2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (lCACCCT)

A Novel QPSK Modulator

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Nakul Birla ,Nishit Gautam ,Jasmeen Patel ,Pavithra Balaji
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, , Student, Asst Professor (Sr,),
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, , , SENSE,VIT University Vellore,India
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nakulbirla@gmaiLcom, gautamnishit@gmaiLcom, jasmeenpatell@gmail,com, [email protected]

Abstract- QPSK is a modulation scheme used to represent digital picture to multiply even and odd components with respective
data. Any modulation scheme uses finite number of different carriers. Finally addition is performed to give a composite
signals to represent digital data. QPSK uses four different phases signal as shown in Figure.2. The output waveform is shown in
to represent data. QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) scheme
Figure.3.
is used in various applications in modern digital communication
In order to generate QPSK, we need to split the two data
system; it provides high performance on bandwidth efficiency and
bits using bit splitters. These separated bits are then passed
bit error rate. The areas include wireless communication, mobile
communication and Satellite Communication. Various QPSK through two balanced modulators (say balanced modulator 1
Modulators are available already like the ones that are made from and balanced modulator 2). The carrier frequency used is same
counters and MUX, using Balanced Modulators. But these are for both the modulators; the only difference is in their phase.
bulky owing to the use of Transformers for making Balanced They have a phase difference of 90 degrees. The purpose of the
Modulators. Our paper shows a novel QPSK Modulator made balanced modulator is to multiply the input bits to the carrier
from OP-AMPS. Use of Op- Amps simplifies the circuit and we frequency to form a BPSK signal. The two BPSK signals so
can get perfect results. The circuit complexity in terms of size is
generated are then added together to QPSK signal.
reduced to a large extent.
Mathematically this can be shown as:

Keywords - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK), Op- Amps, QPSK(t) = cos(wt + (2m -1)�)
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Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK), Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK). = cos [(2m -1)�cos(wt)] - sin [(2m -1)�sin(wt)] (1)
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I INTRODUCTION

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is Digital modulation scheme

that involves sending message by changing the phase of the
reference signal or carrier signal. Binary PSK involves the use
of two phases. Quadrature PSK involves the use of four phases.
Generally these phases are equidistant from each other when
[4] [ 5] [6]
made on a constellation diagram shown in Figure.l. , ,
QPSK may be used either to half the bandwidth of a BPSK
Figure 2. General block diagram of QPSK
system with same data rate or to double the data rate having
same bandwidth of the system.

00
01

Figure 3. Output Waveform of QPSK

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11

Figure 1. QPSK constellation diagram

II TRADITIONAL METHOD

To generate QPSK there are various methods. The general

This involves the use of Balanced Modulators that can be
modulation circuit involves the use of a Bit Splitter, Balanced
[ 4] [5] constructed using two "3 tap transformer" and diodes as shown
Modulators and summers. , The Bit Splitter splits the two [I] [2]
in Figure.4. , The Balanced Modulators are generally used
bits in the symbol that gets multiplied to the carriers as even
to make a BPSK circuit But two BPSK having carriers
and odd components. Then Balanced Modulators come into

ISBN No. 978-1-4799-3914-5/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 653

 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (lCACCCT)

[3]
orthogonal to each other can be added to a QPSK signal.
Although there are many IC's are available of the same
[9]
purpose such as MC 1496. Q1 02
O/P 2
O/P 1
D1

l� 1 O-FF
01-

"jj
BPF Output

1 Figure6. Bit Splitter

D4

Carrier Input C. Use ajOp-Amps

Figure 4. BPSK using 3 tapped transfonner and
diodes When the bits are split into even and odd sequences both
are passed through BPSK modulator with carriers as
III. NEW METHOD - USE OF OP-AMPS sine/cosine waves with desired phase values. These BPSK
modulators (say odd stream side) are constructed in two stages,
A and B. In stage A, a transistor and an op-amp are used to get
A. Principle and Basic Circuit
a BASK output that is using a summing amplifier. Here
transistor is used as switch, so when we give logical '1'to
Eq(1) shows that two BPSK signals add to form a QPSK
transistor it passes logical 'O'and vice versa. Now op- amp
signal. The different QPSK symbols generated by using
adds this output of op- amp and carrier signal at its non
different combinations of cos and sin we get i.e. + cos + sin,
] inverting end. This can be shown mathematically as,
+ cos - sin, - cos + sin and - cos - sinP

(2)
This method is based on the fact that
Addition of two BASK signals result in a BPSK
Here,
Addition of two BPSK signal result in a QPSK
R2 - resistance for feedback
R, - resistance at inverting end
The basic circuit includes 4 BASK modulators that gives
Vc- carrier signal
rise to two BPSK modulators which fmally result in a QPSK
Vm - message signal
Modulator. It involves the use of Op-Amps, transistors and a D
flip-flop. The block diagram is shown in Figure.5.
To make a BPSK Modulator, 2 BASK Modulators are
required. They consist of transistor that performs a switching
operation. Op- Amps are used to sum up the two BASK signal
to make a QPSK signal. The BASK is shown in Figure.7 and
BPSK circuit is shown in Figure.9.

Figure 5. Block diagram of the proposed circuit

B. Bit Splitter
To generate QPSK we need to generate odd and even bit
streams from message binary sequence to be transmitted. This
Figure7. BASK Circuit
bit splitting can be done by using two D-FF and a not gate by
arranging them as shown in Figure.6.

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (lCACCCT)

Figure8. BASK Simulation Result

FigurelO. QPSK Simulation result waveform

1k Clearly the resulting waveforms show 4 different phases as

in a QPSK signal. All the four different phases are adjusted
+Vcc based on sine and cosine carriers and their out of phase
counterparts.
The problem with balanced modulators is that transformers
make the circuits bulky, so to minimize this drawback of the
modulators we have implemented the circuit without using the
transfonners. Although there are many IC's are available of
this type such as MC 1496, but they are expensive and
Figure9. BPSK Circuit complex but with higher accuracy as compared to proposed
circuit. The proposed circuit is cheap as just made with the use
of op-amps, transistors and a d flip-flop.

IV CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

We see that we can generate QPSK signal using Op amps,

D-Flip flop, Inverter and BJTs. We generate two ASK signals.
On adding them we get we get a BPSK signal. On adding two
BPSK signals with different phased carriers we get a QPSK
FigurelO. BPSK Simulation Result
signal. This simple circuit is very cheap and can easily produce
QPSK signal. Future work includes testing the circuit on
Using the two BPSK signals (with different carriers) and
hardware for various physical parameters like attenuation and
adding them using op amp based summing amplifier, we get
power consumption, and hence compare the efficiency of this
QPSK output. This results in four different phases for four
system with the existing QPSK modulators.
different symbols. The complete QPSK modulator is shown in
Figure.9 with output wavefonn in Figure.10.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

1k

We would like to thank Dr. G. Ramachandra Reddy, Dean,

1k SENSE and Prof. P. Arulmozhivarman, Program Chair,
B.Tech, ECE, VIT University. We would also like to thank
Prof Pavithra Balaji, Asst. Professor for her kind guidance and
1k support in compilation of the paper.
-Vee

FigureII. QPSK Circuit REFERENCES

[I] Simon Haykin, Introduction to Analog and Digital

d
Communications, 2n Edition, Pg. 394 - 423
[2] Ramakant Gaikwad, Analog Integrated Circuits,

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (lCACCCT)

[3] Gardiner J. G," Single- Balanced modulators using square law

resistors (s. c. 1 diodes), Radio and electronic engineer, vol. 37, 305-
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