Plaster Render Paint and Coatings - Detail 2004

DETAllLPractice
Plaster, Render,
Paint and Coatingg
9
I
DetaiIs
- Products
Case studies
Alexander Reichel
Anetts Hochberg
Christine K6pke
Birkhauser
'' Edition Detail
DETAI L Practice
Plaster, Render,
Paint and Coatings
Details
Products
Case studies
Alexander Reichel
Anette Hochberg
Christine Kopke
Edition Detail
Authors:
Alexander Reichel, architect, visiting professor,
Lehrstuhl fur Entwerfen und Raumgestaltung
(Char of Design and Interlor Design),
Technische Universitat Darmstadt
Anette Hochberg, architect
Christine Kopke, architect
In collaboration with: Lisa Barucco
Drawings:
Sabine Nowak, Andrea Saiko
Edltors:
Nicola Kollmann, Andrea Wiegelmann
Translators:
Translation Engineering GmbH, Munich
0 2004 lnstitut fur internationale

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DETAIL Practice
Plaster, Render, Paint and Coatings
Introduction
House A
Roof parapet
Window
Window
Balcony
Plinth, insulated cellar
Plinth, non-insulated cellar
Window panel, installation channel
Interior door
House B
Roof, eaves
Roof, gableboard
Window, sliding shutters
Balcony
Plasterlrendering
Plasterlrendering groups
Technical standards
Setting and hardening of binders
Plasterlrendering system
Aggregates, admixture, fillers
Plaster pigments, coloured rendering
Requirements of the plasterlrendering
Rendering with no particular requirements, non water-resistant plasters
Water-resistant plasters
Water-repellent plasters
Plasters for specific uses
Composite insulation systems
Substrates and fixings
Rendering tools
Rendering surfaces
Paints and coatings

Paint, varnish, lacquer
Paint properties
Paint ingredients
Coating systems and hardening
Pa~nts
Synthetic resin paint, lacquer
Fireproof paint
Impregnation
Coating on concrete
Coating on plasterlrendering
Coating on wood
Coating on glass
Coating on metals
Corros~onprotection, colour systems
Examples of rendered buildings

Technical information
Standards and regulations
Directory of manufacturers and organisations
Subject index
Bibliographylpicture credits
Building with plaster
Introduction
House A
Typical constellations and detailed solu-

tions for both interior and exterior plaster-
work will be introduced using two exam-
ples These examples are not real build-
ings, but are used to show a wide range
of solut~onsfor a general~sed,"normal"
project The main difference between the
two examples is the type of wall construc-
tion.
House A is a typical 30 to 40-year-old res-

idential building that has been upgraded
and optimized, both in terms of structure
and with regard to energy efficiency by
applying a composite system of thermal
insulation on top of the old rendering.
Simultaneously, this model can represent
an example of a new building, for which
detail solutions can be developed analo-
gously.
The project described here is a free-

standing multi-storey residential building
with 24 cm thick brick walls This con-
struction, which was common practice at
the time the building was erected, does
not meet the current requirements of the
energy efficiency act.
The ceilings are made of reinforced con-

crete throughout. The dividing walls may
be of masonry or drywall construction.
Window openings in different formats, the
largest of which are balconies built as log-
gias, give structure to the facades. The
old flat roof is planted.
Building with plaster
Introduction
House B
House B is built from highly insulating

bricks, 36.5 cm thick, covered in a 20 mm
thick layer of lightweight plaster. This con-
struction method allows for solid walls in
keeping with current standards, achieving
U-values of up to 0.30 W/m2K.
The building is comprised of two floors -

an extended hillside level and a ground
floor that extends all the way up to the
roof. The load of the ridge roof, built as a
purlin roof, is transferred directly to the
walls. Bracing is provided by interior
masonry walls and reinforced concrete
ceilings. The windows are floor-to-ceiling,
and can be fitted with a sunscreen, e.g.
sliding shutters. The balconies are ther-
mally separated from the main structure.
Even in the case of buildings to be reno-

vated, simple construction details can
be preserved provided the total energy
balance of the building is taken into
consideration. Rendering and plaster are
employed in all their design variety.
House A
Roof parapet
Window
Window
Balcony
Plinth, non-insulated cellar
Interior door
House A
Vertical cross-section
Roof parapet
a
The composite system of thermal insula-
tion (ETICS system) is sealed to the fascia
plate with joint sealing tape to prevent
water from entering the insulation in driv-
ing rain. The system would fail if water
were to enter. The dimensions of the plate
are subject to the regulations of the roof-
Ing trade.
Building height at front a:
up to 8.0 m 2 5.0 cm
up to 20.0 m 2 8 0 cm
over 20.0 m 2 10.0 cm
The projection, b, to the wall must be at
least 3.0 cm.
O b
CTI systems are multi-layer systems
approved by the building authorities. An
insulating material, usually rigid foam
sheeting or mineral wool is fixed to the
substrate with adhesive. The insulation is
completely covered with a reinforcing
material. A plastic webbing is smoothed
into the surface of it to prevent cracks
forming in the rendered surface. At cor-
ners which are particularly susceptible,
e. g. windows or jambs, diagonal rein-
forcement is incorporated into the surface
to increase the stability.
qc
The old rendering must be examined for
cracks and stability. Any particularly une-
ven surfaces must be levelled. Wall plugs
are required for additional anchoring of
CTI systems in the following cases: when
a soft insulation material is used and
when the building is greater than 8.0 m in
height, or where the substrate is in poor
condition with differences in the evenness
of more than 3 0 cm
Every manufacturer has his own addi-
tional regulations linked to the building
authorities' approval.
House A
Window
d
If rolling shutter housings are present, the
diameter of the rolled-up shutter deter-
mines the position of the window. The
housings are pre-assembled and sup-
plied already insulated. They are ren-
dered after installation. A maintenance
opening must be left, which separates a
rail from the rendering.
e
The position of the window in the wall
determines the appearance of the build-
ing. Simultaneously, it also has conse-
quences for the construction, since insu-
lation must always be flush with the win-
dow to ensure optim~sedbuilding phys-
ics. During renovation works, the windows
are often replaced and additional insula-
tion added to the building. The most
straightforward solution is to fit the win-
dow at the outside edge of the wall so
that the composite insulation system can
be laid without any recesses. If the win-
dows are positioned closer to the interior
surface of the wall, the insulation must
also be laid around the edges of the
opening.
f
A high degree of precision is required
during construction so that the window
frame and the interior plaster are flush.
This requires appropriate attention during
the planning phase. The different materi-
als expand at different rates when the
temperature changes, and must therefore
be separated from one another. This can
be achieved using a dummy joint in the
plaster or by applying joint tape around
the whole perimeter of the wooden frame.
The use of the traditional trowel joint
shown here is sufficient It is achieved by
running the trowel along the joint in the
fresh rendering. In this way, a defined
break-line is created between the two
materials.
House A
Isometric drawing, horizontal cross-section
Window
a
The window plate is set into a groove
below the weather bar and attached to
the parapet with adhesive. The edges of
the window plate are angled upwards
and cut into the composite insulating
system so that the water runs onto the
plate from the drip head and does not
penetrate the space between window
and rendering. The windowsill, like the
window frame, is completely edged with a
joint tape or a flush-mounting strip to sep-
arate it from the plaster To prevent crack-
ing, the stresses, which are caused by
the different expansion rates of the differ-
ent materials when the temperature
changes, must not be transferred to the
rendering. This would make it easier for
water to enter and cause damage to the
construction.
O b
The window joint must be rain and wind-
proof To achieve this, the space between
the wall and the window frame is filled
with insulating material. Depending on the
joint permeability required, the joint is
either sealed using joint tape and then
rendered, or an additional seal material is
used. This additional seal is usually either
a self-adhesive construction film or neo-
prene tape. Wooden windows acc, to DIN
68121 and all window constructions with
a c~rcumferentialseal (groups A and 6)
which are fitted in a house not taller than
20.0 m do not usually require an addi-
tional seal. The energy-efficiency regula-
tions must still be followed, however,
meaning that a very water-tight building
shell may be required depending on the
works being undertaken. The position of
the window, e, g at the front of the
facade, also requires additional measures
to be taken against wind and rain.
c
The window frame is fixed in position
using iron ties or special window frame
ties which can be bolted directly through
the frame and into the wall. This results in
a gap of around 2 cm between wall and
window frame depending on the building
tolerance The plaster in the gap is
matched accordingly to give an even wall
surface
House A
Balcony
d
The balcony base slabs are particularly
susceptible to stresses caused by
changes in temperature and are good
thermal conductors. For this reason they
are generally insulated from the building
itself using a thermally insulated connec-
tor -trade name lsokorb - reinforced for
tensile and compressive loading Stnce
thts technique was unknown when older
buildings were erected, the concrete
slab must be insulated at least on its
upper and lower surfaces when renovat-
ing As a rule of thumb, 10.0 cm insulation
thickness corresponds to 1.0 m thickness
of concrete. For a balcony base slab
this means that the concrete slab must
be covered in insulation over a distance
of at least 1.0 m. The front does not then
require insulation and can serve as a
mounting surface for the balcony fasten-
ing.
e
order to provide as homogeneous a
,, ,
front view as possible in this example, the
railing with timber battens is continued
along the entire height of the balcony
structure, made up of the thickness of the
insulating layer plus the upstand.
Balconies and loggias require floor

drains. With closed parapets, a 40 mm
minimum diameter emergency drain must
be provided in addition to the floor drain.
With open ratlings, rainwater can be
dra~nedoff into the drainpipe from the
roof. Rainwater may only be drained
through water-shedding moulding if this
does not adversely affect any third par-
ties. In renovation projects, core drilling
can be used to retrofit direct drains with a
flange and ring screen The centre of the
pipe is located some 20 cm from the wall,
since the seal is achieved using a gasket
seal whose adhesive wtdth is predefined
depending on the drain diameter
9
A timber floor grid in sections, which can
be lifted for cleaning and allows water to
run off, makes a simple covering for bal-
cony floors. The surface lies 15 cm above
the upper edge of the water-bear~nglayer
of the balcony's sealing layer The sub-
structure lies on a protective mat, which
prevents the sealing layer from being
damaged. The wooden step -also usa-
ble as a bench - acts as a transition to
the interior.
House A
The plinth area starts at the surface of the

ground and is least 30 cm high. Com-
pression-proof rigid foam sheets are
used since the plinth must be splash-
proof and it has a high mechanical load-
ing. Some manufacturers supply special
plinth protection sheets which can be laid
in the insulation above the plinth. These
can be used to protect areas subject to
increased knocks, e. g. walls against
which bicycles are often rested, or soft
insulation in lower areas.
O b
After the top layer of rendering or coating
has dried through, suitable damp-proof-
ing, e. g an insulating cement-based
slurry, is applied to areas in contact with
the earth and must join with the sealing
layer of the building. This protects the
rendering from rising damp. To protect
the rendering from damage during filling,
and as a run-off layer, a napped plastic
sheet is used to cover it.
C
The insulation used below the surface of
the ground is also compression-proof
rigid foam sheeting. Since this insulation
must be effective even when it takes up
water, it is known as perimeter insulation
The insulation is attached to the sealing
layer course using a bituminous or
cementitious compound. The substrate
must first be damp-proofed in accord-
ance with DIN 18195 to a height of 30 cm
above the ground surface
House A
Plinth, non-insulated
For uninsulated cellars the ~nsulation

must extend only 50-80 cm beyond the
"warm space" -the insulated part of the
building Below th~slevel. a sealing layer
and plinth rendering are sufficient. The
resulting offset is constructed creat~vely
as a plinth edge. Depending on the ren-
dering surface, a drip head may have to
be embedded in the upper layer of the
coating.
e
The nterior rendering rn uninsulated
rooms must be more resistant to moisture
than in heated areas. Llme plaster, or
lime-cement plaster should be used In
cellars, garages or wet rooms for this rea-
son Gypsum plasters can only be used
under certain conditions due to their
hygroscopic properties.
Ll f
To protect the sealing layer, a dralnage
sheet is placed in front of the wall. A
napped plastic sheet IS usually suitable,
however corrugated plastic or porous
insulating material can also be used. The
sealing layer must be protected from
sharp filling material and drainage must
be possible w~thoutany standing water.
The floor screed can be protected wrth

a 2-component floor coating instead of
a sensitive floor covering. The layer of
aqueous epoxy resin or acrylate is
1-2 mm thick. It is applied with a roller
or rubber trowel in two or three stages
Since rsing damp often causes a h ~ g h
osmotic pressure in the floor slab, the
coating whlch IS used should allow drffu-
sion to prevent later blisters from forming.
U h
The transition from foundation to wall
must be concave to ensure that water
can drain underneath the floor slab or to
the drainage pipe There must be at least
20.0 cm between the plpe and the upper
edge of the rough concrete of the celiar
floor According to DIN 4095 it must be
l a d in a bed of 8/16 grade gravel. The
remaining excavated material IS com-
pacted in layers and back-filled.
House A
Horizontal cross-section
a
Due to the distance between the insula-
tion and the ground, suitable sub-con-
structions must be provided for the load-
bearing connections since the insulation
cannot carry loads. A further possibility is
to transfer the load directly to the walls via
extensions. Since the rails for the floor-to-
ceiling windows are usually fitted after
rendering to prevent contamination of the
metal and avoid extensive patching
works, brackets are to be provided. To
this end, metal angle brackets are
attached to the wall using plugs. It must
be ensured that a sufficient gap is left for
fastening, and that the wall material can
carry the load. The subconstruction is I1 1:
rendered in one operation. The railing tj'
frame including the filling is pre-fabri-
I!
cated in the workshop and need only be
screwed together on site. It should be
noted that welding on site not only makes
protection against rust more difficult, but
may also melt the rigid foam insulation.
I ti
Slotted holes allow for tolerances. To pre-
vent even the low thermal conduction of
1
the metal angle brackets and ensure the
rendered surface is flush, almost all man-
ufacturers offer integrated mounting ele-
ments, e. g. compression-proof insulating
blocks for heavy loading and spiral plugs
for light loads such as lamps or letter
boxes.
The facade cannot usually be insulated

and rendered without the need for scaf-
folding. When erecting scaffolding it must
be ensured that sufficient space is left
between the wall and the scaffold to fit
the insulation or railing.
b
The joint between a gypsum plasterboard
plumbing wall and a wooden panel is
subjected to a large amount of movement
during construction. For this reason, the
corners of the individual plasterboard
sheets are covered by a separator strip of
oil packing paper. This can be plastered
over and is still capable of absorbing dif-
fering variations. The metal studs are sep-
arated from the substrate by a soft joint
sealer or a mineral wool separator strip.
House A
Interior door
I he upper and vertical jamb surfaces of

the opening in the building shell are often
joined to the doorframes The doorframes
can be made from solid wood or wooden
materials. The wooden door case is the
most solid option amongst the otherwise
boarded type jamb frames. For interior
doors with a butted leaf and no additional
joggle, this means that the leaf and wall
are flush. Fitting a plank as a bedding dot
in the jamb ensures that the thickness of
the wall jamb is the same at all points. A
simple wooden batten or metal strip can
also be used as a plasterer's derby, pre-
venting an overly large gap between the
wooden frame and an uneven rendering
surface. The jamb itself need not be ren-
dered. To achieve a clean edge where
the rendering meets the opening, galva-
nised steel dummy joint sections are
attached to the seam between the wall
and the wooden frame. Skirting boards,
which may stand off from the wall surface,
may have to be decoratively joined to the
door frame. The frames are usually deliv-
ered pre-primed and receive the final
coat of paint on site once most of the
building work is completed
d
One of the most commonly used frames
is the industrially manufactured steel
enclosure frame. Here, hot-rolled or cold-
drawn steel sheet, 1.5-3.0 mm thick is
shaped to a profile in such away that it
encompasses the wall Simultaneously,
notches are formed to take the seal. The
inner dimension of the frame, the so-
called rim width, relates to the wall thick-
ness including rendering. Enclosure
frames are usually fitted into the jamb
before rendering. They can be fixed in
position using welded masonry ties, plug
or nail anchors, which are attached to the
un-rendered edges of the jamb. The gaps
around the frame are filled with plaster.
For fire doors, regulations demand a ven-
tilated cavity and the use of a larger
number of anchors The steel casing is
supplied pre-primed with an anti-rust
primer and is then painted on site.
House B
22 Roof, eaves
23 Roof, gable board
24 Window, sliding shutters
25 Window, sliding shutters
26 Plinth, insulated cellar
27 Balcony
House B
Vertical cross-section, elevation
Roof, eaves
a
The transition from wall to roof covering
requires careful planning. Particular care
must be taken with the foot which affects
the pediment elevation. The construction
of the gable board and eaves varies
depending on the roof construction -
ventilated or not ventilated -and the roof
material - metal or tiles. Small and cut
tiles are used on the joint with the gable
board and the upwardly inclined pedi-
ment elevation An edged perforated
plate forms the upper joint to the eaves,
serving as an edge trim and clean edge
to the rendering, and as a ventilation
grille and insect screen for the roof con-
struction.
b
I ne inferior purlin of the roof framework
lies on top of the wall and is clad with
smaller tiles. This ensures thermal insula-
tion and an even rendering base
C
Before rendering, the brickwork must be
checked for its suitability to act as a
rendering base. It should be flat jointed
in accordance with DIN 1053 and the
guidelines on offsets should be adhered
to. Defects, open mortar pockets and any
hollow fronts on toothed bricks must be
filled with masonry mortar. If the render-
ing - e. g. over joints - is concave, it will
not adhere well and the rendering will
crack in this area. For this reason, the
brickwork should be flat jointed. If dry
butt joints are used, joints wider than
5 mm should be closed on both outer sur-
faces using a suitable masonry mortar.
Weatherproof rendering can then be
applied in a layer with an average thick-
"05s of 20 mm
d
I ne grain size of the exterior render used,
which is also responsible for the textured
finish, should not be too small Small,
structurally harmless hair cracks are more
noticeable in smooth-faced plaster than in
coarser plaster. A grain size of 1-4 mm is
usual for exterior rendering.
House B
Roof, gable board
Ci e
A very simple type of roof edging is flush-
plastering Thrs is achieved by plastering.
with no division. up to and under the roof
tiles. Meshing, e, g. galvanised wire or
plastic mesh, must be laid into the under-
coat plaster as a base to prevent the
plaster from cracking in this area. The
meshing covers the different materials
over their whole area and carrles the ten-
sile stresses. The outer roof tiles protrude
at least 3 cm, storm clips are never used
as addit~onalsecuring.
f
The vapour barrier continues to the
masonry wall. Affixing the sheet to the
rafter with a roof batten ensures a contin-
uous and therefore impervious joint. The
break-through points are carefully lined.
However, care must be taken to shape
the last piece of sheet into a loop. This
loop carries the material-dependent
stresses. The protruding sheet can either
be plastered over or stuck to the plas-
tered wall with double-sided sticky tape,
whichever the construction schedule
allows
g
Buildlng elements may deform due to:
thermal processes caused by, e. g., sun
or shade;
hygric processes caused by, e. g.,
water or steam:
material-chemical processes
Brickwork and concrete behave differ-
ently under these circumstances. Above
all, the shrinking and creeping of con-
crete can lead to stresses in the bearing
area - e g. due to the shrinkage of a con-
crete ceiling under load. To combat this,
the concrete ceiling and the brickwork
supports must be moveable. Bitumen
board under and on top of the bearing
area of the concrete ceiling and an
inserted screed insulating strip reduce
Indirect stresses. In addition, the lower
sheet prevents the concrete from entering
the core holes of the bricks and creating
an acoustic bridge The front edge of the
concrete ceiling slab is additionally insu-
lated because of its high heat transmis-
sion, and finished off with a half-brick to
form a uniform base for rendering.
House B
a
The brick lintels are prefabricated ele-
ments made from a brick shell filled with
reinforced concrete They are standard
building elements available in various
standardised widths and lengths and
form the tension boom of the finished lin-
tel. The bearing depth must be at least
11.5 cm. The elemental length of the lintel
is between 1 .0and 3.0 m.
b
A wooden, metal or light metal sliding
shutter can be used in place of a roller
shutter as protection from the sun and
against break-ins. Each shutter may
weigh up to 80 kg, is approx. 40 mm thick
and runs in rails at the top and the bot-
tom. All mechanical parts are concealed
so that rain, snow or dirt cannot directly
affect the rails
C
The rails for the sliding shutters are fixed
to the wall with screws using corrosion-
resistant masonry dowels before render-
ing. To avoid cracking due to different
material stresses in the rendering, the
anchor plate must be covered by mesh-
ing - a thin rigid foam sheet would be
even better - as a base for the rendering.
The rendering joins the steel rail with a
seam or trowel joint.
As an alternative to this elegant but com-

plex transition, the rail can be laid directly
onto the rendering at the end of the con-
struction work, as shown in this example.
The gap between wall and rail must be
carefully sealed to prevent water from
entering. To prevent plaster from break-
ing away due to excessive contact pres-
sure, a thermally insulating spacer is
laced between the rail and the wall.
House B
d
The rendering adjoins the wooden board
with a trowel joint. It is sensrble to allow
the edge of the windowsill to protrude by
about 3 cm, since it is laborious to align
the lamb boards flush with the rendering
and apply this accurately. To enable the
edge to be rendered, the window itself
lies approx. 2 cm behind the outer unfin-
ished edge.
Re
Exterior wooden parts must be dimen-
sionally stable. Windows, for example, are
requrred to have a stumbling protective
coating to protect against biue~ng,fungal
attack and distortion The windows are
generally painted with coloured paint or
with a glazed finish at the works and
~nstaliedpre-painted. The window frames
must therefore be protected from the
caustic effects of plaster falling on then1
during any rendering works foliowing their
installation. The protective measures
required should be separately detailed in
the invitation to tender
f
The windows are anchored in the brick-
work at 80 cm intervals using metal
brackets known as clamp irons or window
screws Where the window construct~onis
not rabbetted, the joint must be well
sealed Accord~ngto tile currently valid
energy-saving regulations of 2002, joints
must be sealed against wind and driving
rain from the exterior and be vapour-proof
on the interior. Since there is a large tein-
perature gradient in the gap between the
interior and the exterior, condensate is to
be expected the closer the window is
placed to the exterior. It is therefore even
more sensible to insulate the jamb in sin-
gle-shell constructions. The insulation can
be clad with a circumferential wooden
frame, which doubles as a windowsill and
joins the different mater~als
House B
C a
To compensate for the difference In heat
transmission through the concrete and
bricks, the concrete cellar wall is given
additional insulation. A reinforced and
therefore thin concrete wall enables the
use of perimeter insulation without
recesses in the outer facade The rigid
foam sheeting is f~xedto the sealing layer
using a bituminous adhesive
b
Exterior plinth rendering must be suffi-
ciently strong, i.e, generally having a
compressive strength of 10 N/mm2. It may
be only slightly hygroscopic and must be
resistant to damp and frost. Generally, a
cement rendering IS used to render the
plinth up to the surface of the ground and
it is applied on a layer of galvanised
mesh sprayed with rendering. The thick-
ness of the rendering can be greater than
20 mm, since this area in particular is in
need of protection The sealing layer
below the plinth rendering must include a
bonding course in the form of an insulat-
ing cement-based slurry.
C
A brick or concrete cellar wall must be
protected fro~nground damp and pressu
rised water. In general this is achieved
using a thick two-component bituminous
waterproofing system Before the actual
coating is applied, an undercoat is
applied and a scratch coat may be
applied as a levelling course. The dry
coating should be 5 mm thick for ground
damp and 6 mm thick for rising water.
The coating is continued over the con-
cave moulding on the exterior of the
foundation.
House B
Balcony
d
Rendered facades on the weather face of
the building are exposed to moisture. The
rendering must be water-repellent, but
also allow water vapour to permeate from
the interior to the exterior. This is also true
of the paint on the facade, whose proper-
ties must be selected to be appropriate
for the substrate. The relationships of the
permeability of water, water vapour and
carbon dioxide to each other must be
modified accordingly, so that paint and
rendering function together as a unit.
e
The balcony is made from a pre-cast con-
crete unit which is fixed to the intermedi-
ate floor via an Isokorb.
lsokorbs are standardised prefabricated
elements made up of reinforcement
cages and rigid foam insulating blocks,
which are positioned between the floor
and the balcony as a thermal barrier.
The elements have a maximum length of
1.0 m and are available in floor thick-
nesses of 16-25 cm. Depending on their
construction, the lsokorbs are built and
cast into the formwork or are already fas-
tened to the prefabricated element.
cf
To prevent water from running off haphaz-
ardly, excess water is collected in a gut-
ter at the end of the slab and channelled
into a rainspout where it is drained
directly.
g
To prevent dirt marks caused by run-off
water, protruding elements are fitted with
a drip head which breaks up the water
film.
Plaster/rendering groups
Technical standards
The hardening process of mineral binders
Chemical hardening processes
Mineral binders
Plastering/rendering systems, rules
Aggregates, admixtures, fillers
Plaster pigments, coloured plaster
Requirements of the plaster/rendering
Lime plasters
Gypsum plasters, gauged mortar plasters
Loam rendering
Lime-cenient plasters, lightweight plasters,
trass-lime plasters
Cement-lime plasters
Renovation plasters
Synthetic resin plasters, silicone resin plasters.
sil~cateplasters
Cement plasters
Insulating plasters, sacrificial plasters
External thermal insulation composite systems
Plug/dowel fixings
Plaster rails
Rendering/plaster bases
Plastering/rendering tools
Rendering and plaster surfaces
Rendering and plasterwork shape the
character and appearance of a building.
The rendering or plaster acts as a protec~

tive skin and takes on a number of
diverse functions. The rendering or plas-
ter system is deter~ninedby the choice
of building materials durlng the planning
phase Walls, rendering, plaster and pos-
sible paints or coatings must be chosen
to su~teach other, so that they work
together correctly as a system
Rendering and plasterwork are appl~ed

dur~ngthe last phase of the construction
process and are therefore often carried
out at a t ~ m ewhen the budget has
already been exhausted, Imprudent use
of coniponents. which are not suitable
for use with the rest of the system, can
lead to permanent damage of building
elements.
Durable systems must be well-planned,

implemented at the appropriate time. and
correctly maintained. For thls reason, it
used to be common practice to white-
wash houses regularly Reg~onalbullding
traditions are a tnlne of expert knowledge
and mastery whlch ought to be reacti-
vated, particularly in light of the Europe-
anisation of the constructlon process, to
promote a widen~ngdiversity of designs.
Architects, craftsmen and manufacturers
are called on to take on this challenge at
an early stage
1 N~zwa,Oman, tradit~onalopenlng constructlon

Plasteringlrendering mortar groups
The usual ratio of 3:1,sand to lime, in the Technical propelties of plastering/rendering

Mortar is defined as a mixture of binders, mortar
aggregates (particles) and mixing water. lower layers has remained the same In
most recipes since antiquity. In some rec- The Young's modulus of the mortar
Mortar is divided into two groups - ren- should be smaller than that of the sur-
dering and plastering mortar and ipes this ratio is maintained until the last
daub. Other recipes recommend the use face to be treated.
masonry mortar - each defined by their
of more lime (i e. finer, softer, less sandy The water absorption coefficient should
use. Mortar is further defined by:
mortars) in the final layers, along the lines be 0.5 kg/m2h05(water-retarding).
its state: fresh mortar (ready-to-use) or
of the old painters' rule: fat on lean. Mor- The adhesive strength test should gen-
hardened mortar,
tars which contain smaller amounts of erate a crack in the plasterlrendering
t h place
~ of manufacture: s~te-made
binder are weaker and sand more readily. base, or the adhesive strength must be
mtnrtar (mixed on site) or factory-made
Those which contain larger amounts of greater than phz r 0.1 N/mm2.
mortar (mixed in the factory and deliv-
binder shrink considerably, which can The compressive strength i d of the
ered ready-to-use)
cause shrinkage cracks, (gypsum plas- mortar should be less than that of the
ters are an exception: they swell and are base. The determining factors in the
plastering/render~ng
volumetrically stable). strength achieved are the type of
Plasteringlrendering, as defined in the
The average thickness of standard mor- binder used and the ratio of binder to
standard, is a single- or multi-layer Coat-
ing of plastering or rendering mortar tars should be 20 mm (min. 15 mm) on aggregate (BlA).
applied to walls or ceilings with a defined the exterior and 15 mm (min. 10 mm) on
thickness (other coatings as a top coat the interior. Which mortar, technique and Exterior rendering has t h e task of levelling
are also possible). Its final properties plasteringhendering system are chosen the brickwork, closing up small gaps
develop only after hardening. depends on the surface to be treated, t h e (windproofing) and forming a protective
expected loading and the desired surface coating to protect the building from the
The major component by volume is the finish. weather It serves to protect and decorate
aggregates. The mortar also contains the facade.
binders, in smaller quantities, which In old buildings, the moisture content of
"glue" everything together and are the various materials has come to an
responsible for the hardening process equilibrium, which may be disturbed by
and hardening type, as well as rnc~ch desiccative measures and hydrophobic
smaller quantities of admixtures with coatings, causing shrinkage or the efflo-
special properties rescence of salts.
Tabie 2
C 0 m p 0 ~ 1 t lof
0 ~the most important exterlor renders Mortar groups Type of mortar Type of binder
Aggregate
according to the~rtypelbhnder and their structural - -- - - - - - ----- - -- --
properties Pla non-hydraulic lhme mortar
' A llmlted addition of cement IS allowed
sand
Domestic kitchens and bathrooms are not counted
as wet rooms Plb hydraul~clime mortar
" For exterior plnth rendering on brckwork with a hydradrc $maputty sand
Plc mortar with hydraullc lime
strength class of 6, P Ill mortars may, as an excep- hydfBullc lime sand
tion, have a minim~lmcompressive strength of
5 N/m2 They must meet the demands of water- ---- - - -- - - - - -
----- -
repellent plastering/render!ng systems mortar wlth em~nentlyhydraul~cIhme eminently hydraul~cllnro or sana
and rendering and masonry blnders rsnderlng and masonry b~naers
P I1 b lime-cement mortar
i u M putty or hrdraul~cItnie sand
w-value:
water absorptton coefflc~ent - -
cement mortar wlth hydraulc
----
arm' ceriierlt
cemom and h y d w l ~ 11me
c sand
lime addhtlon
p-value:
water vapour dtffusion resistance coefficient P Ill b cement mortar
--- - - - - - csl77ent
- - - - - -- - -sand
-- -- -
P IV a gypsum mortar
s,-value:
anhydrol~sgypsum and -
-- -- - - - - - - pgstar- of-Paris
diffusion-equivalent air layer th~ckness P IV b - - - - - - - - - - -
sand gypsum mortar anhydrous gypsurn and sand
- . plaster-of Parls
- - - -- - -
--
P IVc gypsurn lhme ~mortar trme putty or hydraufrc lke sand
and anhydrous y y p s m or
- - - - - - -
- - -- - - - - - plaster of Paris
- -- - - - - - -- -
P ~ dV Illne Puny w hvdraullc lime
A
llme gypsum mortar sand

-- -
and anhydrou6 gypsum or
-- -plastor Ol Farls
-
anhydrlte mortar
-
- - ---- - -- --
anhydnta b~ndw sand
- - -
PVb
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
anhydrlte lime mortar anhydrite binder and llme sarld
- - - -- - - - - - - - .
- - - - - -putty o r hjdraullc I ~ m e
- - - - -
loam renderma
accord~ngto
DIN 18 350
can be comb~ned loam mortar 0Iev fraction
wlth P I + P 1 1 sandlgravel,
- - - -- cul s f r a ~
Most standards, both German nat~onaland European polymer resin organic md
standards (DIN and EN), quoted here are Intended rnlneral posslble
for new bu~ld~ngs. coating rmterral
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - --
Technical standards
DIN EN 998-1
The new Eur )/Jean standard It introduces new abbreviations for the "The properties of rendering and plaster-
DIN EN 998- 7.2003-09 types of mortar according to their proper- ing mortars depend essentially on the
Specificatio~lfor Mortar for Masonry, ties andlor field of use: GP: General pur- type or types of binders used and their
Part 1, replas3s the sections in DIN pose renderinglplastering mortar, LW: respective proportions". (Quote from the
18550-1 to -4which deal with the manu- Lightweight renderinglplastering mortar, introduction to DIN EN 998-1).DIN EN
facturing of 2ctory-made plastering or CR: Coloured rendering mortar, SC: Sin- 998-1, however, no longer provides for a
rendering rrortar. DIN EN 998-1: 2003-09 gle coat rendering mortar for external classification of plastering or rendering
replaces thc l~lasteringmortar groups P I use, R: Renovation rendering mortar, mortars according to the type of binder,
a,b,c,PII. JIII,PIVa,b,c,dandPVin T: Thermal insulating rendering mortar, and the details to be provided in the CE
DIN 18550- aith classifications accord- FP: Fracture pattern. In addition, it regu- label do not include the binder. The prop-
ing to com(=,c:ssive strength (CS I-CS IV), lates the following: erties required of the hardened mortars
capillary water absorption (W 0, W 1, W 2) Addition of single coat rendering mortar overlap greatly within the ranges given for
and therma c:onductivity (T 1 , T 2). for external use the compressive strength in classes CS I
Specification of the reaction to fire to CS IV.
according to the European classifica- The requirements of EN 998-1 must there-
tion fore still be carefully coupled with the cri-
interior Exterior Replacement of the third-party and self teria used when selecting the plastering
hot cold
inspection processes for the attestation or rendering system.
:
J
External render~ng of conformity with a defined evaluation The choice of a particular plaster or ren-
J
- Water vapour of conformity process 4 (manufacturer's dering system is determined by the
Water vapour choice of the binder, its stability and
resistant statement) according to the Construc-
Internal
plastering
::
J-
4
Mo~sture
head
tion Product Directive. water vapour diffusibility. The decisive cri-
terion for an invitation to tender is knowl-
Water vapour o,?rmeability The CE label of conformity consists of: edge of the mortar recipe, the setting
A the CE symbol, the name or identifying process and the compatibility or incom-
I1
-1 External render~ng mark and registered address of the man- patibility of the binder and aggregates.
Permeable to ufacturer, the last two digits of the year In Since the new standard does not require
Water vapour
water vapour which the marking was affixed, the sufficient information in the manufactur-
number of the European standard, a er's labelling, it is advisable to obtain the
description of the product and information necessary information directly from the
on the regulated characteristics. manufacturer himself.
Aggregate' 1 i l i ~ m u mcompressve Mainly su~tedto w-value [kglm2hx] p-value sd-value [m]

trength [N/mm2]
cement I IC requirements Interior and exterior plasterlrendering for low loads
Exterior render, water-retardant, only with AM
Exter~orrender, water-repellent, only w ~ t hAM
cement IC requirements >20
- i nterlor plaster for general requirements ~nclud~ng
wet roomsi > 2 0 where
Exterior render, water-retardant, only with AM AMc05
Exter~orrender, water-retardant. onlv w ~ t hAM
nterlor plaster w ~ t hh~gherabrason res~stancencludng wet rooms
Exter~orrender, water-repellent, only w ~ t hAM
i 5 exterior render wlth hgher strength
cellar wall exteror renderng

Exter~orpl~nthrendenng3
Interlor plaster, corresponds to machine-appl~edplaster of Pars, machine-appl~ed (8)10 s, = 0 25

bond plaster and ready-m~xplaster acc to DIN 1168 part 1 piaster. 5 0-1 5
W& lime i I interor plaster Bond plaster s, = 0 25
ca 18
-
lnterlor Dlaster Ready-mx plaster: 5-6

50-15
10 requirements Interor plaster 5 0-15 5-6
--
lnterlor plaster, natural gypsum with addtions of arg~llaceousImestone,

marl or Iron oxde and therefore not pure white n coour
lnteror plaster
;ied:T Interior plaster, can be used on the exterior, w ~ t hgreat Im~tat~ons 10-20 5-10 s = 0.07
_ i j h iadheslve:-.
0.1-1 s, = 0.10-0.2
lnteror and exter~orplaster on a load-bearing, strong, mineral 0.1 100 s = 0.005
and polymer-coated surface, water-repellent sd = 0.5
- - Interlor plaster 501200
33
The hardening process of mineral binders
Mineral b~ndersare divided into the fol- Limes can be mixed with each other in
lowing groups: lime b~nder,calcium sili- any ratio. Non-hydraulic lime can be
cate b~nders,calcium aluminate b~nders, mixed as desired with cement or gypsum
calcium sulphate binders and silicate and anhydrite binders. Calcined gypsum
binders. Table 2 shows how the various or anhydrite binders cannot, however, be
binders fit into these groups. The group to mixed with hydraulic binders, since sul-
which the mineral binder belongs deter- phate expansion may occur.
mines the type of hardening. The two
hardening processes are hydration and Since non-hydraulic lhme and cement
carbonation. binders can be mixed in any ratio, they
can be used to make plasters with a vari-
The most important binders used for ety of different properties, depending on
plaster today are hydraulic or eminently the primary hardening process. Table 11
hydraulic lhmes and cements. The type of gives an overview of the binders, their rel-
the binder determines the strength, the ative fractions of carbonatic and hydraulic
hardening time, the frost resistance, the hardening, their hardening times, their
salt resistance and the water resistance classification according to the different
of the plaster. The compresslve strength mortar groups and their preparation and
3f the mortar increases in the following use.
order (listed b y binder type): non-hydrau-
i c lime, hydrated hydraulic lime, hydrau-
11clime, eminently hydraulic lime and
cement. Hydraulically hardening limes
form the transit~onfrom non-hydraulic lime
to cement. Calc~umcarbide and calcium
s~licateare formed during the hardening
of hydraulic limes and non-hydraulic
limes with hydraulic addit~ons.Silicates
are formed at the boundary between
hydraulic lhme and hydraulic additions.
4 Completely carbonated whte-Ime mortar, tiarden~ngprocesses of the binder

intergrown c a c r e cr)lstals (draw~ng7A-7C)
5 Vl'hte-lme mortar
Left: f ~ n ehydrate crkstals - b r ~ c kplaster base
R~ght.laminar. intergrown calclte crystals :!a aggregate trass sand, porroulana
(carbonated) :'b aggregate. trass, f ~ r e dclay
6 L~me-cementmortar completely hardened, 2c aggregate: quartz sand
acicular calcum s ~ l ~ c a hydrates
te of the cement :i s l c a t e formaton at the boundary
between the caclte crystals Cia the formaton of calcum
7A L~meplaster w~ttilatent hydraulic s~llcatesat the boundares ncreases
aggregate (P I A) the strength
78 Emnenty hydraulc m e pasterng mortar (P I a) /la calcium carbonate, porous
7C Cement plaster IP Ill1 4b calcum carbonate and s l c a t e rn~xedcrystals
8 Plaster cycle porous, rnedum strength
9 L~mecycle 4c hydrated cement, Irnpervlous,
10 Hydration, phases of the harden~ngof cement high compresslve strength
Chemical harden~ngprocesses
Degredatlon Flrlng
-=C-
1 (
0
Grindng :
-
-
/ .,
.-Y,
,
-,~'',,
Hardenng
L Q J s o a k l n g
Hydration 11/)laster Carbonation of iime Hydration of cement

Firing at Icb ' emperatures: Ca(OH)L+ H,CO., + CaCO, + 2H,O The The starting material decomposes in this
.
CaS04 2 t ):,1 + heat (below 300°C) 7- CO, in the air and the mixing wat& form reactron. The addition of water molecules
Calcium s r phate-dihydrate carbon dioxide (H,CO,), which reacts and the formation of OH- groups leads to
.
CaSO I.': FI-0 + 1 1/2 H,O with the calciurn hydroxide to forln cal- the formation of hydrates. Hardening will
Calcium s~rpi.;ate hemihydrate + water cium carbonate, which has only limited also occur under water.
water resistance.
F:,',:is at hi:] I 'emperatures: Porfland cement
.
CaSO 2- ,(I + heat (over 300°C) + ,Wg+ .
3Ca0 Si02 + (3-x+y)H,O+
Calcium slr 3hate-d~hydrate CaCO + lieat + CaO + CO . .
xCaO S10, yH,O + (<x)c~(oH),
CaSO + 2 t I,Cl l~mestone+ heat qu~ckl~me
+ carbon water-resisf:ant calcium s~licateand cal-
calclurn scI I-I-ate + water drox~de c l u m hydroxide are formed, which are
transformed into calclum carbonate using
Mix~ng: Slaking: GO,.
.
CaSO 1,: t , 0 + 1/2 H,0+ CaO + H,O + Ca(OH), + heat
Calc~umsir s-late hemihydrate + water qu~cklime+ water slaked lime + heat
CaSO, 2,- ;(I + heat
Calc~umso 2-iste-dhydrate Hardening:
CajOH), + COL-4 CaCO, + Hd,O Table 11
slaked lime + carbon dioxide + sliows the varous bnders ancl ther relatve fracttons
limestone of carbonatc and hydrauc hardening.
The blriders can be m x e d wltl: each other In ariy
ratlo. Ths enables the producton of plasters with very
Non-hydraulic limes harden slowly n air. speclflc properties-
Table 11. har .1 n !ng oi the binders

-- -- --
Hydration
CBSO,.lrnC
. .
h98t+ll&H:O
==GSO, z&$Y he@
calc~urris u l p k ~e tiemhydrate +water
+ aater - c a ' rri suphate dhydrate
-
- -
-
'
i,
- ---
&(W-
- --
Carbonat~cblndlng
+ cQ
= &cdP + ~ , b
hydrauc m e t carbon d o x d e
= l~rnestone+ water
4
- -- - -- -- - -- --- -
Hydraill~cb!nd!ng
2 (3-0 30.)A 6H.O
= 3 Ca 2 8 ~ ;3 ~
. , +
d 3Ca(OH),
t r ~ c a l c ~s~l r~~di t e+ % d k r
-
= caclurn sill( ate h j t i a t e t lijdraul~cm e
crnlally (reutral WMBUC
,
carbona to
- - I carbonatlr -- 1
I ~ ~ l s
- --
Hardening 1-20 hours
--11 ----
months to years
I
I
---
I
months
----- , i i
slakeable
approx. 28 days
I
m
- --
b -
leI nqt
slakeable
--/-.--- 28 days
decades
I I 1 natlon
icarbo
-- -
engneerlng g /I s lrns
---
natural gypsums I plt lime
-- --
I - - -I --
\Roman cement
.- t
I
I trass cement
I plaster rock I 'trass m e I
---- I -- 1 ------
- - ~
Hydraton \ ~ v . ~ ?I:;r chemcalv bound

~ a r b o r l a t o n= ~.:it:ton caused by the COX In the a r = prggressive, slow hardenng over a per~odof years
Roman cemep -
M~neralbinders
Gypsum Lime Cement

Calcined gypskms harden in air. The raw Quicklime (CaCO,, calcium oxide) and Cements s o d f y and harden both r l air
material, plaster rock, IS present in nature carbon dioxide (CO,) are formed when and under water. They are hydraul~c:bind-
as a dlhydrate (hydrous calcium sul- limestone (CaCO,, calcium carbonate) IS ers. Cements are made from I~mestone
phate) and as an anhydrte (anhydrous fired at temperatures below the sintering and clay, limestone being the major con-
calcium sulphate). It is fired in a rotary limit of 1250°C. The quicklime is slaked stituent. The hydraulic components - sili-
kiln either at low temperatures, of up to by adding water. The slaked lime con dioxide ( S I ~ , ) ,aluminium o x d e
300'C, or at high temperatures of up to (hydraulic lime. lime paste, c a l c u m (AI-03)and Iron dxide (Fe,O,) - are con-
1000°C. The water of crystallsat~onis hydroxide) almost doubles t s volume as it tained in the clay. The finely ground raw
completely or partially removed from the expands. Slaked l ~ m e(Ca(OH),) hardens marl meal is fired in a rotary k ~ l nat 800
plaster rock in t h s process. Anhydrous back to limestone (CaCO.) when mixing -145OCC to form cement clinker. Tha
gypsum I S formed by firing at low temper- water (H,O) is added, using C 0 2 from the cement clinker is ground to a f n e cement
atures, and plaster of Paris is formed by air. The water w h c h is liberated evapo- w ~ t hthe addition of plaster rock or anhy-
fir~ngat high temperatures, If the pow- rates. drite as a retarder.
dered gypsum IS mixed with water, the The hydration of the cement is due ro a
gypsum reacts exothermically with the reactlon between the cement p a r t c e s
water to form the raw material again, cal- and water. It begins as soon as water IS
cium sulphate d~hydrate(CaSO, 2 H 0 ) . added, generating heat. Gelaton starts at
the graln boundaries of the cement and
ends with the complete transformation of
the cement grain to hydrate.
The smaller the grains of cement, the

more rapidly the cement gel transforms to
solid hydrated cement. The hydration of
larger grains can take years. Dehyclration
can interrupt the hydration process, the
addit~onof water can reactivate ~ tThe
.
hardened product is water resistant.
Table
-
15 - f c a t o ~of
C a s s- i rn~neralb~ndersn t o rriateral groups
- -- -- - - -.
Mater~algroups ~ : i i ~ G h a s e s T t hbnder
e C l a s s f c a t o ~of
l bnders
- - - - - -- - - - - - -- -.
L ~ m eh~nders C;11::1um oxde, CaC - ~ulckllrne
Cacu~n hydroxde. C a ( 0 H ) Hydraul~cline
Hydrauc carbde m e
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -
Calcum s111cate .
Tr~cacurn s ~ l ~ c a t3e ,CaO S O - (C,S)' Portland cements
b~nder .
D c a l c u m slcate. 2 CaO S O (C,:;)' Portland cements w t h
~lteryroundmaterals
.
T r ~ t a c u maumnate, 3 CaO Al 0, (C A)'
.
A!urnnate f e r r t e phase, 2 CaO ( A i l , Fe-0) (C-(A. F) Cements w ~ t hnterground
-
materials
- - - -
. - - - - - - - - - -
C a c u n i aumnate Monocalc~uma ~ l r n n a t e CaO
. A,Cl (CAI'. H g h alumna cement
briders
-- - - - -
Cajciul~ld~aium~nate,
- -
.
CaO 2Al-0, , k ~ - )
-- - - - -- -
Aluminous cernent
- -
Calcum sunhate C;rI:ium CaS,O. . 1 2 H 0
suuhate liern~hvdrate. Gvwsum b~nder
binder An?ydr~te.C ~ S O ~ n h ~ d rbnder
te -
'The type of hardenng of the mneral bnders can be
S111catebnder P:):assirrn water glass, K,,O nSiOZ . HzO Potassum water glass deduced from the materal group to w h ~ c hthey he-
S l c a t e of soda
-
- -
- --- -- --- - lonq. The class~f~caton of the bnders accordnq to
I common abbrev1:ltlor lor c l ~ i k e rphases In slhcate chernstry ther mater~algroup I S g v e n In table 15.
Plasteringkendering systems, rules
Plastering,', 97dering system as the undercoat or base coat, the upper Exterior
layer as the finish coat or final rendering.
Internal plager. I [ External
The base coat levels any unevenness s~nglolayer rendering,
and absorbs any differences in stress multiple layers
between the surface being treated and i Base coat
the finish coat. It is coarser and rougher
than the finish coat. The water vapour
permeab~lityof plasters and rendering
I Fin~shcoat
I
-- 1-1 1
should be as high as possible and should II
-- -
1 lnstaat~onof heat increase from the interior to the exterior. Plastering I Plastering
I
I 7 -1 i I
bridges through
the nsuation
P/astering/rendering rules
or rendenng
system e g
P 1V b
I 1'
Al-
or rendenng
system
e.g. base
1 Ensure a mechanical bond between Plaster or coat P II +
-
renderng base finsh coat P I
the plaster and the surface materlal
L- -I=,
-
- Br~dgingd~mens~onally
(scratch out any seams, coarse
-
i --
- _I- .I
stable components
using lathwork
machine-applied plaster);
- -
1,
-
- -
-1 2 Use only coarse aggregates for differences of more than 5 mm in the
I
machine-applied plaster and base coat thickness of the plaster layer, then two
plaster; layers of plaster must be used. The differ-
3 Forceful throwing of machine-applied ences in thickness would otherwise
- =I_?
seals agalnst
ground damp
Dranage of water
1 plaster and base coat mortar;
4 Check whether the surface requires
cause stresses in the plaster system
lead~ngto cracking.
away from bullding pre-wetting (especially for lime mortar
-- in the summer months); 16 Undercoat plaster I S applled
17 The undercoat plaster IS levelled uslng a darby
5 Ensure the strengths of the plaster and 18 The undercoat plaster IS combed
surface are compatible. The plaster 19 The f ~ n s hcoat I S a p p e d
should not be stronger than the sur- 20 The f n s h coat I S levelled w ~ t ha toothed darby
21 Dependng on the type of f ~ n s hcoat the surface
face, otherwise the plaster and not the 1s textured or scratched w ~ t happroprate tools
The layers c i plasterwork or rendering, surface will carry the load. 22 Requ~rementsof the plaster base
which, cor iilined together and depend- 23 Plaster systern
24 lnd~v~dual sk~nsof plaster gett~ngf~nerfrom the
ent on the base, fulfil the required charac- Most of the movement, whlch a building - bottom to the too laver.
terist~csot t i e plasterwork or rendering, experiences, occurs in the first few
are termec I :he plastering or rendering months after completion of the shell.
system. ,E! ,E n a single-coat rendering can Allowing an adequate waiting period
be consic :led a rendering system. A before commencing the plastering / ren-
coat or si, n of plaster or rendering is dering will reduce the risk of structural
deflned a: i i layer of one type of mortar damage. It can take up to two years for
applied i i cne operation (in one or more brickwork with a high level of residual
throwing-( r ) ,which is not yet set. Follow- moisture to dry out completely. The risk of
ing a peric lcl of one day per 1 mm plaster cracks appearing in the plasterkendering
thickness 2 second skin of the same due to shrinkage is very high. If exterior
thickness s applied. The drying time for rendering is carried out before the interior
overly the< layers of plaster must be plasterwork and the laying of screed
taken Into account during preparation of floors, this can be detrimental for the
the constr ~8:tion schedule. There are sin- quality of the plasterwork (cracking),
gle- and r ii~lli-layerplastering and ren- especially during the winter months.
dering s!~: t~?rns.The lower layer is known If the wall is uneven such that there are
Aggregates, admixtures, fillers
Aggregates The evenness of the plaster's colour is Mixing water

By volume, these make up the largest determined by the finer grades and the Water from the ~ u b l i cmains is suitable.
proportion of the mixed plaster and colour of the binder. Historic plasters
together with the binder therefore influ- generally contain aggregates that occur Aggregates and pigments
ence the quality-def~n~ng properties of the locally. This is often what makes them Aggregates and pigments increase the
plaster such as density, porosity, com- \unique. decorative potential of the mater~als.The
presslve strength and weather and frost surface of the facade obtains a depth and
resistance. Aggregates are classified Admixture clarity Intrinsic to the material. This variety
according to the~rstructure and purpose: Adm~xturesare partly manufacturer-spe- is best observed In historical plasterwork.
dense structure: sand, crushed sand, cific: each manufacturer has his own reci-
gravel, granular materials pes and patents. They are added to influ- There are many different styles of plaster-
- porous structure: pumice, tuff, ence the properties of plastering mortars, ing and rendering - even today there is a
expanded clay, crushed brick e.g. their water-repelling capability, large varlety of hand-crafted styles in
hydraulic: trass, pozzoulana and san- porosity, adhesion with the surface, elas- addition to the standardised, crack-resist-
torn earth ticity and setting time. Admixtures are ant, easy-to-maintain, and guaranteed
- coloured: black basalt, schist, coloured irsually organic materials (see table impervious, but somewhat lacklustre
quartz sand, porphyry, green syenite "admixtures for plastering mortar", ready-mix plaster.
- glittering: mica, crushed shells, cullet appendix, p.lO1).
workable by a stonemason: shell lime-
stone, sandstone. limestone and tuffs- Additives
tone granulate. Additives are finely distributed additions.
1-hey influence the properties of the mor-
Specific textured finishes can be tar and, unlike admixtures, their volume
obtained by careful selection of the type rnust be taken to account. Additions may
and composition of sands. The way in only be used if they do not have a nega-
wh~chthe plaster is applied (by hand or t~veeffect on the mortar. They must not
mach~ne)has an influence on the recipe, change the strength and stab~l~ty of the
part~cularlythe use of coarse grades and mortar or the setting and hardening of the
admixtures. Coarse grades cannot be binder, or may only change these as
applied using a machine, but can easily expressly intended.
be applied by hand. A mixture of different
sizes of sand reduces the size of the F7llers
interst~ces(spaces between the individual These are rock and ceramic meals for
grains). The amount of binder required for thln-laminated ~lasters.
the particular aggregate mixture depends
on the mixture of sand sizes and the F7bres/reinforcing materials
shape of the grains - long, elongated or These materials improve bending and
compact. Compact grains have the best tensile strength and reduce the suscepti-
shape, and result in dense packing. The b'~l~ty
to cracking. Animal hairs, straw,
coarsest grade has the greatest Influence reed, shredded bast, wool and plant
on the texture of the plaster. f~breswere used as reinforcing materials
in historic plasters.
Mortar plgments, coloured plaster and rendering
Mortar pigments Any paint or coating [nust be chosen to

According to DIN 53 237, only light-fast, su~tthe plaster system In use. The wrong
lime-fast and cement-fast pigments may paint could ruin the whole plaster system
be used for coloured plasters and render- If, for example, llme plaster is coated with
ing Pigments may oniy be added In a sealing paint, then CO, cannot be
quantities whrch do not affect the ability of exchanged with the alr and water cannot
the mortar to bind (up to 5?h of the quan- transported to the exterior. Both of these
tity of dry hinder) The more dry powder processes are essent~alfor the graduai
pigment is added, the dryer the mix wrll hardenrng - over a perlod of years - of
become. Strong colours which requlre a iime plaster, which has the abil~tyto heal
large quantity of pigment are therefore itself when fine cracks form during hard-
something of a problem. As an alterna- ening The sealing coating chokes the
tive, plaster coloured with organlc or min- plaster, whrch means that the plaster
eral pigments is used as a finish coat, or sands off beneath the coating, losng its
a coloured paint is used strength. In extreme cases, more water is
There are organic plgments, whch are taken up when it rains than can dry out
usually chemcally manufactured, and again through the coating. For a lime
inorganic pigments, whrch are normally of plaster with a hrgh capillarity. t h ~ smeans
mlneral origin. that it becomes soaked through and, figu-
ratrvely speakrng, "drowns" According to
The following are considered to be natu- DIN standards, plasters and renders gen-
ral pigments, e g.: erally have a lifetime of 50 years. This
Earth prgrnents, cleaned, dried. finely plaster, however, would be rurned wrth~n
ground ores (yellow ochre, iron oxide, a very short period of t~me.
sienna etc.),
Mineral p~gmentsmade by heating The colour shade of the plaster should
sulphur, clay, soda (ultramarine blue, not be neglected. Even lighter shades
vine black etc.), have a hlgher surface temperature than
- Spinel pigments. volcanic minerals plain whrte due to d~ffuseradiation, allow-
(spinel yeilow, spinel orange, spinel rng the plaster to dry more quickly after
blue etc.) rain, This prevents, among other things.
algal growth.
A wide range of colours can be achreved
uslng coloured plaster alone All plastering
mortars can be coloured. Historic plaster-
work can be a source of inspiration. Lime
plaster wlth ground charcoal. for example,
is a beautiful shade of grey. If the correct
blnder, responsible for the weather resist-
ance of piasters, is chosen, then no paint
is necessary Coloured mineral and srlicate
plasters may, however, dry to a cloudy fin-
rsh. This is not a technical defect and is
therefore not a valid ground for complaint. 25 Dfferent types, s z e s arid textllres of aggregates
To reduce drscussions about guarantees, 26 Fillers
27 M c a flake a d d t ~ v e s
however, many manufacturers and crafts- 28 Coloured pgments
men recommend an equalising coat. 29 P~gmentm~lI
Requirements of the plaster/renderrng
DIN 4108 (11) lrsts three classes of exte- The capillary structure (absorbency of the following princrpals: the smaller the
rior rendering for protection against rain render~ng)is not only defined by the type w-value, the greater the s,-value can be,
and moisture These are defined by the of binder, aggregates and mixirig and the so that moisture absorbed during rainfall
amount of rainfall and the strength of the hardening during application, but most can be given off by diffus~on;if the ren-
wlnd. importantly by the afterhardening proc- dering IS more absorbent (higher
Group I: no special requirements esses. The same applies for the strength w-value), a smaller so-value is therefore
Group II: water-resistant of the rendering. Keeping rendering w\th required.
Gro~rpIll: water-repellent carbonatic and hydraulically harden~ng
b~ndersmoist, for example, promotes An important prerequisite for the evalua
Classification is with reference to the r a n hardening. If the mixing water enters the tion of the protection against rain is the
fall map. The selectron of a surtable surface material too quickly, the render- deterrnrnation of w and s, on the same
render~nglcoatingsystem w~ththe ing will dry out or fire on, resulting In poor surface sample. The maxlmum w- and
required protection against rain must be strength. In carbonatic hardenrng, the s,-values are lrmited so that excessive
based on the regional conditions, the bonding of CO, from the air together with water uptake or excessively long drying
annual rainfall and the he~ghtof the build- H,O is responsible for the afterhardening periods are avoided. According to DIN
ing. According to Helmut Kijnzel, the rain over a period of years. 18550, the following is valid for water-
protection properties of a wall are evalu- repellent exterior rendering:
ated from its change from wet lo dry and The requirements for water-repellent .
w s, 1 0 . 2 kg/(mW5)
vice versa. The frgures derived from these renders, which were specified in the w i 0.5 kgl(m2h")
processes are I ) the water absorption Plastering and Rendering Standard DIN s<, 12.0m
coefficient (w) of the plaster, which gives 18550 part 1 , pl.rblished in 1985, are for-
us information about the water absorptiori mulated by Kunzel priniarily on the basis
when the wall IS subjected to rain, and 2) of tests carried out with synthetic resln
Rendering witli no spec~alI-equirements
the diffusion-equivalent air layer thrckness plasters. This DIN specification defines 6*-,1 11!k,1 ii it; 1 ~ 4 1 :I I,]CI to :CI .i 17-,-11,2, , 1 1 o 1 i ,JICI.II' I :-
(sn)which describes the drying process the properties required of water-repellent ,I;P?-.~'
:: ~t~:e,(t>t--o! 1 11 n:is 1 \*<,7:ei d!h:t;, to,
,8:c,l <,? -, :. I l , ~ - l ~ ~ I1
,,.#?,?I,\ , l ~ 1l
exterior rendering. According to Kunzel. The rendering 1s neither water-resistant nor water-re
the numbers given are based on the pellent
Table 31 Table 32
Comparison of the carrlary water absorption Gl&f&,61:jhe randadng types amwdlng to r e . ~ n & , ' b ~ p o s I ~use
n ,and
, ?ater absorption
accordinq to the old DIN 18550 standard and the new
-- __
Mode of act~on Compos~ton Uselproperties
. - Water absorption c:oefficent
EN
-- 998-ifstandard
-- -- -- .---. .- --- -- w-value
- requirement group --- -------
DIN
--
18550
.-- .- -- --
EN 998-1' Render~ngw ~ t h Lime cement rendering w b f l n g ri~mftid, > 2 , d k ~ h : 1 - *
Water-resistant W 1 c s 0.4 k g / h ~ f i m ( ~ ~ no specral requirements Llme render~ng k+~#!!ll,W:,~bstW
rendering system Non water-res~stant Gypsum rendering Fire-proof render~ng
w s 2.0 kg:mZh render~ng Loam render~ng Compartment mortar
- --
'
- - ~
S~lhcaterendering Compression renders

Water-repellent W2c '1 0.2 kginy m n q b S a c r ~ f ~ crender~ng
~al
render~ngsystem Poro~rsbase rendering
w s 0.5 kglm2h"
--.--. - .- - Shielding rendering
-- - - - - -~
' The prevlotis standarc) irn~tof rneasiirement m'h-' Water-resistant Lime cement render~nq Re~nforc~na render~na 2.0 kq/rn-h'
has been changed to m m ~ n ~. ~ i g h t w e ~ g renderrnj
ht
Renovat~onrender~ng
Crack b r ~ d n ~ nnlasters
a
ThWt'nally *g fenderrig --
Gteter-mpdls~ ~m%t-hmrsndrdng Renovation rendering 0.5 kg mLh's
c€$a
liry wffl0f- lBSin r ~ d e r i ~ iColoured render~ng
QI~IGoco~~c~
impw'~[~~ rmdenng C q B n t mRd~)rtn@p t llbl
K s n g water- Cement render~ng, Seal~ngrendering no absorpt~onof water
resistant rendering specially Plinth rendering Load scheme: Rising water
-*- ----- t e S W - -----.--
Rendering w~thno special requirements
Non water-resistant plasters / render~ng
Lime plaster/rendering frost cracking, as well as crystallising and

The term "lime plaster" or "lime rendering" hydrogenating salts. For this reason it is
is not exactly defined. Until the develop- often the weather side of an older build-
ment of the cement industry ~nthe 19th ing with historic plasterwork, which is best
century, multi-layer lime rendering sys- greserved.
tems were usual. The "classic" lime mor-
tar plasters are white lime plasters made A sufficient supply of CO, must be
with the quicklime (white hydrated lime) ensured for interlor plasterwork so that
from l ~ m epits. carbonation can occur. The h g h humidity
of the air in interior spaces must be taken
Mason's lime is the most important min- into account, The addition of puzzolanic
eral binder for plastering and rendering additives call increase the strength of
mortars. Lime plasters are used as base non-hydraulic limes. The Romans took
and finish coats, as interor plasters and advantage of this effect in their cement-
exterlor rendering, They can be used on l ~ k ematerial opus caementicium.
any absorbent, mineral surface.
If the hydraulic fraction of lime plaster is
An important factor in the manufacture of increased, the strength becomes increas-
the binders is the relationship between ingly s~milarto that of lime-cement plas-
the initial composition of the raw ingredi- ters. Hydraulic lime made by firing lime
ents and their firing temperatures. mar (limestone containing clay) at
Mason's lime is made by firing limestone 1200°C. lies somewhere between non-
(CaCO,) at a temperature below 1250°C. hydraul~clime and cement. Both relatively
The quicklime (CaO) which forms then soft non-hydraulic Ime mortars, which
reacts with water to form slaked lime, harden only via carbonation, and much
hydraulic lime, Ca(OH),. In the dry slaking stronger hydraulically harden~ngmortars
process, enough water is added to form a can be made froln lime. Hydraulic hard-
dry hydraulic lime powder. In the wet enlng can also take place under water.
slaking process, water is added in The great advantage of lime plasters is
excess, A hydraulic lime-water p~lttyis their very good vapour diffusiblity. Lime
formed, which can be stored as pit lime plasters are alkaline.
for longer periods of time. Plaster or ren-
dering made with pit lime is more flexible. The requirements of Mason's lime
according to DIN 1061-1. L~meplasters
Lime mortars which have only hydraulic belong to mortar groups P I and P II,
lime binders harden via carbonation. Car- according to DIN 18550.
bon dioxide (GO,) from the air combines
with the mixing water to form carbonic
a c ~ d(H,CO,), which reacts with the
slaked l~meto form limestone with lim~ted
water resistance. The water evaporates.
The lime cycle can also occur in the
opposite direction.
30 Ralnfaii m.11 s used to calculate the average an-
nual ra~nfall31:cordngto Porschniann (see also Using moisture and GO, from the air, lime
.-
p. 1 U2)
33 Trowel thro\ ,r f n ~ s has pure m e plaster plaster can combat the kfiects of weath-
34 The old to1.v I of Sanaa, Yemen erlng due to thermal deformation and
Plasterskendering with no special requirements
Non water-resistant plasters/rendering
Gypsum plasters ready-mix plaster of Paris, for hand should not be applied until a sufficient
Building plasters were standardised in plastering. drying period has passed, since the plas-
DIN 1168. The new European standard is ter will not adhere well to the plaster base
EN 13279. If gypsum is the active base Gypsum plasters are usually applied in if the base is too wet. Weakly absorbent
binder, then the requirements of the mor- one layer with a thickness of at least 1 cm. or non-absorbent plaster bases, in partic-
tar are defined here If non-hydraulic lime If more than one layer is applied then the ular smooth concrete surfaces, require
is the active base binder, then EN 998 lower layer must be combed while still the use of an adhesion agent.
applies. According to the old DIN stand- fresh. Gypsum plasters contain approx
ard 18550, gypsum plasters belonged to 20% chemically bound water by volume. Gypsum is chemically neutral and not
mortar group P IV and the requirements This is the reason for their good fire- strongly alkaline like cement mortar or
were as for this mortar group. This stand- resistance (material class A I). concrete, and therefore does not protect
ard has, however, been replaced by Gypsum plaster can be worked quickly steel or iron from rusting Corrosion will
EN 998: 2003. A classification by mortar and easily. It is mainly used as machine- occur if moisture is present Steel parts
groups is no longer included in the new applied plaster (fair-faced plaster) in inte- should be protected against rusting (with
standard rior spaces. It has the following positive a protective coating, or using galvanised
properties: breathable, good capillary steel parts and Rabitz lathing).
In principle, one can differentiate between force, moisture controlling, low thermal
gypsum plaster, sand gypsum mortar, insulation, warm surface, heat retaining, Gauged mortar plaster
gypsum-lime mortar, and lime-gypsum sound-damping, elastic, quick and con- Lime-gypsum-sand mixes were used as
mortar. Each of the gypsum plasters listed trolled setting, resistant to insect attack, mortars even in antiquity. The binder here
has a different mix ratio of gypsum, lime fire retardant, low manufacturing costs. is gypsum and lime. Lime-gypsum plaster
and sand. Gypsum plasters containing has been widely used since the introduc-
loam are also available for purchase. The Since gypsum is slightly water-soluble, tion of machine-applied plasters. Today,
loam is not used as a binder here, but is gypsum plaster is only used in interior dry factory-made mortars are generally
an aggregate used to colour the plaster. spaces. It is important that it is not contin- used, which are suitable for machine
ually exposed to moisture, or it will bloom, application.
The binder in gypsum plaster is mainly become friable and crumble away. Gyp-
gypsum (therefore EN 13279 applies). sum plaster cannot not be applied to Lime protects against attack, gypsum sta-
Building plasters with no additions added damp brickwork in old buildings without bilises and stiffens. Pure lime plaster has
by the manufacturer are: horizontal damp courses. This is because a low strength. The final strength is
anhydrous gypsum, of its open-pored structure with relatively increased by adding gypsum. Due to the
plaster of Paris (multi-phase gypsum). large capillaries, which transport water use of gypsum, these plasters are critical
This begins to stiffen sooner and yet is very quickly. On the other hand, this in wet conditions and are therefore used
workable for a longer period of time allows the plaster to dry rapidly. Gypsum for interior plasterwork, where the surface
than anhydrous gypsum. plasters set in a few hours or days is usually smoothed or polished. The lime
depending on their composition and content means that the plaster is caustic
Building plasters with additions added by harden to a continuous, strong plaster. during working.
the manufacturers contain plaster of They do not generally shrink and they
Paris, and anhydrous gypsum containing remain crack-free. Excess water evapo-
setting agents (retarders, solvents) to rates so quickly that the surface can be
achieve certain properties. Three plasters finished soon afterwards.
of Paris are listed below: Due to their high water-absorbing capac-
machine-applied plaster of Paris (fair- ity, very absorbent plaster bases such as
faced plaster), applied using a plaster aerated concrete walls, lime sand stone,
throwing machine; old brick walls or mixed brickwork must
Bond plaster of Paris, for hand plaster- be pre-wetted. If the construction mois-
ing on difficult surfaces; ture of the building is too high, the plaster
Plasters/rendering w~thno special requirements
Non water-res~stantplastershendering
Loam rnort:l~; from the top coat to the base, cannot n o r mortars, and are easy to use wlthout spe-
Loam is mzc E up of aluminium silicate (a nially be adhered to for loam plasters, cialist knowledge. Tools and machines do
product of -k e ~veatherlngof stones such because the protective finish coat is gen- not need to be cleaned very often, since
as sandstol, i,clay slate, granite, gneiss. erally harder than the loam base. They the loam does not set In the machine's
marl or loe: ) mixed with sand. Loam should therefore be reinforced, w ~ t hreed tubing. Loam rendering cannot fire-on
mortar liarclc ns by the evaporation of mats, for example.
water. Bontll i;I is purely mechanical: the Loam plaster preserves natural resources
fine fractior: t~ondwith the sand grains. and can be recycled by soak~ngin water.
Loam rendc:~r g is a mixture of loam, as a The manufacturing of loam requlres only
binder, and : w d s . Plan: fibres (wood 1 % of the primary energy required to
chppings, :;--:Iw) can be added as rein- make concrete.
forcement. .> I loams swell when water is
added and 5 i rlk when they dry, and this Molst loam causes steel and cast Iron to
can cause (:I 3::ks to form. The degree of rust. Tiles or coatlngs that hinder the dif-
change in vr ~tniedepends on the clay fusion of water vapour cannot not be laid
content anc h:? type of minerals in the on loam. The strength IS insufficient in any
clay (kaolinit1 ibsorbs llttle water, case. Loarn is also unsuitable for use In
mont~morillo7 tci swells extensively). Build- splash-water areas In wet rooms.
ing loam 1s c 3;sifled as non-combustible
and 1s incluti ?tl in material class A I . Loam plasters come in many different col
Loam render 13 has interior climate regu- ours frotn light ochre to a reddish. dark
lating properic s: it takes up moisture ochre depending on the area of origin.
from the air .37.11 releases it again. It is This creative potential can be expanded
also heat rei: i r n g . It 1s easy to work and by adding various aggregates such as
extremely ctif I: p. Further advantages are mother-of-pearl or black glass.
t s anti-allercl : properties and its ability to
absorb and : r cl smells (nicotine, ciga- Loam mortars are very adheslve; they
rette smoke). were formerly preferred for modelling and
for overhead work They can be plasti-
Loam mortal s only suitable for use as a cally moulded, can be worked for longer
base coat p l 5~~r or for interior plaster- periods of tlme than setting plastering
work. Suitabic ;iclditions such as dung,
fine flbres, c3 ;tiin or a special surface
treatment all Y the loam mortar also to be
used for bu111:r g elements exposed to
rain. Loam ri!l clering is open to diffusion
and has a hi3 i capillary conductivity, i.e.,
it must be pr: ~ c t e d with a sultable finlsh
coat of plastc? or pant. Lime plasters
from mortar (1 oups P I and sotne from P ll
are sultable l c * .lse as a finish coat for
loam bases. 3 ; long as the strength gra-
dlent accord r g to the plastering rule is &. --- ----*.
9: .
compatible W:I h the loam base coat.
.. T+z:*v+-.
. ...
. * . - -
.-
.
,
.
35 Gypsum plaster fnstiec~by hdnd
36 Gypsum plaster snioothed \r11tha sponge board
37 Layer slrircture n a loan- plaster sqsteln
The general t i Ic, of plastering, that the 38 P~grrlentsdloam f~rltshcoal
39 Loarn surface w t h black glass aggregate
strength of tile (r~lastershould Increase 41 40 Black glass aggregate
Water-resistant plasters/rendering
Water-resistant plasters/rendering with lower compresslve strength. These micro cracks, caused by movement of the
Water-resistant plasters/rendering are are ready-mix plasters with a high elastic- base material, to be healed. Plasters con-
used on the exter~orfor rain-protection ity and low thermal expansion. Their taining trass harden very slowly, however,
and in the interlor In wet rooms. They are water-repellent properties are achieved and must be kept molst for up to four
not su~tablefor waterproofing. They uslng admixtures. They conformed to the weeks, which is often seen as a disad-
reduce the water absorpt~onof the plaster mortar groups P I c and P II in the old DIN vantage during construction.
base. The following criterion is valid: standard. They contain mrneral aggre- Trass is added to concrete to make it
w 1 2.0 kg/m2hc5 gates (perlite, expanded clay, frothed more dense and durable (by b~ndingthe
This requirement is fulfilled by lime- glass) or organic light aggregates excess lime).
cement piasters (MG P i), cement plas- (expanded polystyrene). These aggre-
ters (P Ill) and also by lime plasters, but gates make them thermally insulating, Latent hydraulic materials
the latter only In combination with a lime- They should not be confused, however, Latent hydraulic materials Pozzoulana is
cement plaster as a base coat or with with thermally ~nsulatingplasters. regarded as a latent hydraulic additive
admixtures which reduce the uptake of and is not as finely ground as trass. It
water. Water-repellent properties are Trass-lime plasters reacts slowly with the binder (lime or
achreved by the use of admixtures (AM). Volcanic tuffs contain reactive silicic acid. cement).
These ~nclude: This reaction can only take place if lime is
Lime-cenle~~t plasters 1 Pozzoulana and santorin earth; vol- present. A cement-like bond IS formed in
The mortars in lime-cement plasters con- canic tuffs already known in antiquity, this way. Adding ground brick produces
tain mason's lime and cement or emi- from Pozzuoli near Naples and from the similar properties. The Romans used this
nently hydraulic lime as a binder. Mix Greek island of Santorini. reaction to their advantage, ensurlng that
ratros are lard down in the DIN standards. 2 Trass, DIN 51 043, ground volcanic their harbour structures and bridge foun-
In the old DIN standard 18550-2, limestone. dations hardened to become waterproof,
cement plasters were assigned to the even under water. Vitruvius wrote: "( ...) a
mortar group P II b. Trass IS the best binder due to its resist- dusty earth, whlch by nature has admira-
ance to blooming and ~ t sdurability in ble properties, can be found (...) on the
Lightweight p/asters/rendering moist or wet conditions. Trass-lime plaster mountain of Vesuvius (...)." (Pollio, Marcels
These are a type of lime-cement plaster. IS known as the highest quality and most Vitruvius, Zehn Bircher uber Architektur,
If plasters with high compressive strength durable plaster and is suitable for all Valentin Koerner, Baden-Baden, 1987).
are applied to lightweight masonry, this uses. It is more durable than l~meand The word "trass" comes from the Dutch
goes agarnst the plastering rule. Since cement plasters, it prevents bloomlng by "Tyrass", meaning "cement".
today's wall materrals are becoming binding excess lime insolubly. It also pre-
softer and softer due to thermal insulat~on vents the movement of water required for
considerations, there are problems using salt blooming. It IS therefore Ideal for plas-
conventional rendering. In order to ensure terlng damp, old brickwork. Overly saii-
sufficient weather resistance of the nized old brickwork, however, can only
porous lightweight masonry, rendering is be treated by using renovation rendering.
required, which contains a binder with a
water-resistant function. The resistance to Trass itself does not directly react with
weather and water increases with an water, but only sets slowly, as an exciter,
increase rn the cement binder content. with lime (white lime, hydraulic lime or
Cernents, however, are stiff, which means free lime which IS found additionally in
that the rendering becomes too hard. cement). Trass lime mortars have a high
Lightweight plasters and rendering that initial strength and years of afterharden-
conform to EN 998-1(formerly DIN ing increase their compresslve strength to 41 Applying the f ~ n s hcoat plaster by ma-h~ne
42 Applylng cement-lime plaster as a base coat
18850-4) have proven themselves in thls a level approaching that of cement. This plaster by rnach~neon mach~ne-plasteredbrick-
respect; they are suitable for surfaces slow development of strength allows work
Water-repellent plasters/render~ng
Water-repellerit plasters/rendering Exterior cellar walls, however, are respon-

Plasters and rendering are considered sible for vert~calseaiing where they are In
water-repellent if their water absorpthon contact whth the ground They must be
coefficient (w-value) IS 0.5 kg/mLh"'.. constructed using mortars with hydraulic
The mortar is made water-repellent ushng binders, which react with water to
hydrophobic admixtures (AM), e. g become almost as hard as cement. The
oleates, stearates or silicones The capil- water is chemically bound (hydration).
lary transport of water is lowered such The hydrates formed are not soluble in
that the plaster/rendering is impervious water and therefore protect against water.
to capillary water. Water-repellent render- During the f~ringof l~mesthat contain ciay,
ing is used anywhere where the brick- compounds are formed from the CaO of
work, or the composite ~nsulat~on system the lime and the hydraulic fractions of the
beneath the plaster, must be protected clay (silicic acid, SiO.,, alumina. Al,O, and
from moisture. Iron oxide, Fe,O>). ~ i d r a u l i clime and
cement set in the absence of air and pro-
Cement-iime plasters/render;ng duce high strength mortars that harden
Cement-lime mortars contain cement and quickly, but are difficult to work and
hydraulic lime binders, and sand as the mould. They absorb only a small amoLlnt
aggregate. Hydraulic lime is lhme which IS of moisture from the air compared to
dry-slaked in a factory (In a slak~ngdrum building plasters and anhydrite binders,
with steam) to forrn a powdered slaked which are easy to work and absorb larger
Ihme. amounts of moisture from the alr and are
therefore unsuitable for use in wet rooms.
Cement plaster/render~ngis generally st~ff
and cracks easily. If used as an exterior Cement-l~meplasters and rendering
rendering, the hair cracks soak up water, belong to mortar group P Ill of the old
which can lead to frost damage and DIN 18550 standard and have a tninimum
damp walls. The vapour permeability and compressive strength of 10 N/mm2
water absorption is low. The addition of (The compressive strength of pure non-
lime causes cement plaster to lose its hydraulic lime mortar is comparatively
stiffness and strength, since iime IS highly very low at 1 N/mm2.)For older bu~ldings,
elastic. Lime is breathable, moisture con- lightweight masonry or as the finish
trolling and has a good capillary force coat on older plastered surfaces. the
The beneficial properties of both binders compressive strength of cement-lime
can be united by mix~ngthem in plaster plaster can be too high. For external
Lime plasters, for example, which have a plinth rendering it can be reduced from
high hydraulic fraction, are rnore s~milarto 10 N/mm2 to 5 N/mm), provided that the
the cement-lime plasters mentioned here water-repellent property IS assured. In
in respect of their strength. accordance with the plaster~ngrule, the
Young's modulus and compressi?ie
strength of the rendering must be lower
than that of the rendering base If the ren-
dering is harder than the base, then the
rendering will carry the load, where actu-
ally the base is intended to carry the load
Water-repellent plasters/rendering
Renovation plasters ing effect of the salts.

Renovation plaster systems are used In Determ~nationof the type, and condi-
the renovation of buildings and the pres- tion of the brickwork with respect to its
ervation of monuments. These are plas- suitability as a plasteri~igbase. a S~I:;Z& brckwork w ~ t ha borehole seal
ters with high porosity and vapour perrne- b Mach~neappl~edplaster
c Undercoat
ability and slgnificantly reduced capillary A single-layer renovation plaster system d Renovation plaster
conducllv~ty. must be at least 2 cm thick. The total e F ~ n ~ scoat
h
thickness of a two-layer renovation plaster .. f., Coloureci palnt
Renovation plasters are made from system should not be greater than 4 cm.;;
premrxed dry mortars in accordance with If the clndercoat is to serve as a salt trap,
47 Texturng of tlie surface w ~ t hthe srnoothng
DIN 18557,,,They Iiave been lncluaed in ~tIS known as a porous base coat. Equal- trowel
the EN 998-1standard since September ising and porous base coats are not
2003. water repellent ...They have a h~gher
porosity and a higher strength than reno-
Damp brickwork is usually contaminated vation plasters
with salts, which are damaging to build-
ing mater~als.Renovation plasters form Accord~ngto EN 998-1: 2003 (D) renova-
bloom-free surfaces on damp brlckwork.. tion plaster mortar falls into the compres-
They have salt-resistant hydraulic bindek sive strength category CS I1 (1.5 to
and are water-repellent. The pores are 5.0 N/nim2): The capillary ~ ~ p t a kofewater,
formed by tensides and light aggregates.. c, ~fused on exterior walls must be
The cap~llariesof the renovation plaster c 2 0.3 kg/mQfter 24 hours, the water
draw the salt solution from the brlckwork, penetration after testlng the uptake must
The hydrophobe elements in the renova- be 2 5 mm, the vapour permeabil~tycoef-
tion plaster prevent the salt solution from ficrent I 15.-:
penetrating the plaster by more than
5 mm. The water evaporates there and Further rising damp is prevented by a
reaches the surface of the plaster as borehole seal forming an additional hori-
water vapour. The salts crystall~sein the zontal damp course.
cap~llariesand pores of the plaster.
A complete renovation plaster system

consists of machlne-applied plaster.
undercoat, renovatlot- plaster, finish coat
and coloured palnt. Apart from the reno-
vatlon plaster, each of the other compo-
nents may be left out, depending on the
case in hand.
The following tests must be carr~edout

before maintenance works can begin:
Deterinination of the cause of the
damp, and calculation of the molsture
equil~briurn
Determlnat~onof the water-soluble
salts, whlch are damaglng to building
materials, and evaluation of the damag-
Water-repellent plasters
S~nfhef~ 1.f cs ii plasters Table 2 of the DIN standard defines the Sil~cateplasters
The coat~r~: I naterlals of synthetics resin types of coat~ngmaterials Sil~cateplasters contair? potassium water
plasters a.1 llso subject to monitoring in P Org. 1 Exter~orrendering and interior giass as a binder and up to 5% alkali-
the same P 3)' as factory-made mortars plasterwork resistant polynler dispersion additions
The required properties must be proven P Org. 2 Interlor plasterwork Hardening occurs by the reaction of CO;
by the ma.7 J acturer. This is laid out in froni the air (sil~ficatlon)and by evapora-
DIN 185511 Synthetic resin plasters are differentiated t ~ o nof the water (see sillcate paints.
Accordinc c this DIN standard, synthet~c by their surface appearance as follows: p. 66). Because of their binaer, srlicate
resin plasic -:, are coatlngs which look scraped fin~sh,float finish, ridged finish. plasters are strongly alkaline and are
like plaste- 1i-ley are made of organic spray plaster, coloured stone plaster. therefore largely resistant to soil~ng.The
binders ar ( ~llerslaggregatesin the form modelling plaster and painted plaster binder is mineral and they are therefore
of a polyn-t , :jlspersion or solut~on.The These are imitations of plaster textures class~fiedas material class A 2 When
ag gregates 2 re mineral and/or organlc, The imitat~onscraped fln~sh1s particularly working with this plaster, alkali-sensitive
and the r n ~2-ity
i of the gralns notable, because approximately one third surfaces (e g. giass, ceramic, metal)
are > 0.25 r ?In.Synthetic resin plasters of the plaster applied in a hand-finished must be masked.
do not cort ii-\ inorgan~cbinder fractions DIN-standard mineral scraped f ~ n ~ sish
such as ctr ?lintor lime and are therefore then scraped off agaln This way of work- As a result of the~rh ~ g hshr~nkagefactor,
not alkaline 1-hey are elastic and are ing is not possrble with the thin 5 rnm potasslum water glass bound plasters
often used c 'r :;oft surfaces (insulating layer of a synthet~cresin fin~shcoat. may only be applied In thin layers They
sheeting) I :ontrast to mineral plasters, requlre a silicating base surface, s ~ l c has
synthet~cre ;i I plasters dry only by evap- Silicone resin plasters mineral plaster, concrete or f~brecement.
oration of t? ? water or solute fractlon These have not been subject to any spe- They are mainly used on exterior surfaces
They have 2 I m e r pH value, which cial standards as yet, i.e.,they are not as a finish coat on I~me-cementbase
means thai t s poss~blefor algae and standardised. The binder is a silicone coats, but can be used in interror spaces,
mould to g -( ' v i on their surface. The man- resln emulsion with a srnall fraction of a although not at the base of a wall. In addi-
ufacturers ' 1 frefore add water-soluble, polymer dispers~on.Further ~ngred~ents tion, they can be used as a final coat in
non-biodeg~3Jable blocides Synthetic are pigments, fillers, texturing aggregates compos~teinsulation systems They are
resln plaster j are supplied ready to use. and admixtures that improve the workabil- noted for the~rgood vapour permeab~lity
They are ust,cl exclusively as a flnlsh coat ~ t yThe higher filler content means that (p5-30). and high res~stanceto water
with a thickr 3;s of 0.5-6.0 mm and these plasters can be applied in relatively and ac~dicmaterials. They are therefore
require a b3 ; c i coat. thick layers. When they have dried. they extremely weather-resistant and have a
look similar to mineral plasters S~licor~e lony service l ~ f eOn exterior surfaces,
The coatinc~ s applied to a base coat of resin plasters have a high vapour perme- potasslum water glass bound plasters are
mortar with r livieralb~nders,or directly abil~ty( ~ 3 0 - 7 0 )and good water-repellent often hydrophobed on account of their
onto concret 3 The base coat plaster properties. The synthetic resln plasters intrinsic high water absorption They are
must fulfil thi erms and requirements described above and silicone resin plas- also supplied as a ready-to-use paste-like
def~nedin E l I 398-1, formerly DIN 18550 ters are both assigned to material class 8 mass
parts 1 and : The synthetrc resin coating due to their organlc binder content. These
must be resi t 3nt to alkalines, due to the fin~shcoats are also ready-to-use, paste-
alkal~nen a t ~E of the base coat plaster. like masses, wh~chcan be applied to all
The combin? ti 211of different skins of plas- dry, stabie surfaces straight from the pot
ter is also kn )L5inas a plaster system in
this case
Cement plasters It must be taken into consideration that
Cement plasters are made from mortars the strength of the skins of plaster should
that make use of Portland cement as the either be the same, or should decrease
binder and quartz gravel and quartz sand somewhat from the base to the top layer
as aggregates. They are stiff and there- For exterior cellar walls, which have a
fore suscept~bleto cracking, and have lower strength than the cement mortar,
only limited water permeabil~ty.The mixed the compressive strength of the mortar
plaster IS coarse-grained and slnce ~t can be reduced from 10 N/mm2 to
does not contain lime it is difficult to 5 N/mm2 In this case, ~t1s imperative
mould. that the water-repellent properties of the
mortar be ensured by uslng suitable
The aggregate must be dense and coni- adm~xturesCare should be taken to
pression-proof so that a high packing ensure that there is always a good
density can be achieved in the ideal mechanical bond between the individual
case. These plasters are therefore water- layers of plaster, achieved by roughing
tight and resistant to frost damage. or felting the base coat plaster.
DIN 18550 asslgns purely cement plas-
ters to mortar group P I l l b The~rm~ni- Cement plasters are also used in interior
mum compressive strength is 10 Nlmm, spaces to plaster wet rooms. According
Purely cement plasters are water-repel- to the old DIN standard 18550, domest~c
lent and ~mpervio~is to capillary water on kitchens and bathrooms are not class~fied
account of their composition as wet rooms.
By adding additives, which further

increase the dens~ty,they can even
become impervious to w i n g water. For
these plasters, additional qualification
tests are requ~redSince they are res~st-
ant to r~singwater, they are used as a
sealing layer aga~nstwater. Purely
cement mortar plasters are only su~table
for use on high strength surfaces and for
very abrasion-resistant and splash-water
suscept~blebuilding elements.
Only pure cement tnortars from mortar

group Ill may be used In contact with the
soil. for plastering below the damp-proof
course, and as a carrler for sealing slur-
nes. Th~scategory includes exterlor cellar
wall plasterwork and exterior plinth ren-
dering. Exterior pllnth rendering is contin-
ued up to a he~ghtof at least 30 cm
above ground level. The transition to the
lime-cement (mortar plasterwork is marked
with a trowel joint
Plasters for seecific uses
Plasters for specific uses ish coat 1s not too thlck and the compres-
Plasters for specific uses were listed in sive strength of the finlsh coat does not
Internal
the DIN standard 18550 part I . These exceed certain limits. The two layers must
plasterlng are: Thermal insulating plaster, plasters be designed to be perfectly compat~ble.
as fire proofing or with a higher radiation As well as for improving thermal insula-
meml absorptlon. Sacrificial, compression, de- tion, thermal insulating plaster is also
ifWaflng laster
~baseGWt salting and sound-absorbing plasters are used on particularly difficult surfaces. As
also listed. The new EN 998-1standard, a light plaster base coat, it reduces the
section 3.5.6. classifies thermal insulating susceptlblity to cracking by uncoupling
plasterlng mortars (T) as mortars with the finish coat and the brlckwork. For this
specific thermal insulating properties, reason, insulating plaster systetns ideally
according to the suitability tests. compliment lightweight masonry, for
example, serving as a capillary, mlneral
Thermal insulating plasters skin of plaster that is open to diffusion.
Thermal insulating plasters are mineral-
bound, very light, soft plasters with low Sacrificial plasters
thermal conductivity (10.2 W/(cm K) These plasters draw salts out from damp
according to DIN).Thermal insulating brlckwork and are then removed (sacri-
plaster systems are manufactured as a ficed) after 1 to 2 years depend~ngon
premixed dry mortar and were Subject to thelr saturat~on.Sacrificial and compres-
the regulations set down in DIN 18 517 sion plasters should not be confused with
(3) if they had a polystyrene aggregate. If renovation plasters. They do not contain
they contained other aggregates (frothed salt-resistant binders and are not water-
glass or perlite), thls standard d ~ not
d repellent. Quite the opposite - they are
apply. Approval by the building authori- usually very porous, capillary-action, car-
ties was reauired. bonltically-bound mortar groups. Their
low strength is necessary in order to ease
Thermal insulating plaster forms a seam- their removal after desalting. without dam-
less, homogeneous layer, which is flexible aging the treated surface. There are no
and levels out any unevenness. It is guidelines covering rerlovat~onplasters,
always used as a base coat plaster and therefore the purpose of thelr use should
48 Exteror cel a' walls wlth ~nachine-applied plaster
as a bast I )r ~ementplaster must be combined with a finish coat plas- be considered on a case by case basis.
49 Wlndow c c :rtdng, prepared tor thermal lnsulatlng ter to protect it from mechanical damage Good customer advlce should make it
plaster of r- a < n u mthckness 12 cm
50 Frothed gk 3 : . granulate as an aggregate and weathering. In the ideal case, a stlp- clear that sacr~ficialplaster has a short life
51 Thermal I ~ I :~l:ittonplaster system on a slngie- pled finish is used. and that its renloval is part of the renova-
shell brlcl J: I wlth a corrugated plaster base.
According to DIN standards, the following tion process. If sacrificial plaster is not
Thermal c o n d ~t,,lty~ [ n comparlson applies: removed, there is a danger that the sali-
EPS, i. = 0.04%: (I 1-K) base coat plaster: nized plaster will remaln on the brickwork
Thermal i i s u l a t 1s plaster aggregate.
EPS. i. = 0.07 %; ( r r K 1 d = min. 20 mm-max. I00 mm for too long. The protection of the brick-
Thern~ai~ n s u i a tI: ~ piaster aggregate. fin~shcoat: work is then no longer guaranteed.
Perl~te:i. = 0.03 N lm-K)
Thermal nsulat IG plaster aggregate.
d = min. 8 mm-max. 15 mm
Perlte + frothe: g ass: i. = 0.04 w;(rn-K)
Finish coats are generally harder than
Requred tti~ckli~:sses, comparlson of thermal plasters
e s .W/(m2K)
wlth d e n t ~ c a( 1 - l ~ l ~ ~1.49 thermal insulat~ngbase coats. The plas-
2.0 cm therma I 1: u at~ngplaster aggregate. EPS tering rule, that the plaster should not be
3.5 cm therma I atlng plaster aggregate: Perllte
6.0 cm therma I is~r,atingplaster aggregate. Perlte + harder than the base material, does not
frothed glass apply here. Th~sworks, as long as the fin-
External thermal insulation coniposte systems
External fhermal ii~sulationcomposite As part of the exterior wall construction, ment or w ~ t h nthe ETlCS system itself
systems (ETICS) the ETlCS system 1s subject to local build- must be prevented. Dew point calcula-
Compos~teinsulation systems have been Ing regulations These requlre, among tions are required at an early stage, there-
on the market since about 1970. These other things, the follow~ngfire protection fore, to determ~nethe required thickness
systems are based on the principle that ratlngs: of the insulating material layers In addi-
specific, compatible materials are Bullding at least < 2 full storeys t~on,the system must be adequately pro-
"bonded" together and attached to the class B 2 (normal flammable) tected from driving rain with a water-
brickwork as a package to improve insu- Building > 7 full storeys repellent renderrng. *
lation. Composite insulation systems con- class B 1 (flame resistant)
sist of at least three layers: high-rise building, building 1 2 2 m n It should not be forgotten that the installa-
thermal ~nsulat~ng layer, height tion of an ETlCS system on a heat-retain-
reinforcing layer, plaster mass and class A (non-flammable) ing solid construction will result in less
embedded piaster mesh, solar energy being absorbed. The system
final coat, weather protection. Due to the requ~rementsof the fire regula- cools down in the evening and moisture
tions, mineral wool sheets are often used from the surrounding air can condense on
There are no standards for these sys- as insulation. They are incombustible the cold facade, causing condensation
tems; the individual components are sub- (belong to material class A 1 j , their cor-
ject to approval by the building authori- ners and edges are stable and they are
ties. Accordingly, only closed systems dimensionally exact.
may be used. Mixed systems using third- Mineral foam (calcium silicate) sheets are
party components are not covered by the also in common use. They are made of
manufacturer's guarantee. inorgan~ccomponents, quartz meal
(sand), hydraulic lime and cement They
The most common €TICS systems are: are completely free of fibres, incombusti-
- rigid foam sheet~ng(polystyrene or ble, and open to diffusion
poiyuretharie) with a mineral plaster Perimeter plates are used at the base of
system or synthetic resin/silicone buildings. These are rigid foam sheets
plasters with a higher resistance to mechanical
mineral f~breInsulating mater~alswith a loading from the pressure of the soil and
mineral plaster system which are ~nsens~tive to spray water
cork insulat~ngsheets with a mineral
plaster system Insulating materials rnade from polysty-
reed insulating sheets with a mlneral rene, timber, cork or reed are assigned to
plaster system either mater~alclass B 1 or B 2.Plasters
w~thorganic binders are generally
52 Construct~unof an ETlCS syste~rlw ~ t l rnlneral
i
The insulating elements are fixed directly classed as class B 1 materials; silicate wool insulat~on
to a load-bearing surface usng adhes~ve, and mineral plasters as class A. ETlCS M~neralwool sheets
systems with niineral fibre insulation and Re~nforc~ny woven mater~al
or are anchored using insulat~onfasten- Re~nforcngmortar
ers Since heat budges are then formed, a final coat of synthetic resin plaster are Cover~rigcoat
depending on the material, screws with also considered class 6 1 materials. 53 Layer system oi a ETICS system w!th r ~ g ! foam
d
nsu~at~on
plastic heads must be used. If the sur- R ~ g ~foam
c l lnsulaton
face is very uneven and has no load- The ETlCS system must be self-support- Reriforcny woven mater~al
ing and able to absorb the force of the Re~lifot-c~ngmortal
bearing capacity, rail systems are often Cover~ngcoat
used, so that the existing surface materiai wind Changes in temperature and 54 Hammer screw, the coiours ~ n d c a t ethe d~tferent
need not be removed or pre-treated vapour pressure have a sign~ficanteffect lengths, outs~deright. an ~nsulat~onfastener
55 Screw dowel
on the system. The formation of conden- 56 Insulatiori dlsk
sation on the surface of the build~ngele- 57 Anchorng depths
Plug fixing
Depending 21 the base surface, the type complied, slnce declslons must always the fastener head (see f15 57). The bore
of nsulatior and the height of the burld- be made on a case-by-case basis hole must be at least 10-15 mm deeper
ing, differ~rt fastening systems can be depending on the insulation material than the anchoring depth to allow the
used to fix t 11: ETlCS system. The sim- used, the condition of the background screw to penetrate the end of the plug
plest and c leapest method is using and the height of the building. Only plugs/ and take up the drill dust. The maximum
adhesives 4 suitable surface should be dowels approved by the building regula- bearing length depends on the thickness
strong, dr)', and free of dust and grease. tion authorities may be used as fasteners. of the insulation, the adhesive layer and
The abras c n resistance of the surface These are marked as such by the manu- any non-load bearing old layers. The
should be z t east 0 08 N/mm. The more facturers. If dowels/plugs are used, which length of the fasteners varies from 75 to
uneven the 3ackground, e.g. in older are not approved for use with that particu- 340 mm. They are used in a bolted con-
build~ngsot renovation projects, the more lar system, then the guarantee and there- struct~onThe insulation or the rail is
likely it is tli 31 the insulation blocks must fore also the manufacturer's liability for drilled wlth the same diameter hole as the
also be m e :hanically fixed. Some materi- the entire system expire. surface material.
als, e.g. mlt E ral wool sheets, require
additional s2:uring independent of the The d~fferenttypes of fasteners are Hammer screw: Suitable for use with all
condition oi t i e surface. This is provided named according to their mounting surfaces and available in lengths from
usng dowe s,/plugs and/or rails. If the method, e.g. screw dowels and hammer 55-275 mm and in special lengths The
unevenne:;: n the facade is less than screws, and also according to their use: pre-assembled screw is inserted into the
1.0 cm in l k 3 vertical, ETlCS systems can insulation fasteners or mounting screws load-bearing surface after drilling, and
be fixed in )lace using adhesives. This is The edge and axis distances and the the expanding nail is hammered home.
also appro\ ed for buildings less than minimum component thickness are Screw dowel: Suitable for use wlth all
8.0 m In h e g i t If the unevenness of the defined for fasteners with building regula- surfaces and available in lengths from
facade is g eater than 2.0 cm, the insulat- tion approval. For standard fasteners, the 105-425 mm and in speclal lengths The
n g materia rnust be affixed using plugs/ edge distance 1s generally twice the pre-assembled dowel is inserted into the
dowels In 3 1111tionto the adhesive. Above anchoring depth (hv) and the axis dis- bearing surface material after drilling and
3.0 cm of IJ wvenness, additional rail sys- tance is approximately four times hv. 4-6 the screw is tightened.
tems are r3 1 )ired In buildings between fasteners/m2 are required in the surface, Drilled or fixing fasteners: Generally suita-
20 0 and 1 ( C.O m tall, a stability check more at the edge. The anchoring depth is ble for use with solid surfaces and availa-
must be ca r e d out for the insulation sys- the distance between the surface of the ble in lengths from 50-180 mm and in
tem. A matr r of the systems cannot be bearing material and the lower edge of special lengths. No pre-drilling 1s neces-
sary: the pre-assembled fastener is
Old layers ( f )laster Thickness of ~nsulation inserted into the surface and pulled tight
in one operation.
Adheslve layer Insulation fasteners: Especially for mineral
wool, insulation fasteners with a diameter
d = 140 mm are used instead of the usual
d = 60 mm, to give better load distribution.
Insulation or installation fasteners: For light
Table 58
Anchoring surface t hv
loads, special plastic fasteners can be
Sold materials a60mm a50mm used. Lamps, for example, can be mounted
Aerated concrete <120mm <IlOmm onto these using partlcle board screws.
S o l d and porous materials a 80 mm I 70 rnm For heavier loads, special thermally-
Concrete ~ 6 0 r n m 150mm uncoupled subconstructions can be used
;h
,, Anchorin! c epth Useful length
f -
t = Drill hole, ltpth

Plaster rails
Plaster rails nrsed sectlons may not be used in con-

The term "plaster rails" includes a wlde junction with the commonly used plastic-
variety of shaped sections, corner angles modified top coatings, since the zinc
and bandings. They are used to protect layer will be attacked SLairlless steel sec-
areas particularly susceptible to damage tions are recommended for exterlor use,
such as corners or jambs, to stabillse for wet rooms and for renovation plasters
thick layers of plaster and to form expan- To achieve very smooth, even surfaces,
sion joints or drip heads on balconies and rails are used not only at the corners and
plinths. They also help in making the plas- edges, but also in the middle of the sur-
ter surface even and geometrically exact. face. The laths are fixed to the wall, at
Some examples are: distances of about 1 0 m, and adjusted.
- Wlre angle The plaster is then applied and smoothed
- Edge trims and the rails are removed agaln. This par-
- Interior edge trlnis ticularly high-quality finish IS traditionally
Screed rails known as "Plaster with Parisian laths",
Plasterwork edge trims although timber laths were formerly used.
Plasterwork joint trims These can still be used today; the edges
Wall base and l~ntelsections of the plaster will then be softer. Plaster-
- Drip rails work can also be carried out without
Expansion joint sections using rails at the edges, of course. This is
Movement joint sections particularly useful in renovation work.
Jamb edge and covering sections
Hangers and connecting sections for
composite insulation systems
The dimensions of the rails depend on the

thickness of the plaster and the~rintended
use For interior plasterwork, a filler coat
of 15 to 1 mm is assumed For exterior
rendering, a thermal insulating plaster
layer of 20 to 60 mm is assumed. Projec-
tions of up to 160 mm are required for the
mounting rails of ETlCS systems The rails
are usually available in 3 m lengths, but
they are also available in special lengths.
They are made of special steel, alumin-

ium, galvanised steel or plastic. The gal-
vanised steel sheet IS drawn or punched
This gives the sections their typical
shape, which guarantees the shape of the
indenting and the bond with the plaster-
ing or rendering mortar. Galvanised rails
are usually used In plastering or render-
ing systems, and plastic corner angles
with glued-on woven material strips are
normally used with ETlC systems. Galva-
Plastering/renderrng bases lathwork
P/astering/rt 7lering bases Lathwork

The plaster r /rendering base is the Lathwork is used when building elements
building eler icirit to be plastered/ do not constitute a su~tablebase for the
rendered 7~1.e properties of rendering proposed plaster or rendering system,
bases are re 3 1 ated in DIN 18350. either because they have insufficient
Accord~ng- c \/OB part C (DIN 18359), strength (lightweight masonry, ETlC sys-
the conditic r of the surface to be tems) or they cannot form a strong bond
plastered/r~illered must be checked with the mortar (timber or steel elements).
before the 11 3;ter, rendering or coating is
applied Thl: (:an be a v~sualinspection The base is completely covered with a
or can take t 1 l 3 form of wiping, scratching net-like or perforated covering made of
or wetting te its alkali-resistant material. The covering is
intended to improve the bonding of the
The stabilit!, I the base, with which the plaster or rendering The plaster or ren-
plaster or re1 icler~ngmust form a strong, der~ngsystem then becomes largely
lasting bon~ll1s important for the quality independent of the load-bearing con-
and servtcE ~f;. of the plasterwork or ren- struction It m ~ ~bes t ensured that the
dering. The : citability of the plaster/ plaster or rendering remains crack-free,
rendering ic: s? to be plasteredlrendered strong and dimensionally stable, even
is to be c h ~ k2d
c with great care. when there is no bonding with the load-
bearing construction The following are
The strengti- c f the layers which form the used as lathwork, e g.:
wall should ( Ecrease from the wall to the Wire tnesh (Rabltz latti~ng)
outer surfacc . The choice of a particular Brick wire mesh
plastering c\r r ?ndering system depends R I mesh
~
on the final s r ~ g t of
h the plastering or Plastic or glass fibre mesh
rendering rn~rtar and on the strength and - Reed mats
absorption 2 3ljacity of the base. The (The requirements were formerly regu
base must h 1\,e adequate strength and lated by DIN 18550)
be free of dc s There should be no friable T~mbermats
comoonents
The lathwork, nails and brackets used
Strongly abs 11bent bases should be ade- must be protected from rust if used with
quately wet[( cj. especially when using gypsum or loam, or in wet rooms ( ~ ~ s e
lime mortar:; f3r example, to promote galvanised fasteners)
slow. contirlt cus hardening and prevent
firing-on. Aitc riatively, the base can be
pre-treated \, ,i li a machine-applied pias-
59 R a s and mesh angles
ter This mac Ine-applied plaster is not 60 Exteror render secton, s t a n e s s steel
part of the pl3:;ter or rendering system, perforated sheet
61 D r ~ pheads alum~nlum
but is class'? i as part of the wall It is 62 Fasteners and lo~ntr a ~ l sfor compos~teinsulat~on
applied as a s?mi-covering "net" and systems. alum~num
should not fc -rn a closed covering sealing 63 Interlor plasterwork sect~origalvanlsed
expanded metal
layer (coverz ge < 50%) Its purpose is to 64 W ~ r eangle, staness steel
Improve boll ling to the base 65 Reed mats as lathwork In a renovat~onproject
66 Loam br~cksw ~ t hgalvansed w r e mesh~ng
67 Plast~cmesh
68 Buck wlre mesh
Plastering/rendering tools
69 Plastering tools
70 Fnishng trowel for general use, to smooth fin~sh
coats and for compactor
71 Toothed trowel for smoothng or levell~ngon
lathwork or pockets
72 Comb w ~ t hwooden handle, used to comb or
roughen the surface of the base coat or for a
combed fnish
73 Mesh rabbot for levellng
74 Fan trowel to remove the sntered layer
75 Toothed flat trowel for Ight rough~ng
76 Plastic float, to rub the fin~shcoat
77 Polystyrene float
78 Sponge float used to rub or felt lnt~allyhardened
plaster or rendering surfaces
79 N a I float used to make a scraped flnsh by
scraplng off the hardened top layer
80 Comb to texture the surface
Rendering a l J plaster surfaces can be plaster:; The plaster consists of a base ~crubbed~~aster
decorated Tr Inany ways, w~thregard to coat, scratchwork and scratch coat,The In this technique, the aggregates in the
both colournrld texture, thanks to their picture is formed In lime plaster made plaster are made visible by washing or
good rnoulljlng properties. There used to with sharp fluvial sand,::The scratchwork scrubbing out the not yet hardened
be many i n b idual ~ styles thanks to the is made up of individual layers of col- binder slurry from the surface.:The sur-
different r e ~ ~ c nbullding
al traditions, but oured lime plaster, approximately 4 mm face is scrubbed with a brush until the
these are dk,hppearing due to increasing thlck, applied wet-in-wet on top of each grains protrude clearly. The grains should
use of machr es, other. The plaster can be coloured with not be scrubbed out, Ihowever. The
The textured f~nishis generally independ- charcoal, with pigments which have been remaining cement film is removed as the
ent of the t!!l ) c i of mortar used,.The follow- soaked overnight, or with ground aggre- last step, Naturally coloured aggregates
ing possibilitic~sexist for texturing: gates such as schist, basalt, marble etc. (e.g,,split brick, coloured glass and col-
by using aif'erent types of aggregates The moist finish coat can be painted al oured gravel) and pigmented lime-
(grain size, grain shape, colour) in the frescp or with caseln paints. Lines or cement mortars offer a range of decora-
plasterlrenoer areas are scratched with an angled cut tive possibilit~es.DIN 18550 part 2
- by the way In which the plasterlrender from the finish coat using angled knives. demands the use of large grained aggre-
is applietl curls, scrapers or sp~kes,.The angled cut gates. The base coat must be to MG I l l
by t h r o w i r ~on,
~ applying with a trowel, prevents the edges from weathering. The standard. This ensures that it is particu-
machlne application, etc. The texture construction must be planned and larly resistant to knocks and suitable for
producetl ;I: dependent on the skilled worked in daily steps. high moisture environments. The coarse,
use of the tool or machine, heavy grain requires a high bonding
- by manuill :ipplication: the "signature" Stuccolustro force. Pure lime is not sufficient; an addi-
of the craftsman can be seen in the sur- (smoothed fresco, also known as Pom- tional hydraulic binder is necessary.
face, since every craftsman uses a peian wall painting) The smoothing of the
slightly d~fferentthrowing technique, fresh surface of a fresco to achieve a
by treatingthe surface of the fresh glossy marbled finish was known in antiq-
plasterlrencrer, e..gi by wiping, comb- uity. After the application of a machine- 81 Trowel-thrown plaster as a purely nme plaster.
rough texture: p ~Ihrne,
t smooth texture. l ~ m etrass
ing, scratching, or revealing the aggre- sprayed coat, a base coat and a com- mortar. brushed. Bernhardskapelle. 2002,
gate by v13;zshing away the binder, pacted layer of fresh lime mortar as an arch~tect.Hans Klumpp
by mason)y works to the already hard- intermediate layer, and three layers of 82 S?uccolustro
83 Sgraffito
ened mot-t;31 on the wall, fresco, approximately 1 cm thick in total, 84 Scrubbed plaster w ~ t hglass br~ck,pale coloured
by using you red pigments. are applied, The third layer is a fine mar- 85 Scrubbed plaster w ~ t hglass brick, dark coloured
ble mortar made from pigmented lime
The differeru ways of working the surface putty, which is smoothed and waxed
of the finish (:oat or coloured rendering/ using a heated stainless steel trowel after
plaster are kn'lwn as plastering methods. hardening. The quality of the smoothness
The most irrlp~~rtant methods are listed of the surface, the shine and the wipe-
below: resistance can be improved by using
Decorative nlortar techniques are: olive oil or soapy water.,The temperature, i
scratch~ng,cLtttlng, intarsia and sgraffito, start and duration of the smoothing p r o c 84
which allow 1~1thpositive and negat~ve ess are determined by experiencekStuc-
reliefs to be ;,~*oduced. colustro can be used as high-quality
exterior rendering;
Sgraffito
The name of tliis technique comes from
the Italian and means "to scratch". Sgraf-
fito is a prcturci made my scratching lines
or areas into ;I multi-layered coloured
Trowelled plaster Felted or smoothed plaster Trowel thrown plasters

This is one of the fner textured plasters Shortly before the plaster hardens, the The structure IS achieved by throwing the
with regard to the aggregates (grain surface is rubbed with a soft felt or plaster onto the surface using a trowel.
sizes: fine 0.3-2.5 mm), The thrown-on sponge disc, or a smoothing trowel. A Generally, coarse aggregates (grain size:
and slightly hardened mortar is com- very flne, compacted surface is achieved fine 6 - coarse 12 mm) are used.
pacted using a snioothing trowel. The (graln size: fine 0.3 - coarse 2.5 mm) w ~ t h These plasters are some of the oldest tex-
trowelling marks remain visible, they can the same consistency as trowelled plas- tured plasters to be applied by craftsmen.
be horizontal, vertical, arched, fanned or ter, though more finely finished,:Because The rough surface texture is dependent
scaled. The origin of this technique can of t s modest texture, the quality of the on the grain size and the skill of the plas-
be traced back to the middle ages,.!The mater~al1s significant for this finish coat, terer. His throwing-on technique, in par-
thrown-on or manually applied mortar was 9.g. loam and lime plasters.,Today, only ticular, can result In different coarse and
smoothed wlth a trowel. The technique of rougher base coats are felted. The finish fine textures., The force, with which the
smoothing a white lime hydrate slurry Into coat is usually smoothed using a sponge mortar is thrown onto the machine-
the surface as part of the same operation, board, slnce additives necessary for applied plaster or base coat, ensures a
(forming a chemical bond between the processng the material make it too sticky good bond.
plaster and the p a ~ n t )also
, stems from to be smoothed w ~ t ha felt disc. Different styles:
this period. This results in an even, Different styles: Thrown-on trowel plaster, thrown-on
slightly undulating and hlly plaster finish, - combed rendering mortar remains in place,
influenced by the unevenness of the The fine grained finish coat is combed - Brushed thrown-on trowel plaster, the
brickwork.,Quadratic, triangular and horizontally, vertically or in different thrown-on mortar is brushed lightly,
smoothing trowels with rounded edges directions while fresh, using a toothed Trowelled spray plaster, spraying of liq-
are used to achieve this surface finish. trowel or a steel or wooden comb (art uld mortar with large, rounded aggre-
Different styles: nouveau style plaster). gate grains (also trowel thrown plaster
Fan or scale-shaped. heavily textured - Stamp and roller plaster with ballast (3-1 6 mm).
with uniform or changing trowel marks. These are finely grained but applied - Slap dash, protruding areas are picked
Sllghtly scrubbed thickly using wooden, rubber, leather o i up with the edge of the trowel and
Decorative s t r i ~ e dor ribbed structure metal stamps and rollers to press in thrown into any valleys in the mortar,
three dimensional textures, patterns or Rustc plaster, after throwing-on and
ornaments; rough levelling, a wet float is pressed
into the surface and pulled off with a
jerkz
butted, stippled using a brushwood
brush,:
86 trowelled plaster nod el led

87 felted plaster
88 trowel thrown plaster
89 trowelled plaster, smoothed
90 combed plaster (art nouveau style)
structured u s ~ n ga comb
91 spray plaster
92 Mun~chplaster
93 scraped f ~ n ~ s h
94 rubbed f~nlshrenclerlng
Spray piasrc r Polished textured plasters, rubbed-finish Scraped hishes

The spraye~l spplication of a fine-grained, rendering The texture is produced by These can only be used on mineral lime
thin liquid n crtar produces an even, the coarsest grains when rubbing the or cement binders. They are applied in a
gralny textu.ct 'which can be altered by surface. layer 10-1 5 mm thick depending on the
varying thci 3 -ain size of the aggregate The grarn size used is: fine 1.5-coarse coarsest grade of the aggregate. The
(grain size. 'i~ie1.5-coarse 4.0 mm). The 5 mm, and special grades up to 7 mm. grain sizes used today range from
fine grain si ic? and thin liquid are optimal The grain is rubbed against the fresh 1-9 mm, depending on the required ease
parameter; for machine application. finish coat and results in grooves being of use with a machine. If the plaster is
Today they 31.eusually applied in two or formed. The tool used is a wooden board. manually applied, grain sizes of up to
more spra'~.:tilayers using plaster spray- The following styles can be used: 16 Inm are possible. Scraped finrsh plas
ing mach~rits. The use of plaster spraying Munlch plaster, hor~zontalrubbing, ters must be applied more thickly - up to
tnachines '7 akes spray plaster a very Vermicular finish, circular rubbing, 3-4 times their grain size -than other
cheap anc .hsrefore widely used finish - Bark or drag finish, vertically drawn with plasters. After a suitable hardening
coat. This :I aster was formerly known as a trowel, period, the binder-rich surface is
broom f~nisteci plaster, the oldest type of - Old German rendering, rubbed with a scratched away to a depth of 8-1 0 mm
plaster fini:;Ii. A brushwood brush was wooden board in all directions, and using a nail float. This produces a greater
dipped in rr 2-tar and rapped against a other types. surface area and shrinkage cracking is
wooden pol ? on the wall, causing the prevented. If a single-coat system is
Inortar to S F - : I ~ onto the st111fresh, rubbed used, a total thickness of 20-25 mm I S
base coat, 1 kis principle of forming a necessary. The characteristic texture is
good bonc! 1:;ing the wet, chemically formed by the protrusion of round or bro-
active bast? c I a t leads to the formation of ken grains. M~neralscraped f ~ n ~ splas-
h
a strong spr 3 ; plaster. ters may sand, depending on the mate-
rial. According to DIN 18550, this does
not constitute a material defect. The
grains that sand off take with them dirt,
germs and spore, removing them from
the facade. The rough surface means
that rain water runs down the facade
more slowly. The water disperses
throughout the material by means of
capillary forces and is not concentrated
at the open surface. Thrs prevents too
much algae from growing. The rendering
can retain its own colour without the need
for pa~nt,It can only be cleaned using
high pressure water.
Masonry- worked rendering

The rendering base must be resistant to
compression and knocks. To enable
masonry works such as chiselling or
pointing to be carr~edout on the hard-
ened rendering, the aggregates must
be of low to medium strength, e.g.
sandy limestone, shell lime or marble
granulate.
Paints and coatings
Paints, coatings, varnishes and lacquers

Paint properties
Paint ingredients
Coatlng systems and hardening
Calcimine, cement paint, distemper, casein paint
Silicate paint
Emulsion-type sllicate paint
Silicone resin emulson paint
Emulsion paint
Synthetic resin paint, varnlsh
F~reproofpaint
lmpregnatlng agents
Coat~ngson concrete
Coating on plaster/rendering
Coating on wood
Coat~ngon glass
Coating on metals
Corrosion protection, colour systems
Paints, coatlngs, varnishes and lacquers
lsidore of .S3'1ille (560-636), scholar in compounds and floor coatlngs. Coating dlx, table of paint classes (p. 105)
the early n-i J31e ages described paili t as materials as defined in DIN 55945 - Carbon diox~depermeab~lity- see
"captured 5 ~ i ' i g h t "1400
. years later, the paints and varnishes - are l ~ q u to~ dpasty, Appendix, table of pa~ntclasses
German DII J standard describes the or powdered materials, which conslst of (P- 1051,
measurer€nt 3f colour as follows: "Col- binders, pigments or other colouring mat- Sheen - shiny, medium, matt,
our is the 11 operty of an area in the field ters. fillers, solvents and other irigredi- Thickness of layer ( 50
i pm to
of view thst s?ems to have no structure ents. > 400 pm),
and which : I l w s this area to be differen- Grain size - fine, medlum, coarse, very
tiated, on \,I ?\vrngwrth one unmoving eye. There 1s more than one way of classifying coarse,
from a sim i t r structureless area border- and describing paints Colloqu~allythe Crack b r ~ d g ~ n
- gno requirements to
ing 011 the :-i31naIand seen at the same function of the paint IS often used as a > 2500 pm.
moment." descriptor: fire-retardant paint, anticorro-
The discu:: c r as to whether our percep- sive paint, wood paltit or house paint
tion of c o l c ~ 1s subjective or objective is They are also classified as either primer
an old one Isaac Newton tried to order or top coat The surface to be pa~ntedis
the colours )f the rainbow into a linear, also used as a necessary means of dis-
measurabl~.s3ectrum Goethe was a little tinct classification; wood, steel, mineral
less scientif :n developing his own col- materials. The most obv~ousclassifica-
our circle ftc nl his theories on the polarity tion, as for plaster and rendering sys-
of light and l:~rkness(see figs 1, 2) tems, is by b~nder,e. g. alkyd varnishes
for thelr alkyd binders or silicate paints for
Paint as a tL il(,'ing materjal their potassium water glass base, as
Colours in n :;hades of the rainbow are these are responsible for the adhesion of
used to dec~)r2te buildings Paint does the paint to the surface Almost all prod-
not, howevti , simply add colour, but is ucts sold under trade names can today
also a struct ~ r acomponent,
l providing be classified and evaluated based on
protection a!IE inst the weather, moisture b~ndertype.
and water, 3 1t.i against atmospheric,
chemical, ic11)l,jgical,mechanical or other Phy:;ica/ properties of paints
influencing fClctors. In addition, paint has The adhesion of a coating material to a
a decorat~veelement In German, the surface is not the only ~mportantcriterion
same word, :.rbe, is used for both colour by whlch it is selected, but also and pri-
and palnt, cic nionstratlng the strong rela- mariiy the physical properties of the coat-
tionship bet$ een the two concepts. In ing and their su~tabilityin combination
t h ~ spart of tF 2 book we present the basic with the surface to be coated. It is this
princ~plesne :l:ssary to evaluate the char- combination that ensures the coating sys-
acteristics cf today's commonly-used tem has a long life and is physically effec-
coating sysle 71s for rendered facades tive. For this reason, the European Stand-
and for comr Ion build~ngmaterials, and ard for coating mater~als,prEN 1062,
to select t h ~ 1r {or specific uses (depend- uses these physical properties as a
ing on the su face to be coated). means of classification.
Paints are d~fferentiatedby the follow~ng
Coatings - a ( 'e finition properties:
The term "co: t ng", which includes the - Water vapour diffusion current density -
traditional ter n; paint, varnish and lac- see Appendix, table of paint classes 1 Colour circle "Representaton of the human mind
and soul" J W von Goethe. 1809
quer, today ,a s2 includes a large number ( P 105), 2 Spectral colours created, f3r example, by the
of protectwe : ystems including filling Liquid water transmission - see Appen- refracton of sunlght
To mlnlmlse mo~sture-relateddamage to high water absorption IS more than rent density, the V-value in g/(mid) (see
facades, the absorptton of water e g. 0.5 kg. a low water absorption less than Appendix, table of patnt classes, p. 1 @5),
from raln or condensation, must be In 0.1 kg. quanttfies Iiow rnucli water vapour can
e q u ~ l ~ b r ~with
u m the dry~ngwh~chfollows. diffuse through a surface in a part~cular
Thts water equtltbrlum can be character- Water vapour diffusion ttme. The greater the V-value. the more
~ s e dfor coatlngs uslng the parameters Water that enters the structure should permeable the coating IS by water
outllned below. evaporate again as soon as possible, vapour. 150 g 1s considered a hlgh and
especially in absorbent surfaces such 15 g a low current density.
Absorption of wate~ as house paints or wood coatings. The
The more water a coatlng absorbs, the ability for water to evaporate 1s measured Carbon dioxide permeability
more water ends up tn the surface by the sd-value, the u-value and the To prevent excesstve carbonattsatton of
beneath ~t Plaster or render~ngbecomes V-value The sd-value descr~besthe the steel ln concrete un~ts,
they should be
damp and peels or? exposure to frost or res~stanceto the d~ffuslonof water vapoul. ?Bated With a cwting lmpeiuh~t0GO,
algae or mould grows T~mberbecomes The lower the s -value, the more permea Theso-value(CO,)
is ccslodated in the
mouldy, metal rusts. The absorpt~onof ble 1s the coatlng. The p-value or water same way as the water vapour reststance.
water 1s gtven ~3sthe water absorption vapour dlffus~onres~stancecoeff~c~ent 1s The higher this value IS,the more impervi-
coefficient the arrlount of water absorbed the unttless quotlent of the s -value (m) ous the coat~ngis to GO,.
In 24 hours IS noted as welght absorbed andme t h l c W s afjhe coating p = a$
per un~tarea and irnlt tlme kg/(m-h . ) A (gkrn?, The water Yagwr diffusion cur-
'Table 6 --
Pant
.-
properties--
.--- ------ -- - - -
B~nders !;ol~dlf~cat~onl Water absnrpt~on Res~stanceto the d i Water vapour CO;permiiabl.ty
t)arrieninq coefflclent fuslon of water vagour permeaislllty s,ln m
Calcitn~ne
-.-
Hvdraullc llme Cheln~cal
Ihardening
.
v\f n kg'm-h"'
1.0
permeable by water
- PH:O
< 10
sJ iri m
< 0.1 m 10.02)
per~neableby
< 0.5m
Silicate pairit Pntassiurrl

carbonallon - - -
Physical drying > 1.0
-10 :
water vapour
--
< 0.1m < 0.5 m
-
water glass chemical permeable by water 10.04-0.08)
narden~ng, permeabie b)/
--- ----
Emuls~on-type
-
-
Potassium
- ---
sll~flcatlon
---
Physical dr-yingp
--
0.1-2.0
-----
100-1000
--_0.1-0.5m
water \lapour
r 0.5 m
s!l!cate pamt water y iass chenmcal water resistant (0.08-0.6)
polyirie~emulsion hardening perrneable by
siliflcatton water -vapour .---
0.1-0.5 100-1000 0.1-2.0 m :0.5 m
water I epeitent permeable b y
-
Polymer
- Polylner eniulslon ~hiiciat&ying/ 0.1-2,O
--
TOW
- water vapour
al-i.5 nl
--
1-5 m to > 50 m
-
e~nulsionp a n t C~~I~SM~GB water resistant pel-meable by
- - - -~--water----vapout -
0.1 -0.5 1.003 0-1-2.0m
water repenent permeable bv
-- -- - S~liconeresln
S~Iconeresln
- --- -
P h y s c a drylny i 0.1
-
100-1000
- -----
water vapour
0.1 ~n
< < 0.5 m
elnulslon paint ernuls~nii coalescetice watertight per~neableby
- --
Polymer~sate
-
Synthetc resin
-
polymer enn~ls!ol? -
Ph\tsca driirlg 0.1-2.0
- -- - --
1000-10000
--
water vapour
0.5-1.0 m
-
> 50 m
resin ~ a l r i f coalescence water repellent water vapour
water repellent water vapo~lr

- --- -- --- - - -- retard~ria
- ----- -
Hvd~ouhohlnu
, , Sillcone resln -
Phvs~cald r v ~ n q l
, < 0.1 < 0.1 m > 50 m
~
- a i- l ~ i i t coalescence /<atert~uht permeab\e by
--- -- \ - - -
-- - -
water vapour
-- --
Paint ingreal;cfits ous and can be detrrmental to health. For Auxiliar,~substance
Paints. or co.itlngs In general, consist of this reason, aqueous solutions have been Additlve aux~liarysubstances or addl-
blnders, soIv~?~-ds, fillers, pigments and developed in recent decades for almost t~ves,~nciudedin srnaii quantities,
auxil~arysui)?t$~nces. These Ingredients, all applications. They are also used, for improve certaln propertles e.g. the shelf
wh~chare ail J15cl and mlxed In the solid example, in eniulsion and s~licatepaints. Ilfe, workabilrty or appearance.
or Ihquld staic-, determine the colour aiid A further development are the low-solvent
above all thc: 2-opertles of the paint. Dur- (high-solld) or solvent-free coat~ngs,e.g.
ing the rn~dcllii10 end of the last century liquid resins. Th~sgroup includes sillcone
they were ofti r, rn~xedand stirred by the rubber for seams and polyurethane foams
craftsmen th; r :selves.Today, however, or floor coverings based on polyurethane
most paints ~.r!:csd are delivered ready- or epoxy resins. In these substances.
rnixed direct^) f.om the paint manufac- known as total-solid coatings, there is no
turer to the c*: ~:;truct~on site (see f ~ g 9).
. evaporation process - they are moisture-
curing.
Binders
These beloni: c the non-volat~leingredi- Colouring matters
ents in the p s ~ rslnd~ t are responsible for Colour~ngmatters are divided Into pig-
the bonding t, tlie various surfaces. Bind- ments and d ~ e sand deterrn~nethe colour
ers are either Il?.!~dIn their natural state of the paint, Inorganic or organic p ~ g -
(e,g, llnseed i)!) or are solut~onsof solid ments, which are insoluble In both b~nder
mater~als(e, g . iirural or synthetic res~ns). and solvent, are most frequently used.
As the binder Pa-dens or the solvent They d~sperseIn the b~nderand are
evaporates, the K~ignientsbecorne "glued" responsible for colour and coverage.
together and t', t-1t2surface. B~nderscan Ground sil or red bole and chalk are
be divided, acc 3-cling to their orig~ns.into natural inorganic, and indigo and umber
vegetable, mlnc r i l , animal and synthetic natural organic pigments. Some pigments.
binders. PrEN f 33.2lists the following also provide protection agarnst corrosion
binder groups. or UV light. Dies, in contrast, are almost
acrylic resll?,alk it! resin, bitumen, cement, exclusively organlc, e. g , from the madder
chlorinated ruk'k ~ r - epoxy
, resin, slaked root. and are soluble in the medium used.
l i ~ i ~orl,
e . polyeiil ?r , water glass, silicone They seem transparent and are used in
resin, poly~~retk\:,t-e, vinyl resln. scumble glazes and for textiles. The corn-.
pat~bilityw ~ t hthe binder must be taker?
A further cIassi;il:at~onof the b~nders,and Into account for all plgments (cement-
therefore the pzi i i s , is by the solution fast, lime-fast).
state or the s t a t c ? dispersion and the
result~ngharder111.2of the coating, filiers
Fillers also belong to the colouring Ingre-
Sdvenfs dients, although they only slightly ~nflu-
Solvents are use1[II:.- dissolve sol~dbind- ence the final colour. These are mostly
ers, which are ns :(:ssary to ensure that fine stone nieals whrch lend the plgments
the palnt bonds \i 11hthe surface being and dies body, volume and hardness,
soated. They can i: e spljt Into two groups: espec~allyin exterror hoirse paints. They ~ O Q ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ up!gments
r e c i
3yueous binders 31icibinders that contain are also insoluble and help reduce Costs 5 ~~l~ as a fliler
xganic solvents : uch as ethanol or ben- by reducing the quantity of pigment 6 Pant propertles
7 Paint room
zine. Emlss~onsfir )I -1 organic solvents requ~red. 8 P I lhme
~ b~nder
;atch fire easily, a-o sometimes poison- 9 lndi~str~al
rnanufactur~r~g
of e ~ n u l s ~ oparlts
n
Coating systems and hardening
I
a Emuison pallit. bonds to the surface by adhesion
coalescence
b Stltcone resin ern~~lsion pant. bonds to the surface
, by adhes~onporous coa(escence ciue to addition
of ~ I ~ I L O I ~
c S~llcatep a n t s bonds to the surface b j sillf~cat~on
I
no coalescence
d Emuhon-type sll~catepalnt, borids to the surface
by slllf,cat~onand adhes~on("gl~i~ng') of the :I?
respective components, no coalescence
e Varnlsh. bonds to the surface by adhes~oncoales-
I
cence
f Two component coatings bond to the surface by
adhesion coalescence
1 Coloured p~gments 6 S~i~f~cat~oii

!
I
2
3
Polymer emulsion
Adheswe effect
7 Binders
8 Curlrg agent
9 Surface
Coating systems solved In an organrc solvent. The follow- 9

Paint finishes are mostly multi-layer and ing types of hardening can occur:
are therefore known as coatlng systerns. Physical drying, in which a film is
Often, the surface 1s additionally treated, formed by the evaporation of the solvent.
e. g, to ach~evebetter adhesron or to pre- e.g, by the evaporation of water in
vent excess absorpt~on.Analogous to emulslon paints or the evaporation of
plastering/rendering systems, the organrc soivents in polymerisate palnts
strength of the outer layers should be Purely chem~calhardenrng with only a
lower than that of the layers beneath to small amount of, or no, solvent (only
prevent cracks formrng due to stresses < 5 96 by volume). This means that the 6
between the different layers. brnder must be Ilqu~d,e, g. in a two-
1he primer or base coat cor?sistsof one component floor coating. 9
or two layers of paint. The top coat is one *' Mixed-mode dry~ng,where chemically
or more layers of paint, depending on the hardening binders are d~ssolvedIn
coverage, and is known as the intermedi- (aqueous or organic) solvents which
ate coat or finish coat. Multrple thin coats evaporate in paraliel with the harden~ng
require increased effort, but dry better reaction The type of chemtcal harden-
and produce a more even end result. Ing process here vanes. In s~ngle-com
Where several coating systems are used ponent materials, the harden~ngcom-
on top of one another, e, g. in renovation ponent may come from the surround
work, this decreases the phys~calproper- lngs (oxygen, moisture, carbon d~ox~de)
ties of the paints as weli as the vapour or from the surface (if it is mineral). An Q',- -
perrrieability and increases the stresses, example of mlneral hardening is sil~fica-
and should therefore by avoided. tlon (see table 11).
The th~cknessof a coat is usually glven In
Im (micrometres), In mm for floor coatrngs
and in l/m2 for absorbent surfaces, e. g.
using deep primer.
Coatings can be applied as transparent

(clear) coats, scumbling (wnere the back-
ground can be seen through the coatlng)
or opaque coats (complete coverage).
They can be applied industrially, e. g.
dipping, spray-coating or powder-coating
of metals, or manually, with brushes,
roliers, sponges 01-trowels. Depending
on the tool used to appiy the coating,
the finisl~edresult can be anything from
smooth to textured.
Drying, hardening, coalescence

The properties of paints are lnfl~~enced by
their hardening process, which IS deter-
mrned by the blnder in the paint. This is
present, together with the other ingredi-
ents, either as an aqueous solution or dis-
Calclmlne, cement palnt, d~stemper,caseln paint
Calcimine slons produced by slurrying with water

White lime Ca(OH), thinned wlth water is have been rn use for a long tlme. They
used as the binder. have good water and weather res~stance
Pure calcimine is a single-component and are suitable for use under water or In
paint. It hardens onto the wall due to wet rooms or cold storage rooms
evaporation of the solvent water The
additional reaction with carbon dioxide Distemper, casein paint
frotn the air causes carbonation to calcite Distemper and casein paint are particu-
and therefore the final harden~ngThe larly su~tablefor Interior use. They no
pigments must be lime-fast, e. g, all min- longer hold a large market share. but are
eral pigments. Natural m~neralpigments still used in ecologically-friendly construc-
include chalk (whit~ng),lrme (wh~telime), tion projects. A size solution -orig~nally
cement (wh~tecement), ochre (alumina), made from bones, but today made frorn
umbra (alumina) or green earth (weath- vegetable starch - is used as the binder.
ered hornblende) They are made by Almost all p~gmentswith good coverage
mechanical treatment of the raw material can be used. Since it is an organic mate-
- by ni~lllrig,elutr~ation,drying or calcin- rial, size can be a good culture medi~rm
ing. Synthet~cmineral p~gmentsalso for bacteria, and may therefore only be
belong to ths group, e. g. titanium white, used in dry rooms on a dry surface. If the
zinc white or cobalt blue In order not to amount of size in the coating is too low, it
decrease the hardening capac~tyof c a - will not be w p e resistant. If too much sze
cinine, the rnixture may corita~nno more is present, stress crack~ngand peellng
than 10% pigment by volume. will result.
Calcimine is very maintenance-intensive Casein is a milk protein. Together with

and is generally used as an exterior pa~nt Ihme, the yellowlsh powder reduces to
only on historical buildings as appropriate form water-soluble size. Case~ndistemper
for the exist~ngbuilding substance. On hardens by drying, and partly by reacting
exterior surfaces there is a danger of the with lime in the surface
lime fraction turning to gypsum due to
reaction with acid rain Lime whting with
no colour pigments was formerly used to
wh~tewashs~mpleroorns and stalls. Thanks
to its high pH value, lrme wh~tingalso acts
as a d~sinfectant.
Today, these paints are be~ngrediscov-
ered for interior use because of their
moisture equilibrium promoting properties
and the brrghtness of the~rcolours, known
as the lime lustre effect. Calcimine is very
open to d~ffusionand absorbs a lot of
water but releases it again quickly. The
10 Left: Flake c c iiuls~onpalnt, coalescent weathering quality can be improved by
Centre aric ~ c l i t :Flake of s ~ c o n eresln and
s l c a t e u a i , ion-coalescent hydraulic additions or linseed oil
11 The hardem IS process ~npalnts
12 C e n g p a ? rcj from the Lascaux caves, about
15003 BC Cement paints
13 The coour t fact of calc~m~ne Cement slurries, watery cement suspen-
Silicate ~ a l n t
Silicate paint sintered layers present in new plaster/

a
Silicate paints, also known as pure s~li- rendering or any remaining emulsion
cate, two-component silicate or water- paint.
glass paints, are made from a liquid water According to DIN 18363, silicate paints
glass solution, alkali-resistant pigments are not approved for use with gypsum
and fillers with no organic additions. surfaces. Similarly they are only permissi-
Potassium water glass is silicic sodium or ble under certain conditions for use with
potassium as a syrup-like liquid made by concrete, since the high CO, permeability
melting quartz sand with potash or soda. is deleterious to the corrosion protection
It is used as a binder for silicate paints of the reinforcement. Due to their alkaline
under the patented-protected designation nature and the wholly inorganic ingredi-
"Fixative". The development of silicate ents, silicate paints are antibacterial. The
paints began towards the end of the 19th capillarity allows a high vapour permea-
century, at first purely as artists' palnts for bility but also quick dry~ng.The colours
frescos and facade paintings. Pure sili- are reminiscent of calcimine with their
cate paints are supplied as two-compo- earth coloured matt brightness, but they
nent systems consisting of a 20-30% do not chalk as quickly and absorb fewer
potassium silicate solution, the Fixative pollutants from the air (see fig. 14). For
and coloured powder (earth and inor- this reason, silicate paints are often used
ganic, mineral pigments and fillers). They as a substitute for the traditional calcimine
must still be mixed by the craftsmen a paints In the restoration of historic build-
day before they are requ~red,and left to ings. Even if multiple coats are applied,
swell. the water vapour diffusibility decreases
After the water solvent has evaporated,

only slightly In addlt~on,the mlneral
blnder has the same thermal expansion
-.
d?&&#2i&&4?,
fi ..- '-
-+ 1p
kt
- 7
-I - '-J
the pigments in the silicate paint bond coefflc~entas the surface, meanlng that d -I -
-.- -
-. .--.. -.-, ... .-
.- .
, .-1
with one another and with the mineral thermal stresses are avoided. The high .
- . -. . . . ,
.--:. : .
.. ' .'
surface containing lime or silicate, by alkal~nityof silicate paints means that sen- -, , , ~-
--
- --. -!- . - , ' - _-
5 *
:.' ....J
< [
~ " \
reacting with carbon dioxide in the alr sltive surfaces such as glass, tiles or e \
.. . 7- . . ..
(see fig. 16). metal must be protected from paint drips

As the paint hardens it does not coalesce during palnting work, since the drips can ,6
to a continuous f~lmbut rather reacts not usually be removed without staining.
chemically and petrifies or causes a silifi-
cation of the mineral surface. The result-
ing coating is very porous and therefore
very permeable by water vapour, mineral,
insoluble, flame retardant and incombus-
tible. It is particularly suited to mineral
backgrounds which are capable of silifi-
cat~on.These include lime, lime-cement 14 Colour effect of sllhcate palnts
15 Scdnnlng electron mcrograph of the sll~fcat~on
and cement plasters/renders, sandy zone of a slllcate paint coat.
limestone, brick and natural stone. 16 Harden~ngprocess of s~l~cate palnts ci-iern~cal
hardenng
Thanks to its high C0,-permeability, sili- a Applcation of the p a ~ n t
cate paint is also suitable for carbonatlc- b Evaporation of water
bound mortars which require carbon c CO. m absorbed from the air
d Bkd~ng wlth ihe surface, s~Hftqtlon
dioxide to harden. The surface must usu- e M~nerallsedsurface
ally be roughed or fluated to remove any 17 Colour effect of emulsion type s~lhcatepants
Emulsion-type silicate paint
Emulsion-type s~l~cate pamt These coating systems therefore belong

In contrast to purely silicate paints, emul- to those with the lowest moisture equilib-
sion-type silicate paints contain a maxi- rium and are offered, with the advantage
mum of 5 % organic binders by volume, of their easy-to-use, single-component
in addition to the potassium water glass system, by all major manufacturers. Emul-
binder, in the form of a polymer emulsion. sion-type silicate paints can be used on
This limit is defined in DIN 18363 in order both interior and exterior surfaces The
to retain the mineral character of the sin- emulsion addition increases the shelf-life
gle-component system. The polymer and the adhesion of the paint Even dry-
emulsion used must be compatible with ing and bonding on older surfaces are
water glass and alkali-resistant. Styrene improved. Chalking of exterior house
acrylate dispersions are usually used for paints is reduced The colours are light-
this reason. fast and weatherproof A base coat which
The pigments must not react uncontrolla- enables the hardening process must flrst
bly with the water glass, so only inorganic be applied to gypsum and organic, older
pigments and natural, crystalline calcite paintwork.
fillers are used. The available p~gments
mean that only a limited scale of bright
matt colours is possible (see f g 17).
The system dries physically and at the
same time adhes~velydue to the evapora-
tion of water, as well as chemically due to
the silification of the water glass binder.
Emulsion-type silicate paints bond with all
mineral surfaces and combine the advan-
tages of silicate paints -the h ~ g hvapour
permeability - with the low water absorp-
tion of emulsion paints.
The low emulsion content does not allow

coalescence, but does reduce the
absorption of water with no negative
effect on the water vapour diffusion.
Silicone resrn emulsion paint
Silicone resin emulsion paint plasteredkendered surfaces. It is weath-

Silicone resin emulsion paints consist of erproof and resistant to air-borne pollut-
polymer emulsions (usually acrylate dis- ants and dirt. Because it is not thermo-
persions), pigments, fillers, auxiliary sub- plastic and stays dry for long periods of
stances and silicone resin emulsions. The time, the danger of algal or mould growth
binder consists of polymer emulsion and is reduced. The paint is easy to paint over
silicone emulsion in equal proportions and behaves favourably in the case of
Water is used as a solvent. After the water fire. The range of colours is similar to that
has evaporated (physical drying), the sili- of the silicate paints (see fig. 18)
cone resin remains and bonds adhes~vely
with the pigments. Simultaneously, the Silicone resin paints
polymer emulsions react chemically with Siloxane or silicone resin paints contain
one another to form a type of silicone siloxane and acrylic resin binders dis-
resin network (silification). By this proc- solved in organic solvents. Their constitu-
ess, and in contrast to the sealed film tion means that they only evaporate
formed by emulsion paints, a micropo- slowly The difference between these
rous film is formed, which allows the paint paints and silicone resin emulsion paints
to remain very permeable to water vapour lies in the solvent. They are mainly used
despite its hydrophobing solution The to hydrophobe surfaces (see p. 72, water-
pores are not hermetically sealed, but the proofing substances).
capillaries are hydrophobically closed.
Silicone resin emulsion paints are
increasing in popularity because they,
like emulsion-type silicate paints, pre-
clude the disadvantages of purely silicate
or emulsion systems. Due to the small
proportion of polymer emulsion, approx
5% by volume, the coating is strongly
water-repellent (low w-value) despite its
good water vapour diffusion (low sd-
value) The combination of the polymer
emulsion with a silicone resin emulsion
allows a high vapour permeability without
increasing the absorption of water,
because the silicone resin hydrophobes
the pores formed The objective of these
systems is to ach~evea water absorption
coefficient w < 0.1 kg/(m2hfl" and s,-val-
ues < 0.1 m. The emulsion fraction is nec-
essary to reduce chalking and increase
the abrasion resistance. S~ncethe ingre-
dients, but not their exact ratios, are laid
out in DIN 18363, these should be
checked before selection.
The paint is suitable for mineral surfaces

and can be used on new or exlsting
Fireproof paint
Fireproofpa,I ' equating to a thickness of around 5 cm. on the exterior or in interior spaces. One
Fire-protect131measures are designed The necessary space for the foaming must differentiate between open and
to protect pi?ople'slives and health. To reaction must be taken into account dur- closed sections since the necessary
achieve the:;^' goals, the combustibility of ing construction. thickness of the coating depends on the
the building niaterials and the behaviour The basis of the fireproof paint can be ratio of circumference to area = CIA. The
of building c It?mentsin the case of fire are emulsion paints, ~lsuallyaqueous polymer top coat can be supplied in almost any
defined in fi e protection ratings (see dispersions, or varnishes, usually acrylic colour.
table 24). resin varnishes. The specific components
Endangerec I ~ u i l d ~ nelements
g can be are intumescent additions consisting of a The following points must be observed in
clad with nci-combustiblematerials, e. g. carbon source, a catalyst and a foaming an invitation to tender:
gypsum pls ;terboard, or protected by a agent. Declaration of the fire classification
coating. - For use on the exterior or interior
Timber Open or closed section
Steel g~rder:!3nd sections lose their Timber and wooden materials with a coat- - CIA value required
strength a b c ~ ~about
e 500°C. Timber ing are classified as B 1 flame proof - Composition of the system, comprising:
beams are (cmbustible, but demonstrate rather than B 2 normally flammable, at 1 Corrosion protection
advantageo~:;behaviour in fires if they temperatures up to 900°C. The systems 2 Intumescent material
are oversized. In a fire, they first develop currently available for the treatment of 3 Covering coat
an outer layl?rof charcoal. This protects timber are only approved for interior use. Minimum thickness of the dried layer
the undama 2 3d timber from heating fur- Also, the relative humidity of the wooden Lining and casing
ther and 10s ng its strength. Ignition can miterials must not exceed 70-80%.
be delayed, 2nd therefore also the sprea- A higher humidity can be combated by
ding of the f rc, by an intumescent - swell- using an approved top coat in addition to
ing - paint. -omperatures above 200°C the fireproof paint.
cause a ch~nlicalreaction in the paint, The coating can also take the form of a
causing it tc f3am. The foamed layer is transparent protective varnish.
porous and 2'3ntains a lot of carbon. This
means that i>r~ly a low amount of heat can Steel
pass throug i The thickness of the normal Flame-retardant coatings with a fire clas-
dry layer is :'(lo-2.000 pm, the foam sification of F 30 or F 60 can be used on
achieves 40 tl, 120 times the volume, steel girders, pillars and frame members
Table 24 Exar I(: les of b u l d ~ n gmateras and the~ri r e classfication/European Table 25

-~
clas f cation ~- -- -- - - -
Bullding mate-i. I Materlal class European classificat~on Fire classif~cation Fire resistant period Construct~onauthority
-- -- -- -- - act. to DIN 4102-1
- - - --
in min
-- designations
lncornbustible t u cling materals A 1 A 1 F
- 30 - 230 flame-retardant -
(e, g. steel, c o n r,?te) - -- - - F 60 2 60 -- flame-retardant
.--- - -
-- - - --
lncornbustlble t u Idng material A2 A2 FSO-
-- -- - - 190 -
fre-resstant
- --
wlth combust~?l?2omponents
(e.g plasterbix rcl) ---
- - - - --- -- -- ---
Flame-proof bu d n q material B1 0
je. g, oak parcu ?t f o o r n g on
Small
-
cement-and-s3' -c screed)
to-fire -- -
- - ---
- - - contribut~
-- Ir - -
C
Normally flarnrn li- le bulding material B2 D
le.g
- - tlmher sn( - -
~ ~ o o d- n --
emater~as) --
Acceptable bet ~ f l o uIn r the case-of fue - E -
Flammable bull Ilr~i;materal B3 F
(e y, untreatetl
-- -- :<'IT
-
mats)
--
lmpregnating agents
lmpregnating agents Hydrophobing agents based on alkyd resins and natural resin
lmpregnating agents are low-viscosity Hydrophobing a material or coating can oil emulsions or, more rarely, acrylic resin+
capillary-active dispersions or binder Increase its life and maintenance interval. Aqueous impregnating varn~shesdo not
solutions. They generally contain neither In contrast to paints which form a film or penetrate the timber so deeply, however,
pigments nor fillers, and dry to a transpar- layer on the surface of the plaster/ ren- are not as water-repellent and are less
ent finish. They are used on porous sur- dering, hydrophobing agents are impreg- easy to sand;,
faces such as plaster/renderlng, con- nating agents which do not close the cap-
crete, stone, timber, cloth or textiles, but illaries. A timber preservative should be selected
also on smooth surfaces such as gypsum that carries the RAL mark and is
or metals:, Depending on the require- Besides these capillary-active systems approved by the German Institute for
ments, impregnating agents chemically there are also silicon resin systems, Construction Engineering, which certifies
neutralise the surface to be treated, they which, analogous to the surface of a lotus that the impregnating agent and its bio-
are water-repellent (hydrophobic) and leaf, have a particular surface roughness cidal, fungicidal and insecticidal compo-
seal out greasy or oily substances. They that causes water drops to pearl off tak- nents are not detrimental to health,,;Some
protect against damaging environmental ing particles of dirt with them. In contrast older timber preservatives are detrimental
influences, against bacteria, animal and to the surface of the lotus leaf, which 1s in to health and are therefore no longer per-
vegetable pests (mould, insects and constant renewal, the application of this mitted. These include the previously com-
moss), reduce the water absorption coating is a one-off process. Uniform monly used fungicide PCP (pentachlo-
capacity of the surface, strengthen ~tand weathering is important for a homogene- rophenol) and the insecticide Lindan.
act as a bond coat. ous coating,Today, malnly aqueous sys- Structures which have been treated with
tems, or systems containing solvents are these substances are considered con-
lmpregnating agents include: used, which are based on organic silicon taminated and must be disposed of;.
Base coats compounds and with silicone resin as the
Sealants fnal product. Silanes and siloxanes
Primers belong to this group, as do siliconates,
Putty, flller which, however, bring with them the dan-
Degreasing and cleaning agents ger of salt formation. Traditional hydro-
- Anticorrosive agents phobing agents such as gelatine or size
Hydrophobing agents have a limited ife,.Water glass leads to a
Timber preservatives graying of the plasterkendering surface,
linseed or poppyseed oil lends the sur-
Base coats face a high gloss. Although hydrophobing
These bind loose particles on the surface agents are generally transparent and
of mineral plasters/renders and thus penetrate the surface, they cause the
improve the adhesion of the surface. To coating to become darker.
reduce the water absorption of the mate-
rial, small pores are closed. This prevents Timber preservative according to
an excessively rapid "wicking away" of DIN 68800
the solvent or water - known as firing-on - Timber preservatives or impregnating
of the next coat. varnishes must penetrate deep into the
Base coats do not coalesce but penetrate timber. Industrially the penetration depth
deep into the capillaries of the surface. is improved using pressure and vacuum
They are also known as deep primers. equ~pment- the pressure process.
Polymerisate reslns, silanes, silicone res- Varnishes which contain solvents are
ins, silicic-acid ester or water glass are made from alkyd resin with a high oil con-
used for this purpose. They can simulta- tent and combinations of natural resin
neously serve as a hydrophobing agent. and oil, aqueous impregnating agents
Coatings on concrete
26 S~lane-s~loxz r 2 aqueous hydrophoblng base

coat
27 P~y111ei~~tt:: ;I ,. I,re aqrJev!is l~:'iIli~pllsb~rl base
.;oat ,.ise~.l11 I t - i y l l ; ~ ? . ' l ~ pat~ltu~',nri
l
28 Covering c t r e ~t coatlngs
a Base C O ~i:c~louredor transparent
b Top coa' v h washed concrete protect~ve
coatlng. 2
;'I> Sc4.:fnr8lt.<ll,,. e ti!r ?onCrel@
a Desp p r I t -c. pre:/Elnl fne fori*~atil:mnf slalns
due to c~fel ences In the absorpt~onof water
b Concrete ji:~~nble glaze, cooured, 2
30 Concrete r e p iI Itatlon: expose the corroded
steel and cot t ~ t an h approved rust-protection
system
31 Concrete r t k il)ll~taton:brush the exposed areas
w ~ t han adPe ;I\'eslurry and level usng a f l e r
32 Sanitat~oni f :(ncrete; level the surface wlth a
scratch coztt 311df ~ n ef~iler
mer emulsions, dissolved polymer reslns

or cold-curing resins.
11
concrete is highly alkaline (pH > 12.5).
The alkalinity of the concrete protects its Concrete maintenance
reinforcement from corrosion. If the alka- Corroded reinforcing steel must be
lhnity is lowered by carbon dioxide (CO,) exposed, blasted - usually to a surface
or other acidic compounds in the air, the finish according to DIN of SA 2 - have the
steel begins to corrode at a pH reduced rust removed and be coated with a corro-
to below 9.5 by moisture and oxygen. A sion protection agent, such as a plastic-
minimum lapping of 3, or even better, 4 modified cement slurry or a cold-curing
cm should be ensured, or the reinforcing system such as epoxy resin. The open
steel will rust. Sufficient lapp~ngis particu- areas are then filled with a filling com-
larly important for ornamental or exposed pound, e.g, cement mortar or concrete,
concrete. Two main uses of coatings on w~tha polymer addition (PCC, polymer
concrete are given here: Coatings as pro- cement concrete) or cold-curing mortar
tection against moisture or for aesthetic (PC, polymer concrete) where necessary.
reasons and coatings as concrete main- Before applying the intermediate and fin-
tenance systems and as corrosion pro- ish coat the surface is levelled using a
tection of the reinforcement. fine filler. This can be a plast~c-modifled
cement-bound, cement-modified disper-
Concrete protection sion-bound or cold-curing resln material.
Besides alkali-resistance, the following
mlnlmum requirements are valid for pro-
tective coatings on concrete surfaces:
The resistance to diffusion of carbon
diox~de:the equivalent air layer thick-
ness, sd (CO,), must be > 50.0 m.
- The resistance to the diffusion of water
vapour: the equivalent air layer thick-
ness, sd (H,O), must be < 4.0 m.
Crack-bridging to a width of 0.15 mm
must be possible.
The surface must be solid, free of friable

particles and weakly absorbent There
must be no residual formwork lubricant
present, no sintered layer or cement slur-
ries on the surface. Cavities and coarser
pores must be closed. The coating sys-
tem consists of a pigmented or colourless
base coat, which is applied to the surface
as a bonding agent, strengthener or
hydrophobing agent, e.g. dissolved poly-
mer resins; polymer dispersion paints;
epoxy, polyurethane, or acrylic resin;
silanes or s~loxanesolutions. The interme-
diate and finish coats are based on poly-
Coating on plaster/rendering
Exterior rendering paints. Old paintwork can also be burnt Plaster/rendering can be directly col-
Exterior rendering must be protected from off, depending on the binder used. oured using pigments. However, the col-
rising damp and from moisture penetrat- A base coat may also be used to oured rendering mortar can dry to give a
ing through the back of the wall by the strengthen the surface or to reduce the mottled. appearance depending on the
use of drainage inclines, drip heads and absorption capacity of the material. A weather conditions. Even the correct
coverings. The paint chosen must be suit- hydrophobing or impregnating agent with application of the rendering cannot pre-
able for the rendering base in question a fungicidal or biocidal function may be vent this characteristic appearance. This
To achieve a safe and long-lasting facade used as a final coat on top of the top coat is not a structural defect, however The
protectionsystem, the following physical (see p 72). surface, which can be deemed uneven or
criteria must be considered in addition to decorative depending on your viewpoint,
the compatibility of the binders: The water The following paints are generally used can be evenly coloured by applying an
absorption coefficient of the coating, the today on mineral rendering: equalisation coat. This single coat is
vapour permeability, and the material Calcimine listed separately in the bill of quantities.
strength must decrease from the inner Silicate paints
to the outer layer. This means that in Emulsion-type silicate paints
accordance with Kiinzel's facade protec- Silicone resin emulsion paints
tion theory, the outer coating must meet Emulsion paints and varnishes
the following classifications: Polymerisate paints
w < 0.5 kg/m2h05,sd < 2.0 m and
-
w sd < 0.1 kg/mh0,5. In addition there are synthet~cresin plas-
This ensures a low moisture equilibrium. ters and textured coatings, which are
essentially paints with the appearance of
Every plastering/rendering mortar group plaster, based on silicates, silicone resin
requires a particular coating material emulsions or synthetic resin-modified lime
(see Appendix, table: Coatings on cement. These are primarily used as a
PlasterIRendering, p. 103) Accordingly, thin top coat on external thermal insula-
polymer dispersion paints may not be tion composite systems.
used on lime plasters, mortar group P I
a/b, because they do not allow the pas- The rendering base must be checked
sage of sufficient carbon dioxide to car- before the coating is applied (see Appen-
bonatize the plaster. Purely silicate dix, p. 104). The rendering must be even
paints, on the other hand, may not be and not friable. As a rule of thumb, the
used on rendering which contains gyp- coating can be applied after a drying time
sum, MG P IV b/d, since in this case silifi- of approximately four weeks, depending
cation cannot occur without the use of on the thickness of the rendering and on
additional admixtures. Rendering that the weather conditions. The rendering
contains lime or cement always reacts in must be strong when dry and wetted,
an alkaline manner with moisture. The absorbent and wettable, free of dust and
chosen coating materials must therefore loose or friable particles, and free from
be alkali-resistant. sintering and blooming. The reinforce-
ment or rendering base must not be
The coating system consists of a primer, exposed or be visible on the surface The
one or more intermediate coats and a fin- surface must be free of cracks. Shrinkage
ish coat. The primer promotes bonding cracks of up to 0.1 mm in a smooth, fine
and adhesion. Sintered surfaces or old surface and up to 0.2 mm in a surface
layers of paint must be, for example, flu- with a grain size of 3 mm are to be dis-
ated to promote silification of silicate counted.
Coating on wood
Coatings on ;ii Q 5er Scumble glazes are coating materials 1,. Coatings on rendered concrete, e g
a Colourless deep prlrner
Coatings are on timber to protect with special scurnble pigments, which b Base coat as a bond coat w ~ t ha quartz
the anisotropi :material against moisture, result in a coloured but transparent coat- content
ing. The final colour effect is determined c Rubbed-f~nshrenderrng, grarn sire 1 5 mm
cracking due :(I swelling and shrinking, d Covering slllcone resn palnt, 2
temperature changes, mould, insect by the colour of the scurnble glaze, but 34 , ' # < I 11 1 , - '11 1 8 1 , , , . , 8 ,l;,:ll~ . I
also by the intrinsic colour of the timber . p...~,,,,,,~;l , I I*I,, : *,,: ,,. I -+?I?II , ' -11 n8;
attack, discc)lo~~ring due to pigments (res- #
b Application of the base coat wlth a crack-

ins) in the wooti itself and UV light (pre- itself. Thick-coating scurnble glazes and br~dglngs ~ l c a t eslurry addtion
venting blue~rs ) They provide mechani- thin-coating scurnble glazes are used for c Cover~ngcoating with s~lcatepant, 2
different purposes. 35 Th~ck-coat~ng t~mberscumble glaze
cal protecticr and also serve a decorative a lmpregnating agalnst b l t ~ e ~ n g
purpose. Tim x r used on exterior sur- b Acrylic-based polymer dispersion varn~sh,2
faces, which s more heavily loaded than The binders used in thick-coating scum- 36 Th~n-coat~ng timber scumble glaze
a Irnpregnatng against blueing
timber used i i nterior spaces, is divided ble glazes are either high-viscosity alkyd b Alkyd resin scumble glaze contalnng
into two groul):;: dimensionally stable tim- resins containing solvents, or acrylic solvents, 2
and/or alkyd resin binders that can be 37 Wood lacquer
ber elements and timber elements that a lmpregnating aga~nstblueng (in softwoods)
are dimensio~:rlly unstable or of limited thinned using water. They are used, with b lnsulat~ngtimber base coat to seal in the
dimensional :t,lbility. Windows and doors a blueing protection agent, as intermedi- coloured pigments ~nthe wood
c lntermed~atecoat w ~ t ha coloured enamel
are considecc cl dimensionally stable, ate and final coats and for maintenance undercoat
whereas facz de cladding, timber frames, purposes on dimensionally stable build- d F ~ n ~ scovering h coat
roof soffits s r d fences or pergolas are Ing elements. Since moisture can often
cons~deredc~r-~ensionally unstable enter dimensionally unstable building ele-
The timbers, hhich are classified accord- ments such as facade linings via the con-
ing to the~rr e 3 stivity (see also Detail struction joints, the coating used must
Practice Tirnt)c?rConstruction), may only allow moisture equalisation. Thin-coating
contain resid JII moisture before coating. scurnble glazes, also known as impreg-
The moisture content, measured at multi- nating varnishes, are generally used for
ple locations at a depth of 5 mm, must not this purpose as a base, intermediate and
exceed 15 56 f t ~ softwoods
r and 12 % for top coat. They contain either alkyd resin
hardwoods. 7 1 e ymust always be treated solvent binders or acrylic and/or alkyd
with an ~mprtqnatingvarnish or chemical resin binders which can be thinned with
timber protoc t o n agent (see p. 72). water. On timbers which are susceptible
to mould, the scurnble glazes can contain
Both coverin 3 and scumbling coatings a suitable fungicide For dimensionally
can be used for timber. Covering coat- stable building elements, thin coating
ings are ac? eved using emulsion paints scurnble glazes are generally only used
and emulsior I acquers as a pigmented, as a base coat. Scumble glazes should
water-thinne 1 coating material or as pig- be checked approximately every two
mented, sol~ent-thinnedlacquers, gener- years, covering coatings every four years.
ally with an z Ilzyd resin base.
Coating on glass
Coatings on glass green This colour IS principally due to

Glass can be coloured by different meth- iron oxides. By adding, for example,
ods The glass can either be coloured cobalt, iron or chrome, yellow, green,
throughout ~ t sthickness during the melt- blue and red colours and tints or greys
ing or casting processes, or coloured can be produced. The glass sheets can
using a liquid or powder sputter coating, be manufactured in dimensions up to
or screen printed or enamelled, or a film 2100 x 1500 mm.
can be glued to its surface
Coloured coatings are primar~lyused for The fusing process can be used to melt
facade cladding and interlor decoration d~fferentcoloured glasses together Clear
Transparent coatings, some with metal load-bearing glass can also be coated
oxides, are used as protection against the dur~ngproduction. This results in a milk
sun and as insulation on glass facades flashed glass, a white-coloured, translu-
cent glass used for light-diffusing ceil-
Organic lacquers lngs
Lacquers used for glass are generally
acrylate based and contain solvents
Alternatively, aqueous polyurethane lac-
quers can be used. The lacquers can be
used for scumbling or covering. They are
also used by glaziers as a clear lacquer
to produce a matt effect. A complete
range of colour systems is avalable. The
lacquers are applied manually using roll-
ers or by spraying, or industrially by pass-
ing the cast glass under a "curtain" of lac-
quer. The surface must be cleaned and
degreased and usually treated with a
bonding agent, which can be contained
in the lacquer itself. The lacquers must
possess sufficient resistance to scratch-
z e 3 9 _ -
ing and be UV-fast as well as resistant to
Coourlng agent Glass colour -
cleaning substances.
8 , ,: ,,,., :.r . r 1. I.,IJ~~
-:I,, I,,,- ..I -11 c!c'lI
Melting process Chrome Cr' yellow
Coloured glass is produced by adding Manganese Mn'- v~olet
-
pigments during the melting process Iron
-
----
Fe3+ - yellow-brown
-
-
-
used to produce float glass, the most Iron Few -- blue-green
-
- -
common glass build~ngmaterial today. Cobalt --- CoL+ br~ght
-
blue
Cobalt Co green
The machine-drawn flat glass is coloured Nckel a JI ~ l ~ ~ . -I l : ~ ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ ~
through its entire thickness and is sup- yellow, green,
plied as safety glass or prestressed blue to v~olet.
depending on the
Smaller quantit~esof coloured float glass matrix of the glass
can also be supplied. Vanadium "- green, brown
The colour of the glass is produced by T~tan~um TI;+ v~olet
the absorption of Ight of certain wave- Neodylnum Nd'A red-v~olel
-
lengths. Normal float glass appears to be Praseodymum Pr-- pale green
-
Coating on metals
Coatings on me 21s Top coats protect the actual rust-protec- Aluminium

The requiremer k;of the coloured coat- tion coating from water, salt and chemi- Facade sections and sheets, windows
ings differ. The\, depend on the corrosion cals, and keep oxygen from penetrating and doors are often made from aluminium
behaviour of thi? ndividual metals. to the underlying surface. Micaceous fill- due to its specific weight, durability and
ers in particular increase the diffusion corrosion-resistance. Aluminium, includ-
Iron, steel path for any moisture entering the system, ing pure aluminium and all alloys, has a
Iron and steel z r t ? made from naturally- and so form an effective barrier, also thin but impervious oxide layer on its sur-
occurring iron ( xides - a process which against mechanical stresses. face in the natural state. This thin layer
requires large :riounts of energy. During lends good protection under normal
oxidation, acce crated by the presence of Zinc, galvanized steel atmospheric conditions. If this natural
salt and moistu.~!, the materials tend Zinc is used in the form of zinc sheet or layer is mechanically damaged, it heals
towards the lov -,:nergy state again, cor- as a corrosion-protection coating on itself immediately. An additional protect-
rosion or "rust" 3:curs. Steel and iron steel The positions of the metals in the ing layer can be added by artificially
constructions n 11.1st therefore be protected electrochemical series mean that the thickening the oxide layer by means of
from corrosiori ,see Appendix, table: Cor- steel is protected by the more reactive anodic oxidation in a process known as
rosion Protect~cr , p. 107) and this can zinc. As it corrodes, zinc forms a top anodising. This produces metallic colours
only be achie\~i?cl by using paints. A zinc coat, which provides some limited protec- ranging from the natural silvery colour of
dust coating, tk E fabrication primer, is tion. This layer is metallic silver to dull the metal to almost black shades of
usually used a: 'he base coat. It protects grey in colour. Depending on the back- bronze.
the metal durin 3 transport and storage ground, zinc "flowers" may be visible Bare, anodised aluminium can be used
Before applyinlj the intermediate or top Components are covered in molten zinc without the need for further coatings. If a
coat, the surfac E must be washed with a in the hot-dip galvanizing process, where maintenance or decorative coating is
netting agent a13 wet ground, depending they are dipped in a bath of hot zinc (over required, the surface must be first
on the type of :L rface. Almost all solvent 600°C). An 80-120 pm thick layer is suffi- cleaned, degreased, dried and ground if
and water-basc:d lacquers and emulsions cient to protect the component from necessary. Acrylic, polymerisate or alkyd
can be appliec. to this prepared surface. weathering. The zinc surface can be resin based thin-film, single-component
coated in order to increase the mainte- bond coats, which react with metal, or
nance interval or for decorative reasons two-component epoxy resin coatings are
To do this, the surface is wet ground used as a primer. The intermediate and
using an ammonia netting agent and may finish coats must be suitable for use with
be blasted using a non-metallic blasting the primer and for the expected opera-
material (sweeping) Almost all solvent tional demands on the component. For
and water soluble varnishes and emulsion normal interior and exter~orcomponents,
paints can be used as a top coat, apart alkyd resin or polymerisate resin lacquers
38 Megaplex C n .nia, V~enna,2001, from alkyd resin-based universal primers. are used. If moisture must be dealt with,
Archtect: Run g l r Laner Colour
des~gn:Oskar P ~ t z The combination of hot-dip galvanizing epoxy resin lacquers are used. Poly-
39 Coour~ngage it; and glass colour and organic coating is known as a duplex urethane lacquers are used for coatings
40 Coating systal i Jn steel system that are particularly resistant to weather-
a Sand blajt n 3 of the corroded surface
to a f ~ n sIl f 3a 2' ing and chemical attack. The coatings are
b Rust-prole :ton base coat, two coats applied in the factory by spraying or
c Rust-prote :t3n paint as an ntermed~ateand
top coat painting with liquid lacquers, or by pow-
41 Coating systsr i 3n z n c sheet~ng/ der coating and baking.
galvan~zedstt e
a Wash w1t7 ~ ? t t i nagent,
g degreaslng and
removal of t f e clirornate coat w ~ t hammonia
and by we :rinding
b Adhes~orlI jr mer for zlnc, white
c Coioured i a j e coat as an Intermediate coat
d Acryl~cp21i l rethane top coat
Corrosion protection, colour systems
Corrosion protection The RAL colour system Samples

Metallic building materials, especially The RAL colour system, published by the In design appl~cations,Pantone colour
steel and iron constructions, must be DIN Committee for Delivery Terms and cards are used, and RGB and CYMK col-
protected from corrosion. This can be Quallty Control (RAL), 1s wldely used and ours are used In printing. Every palnt
achieved by applying phosphate, silicate, contains 160 common shades in its basic manufacturer, however, issues its own
cement or metallic coatings (galvanizing) ,,class~c"register This system is primarily colour cards, meaning that test patches
or by painting. The safest option is a used for paints. The hue (H), chroma (C) and the comparison of colour samples on
duplex system - a combination of metallic and lightness (L) of each colour is defined site are unavoidable. This is also
coating, galvanizing, and painting (see by number and name (e g. RAL 3004, expressly recommended in the technical
p 77). purple red) The designation of purple guidelines for palnters and decorators
The construction and thickness of the lay- red can be, for example: RAL 3004;
ers is specified according to the regional H:C:L = 7:2:4. The hue is dlvlded into
location of the site and its atmosphere 24 different shades, the chroma defines
(e g. seawater, industry), (see Appendix, the degree of colour saturation In seven
Corrosion Protection, p 107) The surface graduations and the lightness describes
must be blasted and free of scale, rust how light or dark the colour is - in up to
and/or old paintwork, according to DIN eight graduations depending on the grey
12944, with a surface finlsh of Sa 3 or Sa shade In addition, the sheen can be
2; For optimal adhesion, a surface described, e. g. high gloss or matt.
roughness of 40 - < 80 pm is specified.
NCS colours
Base coats consist of active plgments Alongside the RAL system, the more
which chemically prevent or retard corro- extensive Scandinavian Natural Colour
sion. The most common of these are zinc System, NCS, has established itself for
and calcium phosphates, zinc white, and rendering and house paints The basis is
metallic zinc dust. These form the base formed by six elementary colours black,
-
for a zinc-dust paint, commonly but incor- white, blue, red, yellow, green The NCS
rectly known as cold galvanizing. colour space 1s a 3 dimensional double
A normal base coat needs to be 60 pm cone In which the exact colour can be
thick. If the grey or tinted zinc-dust paint located between white and black and the
is 80-120 pm thlck, no top coat 1s neces- pure colours on its equator
sary Each of the coloured intermediate
or top coats should also be 60 pm thick, CIE Lab System
resulting in a total thickness of up to Colour systems based on the CIE system
320 pm and protecting the actual rust- are even more spatial in nature. They are
protection coating from damage. based on organoleptic measurements
whlch are transferred to mathematical
Colour matching models. These serve to exactly define the
Despite the d~fferentingredients of the colour in a diagram, which projects the
paints and coat~ngs,their perceived three-dimensional colour space onto a
colours can be compared. Different single surface The CIE-lab system model
systems have been developed for this used today is based on the four baslc
purpose. colours red, green, blue and yellow. 42 Corroded steel sect~on
43 Documentaton of the h s t o r c a pant layers ~nthe
courtyard of the Ulmer Hof, in Echstatt, Germany,
1978-1980 Archtect' Karljosef Schattner
44 The pant mxture archve of a pasterlrenderng
manufacturer
Case studies
Examples of plastering and rendering in use
81 Mauthausen Visitors' Centre,

MSP-H Architekten, Vienna
82 Apartment building in Venice,

Cino Zucchi architetti, Milan
84 Residential complex in Bonn,

Uwe Schroder, Bonn
86 Catholic Academy in Stuttgart-Hohenheim,

Arno Lederer, Jorunn Ragnarsdottir,
Marc Oei, StuttgarVKarlsruhe
88 Residential complex in Biesdorf-Sud,

Leon Wohlhage Wernik Architekten, Berlin
90 Residential complex in Ljubljana

Bevk Perovic' Architects, Ljubljana
92 Residential and business premises in Zurich,

Marcel Meili, Markus Peter Architekten, Zurich
Stanten & Hasler Architekten, Frauenfeld
94 Parish Community Centre in Munich,

Allmann Sattler Wappner, Munich
Case studies
Floor plan Scale 1.1500

Mauthausen Vi jitors' Centre Vert~calsectlon, parapet
Scale 1 .20
MSP-H Architeklcn, %ie

' nna
A new v s t o r s ' c 31tre has been built for

the former con-: ?lltration camp at Mau-
thausen. The C L I8:lings of the visitors'
centre are clust ired close to the original
buildngs. To re13 ? the orignal appear-
ance of the con :cir~trationcamp, the
entrance level 2 .he new centre has been
kept lower tharl bat of the ex~stingbuild-
ings. The spacE i- 2s been allocated to
include an exhk i ~ o area,n seminar
rooms, a l i b r a r ~:.rchive,
~ shop and offlce
space. The facc 33s are made froni orna-
mental concretE iatural-coloured
smoothed c o n c ete or glass, depending
on the function ~t :he building.
- Vv'all constr~lctlcr
5 rnm, natural-cz 311r?dsmoothed concrete.
200 mm re~nfors:c concrete
2 60 rnm, baiustr; ( e dressed larch wood.
lripregnated b) e:~ttreatment
3 S e a n g a)er p 1 t - coatlng,
80 mm, renforc? i :oncrete.
6 rnm n a t ~ r r a lJc JI 1r3dsmoothed concrete
. Roof constructlor , i:-race:
160 nim, gravel ( *z rWe chlpplngs:
30 mm thermal I s a t l o n polystyrene;
roof s e a two la! t s csf btumen sheet.
80 mm. thermal I s atlon polystyrene.
roof s e a b,turn~ I sleet,
60 mm, vapour 3 ir i?rconcrete slope:
200 mm, r e n f o r ,c concrete c e l n g ;
soff~tsmoothed
Case studies
Apartment building in Venice

.
Grundrss Schntl
MaO:.tals 1500
Cino Zucctii architetti, Milan
On the island of Giudecca, near Venice.

a former industrial slte is being redevel-
oped as a new residential area. 470
apartments and 300 student apartments
have been created on the 32.000 sq. m
site slnce 1997. House "D" is situated at
the intersection of two canals. on the
northern boundary of the site. The propor
tions of the building and the materials
used are reminiscent of traditional typolo
gies; however some basic features have
been newly interpreted, creating an
abstract version of the historical arche-
types. The facade design makes use of
three different window formats: wide and
narrow casement doors for living rooms
and bedrooms, and square openings for
kitchens arid bathrooms. The offset pat-
tern of the windows s a result of the dif-
ferent floor plans of the apartnients. The
window surrounds are created, in the
same way as for traditional buildings,
using a light-coloured Trani stone, which
is similar to the characteristic lstrian lime-
stone of Venice. The proportions of the
window surrounds have been changed,
however, and have become graphic ele-
ments, whose different sizes emphasise
the different reveal depths. The plinth of
the building is clad using natural stone
sheets of differ-ent heights. The roof para-
pet, with the narrow band of natural stone
at its upper edge, covers the flat gabled
roof on the canal side. Only one part of
the surface of the roof is visible. The
cubic building has a trapeze-shaped
courtyard. The white rendered walls of the
courtyard conta~nmarble pigments and
stand in stark contrast to the grey render-
ing of the canal facades. These brick
walls are covered in lime rendering con-
taining grey pigments. The rendered
walls were not painted, so the surface
has a cloudy appearance.
111DETAIL 11'2 2002
Case studies
Vertlca sectlon . horlzonta sectlon scale 1.20
1 Roof construct~on
0.8 mm copper sheet
b~tumensheet
25 mm formwork
40!40 mm bearers
40 mm thermal ~nsulat~on, polyurethane
40 mm renforced concrete
60 rnm tlled roof elements
as permanent formwork
2 60i100 mm tranl lmestone
3 Honeycomb brlck
4 Copper rainwater gutter
5 D I 0 0 mm roof dranage, PVC p p e
6 30 m n ~ square t~lesas a plaster base
7 40 mm expanded clay thermal nsulaton
8 Wall construct~on.
20 mni lime piaster with grey pigments
250 mm sold b r c k brlckwork
30 mm thermal nsulaton, polyurethane
80 mm honeycomb b r c k brckwork
15 mm nteror plasterwork
9 Rng beam, renforced concrete
10 C e I n g Brick elements reinforced
wlth concrete topping
11 Brlck llnfel
12 Llntel. 110011001270 mm Tran mestone
13 Foldlng shutters, s h p plywood panted blue-grey
14 Balustrades.
@ 15115 mm gavan~zedsteel rods
n the frame: 5 i 5 0 mm galvanized steel sheet
15 11001103/420 mm threshold Tran~llmestone
16 40 mm c a d d n g Tran lmestone
Case studies
Residential complex in Bonn The residential complex in Bonn con- walls of the frame construction are
sists of 40 two-storey detached houses, built on individual foundations. The
built in four rows of five units each. houses stand separately on foundation
which are grouped around a courtyard. slabs.
The apartments are designed to meet An ochre-grey coloured lime-cement
the needs of a family structure, which is mixture was used for the rendering as
continuously changing The size and both base coat and finish coat The sur-
layout of the rooms are designed to be face was felted and - due to the smooth
flexible with regard to their use. The san- 0.5 mm grain size - a mesh was laid into
itary and servlce areas are in located the surface to bridge cracks.
in the central zones, which do not The two post and beam constructions on
receive as much light Plastered con- the front facades are set flexibly into the
crete balconies and columns frame the framework of the bullding and are joined
open spaces and join the rows to form to each other via the wooden joist ceiling
Uwe Schroder. Bonn a cubic unit. The vertical columns and of the ground floor
Grour~dfloor, floor p a n Scale 1 :230

S~te~ l a n S~ci'e 1 1250
Case studies
Vertlcal cross-sect131
Horlzonta cross-stc I( n
Sc6e 1:20
1 Plaster system
firllsh coat. 5 mm Ime-cement renderng felted,
0.5 mm grade
wlth a aid-ln glass fibre re~nforcngmesh
base coat. 15-20 mm lme-cement plaster
2 100/100 mm tlmber edge
3 Roof construction
sealng layer, bltumen sheet
thermal nsuation.
210 mm polystyrene r g l d foam sheet
vapour barr~er
hollow section ceiling. 150 mm relnforced concrete
4 Plantlng of the roof:
100 mm extensive p a n t n g
fliter mat
dranage layer, 50 mm r g d foam sheetng
protectve and reservoir mat,
rot-resstant synthetc fbres
root protection PE sheet
5 1001225 mm tlmber edge
6 Slatted slldlng shutters, larch
7 Floor construction:
floorng. lnoleum
scree. 75 mm
polythene sheet separatng layer
thermal ~nsulation.150 mm polystyrene
seallng layer, 225 mm renforced concrete celing
8 Interlor plasterwork, gypsum plaster,
15 mm re~nforcngmesh
170 mm brickwork, sandy ilmestone
9 Plaster system'
fnlsh coat, 5 mm lime-cement rendering, felted
0.5 mm grade
wlth a l a d - n glass fbre renforclng mesh,
base coat, 15-20 mm lime-cement plaster
columns, 400 mm renforced concrete
Case studies
Catholic Academy
in Stuttgart-Hohenheim
Arno Lederer, Jorunn Ragnarsdottir,

Marc Oei, Stuttgart/Karlsruhe
The only site available for the extension of Elevat~on:~iorth

Floor plans
the academy, with 24 rooms, conference Scale 1 :750
rooms and a chapel, was a lim~tedand
awkwardly shaped piece of land. The
requirement, that all guest rooms face the
trees in the park opposite, could not
therefore be fulfilled by a linear building,
hence the S shaped layout. A new wall of
recycled brick joins the older building to
the new extension and creates an inward-
facing courtyard. Seating niches in the
. .- .
corridor of the ground floor invite you to
enjoy the open space devoted to tranquil-
lity and reflection. They occupy the full
depth of the curved exterior wall The
glass windows protrude from the piaster-
work and, with their wooden mounts,
give the impression of picture frames
The surface of the mineral thermal insula-
tion composite system has been textured
using a 25 mm thick finish coat of
thrown-on trowel plaster. The large grain
size, 8 mm, gives the facade a lively tex-
ture The appearance of the extension is
dominated by the basket-like balconies of
the guest rooms, which correspond in
shape with the curved facade. Steel rods
have been affixed to the protruding pre-
fabricated concrete slabs, and these rods
support a removable wickerwork balus-
trade. ril DETAIL 11/2002
Case studies
Horzonta secton , ' ~ r h c asecton

l
Seating nlches on i k ? yound fioor
Scale 1.20
1 240 mm sandy I ifistone

2 85/264rnm w o I~t n frames, oak
w ~ t hInsulated c!c ~trif: glazing
3 Sealng sheet 171 C bl
4 115 rnm frost-rc : s ant masonry, b r c k
5 15 mm Interior 3: terwork
6 Eyualisat~oncca .., .,, .'.'.'.~.'.'.~.p.p.'
:)
..I.'.'.'.
~ . ~ .....~ . ~ . ~ . ~
.,.p.p.p.,.
external thermz I n ;~llatoncomposte system:

25 mm, !me-cen e ~t rendering, thrown-on
8 mm grain SIZI:
wlth renforcng I lt SI I --
80 mm thermal I s rlat~on.mlneral wool
240 mm renfor:, d zoncrete wall w ~ t hglazed flnsh
levelng coat Ilr~i r.ement
; 85/264 mm wcc j c , r l frames. oak
w ~ t hInsulated t i t d :I3 g a z n g
E 451500 mm wcc iij.1 board, painted black
Case studies
Residential complex Biesdorf-Siid 70 resident~alunits in a total of 64 bull- The typological diversity of the Individual
dings have been constructed in t h s resi- houses is optically brought together by
dential complex in the east of Berlin. The the homogeneous facade design and
two and three storey terraces form an construction detalls
ensemble of different terraced houses. All exterior walls are clad with a mlneral
The floor plans of the Individual houses thermal insulation composite system,
are designed to be so flexlble that they w h ~ c his coated with yellow-coloured
can be extended by adding mezzanine silicate plaster As a finish, two d~fferent
floors red-orange scumble glazes have been
There are some additional entrances, added, one applied with a wide brush
each positioned between two houses, and the other with a brush-like comb
which lead to separate self-contained This technique produced the varied,
apartments in the upper storeys and ingrained appearance of the facade's
Leon Wohlhage Wernik Architekten, Berl~n divide up the terraced rows surface.
.
Ground floor, floor plan Secton
Scale 1.250
Case studies
Vertical cross-sectlon
Horizontal cross-sectlon
Scale 1:20
1 wall construct~on:
External thermal nsulaton composlte system.
Red-orange sicate scumbe
top coat 8 mm Ightweght plaster. felted.
grade 1 mm, plgmented yellow and
w ~ t hl a d - n relnforcng mesh
100 mm mlneral f~brethermal nsuatlon
160 mm renforced concrete
2 40 mm pgmented cast stone
3 Roof constr~~ct~on:
Roof sealing layer: btumen sheet
thermal insuaton. 150 mm-I20 mm polystyrene
r g l d foam sheet on the slope
thermal insuatlon:
40 rnm polystyrene r ~ g foam~ d sheet
vapour barrer on bltumen prlmer
210 mm renforced concrete c e l n g ,
smoothed, painted
4 Lath gratlng, dressed larch on tmber battens
5 Casement door. varnished plne,
with ~nsulateddouble g a z n g
6 230140 mm tread, maple
on battens
7 wall construction.
External thermal nsulaton composlte system:
Red-orange slllcate scumble
top coat 8 rnm Ightwelght plaster, felted,
grade 1 mm, plgmented yellow and
wlth laid-in renforcing mesh
I00 mm mineral fibre thermal ~nsulat~on
160 mm relnforced concrete
:! Floor construct~on.
10 mm carpet
50 mm scree
separaton layer, PE sheet
thermal lnsuaton,
100 mm polystyrene r i g d foam sheet
PE sheet
foundaton plate. 220 mm renforced concrete
' 1 RaIng frame, 50/10 mm gavanlsed steel sheet,
painted wlth mcaceous r o n ox~depant
Case studies
Residential complex in Ljubljana
Bevk Perovic' Architects, Ljubljana
The buildings and facades of this resi- Secton .

Floor pian
dential complex with 43 apartments in Scae 1.500
Ljubljana, Slovenia, have been arranged
- -
--
at strict right angles. The graphical ==_ - - -
- -
arrangement of the windows, doors and

-
balconies, their different sizes and depths P - -
and the variations in this pattern and

rhythm, break up the strict geometry of
the facade. All the openings in the two I
apartment buildings are framed with steel I

sections. Like a shadow edge, the metal
emphasises the relief-like effect of the
exterior wall and simultaneously protects
the rendering at the critical corners. The .-
colours of the building emphasise the

three dimensional effect of the facade , I I
The muted grey of the facade stands in

stark contrast to the yellow walls of the
balconies and entrances The set-back
roof storey is a pale sand colour and L
I' -
therefore also optically offset from the
other storeys. I
The pigmented lhme cement rendering

top coat was applied as a 20 mm thick
scraped finish layer with micaceous feld-
spar, and emphasises the angular, cubic
appearance of the building.
[ll DETAIL 11/2002
Case studies
Vert~calcross-sec-I n Scale 1 :20
1 300/30020 rrr t?rrazzo tlles

7 mm t h n bed r ~crtsr
48-68 mm SCIE ? t i
PE sheet
5 mm b~tumen5 7c,?t
30 rnm therma 1: l ~ l a t o n
170 mm re~nfo( ~ ( concrete
1
2 200 '1 0 0 i 4 rnm tt el sect~onpa~nted
w ~ t hd r ~ phead
3 External therma r ~ j u ! a t ~ composlte
on system
20 mm l~nie-cere i t plaster scraped finish
coloured w ~ t hI r c iceous feldspar
80 mm therma 1: ulaton, polystyrene
4 2 0 0 / 1 0 0 i 4 mm tt el section painted
5 T e x t e sunscrt.t I
6 20 mm veneer? I )Ijwood
7 Balustrade. t vim sheet steel
8 Sunscreen r a ~ l
25,'20 mm a u r n Irn secton
Case stud~es
Residential and business premises

in Zurich
Marcel Meili,
Markus Peter Architekten. Zurich
Staufen & Hasler Architekten, Frauenfeld
.
Sect~on Floor plans
500
This new building In the centre of Zurich,
to the south of the main railway station,
combines urban living quality with cultural
facilities: there are 14 generously propor-
tioned apartments above the cafe and the
two-screen cinema.
The cubage of the building and the
facade appear simple at first glance, but
demonstrate a more subtle design when
examined more closely. The design of the
facade corresponds to the rendered
facades of the neighbouring houses, but
the colour has been newly interpreted.
Only on closer examination I S the pattern
of overlapping areas. In lighter and darker
colours, apparent. It picks up on the dif-
ferent heights of the windows and, similar
to a woven structure, lends depth to the
facade. The surface is manifold, in a lit-
eral sense: First the deep yellow or red
coloured final rendering of the thermal
insulation composite system was brushed
horizontally or vertically in patches. The
grey scumble, subsequently a p p l ~ e d .
tones down the intensive colours and
makes the facade more homogeneous,
while allowing the original colours to shine
through. The brush strokes give the
facade a light texture and the illusion of
depth ;a-l DETAIL 12/2003
1 5 rririi renderrlc c=nstr~rcton
s~i~cr;ne:~+stn ,.c i r ~ t e d
scirtnbie, thnned. gre-
NCS coln~lr5-1 0 ' L , a p p e d >!"ittla roller
f~n?!renderlntc. I.', mln q a ~ slze. n m~naral.
pastlc-~nod~flc*c... r~louredred arid yellovu I
patclies, brusii d ?1(3r1zontall',or \,erl~cally
g l a s d i b r e mesr r,rentorc:ng rriortar
2' Tllerrnil r j c ~ r ! a :tr
po\ysVvrener!(j!l I ;im s t ~ e e l
'!
- Roof c o l l j t r u c ~ r, l (?'!erteti rooi

2
'00/500$40 nr (.ernent panel:
3/6 171rn r ~ d n i t ?tci ic t i p ~ ~ r i g 50 s . mm
.
sei);,r;:tlnj Ikce j l i s t c slieet open to d t f ~ ~ s ~ o n
t l l t r ~ n $!~r:-rrla:! 11 130 mm extruded paljstyrene
rigttl fo:irn s h t i
s e a n g la,e~. :\ o liyers o i b~tumenslieel
430-40P rrllli rk'n.i'irced concrete ceIr?g. slopny
10 rnrii (;> psl-lrr p aster, p a n t e d i v l i l e
1 Flcr~rescenlligl :rrlQ
5 6 lrlrl :.lite oy,c ,I; rYl;c on an 60!30 JSCr2 TITI
clkirr~~r-~uw~ aric~l. 1 ';-ire, c o l o ~ r l e s s anodsed
l~
Case studies
Parish Community Centre in Munich
Allmann Sattler Wappner, Munich
The Herz-Jesu church hall, built in 1970,

.
Section Floor plan
Scale 1:500
is close, both spatially and in its design,
to the new Herz-Jesu church (see DETAIL
2/2001) and the old rectory, which dates
back to the Wilhelminian period. The
church hall was renovated because it no
longer fulfilled today's requirements. The
aims were to correct the defects in the
building substance and fire protection,
and the functional weakness of the com-
munal areas. On the one hand, the spirit
of the 70s architecture was to be retai-
ned, but on the other, the renovation work
visible on the interior and exterior should
be identifiable as belonging to the late
90s. The lowering of the open atrium to
below ground level improved the lighting
and natural ventilation of the surrounding
rooms. The surfaces of the facade are all
rendered in the same pigmented mineral
rendering, emphasising the plastic form
of the individual building cubes. After
cleaning the concrete base, polystyrene
rigid foam sheets were fixed to it and fit-
ted with reinforcement and mesh. A sili-
cate plaster was applied to this construc-
tion using a scraped finish
cB DETAIL 10/2002
Casestudies
vertica cross-secll( n
Scale 1:20
E 3016mm stc€ t,heet

2 rA 30/10 mm st€3 sheet
3 S u n s c r e e na. u n i r i u mZ s e c t i o n
4 Ll 200 steelse:l o I
'111
4n mm drr\/al
llillIi1lfl[H
i1t1 ililttl[lilH]
i t| i l i l | L i l ) i l t f l
1|ilil|ilIllF]
JUllllir
urauEl
p a s t i cs e a i n g s r ce t
m a x 1 8 0m m r i gi c f o a ms h e e t j n g
glassmat biturnrous seallnglayer
perforatedg asisfiore n.rat
Drtumep nflmer
6 H E A2 0 0 s t e e ls ) c to n , P r i m a r yb e a m
7 ExternalthermI r sulatloncomposte system
8 m m p i g m e n t l I I ; l c a t e r e n d e r i n gw i t h
s c r a p e df i n i s h1 5 m m g r a r ns l z ew l t n
UOra r" nlorc:]rg nreshtherrnalinsulalion
poryslyrene
1 2 0m m p a r a p e r ; i q f o r c e dc o n c r e t e
Cornerprotectct'aiL
7
Appendix
Hardened mortar classes according to DIN EN 998-1
All Standards 2nd Guidelines referred to this book are German or European Standards.
DIN EN 998-7,v'th its new classification of Classification for hardened mortar properties (Table 1, DIN EN 998-1)
plastering and r ?ridering mortars, has been
Categor~es Values
the valid standsctl since September 2003.
-
In parallel, the c 2 Yes o f practice in DIN 18

CS I
550 are still valil Iin Germany. CS II
Compressive strength at 28 days
CS Ill
WO Not specified,
Capillary water absorption1 W1 c s 0.40 kg/m2min0"
W2 c I 0 20 kg/m2mino5
Thermal conduct~vity
I The previous standard unit of measurement kg/m2h0%as been changed to kg/m2mino5
Selected impon s7t parameters

for comparison
Requirements f( r hardened mortars (Table 2, DIN EN 998-1)

-- -- -
-
No. Test par meters Method of General Lightweight Coloured One coat Renovation Thermal
testing purpose rendering/ rendering rendering mortar insulating
rendering/ plastering mortar mortar mortar
plastering mortar for external
mortar use
GP LW CR OC
P - ---- p- -
L2 Compre ;: Ive strength EN 1015-1 Id CS I to CS I to CS I to CS I to CS [I CS I to

(categor E S ) CS IV CS Ill CS IV CS IV CS II
.- -- -
L5 Capillar) {vater EN 1015-18 WO WO WO W1 >0.3kg/m2 W1

absorpti 111(categories) to W 2 to W 2 to W 2 to W 2 after 24 h
(for mort 31-sintended
to be us'?din
external 3 ements)
-
- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- -
L6 Water pr,retration EN 1016-18- - - - 15mm -
after cay 11 ary water
absorpt~) r i test
( ~ mml
n
- -- - -- - --
L8 Water v; pour EN 1015-19a.b s declared < declared < declared s declared < 15 115
permeal: il~ty value value value value
coefficie r (y)
(for mort 31s
Intender t z ~be used
in extern3 elements)
---- --
a For determinat on of storage conditions, the air lime content shall be calculated as Ca(OH),
Test method _'\I 1015-19 determines water vapour permeance A (in kg/m2sPa)whereas the value specified in this standard is the water
vapour perme;klility coefficient p.
The calculatior of y from A is given by the following formula: p =

1,94 l o i 0 -
A
1,94 10~'"cor .~spondingto equivalent water vapour permeability factor in air at a temperature of 20°C and atmospheric air pressure
of 101 325 Pa
Appendix
Mortar Mixing Ratios
According to DIN E N 998- I it is no longer possible to lay down standard mixing ratios
for mortar for ail countries in Europe, due to the different regional building traditions and
differences in the raw materials. The definition of mixing ratios (recipes) and fields of use
shall therefore be based on the existing regional practices and experience. The German
standard DIN 7 8 550 remains valid in this respect.
Mixing ratios by volume (Table 3, DIN 18 550T 2)

- - - -
Line Mortar Mortar Mason's lime DIN 1061 Part 1 Building plasters
Group Type with no additions added
by the manufacturer
non-hydraul~c
lime plaster,
hydrated rendering
hydraulic eminently +masonry cement anhydrous plaster anhydrite sand1
lime hydraulic hydraulic hydraulic binders DIN 1164 gypsum of Paris binders
lime putty lime lime lime DIN4211 part1 DIN1168 part1 DIN4208
1 Pl a non-hydraulic 1.02
2 lime mortar 1.02
- - -
3 PI b hydraulic 1.0 3.5-4.5
4 lime mortar 1.O 3.0-4.0
-
5 PI c mortar with 1 .O
hydraulic lime
- -
6 Pll a a mortar with eminently 1.0 or 1.0 3.0-4.0
hydraulic lime or mortar with plaster,
rendering and masonry binders
- - -
7 Pll b lime-cement 1.5 or 2.0 1.O

mortar
-
8 Plll a a cement mortar 10.5 2.0
with hydraulic lime addition
9 Plllb cement
mortar
- -
10 PIVa agypsum
mortar
-
11 PIV b sand gypsum
mortar
--
, P IV c gypsum- 1.0 or 1.0
l~memortar
- - - -
13 PlV d lime- 1.0 or 1.0

gypsum mortar
- - - - -
14 PVa anhydrite
mortar
- - -
15 PV b anhydrite 1.0 or 1.5

l~memortar
- - - - - - - - -
'The values in this table are only valid for mineral aggregates with a dense structure.
A limited addition of cement is allowed.
W h i t e lime may be added in small amounts to improve the pliabil~ty.Retarders may be added to regulate the stiffening time.
Appendix
Exterior rendering and grain size groups
The tables in Dl/\ 18 550 are expected to be valid until 2005.

The nomenclatur,?rsed is currently being changed in line with DIN EN 998-1.
External renderr systems (Table 3, DIN 18 550 T 1)

- - - --
Line Requ~ren~c
nts and/or mortar group and/or type of coating material for admixture2
Used as base coat finish coat1
-. -
1 - PI
2 P I P I
3 - P II
4 no partic ~ l a r P II PI
5 requirern3lits P II P II
6 P II P Org. 1
7 - P Org. l3
8 - P Ill
- - .-
9 PI P I required
10 - P lc reauired
11 - P II
12 P II PI
13 water-re: istant P II P 11
14 P II P Org 1
15 - P Org l3
16 - P Ill"
- -- -- --
17 Plc P I required
18 P II P I required
19 - P I c4 requiredi
20 - P 11"
21 water-rey )c!llanti P II P II required
22 P II P Org 1
23 - P Org 13
24 + P 1113
--
25 - P II
26 P II P II
27 increase 3 strength P II P Org. 1
28 P Org. t:'
29 - P Ill
-- - - - - - -
30 cellar w: II exterior rendering - -

P Ill
- -
-. - - - -
31 - P Ill
32 exterior 111 nth rendering P Ill P Ill
33 P HI P Org 1
34 - P Org I?
--
Finish coats of ~lasterlrenderingcan be Proof of suitability required (see DIN 18 550 W n l y permissible on plasterlrendering sys-
textured or urit?::tured (e.g. surfaces to be part 2, issued January 1985, section 3.4) t e ~ nwith proof of suitability.
coated). W n l y for concrete with a closed structure Rubbed finish coats can require special
as a rendering base. measures.
Recommendetl geainsizes (Table I , DIN 18 550 T 2)

-
- -
- ~-
-
- -.
Llne Use Mortar for grain size group or aggregate
product size acc. to DIN 4226
part 1 in mm
- - - --
, ,xterioi machine-applied 0/4', (018)'
2 renderin 3 base coat 012, 014
3 finish coat depending on technique
- -
4 interlor machine-applied 014'
5 plasterw2t k base coat 012, 0/4
6 finish coat 011 , 0/2'
I The volume cf 2,arse grains should be as large as possible.

In decorat~ve:1 I:~sters/rendering,the coarse grain should be selected according to the
plastering teck nlque used.
Appendix
lnterior plasterwork and mason's lime
Interior plaster systems (Table 3, DIN 18 550 T 1)

- -
Line Requirements and/or mortar group and/or type of coating material for
Used as base coat finish coati
- --
I
2 only low loads
3
4
10 usual loading3 P Ill P 1 c, P II, P Ill, P Org. 1 , P Org, 2

11 - P IV a, b , c,
12 P IV a, b, c P IV a, b, c, P Org. 1, P Org. 2
13 - Pv
14 P V4 P V, P Org 1 , P Org. 2
15 - P Org. 1, P Org. 24
- -
16 - PI
17 PI P I
18 - P II
19 wet rooms5 P II P I, P II, P Org. 1
20 - P Ill
21
22 -P Ill P II, P Ill, P Org. 1
P Org. l 4
I If several mortar groups are named, only Finish coats of plasterhendering can be Only for concrete with a closed structure
one may be used as a finish coat. textured or untextured (e.g. surfaces to be as a rendering base.
coated). T h ~ sdoes not include domestic kitchens
Vncluding uses at low loads. and bathrooms (see section 4.2.3.3).
Building limes according to DIN 1060, now DIN EN 459-1

- -
Material basis Commercial forms Processing
- - -
air lime
in the form of
white lime
-
limestone, CaCO, calcined
to quicklime, CaO 800 "C
quicklime in the form of lump
lump white lime,
ground to pulverised lime
- dry slake to hydraulic
white lime powder or
wet slake to white lime putty
CaCO, -+CaO + GO, hydraulic white lime - process without slaking
white lime putty
air lime product of the production hydraulic carbide lime - process without slaking
in the form of of ethylene, C,H,, from carbide lime putty
carbide limes calcium carbonate CaC,.
CaC, + 2H,O + C,H, + Ca(OH),
air lime dolomitic stone, pulverised dolomitic lime - hydration

in the form of -
CaCO, MgCO, calcined pulverised hydraulic dolomitic lime - process without slaking
dolomitic lime
-
hydrated Marly limestone, calcined, Hydraulic f~nishlime - hydrat~on

hydraulic lime min. 10% hydraulic Hydraulic lime - process without slaking
components
hydraulic lime Marly limestone, calcined, hydraulic lime, powdered - process without slaking
min. 15% hydraulic
components
-
eminently hydraulic Marly limestone, calcined with eminently hydraulic lime, - process without slaklng
lime addition of hydraulic mater~als, powdered
non-hydraulic or hydrated
hydraulic lime, as necessary with
the addition of hydraulic materials
Appendlx
Plaster and rendering admixtures
Plaster and rence-ing admixtures (AM), (Table 12 from ,,Putze in Bausanierung und Denkmalpflege" by Tanja Dettmeing)
Influenced Purpose Mode of action Historical Synthet~c Effect of

properties admixture admixture overdosing
Porosity improve the changes the blood tensldes Increase

workability surface tension the stickiness
reduce the settled of the mixing water, - poor
apparent density causing formation workability
increase the of small,
frost resistance stable pores
increase the
vapour permeability
. deposition
of salts
- -- -
- -- --
Water retainins - prevent firing-on physical blndlng wood fibres cellulose Increase the
stickiness
potential by early release of mixing water
of water to the in admixture - poor
background capable workabil~ty
improve the of swelling disturbance of
workability the setting time
characteristics and hardening
Strength prevent sllpplng physical blnd~ng beton~te, starch ether increase the
from rendering of mixing water starch stickiness
base in admixture - poor
capable workability
of swelling
- -
Elasticity . prevent composite, formation animal hairs, glass fibres, . poor
crack formation of a "reinforcing straw, polymer fibres, workability
skeleton" wood fibres cellulose fibres
- --
Bond strength a improve bonding adhesion curd cheese. polymer - lncrease the
with the caseln, dispersion stickiness
background blood - poor
workabil~ty
Water-repellin~j - reduce the increase the animal and stearates, - reduce the
capability capillary surface tension vegetable oleates, flnal strength
absorption in the capillaries fibres, oils, palmitates,
and therefore soaps silicone resins
reduce the
capillary apsorbtion
Setting time increase the slow down the gypsum, sugar, fruit acids, accelerate the
(retardation) setting time binder reaction wine, lime water, phosphates, setting time
and the pot life borax, silicone fluorides, . blooming
okra roots sucroses, lignosul- . signs of
phonates, hydrogen expansion
carboxylic acids
Setting time - shorten the accelerate the gypsum chloride, final strength
(acceleration) setting time binder reaction aluminate, too low
and solidification hydrogen- . blooming
carbonate signs of
expansion
adjust distribution of the charcoal, m~neraTs, anorganic/ . bleeding

the cobur pigment in the brick meal, mineral and . mottling
binder matrix stone meal organlc pigments
Appendlx
Exposure to driving rain
Rainfall map to determine

the average annual rainfall.
Annual rainfall.
O less than 600 mm
between 66 and 800 mm
more than 800 mm
In the (w~ndy)coastal areas of northern Germany.
more than 700 mm
The exposure of bulldings or p a ~ of

s buildings to driving rain
(exposure groups I, II or I according to the Frauenhofer Institute for Building Physlcs In Holzkirchen, Germany)
Exposure group I low exposure to drlv~ngrain

areas w ~ t han annual ranfall of less than 600 mm, stes part~cularlywell protected from the w ~ n dIn areas w ~ t ha
hgher annual ra~nfall
Exposure group II, medum exposure to driving ran:

areas w ~ t han annual rainfall between 600 and 800 mm and sites protected from the w n d in areas with a hgher
annual rainfall: h~gh-rsebuild~ngsand b u ~ l d ~ n g
ons exposed stes in areas wh~chwould normally be assgned
to the low exposure group accord~ngto the r e g o n a rain and w n d patterns
Exposure group I high exposure to d r ~ v n graln:

areas with an annual rainfall of over 800 mm and windy areas w ~ t ha lower annual rainfall (e g, coastal reglons,
upland and mountainous regions, alpine footh~lls)High-rise buildings and buildngs on exposed sites in areas
which would normally be assgned to the medium exposure group according to the regional raln and wind
patterns
Appendix
Coatings on plaster or rendering
Suitability of the coating material on different plasters (Table 3, information sheet for pa~nters)
No. Coating T ater~als Mortar group acc. to DIN 18 550
P l db PIC P ll d b P Ill P IVd

non-hydraulic hydrated lime cement cement lime-gypsum
lime lime mortar cement mortar
hydrated lime
hydraulic lime only on only on
exterior exterior
surfaces surfaces
protected protected
from from
damp damp
1.. silicate 1 )ants * + C' f -

.-a
-
-- -
- - -
- - - - - - - -
2. ernulslol\ ype s~hcatepalnts s. 9- .i

--- -
-
3. silicone -cisin emulslon paints .+: 1. d- ic- & P
4. lime ceritmt textured coatings
5. slllcat~ ,lllcone resin

emuls13.1textured coatlngs
'8; syntheti,; resin plaster

acc, t c i)lN 18 558
7. emuls~o,ipaints, weatherproof
8. emulsio.i varnishes
9. polyme~i~ate resin paints
10. calcimir E (pit lime)

-
+ suitable
- unsuitable
Remarks: Textured coatings are coatings with a plaster-like appearance made from silicates, s~liconeresin emulsions or synthetic
resin modified lime cement, acc. to DIN 18558
Plaster or rendering which contains lime or cement reacts in an alkaline manner In contact with moisture. Susta~ned
neutralisation is not possible. The chosen coating materials must therefore be alkali-resistant
Appendix
Testing and preparation of the background
Testing and treatment of the rendering base for coatings on exterior rendering (Table 2, Information sheet 9, Guidelines for painters)
-
Testing for Test method Detection Technical notes and measures to be taken
- -
Moisture Visual inspection Damp spots, Treat the cause, allow to dry
and scratch test discoloured edges show
- -
Surface strength Scratch test with a strong, The surface is damage Remove loose or friable parts
angular object if gentle pressure is used manually or by machine. Soft layers
are not a stable base for coatings
- - -
Rub with hand L~ttlerubbing-off If the surface of the plaster

does not rub off easily,
treat with plaster-hardening primer
. -- - - -
Heavy, deep rubbing-off Not suitable for coating,

renew the plaster
- --
Scratch test after wetting The wetting Renew unstable plaster

until the surface softens the surface
is saturated
- - - -
Sintered layers Scratch or grind the When dry, surface sheen, Remove manually or by machine
surface, carry out low absorbency. and fluate where appropriate
a wetting test with water After wetting,
darkening of the scratch
or grinding marks
- -
-
Absorbency Wetting test Water does not penetrate Find cause and treat
with water the surface or water as necessary
is only absorbed slowly
and the surface becomes
darker. Water forms beads.
If the surface is highly absorbent Strongly absorbent surfaces or

the water is absorbed and surfaces which have a patchy pattern
the surface turns dark quickly of different absorbencies should
be treated with an equalisation primer.
-
Blooming Visual inspection Mostly whlte salts or Remove source of moisture

calcium carbonate blooming then allow to dry and remove
the dry salts (brush off)
-
Moss, algae, mould Visual inspection Green or dark-coloured growth Treat mechanically or chemically or
remove using a high-pressure hot water
jet. Follow up by treating
Cracks Visual inspection Crack appearance Depending on the type and size of crack
take suitable renovation measures
Dirt Visual inspection Remove

-
Rust spots Visual inspection Rust-discolouration of Find cause and treat as necessary
individual spots
- - -
Sites in need of repair Visual inspection Differences in texture Equalise the textured finish.
Fluate as necessary for subsequent
coatings
-
Damaged areas Visual inspection and Non-bonded plaster Repair damaged areas
tapping with hammer sounds hollow
Appendix
Paint and varnish classification
:-i: !
All paints and vsvrtishes can be compared EN1062-lG, E, S, V, W, A, C,
and classified k ) ~,)heirbuilding physical I
properties accoI3 hg to the draft standard Gloss (reflectometer value) --

I 1
EN 1062- 1.
Film thickness --- - - II
Example of the signati at ion for a gloss
coating with a (djy film thickness of 50 pm Grain size -- -
~ - - - -
to 100 pm, fine? 7-ain, water vapour trans-

mission rate =. 1 5 g/(m2d),liquid water per- Water vapour transmission --
- - -
'I
I
meability > 0.1 hy/(m2hv~5) to 0.5 kg/(m2h0,5)
and no require/zs.itsfor crack-bridging and Liquid water permeability
carbon dioxide F srmeability
- -- -
1
-
Crack-bridging - -
Cabon dioxide permeability - - -

- I
Classes for water vapour transmission rate (V) (Table 4, EN 1062-1)

- -
Class Requ~rements
g/(m2d) rn"
- - -- -- -
"0
No requlrement
- - - --
V, high > 150 < 0.14

-- -- -- --
v, medium 5 150 2 0.14

> 15 < 1.4
This property is 11: ed to assess the influ-
ence of the coat r17 system on the humidity
--- - --
2 1.4
behaviour of the s~bstrate,
V,
-- -- TQW 115
-- - -
a Values for diffusion-equivalent air thickness (s,) in accordance with E N IS0 7783-2
Classes for liquid water permeability (w) (Table 5 , E N 1062-1)

-- - - - -- --
Class Requirements
kg/(m2hL
W~ No requlrement
-- -- --- - -
-
W2 medium < 0.5

> 0.1
-- -- .- -- - - --
This property is I sed to asses the influence
of the coating sy ;lem on water penetration.
w3
- - low < 0.1 --
(C) (Table 7 , EN 1062-1)

Classes for carbon d ~ o x ~ dpermeab~l~ty
e
-- ----- --
Klasse Requirements m)
g/(m2d)
-- -----
c, N0 N0
requirements requirements
a values for diffusion equivalent air thickness (s,) in accordance with EN 1062-6
Appendix
Surface Tem~eratures
Dark-coloured coatings can lead to a Surface temperatures for covering coatings

higher surface temperature (up to around Table 2 6 I . , lnformation Sheet 18,Technical Guidelines for Painters
80 "C)on the exterior of windows or exte-
rior doors. The warming of the surface can RAL hue no hue Surface temperature ("C) Shade
lead to increased discharge of resin in res-
inous softwoods. For this reason, the use White 40-50 light shade
of dark coatings on resinous softwoods on Golden yellow
the exterior is not recommended. An Light ivory
increase in surface temperature leads to a
significant drying-out of the coated wood Vermilion 50-65 medium shade
and therefore to increased cracking. To Flame red
prevent this, woods less susceptible to
cracking should be used. Ruby red 65-80 dark shade
Brilliant blue
The given surface temperatures are meas- Gentian blue
ured values. Since the warming of the sur- Reseda green
face depends on various factors and is Silver grey
dependent on the time of day, the season Iron grey
and the geographic location, the values Blue grey
cannot be viewed as absolute, but should Clay brown
be considered as relative values Jet black
The classification of the colours as either

light, medium or dark includes some over-
lapping.
The surface temperatures of exterior ren- Surface temperatures for scumble coatings,
dering also increase if the rendering is dark Table 2.62 , lnformation sheet 18,Technical Guidelines for Painters
coloured and can lead to the same physical
effects The temperatures are somewhat Scumbles Surface temperature ("C) Shade
lower, compared to wood, such that black
rendering has a surface temperature of up "Natural" 50-60 light shade
to 64 OC. To prevent cracks, reinforcing Light brown
mesh must be used. "Oak'
Medium red 60-70 med~umshade

Medium brown
"Teak"
"Nut" dark shade

Dark brown
Anthracite
Appendlx
Corroslon ~ r o t e c t i o n
Atmospheric cc31-osivity- categories and examples of typical environments (Table 1. DIN EN IS0 12944-2)
-
Corrosivity ckness loss" Examples of typcal environments
category , rf er first year of
8 'x posure [pm]
1.c ')I-carbon Zinc Exterior Interior Film thickness
:.tl:el Coating
-- -
C1 -:1.3 10.1 - insulated bu~ldlngs

~nsignificant < 60% rel. humdity
-
C2
low
. 1.3-25 > 0.1-0.7 Atmospheres with low levels
of pollution, dry clmate.
unlnsulated buldings where
condensaton may occur,
e, g. rural areas e. g. depots, sports halls
- - --
.25--50 > 0.7-2.1 Urban and industrial atmospheres. Rooms with high relative 160-200 um
medium moderate SO, pollution humidity and some
or coastal areas air pollut~on,e, g, brewer~es,
with low salinty laundries, dairies
-- - - - - - - .-
> 2.1-4.2 lndustrlal areas Sw~mmingpools. chemical plants, 200-320 prn

and coastal areas coastal ship and boatyards
with moderate salinity
- - - -- --
C5 , 80-200 > 4.2-8.4 Industrial areas with Buildngs or areas w~th 240-320 pm
very h g h I h ~ g hrelative humldity and almost permanent condensat~on
(I = industry) aggressive atmosphere and with h g h levels of pollution
.- -- - - -
C5 . 80-200 > 4.2-8,4 Coastal and offshore areas Buildings or areas with
very h ~ g hM with hlgh, almost permanent h ~ g hsal~nityand
(M = marine) condensation h ~ g hlevels of pollution
- - -
* also given as I X I S ~loss [g/m:]
100 p equal C. n m
Corroslon protec t121of steel structures under atmospher~cconditons using protective paint systems, based on DIN EN IS0 12944-5
Preparation of 'l- 9 surface: Sa 2 112 (DIN EN IS0 12944-4) and roughness R,,40 to < 80 pm (DIN EN IS0 8503-1)
Construct~ons~te Corrosivity category
1. ;-I
System C2 C3 C4 C5-I C5-M
S5;.'sr.Pr~mer Film Inter- Film Number Top Film Number Film

- - - -.
:'- .. --. - 8
.:
- -:-,=
- :
-;
. / _
- :-
1; - I ' I
-1
- 8
:Ii !I
.I
ILO thick mediate thick- of coats thlck of t ~ k -
- I
ness and/or ness coats ness coats ness
[uml top coat [~ml [liml [liml I
. .
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
AK zinc c is~sphate
EP zinc cl 1st
EP zinc 3 iosphate
AK zinc c l ~ ~ s p h a t e
AY-Hydrc zinc phosphate
EP zinc 3 ~:;t
100
60
160
100
120
60
AY-Hydro 100
EP, PUR 100

1-2
2-3
1-2
1-2
1-2
2-3
Ak
AK 100
AK. AY PVC 80
65 1
1-2
1 -.-
160
160
160
200
200
160
;I1
7 EP zinc 3 ~osphate 80 EP, PUR 120 2-3 200
8
9
10
11
EP zinc 3 ~:;t
EP zinc 3 1st
EP znc d ~:;t
EP zrnc 2 ~osphate
60
80
80
160
AY-Hydro
EP, PUR
AY-Hydro
EP, PUR
80
100
100
120
2
2-3
2-3
2-4
AY, PVC
PUR
AY, PVC
60
60
60
1
1
1
240
200
240
280
I
I
12
13
-
EP zinc J 1::t
EP zinc 13 losphate
80
80
EP, PUR
EP, PUR
160
160
Top and ntermfc a e coats w ~ t hor w~thoutmicaceous Iron plgments

In interlor space; EP top coats can be used In place of PUR top coats
2-3
2-3
PUR
PUR
80
80
>:-
1 2
I l l : ,
For EP, also EP :' nclnations. f these are proven to be equ~valent
In place of EP 213' ( j u s t , 1 K PUR zlnc dust and 1 W2 ESI zinc dust (relat~ve
humidity during working and hardening 50%)
However. only E9 ziric dust ~f no second coat~ngis intended In the workshop or if a system w ~ t ha h~ghertemperature resistance ( u p to 400'C) IS requ~red
Guidelines.
Standards and Regulat~ons
DIN EN 413-1 n rreparatlon) ssue: 2004-05 DIN 18 556 Issue. 1985-01 Testlig of DIN EN I S 0 12944-5 lssue 1998-07
Masonry c83mt I t - Part 1: Compos~ton, coatng rnaterlas for synthetc resln plasters Fants and v a r ~ i s h e sCorroson protectoli of
s p e c t c a t o ~ i s nd conforrnltv c r t e r a . slid of synthetc r e s n plasters steel structure? u s n g protectve p a n t systems
Gerrnan e t i t o EN 41 3-1 2004 DIN 18557 Factor)/-made ~norlar:Mariufact~lre Part 5 ' Protectve p a n t systems
DIN EN 4 5 9 1 I S ~ I . ~2002-02
?: montorlng and d e v e r y DIN 18363 Issue, 2002-1 2 German Ccnstructon
B u d n g r i e - 13art 1 Defnitons s p e c f c a - DIN 18 558 ssue 1985-01 Synthetc r e s n Contract Procc?dures (VOB) - Part (2. General
t o n s arid c o n f ~ : m t y c r ~ t e r a plasters, deflnitons, specfcatlolls, appllca- Iectinlcal terrns of contract for con~.tructon
German ecitoi EN 4 5 9 1 2001 tlons work (ATV); palntliig and varnishncj work
DIN EN 459-2 s s 5 2002-02 DIN 18559 Issue. 1988-2 External thermal DIN 18364 Issue. 2000-12 German Ccnstruct~on
Buldlng l n e - Part 2: Test methods n s ~ r l a t o ncomposte systems Contract Proced~rres(VOB) - Part 0: General
German e t i t o l , EN 459-2 2001 Draft WTA (Interliatona Assocaton for Sclence tt?clinlca terms of contract for conztr~rcton
DIN EN 459-3 s s ! 2002-02 ~ ~ and Technology of Buldilig Maintenance and \work IATV), corroson protecton of steel and
B u l d n g 11,-ie- :'art 3 Conformity eval~raton Moriulnents Preservaton) nformatori sheet a l u m ~ i i ~ ustructures
~n
DIN EN 998-1 sslii: 2003-09 'Lrne plaster for the preservaton of monu- DIN 53220 ssue: 1978-04 Palnts and j m a r
ments'
S p e c f ~ c a t ocf~rnortar for masonry - coatng rnaterals, used to coat a surface:
Part 1 : Re,"tleri g and plastering rnortar
WTA nformaton sheet 8-6-99 D "Restoration of defnitoris and n f u e n c n g factors
tmbered b i i d n g s according to the W A , coa-
DIN EN 998-2 sslre: 2003-09 DIN 53778-3 issue. 1983-08 Polymer tisperslon
t ~ g on s tniber-frarne walls - nogglng'plasters'
S p e c ~ f c a t ocisf mortar for Inasoriry - p a n t s ; Specifcation of the contrast r a t o
WTA riformation sheet 2-2-91;D 'Renovation
Part 2: Masonr, rmortar and brightness of the p a n t s
plaster systems"
DIN 4121 s s e ' 1(:78-07 DIN 55943 ssue: 2001-10
W A nforniatlon sheet 2-2-99.D "Supplemelit to Coourlng matters - Deflnitons
Suspendeti w I 1 '-plaster c e n g s : plaster WTA ~nforl?atonsheet 2-2-91VD"
ceililigs w ~ i t rri-ta
i a t h n g , R a k t z celllnys DIN 55944: Issue 2003-1 1 C o o u r n g matters.
WTA ~ i f o r m a l ~ osheet
n 2-4-94 D "Evauatlon
Classfcation accordrig l o c o o r ~ s t : and
s p e c f c a t o n s Ih~rconstructon and restoration of cracked renderng on
DIN 4208 ssLe: 1097-04 Aiihvdrlte b n d e r cheinica consderatons
facades"
DIN 1164 1ssI.rF'. 2000-1 1 DIN 55945 Issue: 1999-07 Pants and .iarnlshes.
Cement w t t i sl:ocia propertes - compostori. terms arid defl~itionsfor coatlng rn;itsr!als and
spec~flcatio,~s. I roof of conforrn~ty coatings - terms and d e f n t o n s a d d t o n a to
DIN 1168-1 s;ue 1986-01 DIN EN 9 7 1 1 , DIN EN ISO4618-2 and
6 u d n g p l j s t t r 3: Nomer~caturetypes and Paints DIN EN I S 0 4618-3
uses; deli\liry - n d labell~rig DIN 55990 ssue: 1979-12 Testng of r a n t s and
DIN 1168-2 1:;SJe: 1975-07 B u d n g plasters: s m l a r coatng tnaterals
DIN EN 9 7 1 1 + supplement 1 ssue: 1996-09
Speclfcatons test inethods inontorrig DIN EN 13300 ssue: 2002-1 1 Coatng materials
Pants and varnshes, ternis and d e f n t o n s for
- coatrig materals w h c h contan water and
DIN 1169 L o a i i in. ~rtarfor rnasonry plaster ng c o a t n g rnaterias - Part 1: General terms
and r e n d e r i g DIN EN 927-1 (5 Parts) ssue: 1996-10 Pants c?atlrig systeris for interor walls alid c e l n g s
DIN EN 13273-1 (:iraftl, issue. 1998-07 - class~f~cat~on
aiid varnishes - coatlng i n a t e r a s and coating
Gypsum ariti g! psum hased b u d n y plaster - systems for exterlor woodwork
Part 1: D c - l r - t ~ o is and requrernerits - Part 1 C a s s f l c a t o n and s e e c t o n
DIN EN 1327:'-2 (Kiraft) lssue DIN EN 1062-1 (draft) ssue: 2002-10

1998-07 G\!ps~,inand gypsuln based b u d n g Coating materals - coatng m a t e r a s and
plaster - P a t 2 : Test methods coatlng systems for exteror rnlnera substrates
DIN EN 1365E;-1 (::raft), and concrete - Part 1: Classifcaton
Issue: 199$!-10 DIN EN 1062-3 ssue. 1999-02 Pa~ntsand
Metal laths anti Seadng - varnshes - coatlng materlas arid coatlng
Defnitons recr~lreliientsand test methods systems for exteror mneral substrates
- Part I . Intern; plastering and concrete - Part 3 Determ~natonand
DIN EN 13656-2 ::iraft) c l a s s i c a t o n of Ilq~rd-watertransm~ss~oli rate
issue. 199h-1 1 (per~neabty)
Metal lath:; anti b e a d n g - DIN EN 1062-6 ssue 2002-10 Coating rnaterlas
D e f n t o n s recl irenients arid test methods - coating m a t e r a s and coatng systems for
- Part 2: E x t e r r i , ~ renderng exteror l-r~rierasubstrates and concrete -
DIN EN 13914-1 (ciraft) Part 6 ' D e t e r m n a t i o ~of carbon dioxide
iss~re2006-12 1-he design, preparat~onand perrneablty
a p p c a t o n of cxterna render~ngand Internal DIN EN 1062-7 (draft) lssue 2002-10
p a s t e r n g -- Part 1 External renderlng Coatng rnaterlas - c o a t n g materals and
DIN EN 13914-2 :cirafti. coatng systerms for exteror lnneral substrates
ssue 2002-07 and concrete - Part 7. Determriation of
The d e s g i pr-paraton and applcatol? ot crack-brdgrig propertes
external r e r ~ d en~g arid Internal plasterngj - DIN EN 1062-11 ssue: 2002-10 Coatng m a t e r a s
Part 2. lrite~riall ) a s t e r n g - coatng materlas arid coatng systems for
DIN 18180 IssLie. ; 989-09 Plasterboard: exterlor mneral substrates alid concrete -
Types, specfl( tons test rnethods Part 11 Methods of condtonlng before testng
DIN 18350 Isshe: 2002-12 DIN EN S O 4618-2 issue: 1999-07 Pants arid
German Constr i c t o n Contract Procedurss varnshes t e r m s and defnltons for c o a t n g
[VOB) P a r t C Seneral techncal terrns sf materals - Part 2 Specal terms r e a t n g to
contract foi co-strutori works (ATV): p a ~ icharacterlstcs
t and properties
renderlng, p l a ~ ~ t e r nand g stucco DIN EN S O 461 8-3 ssue. 1999-07 Pants and
DIN 18 550-1 ssui:. 1985-01 Plaster and varnshes, terms and deflntions for coatng
-
rendertrio: Noniencature and requrerne~its niaterals - Part 3 Surface preparaton and
rnethods of appllcaton
This standard i to be s,lperseded by
DIN EN 13914 DIN 6164 (3 parts i supplement). DIN coour
DIN 18 550-2 ;sui, 1985-01 Plaster and cards
renderng: Pla:,-sr and r e ~ d e r r grnade f r o n DIN EN S O 7783-1 ssue: 1999-06
mortars w ~ t ?m e r a bliiders a ~ ~ p c a t o r i C o a t i g materials - detern>nationof water
DIN 18 550-3 ssciv 19910 3 Plaster and vapour transmsson rate - Part 1 d s h methcd
renderng: Tlier n a y l n s u a t n g plaster systerms for free films
uslng mort,ie i v ~ t hmrieral b n d e r s and expan- DIN EN S O 7783-2 Issue: 1999-04
ded poystviert IEPS) as an aggregate Pants and varnshes - coatng m a t e r a s and
DIN 18 550-4s s t i 1993-08Plaster and coating systems for exteror m ~ n e r asubstrates
renderng, g ' l t ' ~ e g h plaster;
t appcatlo~i and coricrete - Part 2: Determnaton and clas-
DIN 18 555 T e s t r ~ rof~ mortars wlth rnineral s f c a t o n of water-vapour transmlsson rate
bnders p e r ~ n e a b ~ t (yI)S 0 7783-2: 1999)
Manufacturers
n rd r e n d e r r n g
O r g a n i s a t i o n s / p l a sat e
Plasterand rerrclering- Manufacturers/organisations
K n a u fG i p s K G F g ps GmbH B u n d e s v e r b a n dd e r D e u t s c h e n
Manufacturers
A m B a h n h o f/ S c h a n z e n s t r a BB
e4 Z e m e n t i n d u s t r ie V
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, ermanY P f e r d m e n g e s s t r a B7e
a s e c c o B a u c h e n t ; ch e P r o d u k t e
Te : +49 (0)9323 31 0 T e : + 4 9 ( 0 ) 2 1I 5 5 0 3 - 0 D - 5 0 9 6 8C o l o g n e ,G e r m a n Y
GmbH& Co KG
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ww\,^/,Dayosan oe
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D - 6 0 3 2 9F r a n k f u r a
c d - c o l o rG m b H 8 ) c K G
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www cd co or de
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wwr,ry doerken de
Tel : +49 (0)7633 810-O Lou se-Seher-StraBe6 Baugewerbes
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C o f i r m i tR a j a s C , rr t H & C o . K G
www,lTtarmonloe Tel : +,49(0) 6432 503 0 D 1 0 11 7 B e r l i n G , ermany
r t r a B e2 5
T h c i l a u eS
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Fax +,19 (0) 821 5901-372 D 89077Ulm,Germany V e r b u n d s y s t e m ee V
F E M A F a r b e n+ F ' L. z e G m b r w w w p c r - a u g s D U roge T e l : 0 7 3 19 3 4 10 F r e m e r s b e r g s t r a B3e3
JunkerstraBe3 F a x : 0 7 3 19 3 4 1 3 B B D - 7 6 5 3 0B a d e n - B a d e n G
. ermanY
D - 7 6 2 5 7E t t l i n g e r, G e r m a n y PELI GmbH www schwenk de Te : +49 lO)7221 300989-0
T e l : + 4 9 ( O )7 2 4 : t 1 1 ' A r t r a B e4 2
O e y n h a u s e n eS Fax: +49 lA) 7221 300989-9
Fax: +49 (,O)724: '1 1-128 D 32584 Lohne, Germany SOTANO l\,4ortel und Putze w w w f a c h v e r b a n d - w d v sd e
wr,tl/,/fema de Tel : +49 (0)5732 4000 GmbH + Co KG
Fax:+49 {0)5732 16971 Mendener StraBe40 g,
H a u p t v e r b a n dF a r b e ,G e s t a l t u n
H a s t T r o c k e n m o t t I, www pe -puIZ oe D 58675Hemer Bautenscnutz
GmbH & Co KG T e l : + 4 9 ( O )2 3 7 2 9 2 7 1 5 1 HahnstraBe70
L a n d s h u t e rS t r a B r :l o Protektorwerk F a x :+ 4 9 l O )2 3 7 2 9 2 7 1 5 9 D-60528 Frankfurta l\,4an, Germany
D - 8 5 3 5 6F r e i sn g ) o r m a n y F l o r e n zM a i s c hG m b H & C o K G w\^^rysotano de Tel : +49 (0)69 66575 300
T e : + 4 9 ( 0 )8 1 6 f i C 2 - 0 V ktor astraBe58 F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 ) 6 9 6 6 5 7 5 3 5 0
F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 )8 1 6 1 ' C 2 ' 4 8 6 D - 76 5 71 G a g g e n a u ,G e r m a n y wr,^,v/farbe de
wwvvnasrl oe Tel : +49 lO)7225 971 A Orgartisatians
F a x : + 4 9 ( O )7 2 2 5 9 7 7 - l B 0 n d u s t re v e r b a n dW e r k M o r t eel V
H e r d e L b e r g C e ml e I G \,\,\w.protektorcom B u n d e s v e r b a n dd e r Haus der Baustoffindustrie
P r o d u c tg r o u p p l i u t €r s y s t e m s GipsndustreeV D u s s ed o r f e rS t r a B e5 0
Ber ner StraBe6 q u r c k - mx G r u p p e D - 6 4 2 9 5D a r m s t a d t ,G e r m a n y D 4 7 A g D u i s b u r gG , ermany
D - 6 9 1 2 0H e i d e l b r :3t G e r m a n y G m b l - i& C o K G T e l : + 4 9 ( 0 )6 1 5 l 3 6 6 8 20 Tel : +49 (0)203 99239-0
T e : + 4 9 ( , A6 ) 221 e"251 M u h l e n e s c h w e g6 F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 ) 6 1 5 1 3 6 6 8 2 2 2 F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 ) 2 0 3 9 9 2 3 99 0
Fax: +49 (0)6221 8--700 D 49090 Osnabruck, Germany www glps de m,lr.vlwm-lnfo de
ww\v nzag oe T e l : + 4 9 ( 0 )5 4 1 6 0 1 0 1
F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 ) 5 4 1 6 0 1 8 5 3 B u n d e s v e r b a n dd e r D e u t s c h e n NCSCOIOUR CENTRE
H e n k e B a u t e c h n tG
x ntbH w ^ / / q u c k - m i xd e Kalkindustrie V E u r o p as c h e s C o l o r C e n t r u m
Ceresit AnnastraBe67-7 1 BayreutherStraBeB
ErkratherStraBe2: l R - . m m e r sG m b H & C o D 5 0 9 6 8 C o l o g n e .G e r m a n y D - 10 / 8 7 B e r l i n ,G e r m a n y
D4a2n Dusseldr f, Germany Chemsche Baustoffe Tel : +49 lA) 221 934674'0 T e l : + 4 9 ( 0 ) 3 0 2 l 0 9 0 1- 0
Tel:+49(0)21f i710 Bernhard-BemmersSlraBe 13 Fax: +49 (0)221 934674 10 F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 )3 0 2 1 , 1 7 3 6 7 1
-i D 4 9 6 2 4 L o n i n g e n ,G e r m a n y wwvr kalk de W r y W . N C S C O IOOCU T
Fax: +49 t,O)211 7 ) 299
wr,vw,henkel-baut,ll'fi k de Te : +49 (0) 5432 B3-0
F a x :+ 4 9 ( 0 ) 5 4 3 2 3 9 8 5
WW\VTCMTNETS OE
Manufacturers
Organisations/Paint
Paint - Manufacturers
Akzo Nobel Deco GmbH Dinova GmbH & Co KG Karl Klenk GmbH & Co Seitz + Kerler GmbH & Co KG
Werner-von-Siemens-StraOe 1 1 BachstraOe 38 Farben- und Lackfabrik FriedenstraOe 5-8
D-31515 Wunstorf. Germany D-53639 Konigswinter, Germany Weissacher StraOe 66-68 D-97816 Lohr a M , Germany
T e : +49 (0) 5031 9 6 1 0 Tel : +49 (0) 2223 72-0 D-71522 Backnang, Germany T e : +49 (0) 9352 87870
Fax: +49 (0) 5031 961-274 Fax: +49 (0) 2223 287-54 Tel : +49 (0) 7191 181-0 Fax: +49 (0) 9352 8787-1 1
www.akzonobel de www dinova de Fax: +49 (0) 7191 63608 www.seilo.de
www bakolor de
Alligator Farbwerke GmbH Dracholln GmbH Sigma Coatings
MarkstraOe 203 .
Paints Coloured rendering Kemfarben GmbH & Co. KG Farben- und Lackwerke GmbH
D-32130 Enger, Germany Composite insulation systems KemstraOe 16 KlusenerstraOe 54
Tel : +49 (0) 5224 930-0 Carl-Zess-StraOe 19 D-86420 Dedorf, Germany D-44805 Bochum, Germany
Fax +49 (0) 5224 7881 D-72555 Metzingen, Germany Tel : +49 (0) 821 4802-0 Tel : +49 (0) 234 869-0
www alligator de Tel . +49 (0) 71 23 9656-0 Fax: +49 (0) 821 4802-210 Fax: +49 (0) 234 869-358
Fax +49 (0) 71 23 41 652 www.keimfarben de www sigma-coatings de
Alpina Farben www dracholin de
Vertriebs-GmbH & Co KG Kremer Pigmente Silinwerk van Baere & Co.
RoOdorfer StraOe 50 einzA Lackfabrik GmbH Farbmuhle D-64579 Gernsheim, Germany
Administration: Rotenhauser StraOe 10 HauptstraOe 41-47 Tel.: +49 (0) 6258 940-0
Dr Robert Murjahn-StraOe 13 D-21109 Hamburg, Germany D-88317 Aichstetten/Allgau, Fax: +49 (0) 6258 2561
D-64372 Ober-Ramstadt, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 40 751007-0 Germany www.silin.com
Tel : +49 (0) 6154 7 1 0 Fax: +49 (0) 40 751 007 67 Tel : +49 (0) 7565 101 1
Fax: +49 (0) 61 54 71-632 www elnza corn Fax: +49 (0) 7565 1606 Sto AG
www alpina-farben de www kremer-pigmente de EhrenbachstraOe 1
Europaisches Color Centrum GmbH D-79780 Stuhlingen, Germany
AURO Pflanzenchemie A t i Bayreuther Straije 8 Livos Pflanzenchemie Tel : +49 (0) 7744 57-1010
Alte Frankfurter StraOe 21 1 D-I0787 Berl~n,Germany GmbH & Co KG Fax: +49 (0) 7744 57-2010
D-38122 Braunschweig, Germany Tel : +49 (0) 30 21 0901 -25 Auengrund 10 www sto.de
T e : +49 (0) 531 281 41 -0 Fax: +49 (0) 30 21 473671 D-29568 Wieren, Germany
Fax: +49 (0) 531 28141-61 www ncsclour de Tel : +49 (0) 5825 88-0 Uzin Utz AG
www auro de Fax: +49 (0) 5825 8860 DieselstraOe 3
G E. Habich's Sohne www livos de D-89079 Ulm, Germany
BASF Coatings AG Farbenfabriken Po box 4080
GlasuritstraOe 1 BurgstraOe 3 Meffert AG Farbwerke ProfiTec D-89030 Ulm, Germany
D-48165 Munster, Germany D-34359 Reinhardshagen Sandweg 15 Tel.: +49 (0) 731 4097-0
T e : +49 (0) 2501 14-0 Tel : +49 (0) 5544 791 -0 D-55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 731 4097-1 10
Fax: +49 (0) 2501 14-3373 Fax: +49 (0) 5544 8238 Tel : +49 (0) 671 870-0 www uzin-utz.com
www basf-coatings de Fax: +49 (0) 671 870-392
Glasurit GmbH www.profitec de Wacker-Chemie GmbH
Beeck'sche Farbwerke Beeck GlasuritstraOe 1 Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4
GmbH & Co KG D-48165 Munster-Hiltrup, Germany Muster-Schmidt KG D-81737 Munich
BurgauerstraOe2 Tel : +49 (0) 2501 14-0 RAL-coour card sales Tel.: +49 (0) 89 6279-01
D-70597 Stuttgart, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 2501 14-3373 SchuhstraOe Fax: +49 (0) 89 6279-1 770
T e : +49 (0) 71 1 900-200 www glasurit de D-37154 Sudheim, Germany www wacker com
Fax: +49 (0) 71 1 900-201 0 Tel : +49 (0) 5551 90842-0
www,beeck de griwecolor Fax: +49 (0) 5551 90842-29 Wema Flussigtapete
Farben und Beschichtungen GmbH www muster-schmidt de JurastraOe 8
Biofa-Naturprodukte W Hahn GmbH Wieselbrunnen 2 0-96146 Altendorf/SeuOlng,
DobelstraOe 22 D-78199 Braunlngen-Doggingen, Paul Jaeger GmbH & Co KG Germany
D-73087 Boll, Germany Germany Lackfabrik Tel : +49 (0) 9545 7 06 41
Tel : +49 (0) 7164 9405-0 Tel : +49 (0) 7707 9904-0 Slemens StraOe 6 Fax: +49 (0) 9545 53 21
Fax: +49 (0) 7164 9405-96 Fax: +49 (0) 7707 9904-50 D-71696 Moglingen, Germany www wema-flussigtapete de
www biofa de www griwecolor de Tel : +49 (0) 7141 2444-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7141 2444-44 Wulff GmbH & Go. KG
Brilux GmbH & Co KG Herbol www jaegerlacke de Niederlassung Lingen
Weseler StraOe 401 Akzo Nobel Deco GmbH SchllerstraOe 27
D-48163 Munster, Germany - Business Area Professional - Relius Coatings GmbH & Co KG D-49811 Lingen, Germany
T e : +49 (0) 251 7188-0 VitalisstraOe 198-226 Donnerschweer StraBe 372 T e : +49 (0) 591 71003-0
Fax: +49 (0) 251 7188-439 D-50827 Cologne, Germany D-26123 Oldenburg, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 591 71003-60
www brilux de Tel : +49 (0) 221 5881-0 Tel : +49 (0) 441 3402-0 www.wulff-gmbh de
Fax: +49 (0) 221 5881-335 Fax: +49 (0) 441 3402-358
Caparol Farben Lacke www herbol de www relius de
Bautenschutz GmbH
RoOdorfer StraOe 50 imparat Farbwerk lversen & Mahl Rudolf Hensel GmbH
lndustriegebet 1 GmbH & Co KG Lauenburger LandstraOe 11
D-64372 Ober-Ramstadt, Germany Hauptwerk Ginde D-21039 Bornsen, Germany
Tel : +49 (0) 61 54 71-0 S~emensstraOe8 Tel : +49 (0) 40 721062-10
Fax: +49 (0) 6154 71-1391 D-21509 Ginde/Hamburg, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 40 721062-52
www caparol de Tel.: +49 (0) 40 727708-0 www rudolf-hensel de
Fax: +49 10) 40 727708-70
Chemische Fabrik Harold Scholz www imparat de Schulz GmbH
GmbH & Co KG Farben und Lackfabrik
Partensteiner StraOe 105-1 07 IRSA Lackfabrik An der Altnah 10
D 9781 6 Lohr a M , Germany lrmgard Sallinger GmbH D-55450 Langenlonshe~m,Germany
Tel . +49 (0) 9352 8748-0 An der Gunz 15 Tel : +49 (0) 6704 9388-0
Fax +49 (0) 9352 8748-22 D-86489 Deisenhausen, Germany Fax: +49 (0) 6704 9388-50
www harold-scholz de Tel : +49 (0) 8282 8944-0 w , s c h u l z - f a r b e n de
Fax: +49 (0) 8282 8944-44
www irsa de
Subject lndex
Subject lndex
abrasion resistant. 33, 51, 68 enameling process 76 minimum coverage 73 shielding plasters
absorbency 40, F 3. 72, 74, 101, 104 energy saving regulations (EnEV) 25 mixing ratio 33, 42, 44, 98 sil red bole - -
acid-hardening co c caring paints 70 epoxy resin paints 70 mortar group 32ff, 42, silanes 72
acrylic emulsions 67,68 equalsat~oncoat 74,87 44, 49. 97f, 100, 103 s~licatepaints 47, 61ff, 66ff, 74, 103
acrylic resin 63, 71 expanded clay 38, 44, 83 mortar pigments 39 silicate plaster 40, 47, 80, 94f
acrylic resln varnlsh expanded polystyrene 44. 61 mother of pearl 43 silic~ca c ~ d 44f
acrylic varnishes 70 exterior rendering 22, 32f, 37, 40f. 45, multi-coloured effect pant 70 silicic-acid ester 72
additives 48,63 48, 52f, 55, 74, 99, 104, 106 Munch plaster 56f silicone resin 47, 62ff, 68f, 70,
adhesion 67, 72 external thermal insulat~oncomposite nail float 54,57 72ff. 93, 103
adhesion agent 42. 73, 76 system [ETICS, ETlC system) 8, 12ff, NCS colour scheme 78 silicone resin emulsion 47
aggregate 49 45, 47, 50ff, 74, 86f, 88f, 9 l f , 95, netting agent 77 silicone resin emulsion paint 64f
alkali resistance 73 factory-made mortar 32f, 47 non-hydraulic lime 34ff, 41 , 97f, silicone resin plaster 40,47
alkyd resin pants 61, 70 fillers 38, 47, 61, 63. 66, 69, 70, 72 100. 103 s~liconeresin varnish 68, 70
alkyd varnishes 70 fine filler 73 oil paints 69 silicone rubber 63
anhydrous gypsuni 32, 36, 42 finish coat 16, 32, 41, 43f, old German plasterwork 57 siificat~on 47, 62, 64, 66ff, 68, 74
anodizing process 77 47, 49, 54ff, 99f opus caementicium 41 sloxane or silicone resin paints 68
art-nouveau style p)l s:ers 56 fireproof pant 69 organic components 67 slap dash 56
bark or drag effect 57 fireproof plaster 40 paint (two component paint system) 70 smoothed concrete 81
base coats 72, 74 fire-resistance period 71 pant dipping 64 solvents 47 61. 63, 66ff, 72, 75ff
biocides 47 firing-on 40, 43, 53, 72, 101 pentachorophenol 72 sound-absorbing plaster 40,49
binders 32ff, 4 if 50, 55, 61ff. 101 fixative 66 perlite 44,49 spinel pigments 39
bituminous adhes I + 26 float glass 76 physical drying 62 spray plaster 47, 56f
bituminous varnsk~ 70 floor coatings 17 pigments 38f, 47. 55 63ff, 68ff, stamp and roller plaster 56
black glass 43 format~onof silicates, silicate blnders 34 72, 74, 78. 82ff. 101, 107 stone meal 63, 101
-,'.' 1; -.
blasting material 77 fresco 55 111- 111 'I< l e t ~ < l l Il l l.lllr -, -
1 ,I~,:l,:r , <i t 31: !:' 1 ,.,I,:, $l>,l.=
blooming
I I I#.#' I Iq
:8
44, 74, 101, 104
-.- -
fresh mortar
lr.':; I b ? ~ ~ ~ : . . ~ ~ ~ r : , - ::,;
32
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2 TI.>
',.I-
sv~5ie,,l ,, +, ,, ,,:, 'a,-<:
-:;I.
,,. ..,11,:.IL:., , :I,,' 1 'iI
/1
1 8 1 8 ,= Il,< 1 ~,.,!r~.lll.l#. 18 t:, 1 $ 1 lL~I7?\!j!33 .I ,;!I ll.,~l(ji:P<<. 8-11 :~l-,l.il~liF i,l,,:~t,,.-,: <,,l\tt?Pr15 -,:,It .',,I\8 -11,I+<.8 1 . I l l . 8 ' I I
bond coat 26, 72, 75 44.49 I Il<l:-.tPIII1ll

1111.11:11 1 1 1 . i l l l . ':!. 7 : , 17 - ,l,tl-,l~!l~ , + ~ >I , 1 I. ..'~., .. I1 , :-,
, '2 1 1 .,
-
bond plaster of Par1 ; 33, 42 fungicide 72, 74, 111 : I l lIll1 I I -:.II.,.L -8
brick wire mesh 53 fusing process 76 i ~ : l i ~l ~~l ll l' J ~ i l i l ~ 1l , t: :-I, .<'I,I-, ' I .'I " > l l L,l
11- ,~,,l, I, ;!ft88:,',. < - :
bronzing lacquer 70 gavanising 77f L 8 .l.l l.~,xl,ll~:,
! r .-':(.l,r 17 -: t:.i
IST 111. ,I,. I / I , = L ;-
!;I;-.:<< 1 1 1 #I!> 111111'1~111,11~:, lI/---itl PI 1 I (1 8,- . - 1
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-. ,:I , l:TI,
~ l i ~ ~ l ,-(.'l - ! ~ 7 ..
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b u l d n g lime 41, 98, 100 51, 84ff, 89. 95 I :.,1?.111.t .i l
..rili!lI-8.8 l8.. !I IS! I,.:! ~ l - , ~ < , ~ l l , 7 l l1t l ' ;t . 1 ~ 1 4,' .-2
calcim~ne 62f, 65f, 74, 103 gypsum-llme mortar 32 42 .I, 11:-
..:,.iri - 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 ,~,-r:, .:':,,
capillary hydrophc t c 68 gypsum mortar 32.42 ,,, ;lllelll'--ll- =:-(I i , , ,Ir *..'3! %mi:, 1!,.7,(,,, ,I; - : : ~ t l < ~ 1"
'
caoilary water ab;( ry~ton 46, 9 1 gypsum plaster 17, 40, 42f, 85, 93 ,..$ 1, .:,I- ,*.;!I, ,.~llllll.l.,l.. i.8-3 , ' ! '- 1'11 1 'Ill11 ..: ,.IiJ
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-- ' 1 '.#
8
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--
carbon dioxide per1 i c ability 61f. 105 gypsum plasterboard 18, 71 i ~ l l i ~ Ill, 81,
carbonatization :Mi, 41, 62, 65, 74 hardened mortar 32f 97 ..(I:,.;

l?~,-~l~, =!..,?t,.l~? t i'- l 1 ,I: :,I!'
i l i ~,+>I c i i *-,
casein, casein pa11 43, 55, harden~ng 32ff, 40, 62, I-,::! #I,,,/'S?:' I , <,I 1 ,>'I+2,l, J , l l l - 4 ,
63, 65, 101 64f, 66f. 69. 73f :ni I::, I.\: !,f,, :<, .--.
, I , , ;l,,>3>t:,l
--
cavities 73 hardening process, :,,>I '1-1 .: I ,?I71

i - I -.-t, ;-,I ,,>II I - > , $1 I, - :-,' -. ,A-,, 1 ' 1 , '
CE conformity ma 1. 33, 62, 64, 66 hardening times 32.34F i;r8l:~.;.:, I I I .?;:,.,I iia-.:. 't. 1- , i 1 , , !.I l8-,t~l, ,<.'11 >
cellulose nitrate la: 11er 70 high-solid 63 ~ i : l I~,;.II I'
r . ~ . ~ ~ ? , ~ ~1111 .- -,
!-:I1 . I :qc?'~<t ,!;lrl I ' I , ~ ,-,r
cement clinker 36 historical plasterwork 38f, 41 I,,----5 .# 11 6 *~r-o:t:>,:, I . I - I , 11:' LJ
cement-lime paste 3
cement paint
40,45
65
hot-dip gavanising
house paint
77
27. 61ff, 67. 70, 78 ,
11111'1171'-~
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34.. .
,I-,
cement plaster 26, 34, hue 39. 61, 63, 67, 78, 101, 106 ,,,I I1 P 1 ,IS ,-,(- .I j,, >.I!
; , : , i t , Ill :-I
, .. . I I:'-
40f, 44f, 48f, 66 hydrated cement 34, 36 t . . I 1 , I I , , 8
cement slurries 65, 73 hydraulic lime 32, 34ff, 41, 45, radiator paint 70 two component silicate paints 66
chalking 67 50. 56, 62. 98, 100 RAL colour system 78. 106 underwater paints 65
-- ,-.---.
I I ) i r t l , - j I l , L ~ 1 ~~1 1 1 1 E 2 I:,! I-,,., tl,~;,:Ii .:;-ltll~,r~,l~'~l -1:q< Ill rk,, ; c C i t ~ r ~ r ! rt I- 1 l,!.l*a!
l i i l , ~ , .;L,<l
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I1 I , ~ l # ~:,Ill < ] lI,;: 1-,15l--~. I I l,,,n,\-,r,-,,~:,,TI&-.,l, z,,c .,, I -I,, l ' , , ~ , ' I . 11,-t+,; ,,, 1 ,,'
CIE Lab System 78 mpregnat~ngagent 70. 72, 74 reinforcing mortar 50.93 vapour permeabl~ty37, 46f, 66f, 69, 74
coalescence 62, 64, 67, 69 insecticide 72 renovation plaster 40 vermicular finish 57
cold-curing resin: 70,73 interior plaster 13, 17, 33, 37, 411, renovation plasters 40, 46, 49, 52 vinyl resin 63
colour charts and :I:tems 78 47, 52f. 83, 85, 87, 99f resistance to cleaning substances 76 water absorption 62. 67
cooured rend ern^ 97 intermediate layer 55 resistance to rising water 40, 48 water glass solution 66
colouring matters 63 intumescent material 71 resistance to scratching 76 water-repelant 27. 32f, 40, 44f,
combed finish 56 iron 42, 70, 76ff resistivity class 75 46ff 50, 62 68, 72, 99
compression plasti r 40,49 aquers/varnshes 64, 70f, 7411, 103 RGB and CMYK colour systems 78 water-resistant
concrete coatings, j( umbe 73 latex pant 69 rigid foam sheeting 12, 16, 24, 26, oaster/renderna 32f. 40ff. 62. 99
corner protection r, I 95 leveling plaster 40 50. 85. 89, 93f water vapour diffusion 41, 43, 62,
corrosion protectlo I 66, 70f, 73, lightweight plaster 9. 89, 97 rolling and spraying processes 64. 76 67f, 70 73
77f, 107 lime-cement plaster 40f, 44, 85, 87, 91 Roman cement 35 water vapour diffusion density 105
corrugated plasttr J~ise 49 lime binder 34, 36 rubbed-finish rendering 38. 56f, 75 water vapour diffusion resistance
curing agent 64, 70 lime-gypsum mortar 32,42 rust-protection paint 77 coefficient (w) 32, 62
cyclo rubber laccc ir; 70 lime-gypsum plaster 42 rust-protection primer 19, 77f water varnishes 70
dampproofing 16 lime lustre effect 65 rustic plaster 56 waterproofing 16, 44
darby 37 lime plaster 39ff, 43ff, 55f, 74, 82f sacrificial plasters 40.49 weatherproof 39, 47, 65, 68f,
deep primer 64. 72, 75 linseed oil 63, 65 salt resistance 34 77, 103
degreasing and c c $r n g substances 72 loam, loam rendering 40, 42f, 53, 56 sand blasting 77 wet slaking process 41
diffusion-equivaler loam, distemper 65 sand gypsum mortar 32, 42 white lime 33f, 41, 44,
air layer thlcknes,; s I 32. 40, 105 machine-applied plaster of Paris 33, 42 scraped f ~ n ~ s 47, h 49, 54, 56f 90f, 94f 56. 65, 98, 100
drip head 14, 17, 24, 52f, 74 maintenance coatings 75 scratch coat 26, 73 white lime mortar pasters/renderng 41
driving rain 12, 25, 50, 102 marble pigment 82 screen printing 76 windproofing 32
dry coating thickric 3 : ; 26 masonry mortar 22, 32 scrubbed plaster 55 wire corner 52f
drying time 37 matt glass 76 scumbles 63, 72, 75, 88f, 92 wire mesh 53
duplex system 771 melting and casting processes 76 scumble glazes 75 wood lacquer 75
elasticity 38. 44, 101 micaceous feldspar 90f sealants 72 Young's modulus 32, 45
eutr~aton 48, 65, 73 milk flashed glass 76 sealing mortar 40 zinc and calcium phosphate 78
emulsion paint 62ff, 67ff. 103 mineral pigment 39 self-colouring 38, 43, 57 zinc-dust paint 77f
emulsion-type s i c it: pant 64, 67f, 74 minimum compressive strength 32f, sgraffto 55 zinc sheet, zinc flowers,
emulsion varnish 75, 103 45.48 sheen 61, 78 zinc bond primer 77
Appendix
Bibliography,
Picturecredits
Bibliography: Picture credits:
Gips-Datenbuch Rendering P a g e6 2 c e n t r e :
B u n d e s v e r b a ndde r G i p sn d u s t r i ee V GerhardNeff,Darmstadt,Germany
Darmstadt,2003 P a g e s3 1 , 4 1r i g h t :
Christine K o p k e ,D a r m s t a d tG, e r m a n y P a g e6 3 c e n t r e 6
, 6 r i g h t ,7 4 r i g h t :
L e h m b a uB e g e l n K e i m f a r b eG
n m b H& C o K G , D i e d o d ,G e r m a n y
D a c t r v ebra n d L e h n re V ( G e r r r a nL o a mA s s o c i a t i o n J P a g e3 4 :
V e r l a gV i e w e gW, e i m a rI 9 9 8 B a l el e - l n s t i t uFt ,r a n k f u r l / Mna, G e r m a n y P a g e6 4 , 6 5 r g h t ,6 6 l e f t ,6 7 - 7 0 ,7 3 I o p , 7 4 l e f t ,
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P u t z ef u r B a u s a n i e r u nugn d D e n k m a l p f l e g e Page 36 left,42: C a p a r o [l a r b e n L a c k eB a L t e n s c , . ] lG
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Tanla Dettmering,HelmutKol mann B u n d e s v e r b a ndde r G i p s i n d u s t r ieeV ( G e r m a n D- Ober-Ramstadt. Germany
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Max Doerner M a x i l ,B r e i s a c hG
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H e i d e l b e r g eZre m e n t H
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i hIeR 2 1 , Page 37 bottom,38 right,52 (60 63), 55 bottom, Joachm Raab,Frankfurt,Germany
Aedificatio-Verlag 5 6 ( 1 ,4 ) , 5 7 ( 3 - 4 ):
F r e i b u r g2 0 0 0 Joach m Raab,Frankfud/Maln,Germany
Case sludles
Technische Bichtlinien Page 38 centre,39, 43, 49 right,52 top eft,
fur Maler und Lackererarbeitel 53 top left and centre,54 (69): P a g e8 1 :
HauptverbandFarbe GerhardNetf,Darmstadt,Germany J o r kW e i s s m a n nm, s p - h ,V e n n a ,A u s t ra
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H e l m u tK u n z e l Germany ChristianFichters,N,4unster,
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Plaster Render Paint and Coatings - Detail 2004

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DETAllLPractice

In collaboration with: Lisa Barucco

0 2004 lnstitut fur internationale

Printed on acid-free paper made from cellulose

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are

Typesetting and production:

This book is also available in a German

A CIP catalogue record for this book is avail-

Bibliographic information published by

InStitut fur internationale

Paints and coatings

Examples of rendered buildings

Typical constellations and detailed solu-

House A is a typical 30 to 40-year-old res-

The project described here is a free-

The ceilings are made of reinforced con-

House B is built from highly insulating

The building is comprised of two floors -

Even in the case of buildings to be reno-

Balconies and loggias require floor

The plinth area starts at the surface of the

For uninsulated cellars the ~nsulation

The floor screed can be protected wrth

The facade cannot usually be insulated

I he upper and vertical jamb surfaces of

As an alternative to this elegant but com-

The rendering or plaster acts as a protec~

Rendering and plasterwork are appl~ed

Durable systems must be well-planned,

1 N~zwa,Oman, tradit~onalopenlng constructlon

The usual ratio of 3:1,sand to lime, in the Technical propelties of plastering/rendering

llme gypsum mortar sand

Aggregate' 1 i l i ~ m u mcompressve Mainly su~tedto w-value [kglm2hx] p-value sd-value [m]

cellar wall exteror renderng

Interlor plaster, corresponds to machine-appl~edplaster of Pars, machine-appl~ed (8)10 s, = 0 25

lnterlor Dlaster Ready-mx plaster: 5-6

10 requirements Interor plaster 5 0-15 5-6

lnterlor plaster, natural gypsum with addtions of arg~llaceousImestone,

4 Completely carbonated whte-Ime mortar, tiarden~ngprocesses of the binder

Hydration 11/)laster Carbonation of iime Hydration of cement

Table 11. har .1 n !ng oi the binders

crnlally (reutral WMBUC

Hydraton \ ~ v . ~ ?I:;r chemcalv bound

Gypsum Lime Cement

The smaller the grains of cement, the

Aggregates The evenness of the plaster's colour is Mixing water

Mortar pigments Any paint or coating [nust be chosen to

S~lhcaterendering Compression renders

Lime plaster/rendering frost cracking, as well as crystallising and

Water-repellerit plasters/rendering Exterior cellar walls, however, are respon-

Renovation plasters ing effect of the salts.

A complete renovation plaster system

The following tests must be carr~edout

By adding additives, which further

Only pure cement tnortars from mortar

t = Drill hole, ltpth

Plaster rails nrsed sectlons may not be used in con-

The dimensions of the rails depend on the

They are made of special steel, alumin-