Appendix

______________________________________________________________________

Maple Procedures
______________________________________________________________________

The Maple procedures, used to generate the Fortran code for the elements presented in
Chapter 7, are given below. Each comment line starts with the symbol #.

A.1 Cable element

# Tangent stiffness matrix Kt for;
# the catenary cable element;
readlib(fortran);
with(linalg);
Ly:=1/(2*E*A*w)*(Tj^2-Ti^2)+(Tj-Ti)/w;
Lx:=-P1*(Lu/E/A+1/w*ln((P4+Tj)/(Ti-P2)));
P3:=-P1;
P4:=w*Lu-P2;
Ti:=sqrt(P1^2+P2^2);
Tj:=sqrt(P3^2+P4^2);
f11:=diff(Lx,P1):
f12:=diff(Lx,P2):
f21:=diff(Ly,P1):
f22:=diff(Ly,P2):
f:=matrix(2,2,[f11,f12,f21,f22]):
k:=inverse(f):
k1:=k[1,1]:
k2:=k[1,2]:
k4:=k[2,2]:

– 187 –
Kt:=matrix(4,4,[-k1,-k2,k1,k2,-k2,-k4,k2,k4,k1,k2,-k1,-k2,k2,k4,-k2,-k4]):
fortran(Kt,optimized):

A.2 Beam element

# Internal force vector p and;
# tangent stiffness matrix Kt for;
# the beam element;
readlib(fortran);
with(linalg);
ux:=(u4-u1)/L; wx:=(u5-u2)/L;
t:=(u3+u6)/2; tx:=(u6-u3)/L;
e:=(1+ux)*cos(t)+wx*sin(t)-1;
g:=wx*cos(t)-(1+ux)*sin(t);
k:=tx;
PIe:=1/2*L*E*A*e^2;
PIg:=1/2*L*G*A*g^2;
PIk:=1/2*L*E*I*k^2;
PI:=PIe+PIg+PIk;
p:=grad(PI,[u1,u2,u3,u4,u5,u6]);
Kt:=hessian(PI,[u1,u2,u3,u4,u5,u6]);
fortran(p,optimized);
fortran(Kt,optimized);

– 188 –
______________________________________________________________________

Bibliography of Part B
______________________________________________________________________

[1] ABAQUS User’s Manual, Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., Providence,
Rhode Island, 1994.

[2] Abbas S., Scordelis A., ‘Nonlinear Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges’, Proc.
Int. Conference on Cable-Stayed and Suspension Bridges, Vol. 2, Deauville,
France, Oct. 1994, pp. 195-210.

[3] Abdel-Ghaffar A.M., Khalifa M.A., ‘Importance of Cable Vibration in

Dynamics of Cable-Stayed Bridges’, J. Eng. Mechanics, ASCE, 117, 1991, pp.
2571-2589.

[4] Abdel-Ghaffar A.M., Nazmy A.S., ‘3-D Nonlinear Seismic Behavior of Cable-
Stayed Bridges’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 117, 1991, pp. 3456-3476.

[5] Adeli H., Saleh A., ‘Optimal Control of Adaptive/Smart Bridge Structures’, J.
Struct. Eng., ASCE, 123, 1997, pp. 218-226.

[6] Adeli H., Zhang J., ‘Fully Nonlinear Analysis of Composite Girder Cable-
Stayed Bridges’, Computers and Structures, 54, 1995, pp. 267-277.

[7] Ali H.M., Abdel-Ghaffar A.M., ‘Modeling the Nonlinear Seismic Behavior of
Cable-Stayed Bridges with Passive Control Bearings’, Computers and
Structures, 54, 1995, pp. 461-492.

[8] Argyris J., Mlejnek H.P., Dynamics of Structures, North-Holland, Amsterdam,

1991.

[9] Aurell J., Edlund S., ‘Vehicle Dyamics of Commercial Vehicles’, Volvo
Technology Report, 1990, pp. 20-35.

[10] Bachmann H., Weber B., ‘Tuned Vibration Absorbers for “Lively” Structures’,
Struct. Eng. Int., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1995, pp. 31-36.

– 189 –
[11] Bathe K.J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996.

[12] Boonyapinyo V., Yamada H., Miyata T., ‘Wind-Induced Nonlinear Lateral-
Torsional Buckling of Cable-Stayed Bridges’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, 120, 1994,
pp. 486-506.

[13] Bruno D., Grimaldi A., ‘Nonlinear Behaviour of Long-Span Cable-Stayed

Bridges’, Meccanica, 20, 1985, pp. 303-313.

[14] Buchholdt H.A., An Introduction to Cable Roof Structures, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, 1985.

[15] Buchholdt H.A., Structural Dynamics for Engineers, Thomas Telford, London,
1997.

[16] Conti E., Grillaud G., Jacob J., Cohen N., ‘Wind Effects on the Normandie
Cable-Stayed Bridge: Comparison Between Full Aeroelastic Model Tests and
Quasi-Steady Analytical Approach’, Proc. Int. Conference on Cable-Stayed and
Suspension Bridges, Vol. 2, Deauville, France, Oct. 1994, pp. 81-90.

[17] Crisfield M.A., Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures,
Wiley, Chichester, 1991.

[18] Das A.K., Dey S.S., ‘Effect of Tuned Mass Dampers on Random Response of
Bridges’, Computer & Structures, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1992, pp. 745-750.

[19] Davenport A., Larose G., ‘The Structural Damping of Long Span Bridges: An
Interpretation of Observations’, Canada-Japan Workshop on Aerodynamics,
Ottawa, Sept. 1989.

[20] Dean D.L., ‘Static and Dynamic Analysis of Guy Cables’, J. Struct. Division,
ASCE, 87, 1961, pp. 1-21.

[21] Den Hartog J.P., Mechanical Vibrations, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1956.

[22] Fleming J.F., Egeseli E.A., ‘Dynamic Behaviour of a Cable-Stayed Bridge’,

Earthquake Eng. and Struct. Dynamics, 8, 1980, pp. 1-16.

– 190 –
[23] Forsell K., ‘Dynamic Analyses of Static Instability Phenomena’, Licentiate
Thesis, TRITA-BKN Bulletin 34, Dept. of Struct. Eng., Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm, 1997.

[24] Frýba L., Vibration of Solids and Structures under Moving Loads, Noordhoff
International Publishing, Groningen, 1972.

[25] Gambhir M.L., Batchelor B., ‘A Finite Element for 3-D Prestressed Cablenets’,
Int. J. Numer. Methods in Eng., 11, 1977, pp. 1699-1718.

[26] Géradin M., Rixen D., Mechanical Vibrations, Wiley, Chichester, 1994.

[27] Gimsing N.J., Cable Supported Bridges, second edition, Wiley, Chichester,
1997.

[28] Gimsing N.J., Technical University of Denmark, Tanaka H., Danish Maritime
Institute, and Esdahl S., COWIconsult A/S, Personal communication, 1997.

[29] Green M.F., Cebon D., ‘Dynamic Interaction Between Heavy Vehicles and
Highway Bridges’, Computer & Structures, Vol. 62, No. 2, 1997, pp. 253-264.

[30] Housner G.W., Bergman L.A., Gaughey T.K., Chassiakos A.G., Claus R.O.,
Masri S.F., Skelton R.E., Soong T.T., Spencer B.F., Yao J.T.P., ‘Structural
Control: Past, Present, and Future’, J. Eng. Mechanics, ASCE, 123, 1997, pp.
897-971.

[31] Huddleston J.V., ‘Computer Analysis of Extensible Cables’, J. Eng. Mechanics

Div., ASCE, 107, 1981, pp. 27-37.

[32] Huddleston J.V., Ham H.J., ‘Poisson Effect in Extensible Cables with Both
Ends Fixed’, J. Eng. Mechanics Div., ASCE, 120, 1994, pp. 1590-1595.

[33] Indrawan B., ‘Vibrations of a Cable-Stayed Bridge due to Vehicle Moving over
Rough Surface’, Master Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, March
1989.

[34] Irvine H.M., Cable Structures, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992.

[35] Jayaraman H.B., Knudson W.C., ‘A Curved Element for the Analysis of Cable
Structures’, Computers and Structures, 14, 1981, pp. 325-333.

– 191 –
[36] Jensen G., Petersen A., ‘Erection of Suspension Bridges’, Proc. Int. Conference
on Cable-Stayed and Suspension Bridges, Vol. 2, Deauville, France, Oct. 1994,
pp. 351-362.

[37] Johnson R., Larose G., ‘Field Measurements of the Dynamic Response of the
Höga Kusten Bridge During Construction’, TRITA-BKN Report 49, Dept. of
Struct. Eng., Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 1998.

[38] Jones R.T., Pretlove A.J., ‘Vibration Absorbers and Bridges’, The Highway
Engineer, 26, No. 1, 1979, pp. 2-9.

[39] Judd B.J., Wheen R.J., ‘Nonlinear Cable Behavior’, J. Struct. Division, ASCE,
104, 1978, pp. 567-575.

[40] Kanok-Nukulchai W., Hong G., ‘Nonlinear Modelling of Cable-Stayed

Bridges’, J. Construct. Steel Research, 26, 1993, pp. 249-266.

[41] Kanok-Nukulchai W., Yiu P.K.A., Brotton D.M., ‘Mathamatical Modelling of

Cable-Stayed Bridges’, Struct. Eng. Int., 2, 1992, pp. 108-113.

[42] Karoumi R., ‘Dynamic Response of Cable-Stayed Bridges Subjected to Moving

Vehicles’, IABSE 15th Congress, Denmark, 1996, pp. 87-92.

[43] Kawashima K., Unjoh S., Tsunomoto M., ‘Damping Characteristics of Cable
Stayed Bridges for Seismic Design’, J. Res. Public Works Res. Inst., Vol. 27,
Dec. 1991.

[44] Kawashima K., Unjoh S., Tsunomoto M., ‘Estimation of Damping Ratio of
Cable-Stayed Bridges for Seismic Design’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 119, No.
4, April 1993, pp. 1015-1031.

[45] Kwon H.C., Kim M.C., Lee I.W., ‘Vibration Control of Bridges Under Moving
Loads’, Computer & Structures, Vol. 66, No. 4, 1998, pp. 473-480.

[46] Larose G.L., Zasso A., Melelli S., Casanova D., ‘Field Measurements of the
Wind-Induced Response of a 254 m High Free-Standing Bridge Pylon’, Proc. of
the 2nd European African Conference on Wind Engineering, Genova, Italy, June
1997, pp. 1-8.

– 192 –
[47] Larsen A., Jacobsen A.S., ‘Aerodynamic Design of the Great Belt East Bridge’,
Proc. 1st Int. Symposium on Aerodynamics of Large Bridges, Copenhagen,
Denmark, Feb. 1992, pp. 269-283.

[48] Larsen A., ‘Aerodynamic Aspects of the Final Design of the 1624 m Suspension
Bridge Across the Great Belt’, J. Wind Eng. and Industrial Aerodynamics,
Elsevier, 48, 1993, pp. 261-285.

[49] Leonard J.W., Tension Structures, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.

[50] Luft R.W., ‘Optimal Tuned Mass Dampers for Buildings’, J. Struct. Division,
ASCE, Vol. 105, No. ST12, Dec. 1979, pp. 2766-2772.

[51] Madsen B.S., Sorensen L.T., ‘Manufacture and Erection of the Steel Main
Span’, Proc. Int. Conference on Cable-Stayed and Suspension Bridges, Vol. 1,
Deauville, France, Oct. 1994, pp. 691-697.

[52] MAPLE V Language Reference Manual, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.

[53] MATLAB Using Matlab Version 5, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, 1996.

[54] McNamara R.J., ‘Tuned Mass Dampers for Buildings’, J. Struct. Division,
ASCE, Vol. 103, No. ST9, Feb. 1977, pp. 1785-1798.

[55] Nazmy A.S., Abdel-Ghaffar A.M., ‘Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Static

Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges’, Computers and Structures, 34, 1990, pp.
257-271.

[56] O'Brien T., Francis A.J., ‘Cable Movements Under Two-Dimensional Loads’, J.
Struct. Division, ASCE, 90, 1964, pp. 89-123.

[57] O'Brien T., ‘General Solution of Suspended Cable Problems’, J. Struct.

Division, ASCE, 93, 1967, pp. 1-26.

[58] Ostenfeld K.H., Larsen A., ‘Bridge Engineering and Aerodynamics’, Proc. 1st
Int. Symposium on Aerodynamics of Large Bridges, Copenhagen, Denmark,
Feb. 1992, pp. 3-22.

[59] Ostenfeld K.H., ‘Long Span Bridges: State-of-the-art’, Väg- och Vatten-
byggaren, J. Swedish Society of Civil Eng., 6·97, pp. 26-31.

– 193 –
[60] Ozdemir H., ‘A Finite Element Approach for Cable Problems’, Int. J. Solids
Structures, 15, 1979, pp. 427-437.

[61] Pacoste C., Eriksson A., ‘Beam Elements in Instability Problems’, Comput.
Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 144, 1997, pp. 163-197.

[62] Patten W.N., Sack R.L., He Q., ‘Controlled Semiactive Hydraulic Vibration
Absorber for Bridges’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 122, No. 2, Feb. 1996, pp.
187-192.

[63] Peyrot A.H., Goulois A.M., ‘Analysis of Cable Structures’, Computers and
Structures, 10, 1979, pp. 805-813.

[64] Peyrot A.H., Goulois A.M., ‘Analysis of Flexible Transmission Lines’, J. Struct.
Division, ASCE, 104, 1978, pp. 763-779.

[65] Raoof M., ‘Estimation of Damping Ratio of Cable-Stayed Bridges for Seismic
Design’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 8, Aug. 1994, pp. 2548-2550.

[66] Setareh M., Hanson R.D., ‘Tuned Mass Dampers to Control Floor Vibration
from Humans’, J. Struct. Eng., ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 3, March 1992, pp. 741-
762.

[67] Soong T.T., ‘State-of-the-art Review: Active Structural Control in Civil

Engineering ’, Eng. Struct., 10, 1988, pp. 74-84.

[68] Walther R., Houriet B., Isler W., Moïa P., Cable Stayed Bridges, Thomas
Telford, London, 1988.

[69] Wells M., ‘Active Structural Control: an Appraisal for a Practical Application.
The Royal Victoria Footbridge. London Docklands’, J. Constructional Steel
Research, 46:1-3, 1998, paper no. 59.

– 194 –