solve :  
Y( t) t  cos ( t x )Y( x) dx p-291

9. Solve the integro-differenial equation Yt) sin( t) Y (t x) cos (x) dx where Y (0) = 0. P-291

10. Solve 
Y t) t  Y( t x) cos( x) dx y (0)= 4. P-292

11. Solve the integral equation 

12. Solve : 
sin (t)  J0 ( t x )Y (x) dx p-292

13. Solve the Able integral equation 

14. Find the resolvent kernel of the Volterra integral equation and hence its solution
Y( t) F( t ) t x) Y (x) dx p-293

15. Determine the resolvent kernel and hence solve the integral equation


Y( t) F( t)  et-x Y(x)dx p-294

16. Solve the integral equation


f (s)  K( s2 u2) y (u) du , s p-295

17. Solve the inhomogeneous Abel integral equation


Y (x)=F( t) + Y( x )/( t-x) dx 0 1 p-297

18. Solve the integral equation


 F x cos p x dx p 0<p<1


p>1

by using Fourier transform. P-299

19. Solve the integral equation F x sin xp dx= 

2, 1< p< 2.

0, p>2.

20. Solve :  

21. Solved the homogeneous integral equation p-303

¿1
q ( v ) dv
∫ u−v
 0
1

21. Solve the Fox’s integral equation Y


(x)= F(x)+ K(x t) Y(t) dt, 0< x< with the kernel K(x) (2/ )1/ 2 sin x p-305