P3 Chap.

2 Şema ALNAR

Chapter 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

2.1 The modulus function

The modulus of a number a, written as a , is its positive numerical values.

 a if a ≥ 0 
a = 
 − a if a < 0

Meaning − 3 = − (−3) = 3 and 3 = 3

The modulus function y = f (x) , means

When f(x) ≥ 0, f ( x) = f ( x) When f(x) < 0, f ( x) = − f ( x)

Example: f ( x) = 7 − 5 x + 3 . Write down the values of:

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f(1)
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f(10)

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f(−6)
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• To sketch the graph of f ( x) = ax + b :

Sketch the graph of f ( x) = ax + b .
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Reflect in the x axis any parts below the x axis.

Delete the parts below the x axis.
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Example: Sketch the graphs of

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a) y = 10 − 5 x b) =
y x+5
2

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: Solve the equation 7 x − 3 = 4

Example: Solve the equation 4 x + 3 = −2

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Example: g ( x) = 4 − x h( x ) = 5
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a) Sketch both graphs on the same axes.
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b) Hence solve the equation 4 − x = 5
2
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c) Hence solve the equation 4 − x < 5
2
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 P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

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Example: The equation 6 − x = x + k has exactly one solution.
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a) Find the value of k.
b) State the solution of the equation.

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Exercise
(a) Sketch the graph with equation
y = |4x – 3|

stating the coordinates of any points where the graph cuts or meets the axes.
(2)
Find the complete set of values of x for which

(b)
|4x – 3| > 2 – 2x
(4)
(c)
3
|4x – 3| > – 2x
2
(2)

(Total 8 marks)
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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2.2 Functions and mappings

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A Mapping transforms one set of numbers into a different set of numbers.
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A mapping can be one to one or many to one.
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A function is a special mapping such that every element of set A (the domain) is mapped to
exactly one element of set B (the range).

The set of numbers you can start with is called the domain, and the set of numbers they can
become is called the range.

The input values are x (domain), the output values are f(x) (range).

A FUNCTION is a one – to – one mapping or a many – to – one mapping

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

For the graphs above, the first and third are functions because each value of x is mapped to
a single value of f(x).

The second and fourth aren’t functions because the values of x are mapped to two different
values of f(x).

The fifth also isn’t a function, this time because f(x) is not defined for x < 0.

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Example: Describe the type of mapping, state if it is a function or not.
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x x x
A

x∈R x∈R x ∈ R, x ≥ 0
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y y y

x x x
–5 5
−2
–5
x ∈ R,−5 ≤ x ≤ 5 x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 x∈R

Sketching a graph may help you to find the range.

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: Given that f (x) = 3x² ‒ 1, x>0

Find: a) f (4)

b) the range of f (x)

c) state if f (x) is a one-to-one function

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Example: Given that g(x) = x² ‒ 2 x ∈ℜ

Find: a) the values of b such that g (b) = 14,

b) the values of c such that g (c) = c.
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Example: Given that the function g (= x) 2 x 2 + 3 x ∈ℜ , find:

(a) the value of g (2) .
(b) the value of a such that g (a ) = 35 .
(c) the range of the function.

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: Write range of the graphs, in the Example on page 5.

Example: Find the range of the following functions, state if is one-to-one or many-to-one.

a) f ( x) = 3 x − 2 domain { x = 1, 2, 3, 4 }

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b) f : x → x2 { x ∈ R , − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5 }

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c) f : x → x3 { x ∈ R }
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d) f :x→ x + 3 { x ≥ −3 ; x ∈ R }

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Note: Quadratic functions

f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x + 5

D: x ε ℜ

D: x > 1

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D: x > 0
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D: x > −4
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D: 0 < x < 4
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D: −4 < x < 1

1 1
e) f :x→ { x∈R , x ≠ 0 } f :x→ { x ∈ R, 0 < x ≤ 3 }
x x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

1 1
f) f :x→ + 2 { x∈R , x ≠ 0 } f :x→ + 3 { x ∈ R, 0 < x ≤ 3 }
x x

Note: Reciprocal Functions

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1
f(x) = , x ∈ R x = −1
1+ x
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1 1
f(x) = ,x ≥ 4 f(x) = , −1 < x ≤ 3
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1+ x 1+ x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

3x − 5
f :x , x ∈ ℜ, x ≠ −1
x +1

x > −1, x ∈ ℜ x > 0, x ∈ ℜ

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g) f ( x) = 3 x { x ∈ R }
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h) f ( x) = 3 − x { x ∈ R }

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

HW: Sketch and find the range of f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x − 3 { x ∈ R, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 }

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FUNCTIONS THAT CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS

Example: The function f ( x) is defined by

4 − x x<2
f ( x) =  2
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x x≥2

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(a) Sketch f ( x) stating its range.
(b) Find
i) f (1)
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ii) f (10)
iii) the values of a such that f (a ) = 36
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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2.3 Composite Functions

Example: The functions s and t are defined by s: x →2x + 1, x ε ℜ and t : x → x3 , x ε ℜ.

Find:
a) st (2) b) ts (x)

Example: f : x →2x + 1, x ε ℜ and g : x → 2x2 , x ε ℜ.

Find and simplify:

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a) fg (x)

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b) gfg(x)
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c) f (x)

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2.4 Finding the inverse

The inverse function performs the opposite operation to the function.
For this reason inverse functions only exist for one-to-one functions.
The inverse of f ( x) is written f −1 ( x ) .

When we want to find the inverse of a function, we rearrange the function to make x the
subject.
−1
We need to be aware that f = f ( x ) ff=
−1
( x) x .
The inverse function ‘undoes’ the function.
−1 −1
For a function f : x → y , then the inverse function is f , where f :y→x

The range of the function becomes the domain of the inverse function.

f ( x) f −1 ( x )

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Domain= Range
Range = Domain
( x, y ) = ( y, x ) N
Functions and their inverses
The inverse of a function is its reflection in the line y = x.
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To sketch the graph of the inverse of the function f(x) = x2 − 8 with domain x ≥ 0.

To solve f(x) = f−1(x) you can solve f(x) = x or f−1(x) = x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: If g ( x ) is defined as g ( x=
) 2x − 4 { x ∈ R, x ≥ 0} .
(a) Sketch the graph of g ( x ) and state the range.
(b) Calculate g −1 ( x ) and state the domain.
(c) Using the same graph as in part (a), sketch the graph of g −1 ( x ) .

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4  1
Example: The function p is defined by p : x →  x ∈ R, x ≠ 
2x −1  2
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Find p −1 ( x ) in its simplest form.

State the domain of p −1 ( x ) .

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: The functions f and g are defined by

x 3
f :x→ , {x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ − 3} g:x→ , { x ∈ R, x ≥ 3}
x+3 x

a) Find an expression for f −1 ( x )

b) Find the range of g ( x )
1
c) Show that fg (x) = .
1+ x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

3x − 1
Example: The function f is defined by f: x ↦ , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 3.
x−3

(a) Prove that f −1(x) = f(x) for all x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 3. (3)

(b) Hence find, in terms of k, ff(k), where x ≠ 3. (2)

y
6

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−2 −1 O 2 x

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−5

Figure shows a sketch of the one-one function g, defined over the domain −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
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(c) Find the value of fg(−2). (3)

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(d) Sketch the graph of the inverse function g−1 and state its domain. (3)
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The function h is defined by h: x ↦ 2g(x – 1).

(e) Sketch the graph of the function h and state its range. (3)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

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 P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: June ‘05

3. The function f is defined by
5x + 1 3
f: x  2 – , x > 1.
x + x−2 x+2
2
(a) Show that f(x) = , x > 1.
x −1
(4)
(b) Find f –1(x).
(3)
The function g is defined by g: x  x2 + 5, x ∈ ℝ.
(c) Solve fg(x) = 14 .
(3)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: The function f is defined by

3x − 5
f :x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1
x +1
a) Find an expression for f –1(x).
(3)
(b) Show that
x+a
ff ( x ) = , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1
x −1
where a is an integer to be determined.
(4)
The function g is defined by
g : x  x 2 − 3x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1
(c) Find the value of fg(2).
(2)
(d) Find the range of g.

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(3)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2x2 − 2 1
Example: f ( x) = + ,x >1
x + 3x + 2 x + 2
2

ax + b
a) Write f (x) in the form of , where a, b and c are integers.
x+c
(5)
b) Find the range of f (x)

g ( x) = x 2 + 9 ,x > 0
(2)
c) Find the inverse function of g(x), and state its domain.
(4)
d) Show that the equation
fg ( x ) = x + 10
has no solution

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(4)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example:

Figure shows a sketch of part of the graph of y = g(x), where

g(x) = 3 + , x ⩾ –2
(a) State the range of g.
(1)

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(b) Find g–1(x) and state its domain.
(3)
(c) Find the exact value of x for which
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g(x) = x
(4)
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(d) Hence state the value of a for which
g(a) = g–1(a)
(1)
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2.5 Sketching y = f ( x ) and y = f ( x )

Draw the graphs of y = | f(x) | and y = f(|x|) for the functions f(x) = 5x − 5 and f(x) = x2 −
4x.

To solve an equation of the type f ( x ) = g ( x ) or f ( x ) = g ( x ) :

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Use a sketch to locate the roots.
Solve algebraically, using f ( x ) for the reflected parts of y = f ( x ) and g ( x ) for
reflected parts of y = g ( x ) .
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Example:
Sketch the graphs of
1 1
a) = y x+5 , b) y = x + 5
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2 2
On separate axes, showing the coordinates of any points at which the graph meets the axes.
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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example:
On the same diagram, sketch the graph of y = x 2 − x − 2 and the graph of y = 2 x .
Solve the equation x 2 − x − 2 =2 x , giving your answers to 2 decimal places where
appropriate.

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2 2
Example: Sketch the graphs of y = and y=
x x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: Sketch the graph of y = x − 8 x + 15

2

Example:: The functions f is defined by f : x → 2x − 4 − 4 x ∈ R

a) Solve the equation f (x) = 2.

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The equation g is defined by g ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 12 { x ∈ R, x ≥ 2 }

b) Find the range of g. N

c) Find gf (‒5).

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example: Sketch the graph of y = sin x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

Example: Sketch the graph of y = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .

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Example: Sketch the graph of y = sin x , −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π .

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2.6 Transformation

f (x) + c ⇒ Add c to the y coordinates

f (x) − c ⇒ Subtract c from the y coordinates

cf (x) ⇒ Multiply y coordinates by c

f (x + c) ⇒ Subtract c from the x coordinates

f (x − c) ⇒ Add c to the x coordinates

f (cx) ⇒ Divide x coordinates by c

− f (x) ⇒ Multiply y coordinates by −1 (reflection in the x -axis)

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f ( − x) ⇒ Divide x coordinates by −1 (reflection in the y -axis)

Example: Sketch the graph of y =( x − 2 ) + 3 .

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Example: Sketch the graph=

of y cos 2 x − 1 .

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example:

B( 43 , 1)

–1 O A(2, 0) 3 x

The diagram above shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f ( x ) , −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 . The
curve touches the x-axis at the origin O, crosses the x-axis at the point A(2, 0) and has a

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maximum at the point B( 43 , 1).
In separate diagrams, show a sketch of the curve with equation
(a) y = 2f(x + 1), N
(b) y = |f(x)|,

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(c) y = f(|x|),
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marking on each sketch the coordinates of points at which the curve

(i) has a turning point,
(ii) meets the x-axis.
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 P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Exercise:

1) y

–2 –1 O 1 2 3

(–0.5, –2)

(0.4, –4)

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Figure shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y = f(x), x ∈ ℝ.
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The curve has a minimum point at (−0.5, −2) and a maximum point at (0.4, −4). The lines
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x = 1, the x-axis and the y-axis are asymptotes of the curve, as shown in Fig. 1.

On a separate diagram sketch the graphs of

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(a) y = f(x),
(4)
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(b) y = f(x – 3),

(4)
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(c) y = f(x).
(4)

In each case show clearly

(i) the coordinates of any points at which the curve has a maximum or minimum point,

(ii) how the curve approaches the asymptotes of the curve.

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

(0.4, 4)
(–0.5, 2)

x
x<0
0<x<1
x>1

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x
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(2.5, –2)
(3.4, –4)
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y
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(–0.4, –4) (0.4, –4)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2) The diagram below shows the sketch of y = f (x) . It has a maximum turning point at
(–1, 4) and a minimum turning point at (2, –5).

Sketch the graph of y = − f x .

Mark on any intercepts with the axes and also the coordinates of the turning points.

–2 1 4 x

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2.7 Solving Modulus Problems

Example:

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The diagram above shows a sketch of the curve with the equation y = f(x), x ∈ .

The curve has a turning point at A(3, – 4) and also passes through the point (0, 5).
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(a) Write down the coordinates of the point to which A is transformed on the curve

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with equation

(i) y = f ( x) ,

(ii) y = 2f ( 12 x ). (4)
A

(b) Sketch the curve with equation

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y = f(x ) (3)
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On your sketch show the coordinates of all turning points and the coordinates of
the point at which the curve cuts the y-axis.

The curve with equation y = f(x) is a translation of the curve with equation y = x2.

(c) Find f(x).

(2)

(d) Explain why the function f does not have an inverse.

(1)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Example:
y

x
–3 R

The diagram above shows the graph of y = f ( x), x ∈ ℜ .

The graph consists of two line segments that meet at the point P.
The graph cuts the y-axis at the point Q and the x-axis at the points (–3, 0) and

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R.

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of

(a) y = |f(x)|
N (2)

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(b) y = f (–x). (2)

Given that f(x) = 2 – |x + 1|,

(c) find the coordinates of the points P, Q and R, (3)

A

1
solve f ( x) =
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(d) x. (5)
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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

Exercises
1) The function p is defined by
p: x ↦ −2|x + 4| + 10
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph.

a) State the range of p.

(1 mark)
−1
b) Give a reason why p does not exist.
(1 mark)
c) Solve the inequality p(x) > −4.
(4 marks)
d) State the range of values of k for which the equation
1
p(x) = − x + k has no solutions.
2
(4 marks)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

2. The functions f and g are defined by

f : x  2 x +3, x∈ℝ

g : x  3 − 4x , x∈ℝ

(a) State the range of f.

(2)
(b) Find fg(1).
(2)
(c) Find g–1, the inverse function of g.
(2)
(d) Solve the equation

gg(x) + [g(x)]2 = 0

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(5)

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P3 Chap. 2 Şema ALNAR

3. The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph y = f(x) where

f ( x) = 3 x − 4 − 5

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a) State the range of f. (1 mark)
1
b) Given that f ( x) =
− x + k , where k is a constant has two distinct
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roots, state the possible values of k. (7 marks)

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