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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Poisson’s Ratio

• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

σx
εx = σy =σz = 0
E

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
εy = εz ≠ 0

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain εy ε
ν= =− =− z
axial strain εx εx

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Generalized Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,

the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small

• With these restrictions:

σ x νσ y νσ z
εx = + − −
E E E
νσ x σ y νσ z
εy = − + −
E E E
νσ x νσ y σz
εz = − − +
E E E

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
[ ( ) ] [
e = 1 − (1 + ε x ) 1 + ε y (1 + ε z ) = 1 − 1 + ε x + ε y + ε z ]
= εx +ε y +εz
1 − 2ν
=
E
(
σ x +σ y +σ z )
= dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

3(1 − 2ν ) p
e = −p =−
E k
E
k= = bulk modulus
3(1 − 2ν )

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0 < ν < 12

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
τ xy = f (γ xy )

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar to the

Fig. 2-46
previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
τ xy = G γ xy τ yz = G γ yz τ zx = G γ zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

Fig. 2-47

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2

• Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
γ xy ≈ tan γ xy = γ xy = 0.020 rad
2 in.

• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
( )
τ xy = Gγ xy = 90 ×103 psi (0.020 rad ) = 1800 psi

• Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P = τ xy A = (1800 psi )(8 in.)(2.5 in.) = 36 × 103 lb

P = 36.0 kips

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Relation Among E, ν, and G
• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
• Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
= (1 + ν )
2G

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an

unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses σx = 12 ksi and σz = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and ν = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law • Evaluate the deformation components.
to find the three components of
normal strain.
δB A ( )
= ε x d = + 0.533 × 10 −3 in./in. (9 in.)

σ x νσ y νσ z δB A = +4.8 × 10−3 in.

εx = + − −
E E E
δC D ( )
= ε z d = + 1.600 × 10 −3 in./in. (9 in.)
1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
= (12 ksi ) − 0 − (20 ksi )
10 × 106 psi ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ δC D = +14.4 × 10−3 in.

= +0.533 × 10−3 in./in. ( )

δ t = ε y t = − 1.067 ×10−3 in./in. (0.75 in.)
νσ x σ y νσ z δ t = −0.800 ×10−3 in.
εy = − + −
E E E
= −1.067 × 10−3 in./in.
• Find the change in volume
νσ x νσ y σ
εz = − − + z e = ε x + ε y + ε z = 1.067 × 10 −3 in 3/in 3
E E E
= +1.600 × 10 −3 in./in. ΔV = eV = 1.067 × 10−3 (15 × 15 × 0.75)in 3
ΔV = +0.187 in 3

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Composite Materials
• Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.

• Normal stresses and strains are related by Hooke’s

Law but with directionally dependent moduli of
elasticity,
σ σy σz
Ex = x Ey = Ez =
εx εy εz

• Transverse contractions are related by directionally

dependent values of Poisson’s ratio, e.g.,
εy ε
ν xy =− ν xz = − z
εx εx

• Materials with directionally dependent mechanical

properties are anisotropic.

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.

• Concentrated loads result in large

stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.

• Stress and strain distributions

become uniform at a relatively short
distance from the load application
points.

• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Stress Concentration: Hole

(a) Flat bars with holes

Discontinuities of cross section may result in σ max

K=
high localized or concentrated stresses. σ ave

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Stress Concentration: Fillet

(b) Flat bars with fillets

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Example 2.12

SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a • Find the allowable average normal
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress to
mm. Assume an allowable normal find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm r 8 mm
= = 1.50 = = 0.20
d 40 mm d 40 mm
K = 1.82

• Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
σ max 165 MPa
σ ave = = = 90.7 MPa
K 1.82

(b) Flat bars with fillets • Apply the definition of normal stress
to find the allowable load.
P = Aσ ave = (40 mm )(10 mm )(90.7 MPa )

= 36.3 × 103 N
P = 36.3 kN

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Elastoplastic Materials
• Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
• Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
• If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
• Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
• Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
• Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Plastic Deformations

σ A • Elastic deformation while maximum

P = σ ave A = max
K stress is less than yield stress

• Maximum stress is equal to the yield

σY A
PY = stress at the maximum elastic
K
loading

• At loadings above the maximum

elastic load, a region of plastic
deformations develop near the hole
• As the loading increases, the plastic
PU = σ Y A region expands until the section is at
= K PY a uniform stress equal to the yield
stress

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Residual Stresses

• When a single structural element is loaded uniformly

beyond its yield stress and then unloaded, it is permanently
deformed but all stresses disappear. This is not the general
result.
• Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations

• Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or

cooling of structures or structural elements

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
A cylindrical rod is placed inside a tube
of the same length. The ends of the rod
and tube are attached to a rigid support
on one side and a rigid plate on the
other. The load on the rod-tube
assembly is increased from zero to 5.7
kips and decreased back to zero.
a) draw a load-deflection diagram
for the rod-tube assembly Ar = 0.075 in.2 At = 0.100 in.2

b) determine the maximum Er = 30 × 106 psi Et = 15 × 106 psi

elongation (σ r )Y = 36 ksi (σt )Y = 45 ksi

c) determine the permanent set

d) calculate the residual stresses in
the rod and tube.

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
a) Draw a load-deflection diagram for the rod-tube
assembly

(Pr )Y = (σ r )Y Ar = (36 ksi )(0.075 in 2 ) = 2.7 kips

(σ r )Y 36 × 103 psi
(δr )Y = (ε r )Y L = L= (30 in.)
Er 30 × 10 psi
6

= 36 × 10-3 in.

(Pt )Y = (σ t )Y At = (45 ksi )(0.100 in 2 ) = 4.5 kips

(σ t )Y 45 × 103 psi
(δt )Y = (ε t )Y L = L= ( 30 in.)
Et 15 × 10 psi
6

= 90 × 10-3 in.

P = Pr + Pt
δ = δ r = δt

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
b,c) determine the maximum elongation and permanent set
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
• At a load of P = 5.7 kips, the rod has reached the plastic
range while the tube is still in the elastic range
Pr = ( Pr )Y = 2.7 kips
Pt = P − Pr = (5.7 − 2.7 ) kips = 3.0 kips
Pt 3.0 kips
σt = = = 30 ksi
At 0.1in 2

σt 30 × 103 psi
δ t = εt L = L= 30 in. δ max = δ t = 60 ×10−3 in.
Et 15 × 106 psi

• The rod-tube assembly unloads along a line parallel to 0Yr

4.5 kips
m= -3
= 125 kips in. = slope
36 × 10 in.
Pmax 5.7 kips
δ′ = − =− = −45.6 × 10−3 in.
m 125 kips in.

δ p = δ max + δ ′ = (60 − 45.6 )×10−3 in. δ p = 14.4 ×10−3 in.

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Fifth
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS – ME 213 CHAPTER-2
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
• Calculate the residual stresses in the rod and tube.

Calculate the reverse stresses in the rod and tube caused

by unloading and add them to the maximum stresses.

δ′− 45.6 × 10−3 in.

ε′ = = = −1.52 × 10 −3 in. in.
L 30 in.

( )( )
σ r′ = ε ′Er = − 1.52 ×10−3 30 ×106 psi = −45.6 ksi

σ t′ = ε ′Et = (− 1.52 ×10−3 )(15 ×106 psi ) = −22.8 ksi

σ residual , r = σ r + σ r′ = (36 − 45.6 ) ksi = −9.6 ksi

σ residual ,t = σ t + σ t′ = (30 − 22.8) ksi = 7.2 ksi

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