The Apgar Score

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American

College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Committee on Obstetric Practice
Pediatrics 2006;117;1444-1447
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0325

This information is current as of February 28, 2007

The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
located on the World Wide Web at:
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PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly

publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published,
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 The American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists

POLICY STATEMENT

The Apgar Score Organizational Principles to Guide and

Define the Child Health Care System and/or
Improve the Health of All Children
American Academy of Pediatrics
Committee on Fetus and Newborn
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Committee on Obstetric Practice

ABSTRACT
The Apgar score provides a convenient shorthand for reporting the status of the
newborn infant and the response to resuscitation. The Apgar score has been used
inappropriately to predict specific neurologic outcome in the term infant. There are
no consistent data on the significance of the Apgar score in preterm infants. The
Apgar score has limitations, and it is inappropriate to use it alone to establish the
diagnosis of asphyxia. An Apgar score assigned during resuscitation is not equiv-
alent to a score assigned to a spontaneously breathing infant. An expanded Apgar
score reporting form will account for concurrent resuscitative interventions and
provide information to improve systems of perinatal and neonatal care.

INTRODUCTION
In 1952, Dr Virginia Apgar devised a scoring system that was a rapid method of
assessing the clinical status of the newborn infant at 1 minute of age and the need
for prompt intervention to establish breathing.1 A second report evaluating a larger
number of patients was published in 1958.2 This scoring system provided a
standardized assessment for infants after delivery. The Apgar score comprises 5
components: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and
color, each of which is given a score of 0, 1, or 2. The score is now reported at 1
and 5 minutes after birth. The Apgar score continues to provide a convenient
shorthand for reporting the status of the newborn infant and the response to
resuscitation. The Apgar score has been used inappropriately in term infants to
predict specific neurologic outcome. Because there are no consistent data on the www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/
significance of the Apgar score in preterm infants, in this population the score peds.2006-0325
should not be used for any purpose other than ongoing assessment in the delivery doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0325
room. The purpose of this statement is to place the Apgar score in its proper All policy statements from the American
perspective. Academy of Pediatrics automatically
expire 5 years after publication unless
The neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) guidelines3 state that “Apgar scores reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or
should not be used to dictate appropriate resuscitative actions, nor should inter- before that time.
ventions for depressed infants be delayed until the 1-minute assessment.” How- Key Words
ever, an Apgar score that remains 0 beyond 10 minutes of age may be useful in Apgar score, asphyxia, neurologic
outcome, resuscitation, cerebral palsy
determining whether additional resuscitative efforts are indicated.4 The current
Abbreviation
NRP guidelines3 state that “if there is no heart rate after 10 minutes of complete NRP—neonatal resuscitation program
and adequate resuscitation efforts, and there is no evidence of other causes of PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005;
newborn compromise, discontinuation of resuscitation efforts may be appropriate. Online, 1098-4275). Copyright © 2006 by the
American Academy of Pediatrics and the
Current data indicate that, after 10 minutes of asystole, newborns are very un- American College of Obstetricians and
likely to survive, or the rare survivor is likely to survive with severe disability.” Gynecologists

1444 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS

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 Previously, an Apgar score of 3 or less at 5 minutes resuscitative interventions has been suggested, but the
was considered an essential requirement for the diagno- predictive reliability has not been studied. To describe
sis of perinatal asphyxia. Neonatal Encephalopathy and such infants correctly and provide accurate documenta-
Cerebral Palsy: Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiolo- tion and data collection, an expanded Apgar score report
gy,5 produced in 2003 by the American College of Ob- form is proposed (Fig 1).
stetricians and Gynecologists in collaboration with the
American Academy of Pediatrics, lists an Apgar score of PREDICTION OF OUTCOME
0 to 3 beyond 5 minutes as one suggestive criterion for A low 1-minute Apgar score alone does not correlate
an intrapartum asphyxial insult. However, a persistently with the infant’s future outcome. A retrospective anal-
low Apgar score alone is not a specific indicator for ysis concluded that the 5-minute Apgar score remained
intrapartum compromise. Further, although the score is a valid predictor of neonatal mortality, but using it to
used widely in outcome studies, its inappropriate use has predict long-term outcome was inappropriate.10 On the
led to an erroneous definition of asphyxia. Intrapartum other hand, another study11 stated that low Apgar scores
asphyxia implies fetal hypercarbia and hypoxemia, at 5 minutes are associated with death or cerebral palsy,
which, if prolonged, will result in metabolic acidemia. and this association increased if both 1- and 5-minute
Because the intrapartum disruption of uterine or fetal scores were low.
blood flow is rarely, if ever, absolute, asphyxia is an An Apgar score at 5 minutes in term infants correlates
imprecise, general term. Descriptions such as hypercar- poorly with future neurologic outcomes. For example, a
bia, hypoxia, and metabolic, respiratory, or lactic aci- score of 0 to 3 at 5 minutes was associated with a slightly
demia are more precise for immediate assessment of the increased risk of cerebral palsy compared with higher
newborn infant and retrospective assessment of intra- scores.12 Conversely, 75% of children with cerebral palsy
partum management. had normal scores at 5 minutes.12 In addition, a low
5-minute score in combination with other markers of
LIMITATIONS OF THE APGAR SCORE asphyxia may identify infants at risk of developing sei-
It is important to recognize the limitations of the Apgar zures (odds ratio: 39; 95% confidence interval: 3.9 –
score. The Apgar score is an expression of the infant’s 392.5).13 The risk of poor neurologic outcomes increases
physiologic condition, has a limited time frame, and when the Apgar score is 3 or less at 10, 15, and 20
includes subjective components. In addition, the bio- minutes.7
chemical disturbance must be significant before the A 5-minute Apgar score of 7 to 10 is considered
score is affected. Elements of the score such as tone, normal. Scores of 4, 5, and 6 are intermediate and are
color, and reflex irritability partially depend on the phys- not markers of increased risk of neurologic dysfunction.
iologic maturity of the infant. The healthy preterm in- Such scores may be the result of physiologic immaturity,
fant with no evidence of asphyxia may receive a low maternal medications, the presence of congenital mal-
score only because of immaturity.6 A number of factors formations, and other factors. Because of these other
may influence an Apgar score, including but not limited conditions, the Apgar score alone cannot be considered
to drugs, trauma, congenital anomalies, infections, hyp- evidence or a consequence of asphyxia. Other factors
oxia, hypovolemia, and preterm birth.7 The incidence of including nonreassuring fetal heart rate monitoring pat-
low Apgar scores is inversely related to birth weight, and terns and abnormalities in umbilical arterial blood gases,
a low score is limited in predicting morbidity or mortal- clinical cerebral function, neuroimaging studies, neona-
ity.8 Accordingly, it is inappropriate to use an Apgar tal electroencephalography, placental pathology, hema-
score alone to establish the diagnosis of asphyxia. tologic studies, and multisystem organ dysfunction need
to be considered when defining an intrapartum hypoxic-
ischemic event as a cause of cerebral palsy.5
APGAR SCORE AND RESUSCITATION
The 5-minute Apgar score, and particularly a change in
the score between 1 and 5 minutes, is a useful index of OTHER APPLICATIONS
the response to resuscitation. If the Apgar score is less Monitoring of low Apgar scores from a delivery service
than 7 at 5 minutes, the NRP guidelines state that the can be useful. Individual case reviews can identify needs
assessment should be repeated every 5 minutes up to 20 for focused educational programs and improvement in
minutes.3 However, an Apgar score assigned during a systems of perinatal care. Analyzing trends allows assess-
resuscitation is not equivalent to a score assigned to a ment of the impact of quality improvement interven-
spontaneously breathing infant.9 There is no accepted tions.
standard for reporting an Apgar score in infants under-
going resuscitation after birth, because many of the ele- CONCLUSION
ments contributing to the score are altered by resuscita- The Apgar score describes the condition of the newborn
tion. The concept of an “assisted” score that accounts for infant immediately after birth14 and, when properly ap-

PEDIATRICS Volume 117, Number 4, April 2006 1445

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 Re
vi
ew
Co
py
FIGURE 1
Expanded Apgar score form. Record the score in the appropriate place at specific time intervals. The additional resuscitative measures (if appropriate) are recorded at the same time that
the score is reported using a check mark in the appropriate box. Use the comment box to list other factors including maternal medications and/or the response to resuscitation between
the recorded times of scoring. PPV/NCPAP indicates positive-pressure ventilation/nasal continuous positive airway pressure; ETT, endotracheal tube.

plied, is a tool for standardized assessment. It also pro- LIAISONS

vides a mechanism to record fetal-to-neonatal transition. Keith J. Barrington, MD
An Apgar score of 0 to 3 at 5 minutes may correlate Canadian Paediatric Society
with neonatal mortality but alone does not predict Gary D.V. Hankins, MD
later neurologic dysfunction. The Apgar score is affected American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
by gestational age, maternal medications, resuscitation, Tonse N.K. Raju, MD, DCH
and cardiorespiratory and neurologic conditions. Low 1- National Institutes of Health
and 5-minute Apgar scores alone are not conclusive Kay M. Tomashek, MD, MPH
markers of an acute intrapartum hypoxic event. Resus- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
citative interventions modify the components of the Ap- Carol Wallman, MSN, RNC, NNP
gar score. There is a need for perinatal health care pro- National Association of Neonatal Nurses and
fessionals to be consistent in assigning an Apgar score Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and
during a resuscitation. The American Academy of Pedi- Neonatal Nurses
atrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Laura E. Riley, MD, Past Liaison
Gynecologists propose use of an expanded Apgar score American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
reporting form that accounts for concurrent resuscitative STAFF
interventions. Jim Couto, MA
ACOG COMMITTEE ON OBSTETRIC PRACTICE
AAP COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, 2005–2006 *Gary D.V. Hankins, MD, Chairperson
Ann R. Stark, MD, Chairperson Sarah J. Kilpatrick, MD, Vice-Chairperson
David H. Adamkin, MD Angela L. Bell, MD
Daniel G. Batton, MD Jeanne M. Coulehan, CNM
Edward F. Bell, MD Susan Hellerstein, MD
Vinod K. Bhutani, MD Jack Ludmir, MD
Susan E. Denson, MD Carol A. Major, MD
William A. Engle, MD Sean McFadden, MD
*Gilbert I. Martin, MD Susan M. Ramin, MD
Lillian R. Blackmon, MD, Past Chairperson Russell R. Snyder, Col, MC, USAF

1446 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS

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LIAISONS REFERENCES
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 The Apgar Score
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Committee on Obstetric Practice
Pediatrics 2006;117;1444-1447
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0325
This information is current as of February 28, 2007

Updated Information including high-resolution figures, can be found at:

& Services http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/4/1444
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