Example 3.

1
A simply supported beam spans 8m and is subjected to a LL = 30 kN/m in addition to self
weight. Materials C-25, S-300, class I are used. If b = 250mm, determine the depth required
to satisfy singly reinforced section at mid-span and the corresponding flexural reinforrcement.

Solution:
Depth for deflection:
 0.6 f yk  Le
d ≥  0.4 + 
 400  β a
8000
∴ d ≥ 0.85 = 340mm
20
∴ D = d + φ l 2 + φ s + cov er
= 340 + 20 2 + 6 + 25 = 381
Say D = 400mm
Load on beams: Dead load, gk = 0.4*0.25*25 = 2.5 kN/m
Live load, qk = = 30 kN/m
Design load, φd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
= 1.3*2.5 + 1.6*30 = 51.25
p d L2 51.25 * 8 2
Analysis: M max = M d = = = 410 kN
8 8
Design constants:
25 0.85 f ck
C − 25 ⇒ f cu = 25MPa, f ck = = 20 MPa, f cd = = 11.3MPa
1.25 1.5
300
S − 300 ⇒ f yk = 300 MPa, f yd = = 260.87 MPa
1.25
fyd 260.87
m= = = 28.78
0.8 fcd 0.8 * 11.3
C1 = 2.5 , C2 = 0.32fcd = 3.616 Mpa
Check depth: Md = 0.8bd2fcdkx(1 – 0.4kx)
kx = kmax = 0.448 for 0% redistribution.
M d max
∴d = = 702.4mm
0.8bf cd k max (1 − 0.4k max )
D = 702.4 + 60 (two layers assumed ) = 762.4mm > Dused → not safe
Revise using D = 800mm
pd = 51.25 + 1.3(0.8 – 0.4)*0.25*25 = 54.5 kN/m
 p d L2 54.5 * 8 2
Md max = = = 436 kNm
8 8
436
Rechecking d = 702.4 * = 724.3 mm
410
⇒ D = 724.3 + 60 = 784.3mm < 800mm → safe
∴ Use d = 800 - 60 = 740mm
Reinforcement:

1  4M 
kx = C1 − C1 − 2
2

2  bd C 2 
1 4 * 436 * 106 
=  2. 5 − 2. 5 2 − 
2 250 * 740 2 * 3.616 

= 0.424 < 0.448 → Ok!

kx 0.424
ρ= = = 0.015
m 28.78
∴ As = ρbd = 0.015 * 250 * 740 = 2728 mm2
2728
# φ20 = = 8.7 → use 9φ20 in two rows.
314

1st row , d11 = 25+6+10 = 41mm

d=740mm 2nd row , d21 = 25+6+20+10+10 = 81mm
9φ20
5 * 41 + 4 * 81
d1 = 58.8mm
9
d1 d1 58.8mm<60mm→safe!

b=250mm

Example 3.2 (analysis of singly reinf.rect.beam)

A tensile reinforced beam has b = 250mm and d = 500mm to the center of bars. If fy =
400MPa and C-30, find the design flexural strength Md for (a) As = 2φ24 bars (b) As = 4φ32
bars.
Solution
Design strength of materials assuming class I work.
30 0.85 * 24
C-30 ⇒fck = = 24 MPa ⇒ f cd = = 13.6MPa.
1.25 1.5
 400
fyk = fy = 400MPa ⇒fyd = = 348MPa
1.15
(a)

π * 24 2
As = 2* = 905mm 2
4
d=500mm As 905
2φ24 ρ= = = 0.00724
bd (250(500)
f yd 348
1
d =45m m= = ≈ 32
0.8 f cd 0.8 * 13.6
250mm

kx = ρm = (0.00724)(32) = 0.232<kxmax(0.448) (steel is yielding)

Section capacity (flexural strength)
Md = 0.8bd2fcdkx(1-0.4kx)
Md = 0.8*250*5002*13.6*0.232*(1-0.4*0.232)*10-6
= 143.12kNm
(b)

4φ32
d=500mm φl = 32mm , φs = 8mm(assumed)
d11= 32 + 8 32 = 56mm
2
d2 = 32 + 8 + 32 + 32 + 32 = 120mm
1
d1 2
32 45 45 32 3 * 56 + 120
250mm d1 = = 72mm
4

D ≈ 500 + 75 = 575mm

 π * 32 2 
As = 4*   = 3217mm2
 4 
As 3217
ρ= = = 0.026
bd 250 * 500
kx = ρm = 0.026 * 32 = 0.824 >> 0.448 (concrete is crushing)
Md = 0.8bd2fcdKxmax(1-0.4Kxmax)
= 0.8*250*5002*13.6*0.448*(1-0.4*0.448)*10-6
= 250.05kNm.
Exercise 3.1
A singly reinforced rectangular beam made using concrete of grade C-30 and steel of grade S-
400 has width b = 500mm and gross depth D = 600mm. Determine the capacity of the section
for flexure if the tensile steel area is As = 5 φ30.
Exercise 3.2
A rectangular singly reinforced beam is to be designed for dead load of 7.3 kN/m plus self
weight and live load of 17.5kN/m , with a 6.7m simple span material strengths will be S-400
and C-25 for steel and concrete respectively. The total beam depth must not exceed 600mm.
calculate the required beam width and tensile steel requirement.
Procedure in design.
- Assume b&d ( use deflection requirement )
⇒D = d + cover + φs + φ l (φs = dia.of stirrup)
2

(φl = dia. of long bars)

- with this D, find dead load and together with live load determine Mmax.
- Find constants kx , m

M
-Find R ⇒ d = , hence new D = d + cover + φs + φ l
Rb 2

- If new D is greater than the first D, use D slightly larger than new D to find the dead load.
Together with live load determine Mnew.

M new
- Find dnew = ⇒ Dnew = dnew + cover +φs +φ l
Rold bold 2

- If Dnew ≤ Dold ⇒ D = Dold otherwise repeat your cycle.

- For Dnew ≤ Dold , d = Dold-cover -φs - φ l
2

M new
As =
f s d (1 − 0.4k x )

Example 3.3 (Design of doubly reinf.rect.beam)

Solve example 3.1, when the depth D is 650mm and b = 300mm
Solution
pd = 1.6LL + 1.3DL = 1.6*30 + 1.3* 0.65 * 0.3 * 25
 = 54.3375 kN/m.

p d l 2 54.3375 * 8 2
M d max = = = 434.70kNm
8 8
Section capacity
Mdc = 0.8bd2fcdkxmax(1-0.4kxmax)
kxmax = 0.448
Assume d1 = 60mm ⇒ d = 650-60 = 590mm.
Mdc = 0.8*300*5902*11.3*0.448(1-0.4*0.448)
= 347.14kNm < 437.70 ⇒ the section has to be doubly reinforced.

K x max 0.448
As1 = bd = * 300 * 590 = 2755mm 2
m 28.78
Mdsc = Mdmax –Mdc = 434.70 - 347.14 = 87.56kNm.

M d sc 87.56 *106
As2 = = = 610mm2
f yd (d − d ) 260.87 * (590 − 40)
1

As = As1 + As2 = 2755 + 610 = 3365mm2

3365
# φ 20 = = 10.72 ⇒ use 11φ20 bars.
414
Compression bars:
Xmax = Kxmax d = 0.448*590 = 264.32mm.

X max − d 1 264.32 − 40
εsc = ε cn = * 0.0035
X max 264.32
⇒εsc = 0.00297 ≈ 0.0030
f yd 260.87
εyd = = = 0.0013
Es 200 * 10 3
Since εsc> εyd → compression bars have yielded.
fs1 = fyd ⇒As1 = As2 = 610mm2
610
# φ20 = = 1.94 ⇒ use2φ 20bars
314
 2 φ20 comp. bars

φ6 stirrup
650mm 6 * 41 + 5 * 81
d' = = 59.2mm ≤ 60mm
11 φ20 tens. bars 11
→ Safe and economical

300mm

Example 3.4
A rectangular concrete beam measures 300mm wide and has an effective depth of 450mm.
compression steel consisting of two φ24 is located 50mm from the compression face of the
beam. If C-30 and S-400 are used, what is the design moment capacity of the beam for the
following alternative tensile steel areas?
(a) As = 3φ30 in one layer, (b) As 4φ30 in two layer, (c) As = 6φ30 in two layers? (Note check
for yielding of compression steel in each case)
Solution
Design strengths and constants.
30 0.85 * 24
C-30 ⇒ fck = = 24 MPa ⇒ f cd = = 13.6 MPa
1.25 1.5
400
S-400 ⇒ fyk = 400MPa ⇒ fyd = = 348MPa
1.15
f yd 348
m= = = 32
0.8 f cd 0.8 * 13.6

dc’ = 50mm 2 φ24 comp. bars

φ6 stirrup
d = 450mm As = 3*707 mm2 = 2121mm2
As’ = 2*452 mm2 = 904mm2
3 φ30 tens. bars

300mm
  As − As 1 
k1 =  m ≤ K x max

 bd 
 2121 − 904 
k1 =  (32) = 0.288 ≤ 0.448
 (300)(450) 
⇒Mdc = 0.8bd2fcdk1(1-0.4k1)
= 0.8*300*4502*13.6*0.288(1-0.4*0.288)*10-6
= 168.43kNm.
Check yielding of compression reinforcement:
xmax = kxmaxd = 0.448*450 = 201.6mm
X max − d c1 201.6 − 50
εsc = ε cu = * 0.0035 = 0.00263
x max 201.6

fyd 348
εyd = = = 0.00174 < ε sc →comp. steel has yielded.
εs 200000
Mdsc = As1fyd(d-d 1c )
= 904*348*(450-50)*10-6
= 125.84kNm.
Moment capacity: Md = 168.43 + 125.84 = 294.27kNm