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Complex Numbers Consolidated

The document provides information about complex numbers including: 1. Any number of the form a + bi is called a complex number where i = √-1. The real part of a complex number is denoted by Re and the imaginary part is denoted by Im. 2. Basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined for complex numbers. 3. De Moivre's theorem states that if r1(cosθ1 + i sin θ1) is a complex number, then (r1(cosθ1 + i sin θ1))n = rn(cosnθ1 + i sinnθ1). 4. The locus of a complex number z

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
114 views10 pages

Complex Numbers Consolidated

The document provides information about complex numbers including: 1. Any number of the form a + bi is called a complex number where i = √-1. The real part of a complex number is denoted by Re and the imaginary part is denoted by Im. 2. Basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined for complex numbers. 3. De Moivre's theorem states that if r1(cosθ1 + i sin θ1) is a complex number, then (r1(cosθ1 + i sin θ1))n = rn(cosnθ1 + i sinnθ1). 4. The locus of a complex number z

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Complex Numbers

 Imaginary element i is denoted by i = − 1 such that i 2 = −1 .


 Any number, z, of the form a + bi (Cartesian form) is called complex number.
 Re(3+2i) = 3 (Re = the real part)
 Im(7+23i) = 23 (Im = the imaginary part)

Simplification
1. − 36 = − 1 36 = 6i

− 4 × − 4 = −1 × 4 × −1 × 4
2. = i2 × ( 4)2
= −4
3. 2i + 3i = 5i

4. 16i − 12i = 4i

4i × 5i = 20i
5.
= −20
i = i ×i
3 2
6.
−i
i = (i 4 ) 5
20
7.
=1
i = i 16 × i 1
17
8.
=i
Complex Conjugation
For any complex number, z = a+ib, we define the complex conjugate to be:
z*= a - ib

Arithmetic Operations of complex numbers


Addition
z1+ z2 = {a1 + b1i} +{a2 + b2i}
= (a1 + a2) +i(b1 + b2)

Subtraction
z1- z2 = {a1 + b1i} -{a2 + b2i}
= (a1 - a2) -i(b1 - b2)

Multiplication
z1 z2 = (a1 + b1i)(a2 + b2i)
= (a1a2- b1b2) +i(a1a2 + b1b2)

Division
z 1 z1 × z 2 *
=
z2 z2 × z2 *

Examples

1. (4 − 6i) + (−3 + 7i) = [4 + (−3)] + [−6 + 7]i


=1+i

2. (10 − 4i) − (5 − 2i) = (10 − 5) + [−4 − (−2)]i


= 5 − 2i

3. (2 − 4i)(3 + 5i) = 6 + 10i - 12i -20i2


= 6-20(-1) -2i i 2 = −1
= 26- 2i
3−i (3 − i ) × (2 − 2i )
=
2 + 2i (2 + 2i ) × (2 − 2i )
6 + 2i 2 − 2i + 6i
=
4. 4 − 4i + 4i − 4i 2 i 2 = −1
4 + 4i
=
8
1 1
= + i
2 2
Evaluating squares and square roots of complex numbers

Example
1. Evaluate the square of (7 + 3i).

(7 + 3i) 2= (7 + 3i) (7 + 3i)


= 49+42i+9i2
= 40+42i

2. Evaluate the square root of i.


Let, i = a + bi
i = (a + bi ) 2
= a 2 + 2abi + b 2i 2
= a 2 − b 2 + 2abi
∴ a 2 − b 2 = 0, -------------------1
∴ 2ab = 1 -------------------------2
1
a= ,
2b

Substitute into equation 1,


2
 1 
  −b = 0
2

 2b 
1 = 4b 4
1
b=±
2
1
∴a = ±
2
1 1
i =± ± i
2 2

Solving Equations-Quadratic
 Consider the general quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a ≠ 0.
 The usual formula obtained by ``completing the square'' gives the solutions
 If b2 - 4ac < 0 then the equation has no real solutions. (has complex solutions)

Example
Solve z2 + 2z + 5 = 0.

− 2 ± 2 2 − 4(1)(5)
z=
2(1)
− 2 ± − 16
z=
2(1)
− 2 ± 4i
z=
2(1)
z = −1 ± 2i
Questions
1. Given that ( x − 2) is a factor of the expression x 3 + ax 2 − 4, find the value of a. Hence
solve the equation x 3 + ax 2 − 4 = 0 by expressing the complex roots in the form a + bi .
2. It is given that one of the roots of the equation 2 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 0 is an integer. Find
this root and hence solve the equation above.

Example
Find the roots of the equation z + z + i = 0 . Express your answer in the Cartesian form.
2

− 1 ± 1 − 4i
z=
2
−1 1
z= ± 1 − 4i
2 2
Let a + bi = 1− 4i
(a + bi )2 = 1 − 4i
a = 1.60, b = −1.25i
so 1 − 4i = 1.60 − 1.25i
−1 1
z= ± (1.6 − 1.25i )
2 2

Example
Verify that z = 2i is a root of the equation z − 2 z + 7 z − 8 z + 12 = 0. Hence determine the
4 3 2

other roots.
f ( z ) = z 4 − 2 z 3 + 7 z 2 − 8 z + 12
f (2i ) = (2i ) 4 − 2(2i ) 3 + 7(2i ) 2 − 8(2i ) + 12
f (2i ) = 16 + 16i − 28 − 16i + 12
f ( z ) = 0 shown
Since z-2i is a factor then z+2i is also a factor

(
z 4 − 2 z 3 + 7 z 2 − 8 z + 12 = ( z − 2i )( z + 2i ) z 2 + bz + c )
( )(
0 = z 2 + 4 z 2 + bz + c )
∴ c = 3, b = −2
(z 2
)(
+ 4 z 2 + bz + c = 0 )
(z 2
+ 4)(z 2
− 2 z + 3) = 0

z = 2i @ z = −2i @ z = −1 + 2i @ z = −1 − 2i
For complex roots: If a+bi is a root then a-bi also a root
Questions
1. If z = −1 + i is a root of the equation z 3 + az + b = 0 where a, b are real numbers. Find the
values of a and b. Show that z = −1 − i is also the root for the equation.
2. Show that (1 + i ) 4 = −4 . Hence find all the roots for z 4 + 4 = 0 .
3. Solve the equation z 5 − 6 z 3 − 2 z 2 + 17 z − 10 = 0 .

Argand Diagram
 We modify the familiar coordinate system by calling the horizontal axis the real axis and
the vertical axis the imaginary axis.
 Each complex number a + bi determines a unique position vector with initial point (0, 0)
and terminal point (a, b).

Relationships Among a, b, r, and θ

a = r cosθ
b = r sin θ
r = a2 + b2
b b
tan θ = , a ≠ 0
a
a

Example
The complex number −2 + i is denoted by u. Find the modulus and argument of u.

Trigonometric (Polar) and Euler Form

Substituting a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ into a + bi gives


a + bi = (r cos θ ) + (r sin θ )i
a + bi = r (cosθ + i sin θ ) - Polar Form

since e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ


a + bi = re iθ - Euler Form
Example
Express z = 2(cos 120° + i sin 120°) in Euler and a+bi forms.

i
z = 2e 3
(
z = 2 cos120 0 + i sin 120 0 )
 −1 3
= 2 + i 

 2 2 
= −1 + 3i

Converting from a+bi form to Trigonometric Form


 Sketch a graph of the number a + bi in the complex plane.
 Find r by using the equation
 Find θ by using the equation choosing the quadrant indicated

Example
Find trigonometric and Euler form for −1 − i.

r = (−1) 2 + (−1) 2
= 2

1
θ = π − tan −1  
1
3
θ= π
4

 5π 5π 
− 1 − i = 2  cos + i sin  - Trigonometric form
 4 4 

i
= 2e 4
− Euler form

z = a + bi

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ )

z = reiθ
De Moivre’s Theorem

If r1 (cosθ1 + i sin θ1 ) is a complex number, and if n is any real number, then

 r ( cosθ1 + i sin θ1 )  = r n ( cos nθ + i sin nθ ) .


n

LOCUS
Equation Type of Locus Diagram

z−w =r Circle with radius r,


centre, w

Perpendicular line
z − w1 = z − w2
bisector of line w1w2

Half line with end point


arg( z − w) = α w, inclined at an angle α
to the Re-axis

Example 1
Sketch the following graphs

z − 2 − 3i = 7
z − 3 − 2i = z + 4 − i

π
arg z − 3 + 2i =
3

π
arg z + 2 = −
4
Example 2
Given that z − 1 + 2i ≤ 3 , illustrate the locus of the point representing the complex number z in
an Argand diagram. Hence
i. Find the greatest and least possible value of z − 4 + 6i , given that z − 1 + 2i ≤ 3 .
ii. Find the range of arg( z − 5 + 2i ) , given that z − 1 + 2i ≤ 3 .

Greatest Distance = 8units


Least Distance = 2units

3
sin θ =
4
θ = 48.6°

Therefore
- 48.6° ≤ arg( z − 5 + 2i ) ≤ 48.6°
Example 3

On a single Argand diagram, sketch the following loci.


i. z −1− i = 2
π
ii. arg( z ) =
4
Hence or otherwise, find the exact value of z satisfying both the equation above.

Point of intersection is (2,2)

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