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SQLite - Triggers

Triggers are SQL statements that are automatically executed in response to events like data insertion, updating or deletion. They can be used to update or delete related data across multiple tables, enforce referential integrity, and even allow modifying data through views. Triggers must be associated with a table and are deleted when the table is dropped. They cannot be directly modified - the trigger must be dropped and recreated to make changes.

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50 views

SQLite - Triggers

Triggers are SQL statements that are automatically executed in response to events like data insertion, updating or deletion. They can be used to update or delete related data across multiple tables, enforce referential integrity, and even allow modifying data through views. Triggers must be associated with a table and are deleted when the table is dropped. They cannot be directly modified - the trigger must be dropped and recreated to make changes.

Uploaded by

Dionisio Torres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQLite -Triggers http://sqlite.awardspace.info/syntax/sqlitepg11.

htm

Triggers
What is a trigger? In SQL, a trigger is a sql statement or series of sql statements that are executed
automatically in response to a specified event such as the update of or creation or deletion of a table or
record. Each trigger must have a name that is unique to the database. Triggers are deleted when the table
that they are associated with is dropped or they can be deleted with a DROP TRIGGER statement. Once
created, triggers cannot be modified, to make changes the trigger must be dropped and then recreated.

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name ;

CREATE TRIGGER

This trigger automatically updates the inventory table by subtracting the Quantity of items requisitioned
from the OnHandQuan value when an insert statement adds a record to the ReqDetail table.

CREATE TRIGGER inventoryupdate AFTER INSERT ON ReqDetail BEGIN


UPDATE inventory SET OnHandQuan = (OnHandQuan - NEW.Quantity) WHERE inventory.StockNumber =
NEW.StockNumber;
END;

sqlite> select StockNumber,OnHandQuan,Descrip from inventory where StockNumber = 75149;


StockNumber|OnHandQuan|Descrip
75149|92|Ball Point Pens Blue Fine tip, 12pack
sqlite> CREATE TRIGGER inventoryupdate AFTER INSERT ON ReqDetail BEGIN
...> UPDATE inventory SET OnHandQuan = (OnHandQuan- NEW.Quantity)
...> WHERE inventory.StockNumber = NEW.StockNumber;
...> END;
sqlite> INSERT INTO ReqDetail(ReqNumber,StockNumber,Quantity,ItemCost) VALUES(1003,75149,3,0.77);
sqlite> select StockNumber,OnHandQuan,Descrip from inventory where StockNumber =75149;
StockNumber|OnHandQuan|Descrip
75149|89|Ball Point Pens Blue Fine tip, 12pack
sqlite>

Using Triggers to Enforce Referential Integrity


CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name BEFORE INSERT ON child_table BEGIN
SELECT CASE
WHEN ((SELECT parent_table . primary_key FROM parent_table WHERE parent_table . primary_key = NEW.
foreign_key ) ISNULL)
THEN RAISE(ABORT, 'Error Message')
END;
END;

sqlite> CREATE TRIGGER ReqNumIn BEFORE INSERT ON ReqDetail BEGIN


...> SELECT CASE
...> WHEN ((SELECT ReqEquip.ReqNumber FROM ReqEquip WHERE ReqEquip.ReqNumber= NEW.ReqNumber) ISNULL)
...> THEN RAISE(ABORT, 'This Requisition number does not exist in the ReqEquip table.')
...> END;
...> END;
sqlite> insert into ReqDetail(ReqNumber,StockNumber,Quantity)values(2000,51001,15);
SQL error: This Requisition number does not exist in the ReqEquip table.
sqlite>

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name BEFORE UPDATE ON child_table FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
SELECT CASE
WHEN ((SELECT parent_table . primary_key FROM parent_table WHERE parent_table . primary_key =
NEW.foreign_key ) ISNULL)
THEN RAISE(ABORT, 'Error Message')
END;
END;

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SQLite -Triggers http://sqlite.awardspace.info/syntax/sqlitepg11.htm

sqlite>CREATE TRIGGER ReqNumUp BEFORE UPDATE ON ReqDetail FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
...>SELECT CASE
...> WHEN ((SELECT ReqEquip.ReqNumber FROM ReqEquip
...>WHERE ReqEquip.ReqNumber= NEW.ReqNumber) ISNULL)
...> THEN RAISE(ABORT, 'update on table ReqDetail violates foreign key')
...> END;
...>END;
sqlite>

Cascading Delete

Delete records from a child table when a record from the parent table is deleted

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name


BEFORE DELETE ON parent_table
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
DELETE FROM child_table WHERE child_table.foreign_key = OLD. primary_key ;
END;

sqlite> CREATE TRIGGER ReqNumDel


...> BEFORE DELETE ON ReqEquip
...> FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
...> DELETE from ReqDetail WHERE ReqDetail.ReqNumber = OLD.ReqNumber;
...> END;
sqlite>

CREATE VIEW

A VIEW is a saved SELECT statement that can be used in much the same way as a table. However in
SQLite a view can not be used to add, update or delete the records in the underlying tables.

CREATE VIEW view_name AS select_statement;


CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW database_name.view_name AS select_statement;

sqlite> CREATE VIEW 'ReqTotal' AS SELECT ReqEquip.ReqNumber 'Requisition',


...> ReqEquip.Requestor 'Requestor',ReqDate,
...>'$ ' || (ROUND(SUM(Quantity*ItemCost),2)) 'Req Total'
...> FROM ReqEquip,ReqDetail
...> WHERE ReqEquip.ReqNumber=ReqDetail.ReqNumber GROUP BY ReqDetail.ReqNumber;
sqlite>

sqlite> .headers on
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> .width 10 14 10 10
sqlite> select * from ReqTotal;

Requisition Requestor ReqDate Req Total


----------- -------------- ---------- ----------
1000 Carl Jones 2007/10/30 $ 24.12
1001 Peter Smith 2007/11/05 $ 13.51
1002 Carl Jones 2007/11/06 $ 10.57
1003 Mike Smith 2007/12/01 $ 2.31
1004 Steve North 2007/12/02 $ 19.4
1005 Harold Allen 2007/12/04 $ 54.91

However a trigger assigned to a view can be used to insert,update or delete records in underlying tables of
the view.

Trigger to insert records into the underlying tables of a view


CREATE TRIGGER insert_view

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SQLite -Triggers http://sqlite.awardspace.info/syntax/sqlitepg11.htm

INSTEAD OF INSERT ON view_name


FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
INSERT INTO table_one(field_1,field_2,field_3)
VALUES(NEW.field_1,NEW.field_2,NEW.field_3);
INSERT INTO table_two(field_4,field_5,field_6)
VALUES(NEW.field_4,field_5,field_6);
END;

Trigger to update records in the underlying tables of a view


CREATE TRIGGER update_view
INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON view_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN UPDATE table_one
SET field_1= new.field_1
field_2 = new.field_2
field_3 = new.field_3
WHERE key_id = OLD.key_id ;
UPDATE table_two
SET field_4 = new.field_4
field_5 = new.field_5
field_6 = new.field_6
WHERE key_id = OLD.key_id;
END;

Colin Riley -- December 2007 --

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