Prepared by: Er.

Reeta Khadka

KANTIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DHAPAKHEL, LALITPUR

SURVEY PRACTICAL – 2
SECOND YEAR/ SECOND PART

1) TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
1. Traverse survey, computation and plotting
2. Application of tacheometry, to measure distance and elevation by using stadia system
including detailing, computation and plotting
3. Fly leveling
4. Contouring – indirect method

2) TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

3) CURVE SETTING
1. Simple circular curve

4) INTERSECTION AND RESECTION USING THEODOLITE

5) DEMONSTRATION AND APPLICATION OF TOTAL STATION

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1) TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
1. Traverse survey, computation and plotting
2. Application of tacheometry, to measure distance and elevation by using stadia system
including detailing, computation and plotting
3. Fly levelling
4. Contouring – indirect method

 Objective
…………………………..

 Instrument Required
Theodolite, staff, measuring tapes, arrows, wooden pegs, ranging rods, tripod stand, hammer,
magnetic compass

Theory
a. Traverse survey, computation and plotting
Definition, need and significance of traverse, specification for horizontal and vertical control of
traverse, type of traverse, method of balancing the traverse(Support your theory with appropriate
figure)
b. Application of tacheometry to measure distance and elevation by using stadia system including
detailing, computation and plotting
Define stadia method, tangential method using staff vertical, source of error and precaution of
tacheometric survey (Support your theory with appropriate figure)

c. Fly levelling
Define level, leveling, principle of leveling, different types of leveling instruments, describe about
leveling staff and its types, describe the different definitions (terms) used in leveling, with appropriate
figures also. Describe simple, fly and differential leveling (Support your theory with appropriate figure)

d. Contouring – indirect method

Definition, contour interval, characteristics of contour interval, method of locating contour,
interpolation of contour, establishment of control (Support your theory with appropriate figure. )

Procedure
a. Reconnaissance:
The area to be surveyed is examined thoroughly to select the traverse stations where consideration
for traverse points has to be done before marking the station on the ground.
b. Marking the station on the ground:
The traverse stations are marked on the ground by wooden pegs. The pegs should be fixed on the
station points in such a way that a height of about 30mm is always exposed above the ground
surface. These stations should be inter-visible and minimum as possible with leg ratio 1:2 for
major traverse and 1:3 for minor traverse and should cover the whole area. “Reference sketches
should be prepared for all the traverse stations by taking at least three measurements from
permanent points, the process is called “Three Point Referencing”. This precaution is taken so
that the stations can be located accurately even if the pegs have been removed by somebody.”

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c. Linear measurement:
Two way horizontal distance are measured for the traverse legs. For the horizontal distance
measurement, distance not greater than 15m is measured at a time. Steeping method is adopted for
the measurement on sloppy ground.
d. Temporary Adjustment of Theodolite:
These are made at every instrument setting and preparatory to taking observations with the
instrument. The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station 2) Leveling up 3) Elimination parallax
 Setting over the station:
A suitable position is selected for setting the instrument. The operation of setting includes:
I. Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob
II. Appropriate leveling with the help of tripod legs
 Leveling up:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the
bobble tube is parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining
the third foot screw C and the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate
bubble is central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble
is central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central if
the instrument is in adjustment.
 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane
of the cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
Focusing the eyepiece: -
1. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
2. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

1. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
2. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
3. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

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Measurement of horizontal angles

a. Set up the instrument over the station accurately
Zero Set (First Set)
b. Release the entire clamp. Rotate the horizontal circular plate till its represent 0˚0’0” and clamp the
horizontal circular plate with the upper plate.
c. Point the telescope of the theodolite the target (say A) and perfectly bisect it. Then clamp the lower
plate also.
d. For reading the horizontal angle, unclamp the upper plate and point the telescope to
the required target (say B) and perfectly bisect the target and clamp the upper plate. And read the
vernier which is the required angle (face left reading).
e. Transiting is done and reading on the targets A and B are taken (face right reading)
Ninety Set (Second Set)
f. Same procedure is followed for face left and face right reading as in zero set.
g. Same procedure is adopted for other traverse station for two set horizontal angle measurement.
h. From one traverse station bearing of a line is measured with zero set at north line.
i. For the minor survey station only one set (zero set) of horizontal angle is taken.

FLY LEVELLING
 Temporary adjustment of Level:
 Selection of suitable position: A suitable position is selected for setting the level. From this
position, it should be possible to take the greatest number of observations without any
difficulty.
 Fixing level with tripod stand: The level is fixed on the top of the tripod stand according to the
fixing arrangements provided for that particular level. It should be remembered that the level is
not to set up at any station or point along the alignment
 Appropriate leveling by legs of the tripod stand: The foot screws are brought to the Centre of
their run. Two legs of the tripod stand are firmly fixed into the ground. Then the third leg is
moved to the left or right, in or out until the bubble is approximately at the centre of its run.
 Perfect leveling by foot screws:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the
bobble tube is parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining
the third foot screw Cand the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the pl a t e
bubble is central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble is
central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central if
the instrument is in adjustment.

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 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and

4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

Focusing the eyepiece: -

1. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
2. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

1. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
2. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
3. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

Taking the staff readings:

Finally, the leveling of the instrument is verified by turning the telescope in any direction. When
the bubbles (the longitudinal bubble and cross bubbles) remain in the central position for any
direction of the telescope, the staff reading is taken.

Fly leveling is done to transfer RL from TBM to the major survey stations and finally from major
traverse station to minor survey stations.

TACHEOMATERY AND CONTOURING (DETAILING)

Temporary Adjustment of Theodolite:

These are made at every instrument setting and preparatory to taking observations with the instrument.
The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station 2) Leveling up 3) Elimination parallax
 Setting over the station:
A suitable position is selected for setting the instrument. The operation of setting includes:
 Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob
 Appropriate leveling with the help of tripod legs
 Leveling up:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the bobble tube is
parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).

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4.Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them uniformly so
that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other until the bubble comes
to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining the third
foot screw C and the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate bubble is
central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble is central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central if the
instrument is in adjustment.
 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the
cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
Focusing the eyepiece: -
1. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
2. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

1. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
2. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
3. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

Measurement of horizontal angles

i Set up the instrument over the station accurately
Zero Set
ii Release the entire clamp. Rotate the horizontal circular plate till its represent 0˚0’0” and clamp the
iii horizontal circular plate with the upper plate.
iv Point the telescope of the theodolite the target (say A, left hand side) and perfectly bisect it. Then
clamp the lower plate also.
v For reading the horizontal angle, unclamp the upper plate and point the telescope to the required
target (say B, detailing point) and perfectly bisect the target and clamp the upper plate. And read
the vernier which is the required angle. At the same time vertical angle and staff reading (top,
middle, bottom) are also taken.
vi Same procedure is followed for other detailing points ( natural or artificial) at zero set at target A
vii Detailing from other traverse station are also taken at zero set at left station.
viii If the detailings are not covered by the major stations then the detailings are observed from the
minor stations by zero setting at left station.

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 Observation and Calculation

Linear observation sheet

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Observer: Weather:
Recorder: Temperature:
Instrument: Date:
Distance Measurement by Taping

Line/Leg Distance(m)
Forward Backward
Measured Measured
From To Values Values Discrepancy (e) Avearage (m) Precision (average/e)

Precision
For major traverse =1:2000
For minor traverse =1:1000

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Horizontal angle observation sheet

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Department of Civil Engineering

Observer : Date :
Recorder : Weather :
Instrument : Temperature :
Horizontal Angle Observation sheet
Horizontal
Inst.st. Horizontal
Horizontal Distance, m
Object

Face

& Ht. Circle Mean Mean of Sets

Angle By Remarks & Sketches
of Reading (m-s) (d-m-s) Tape
(d-m-s) Total
Inst. (d-m-s) Dist.
Station
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
L
R
Theoretical sum of interior angle=(2n-4)*90

Error =Theoretical sum – calculated sum of interior angle

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Fly level sheet

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Observe
r: Weather :
Recorde
r Temp:
Instrume
nt: Date
Fly Levelling Field Book
BS FS Distan
Stat S1 (T- S2 (T- ce=100 Rise Fall Elevation
Remarks
ion B) B) (S1+S2 (m) (m) ,RL (m)
T M B T M B )

Tota
l

Closing Error=
Permissible closing error=±25√K=
K=perimeter of traverse in km
Verified by........................

Remarks: Since closing error<permissible value hence we apply the correction

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Gales Table
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department

Gale's Table(Major)
Bearing: D M S Coordinate of Referance X Y Z
Station No: …..

Measured Hz. corre Corrected Hz. Consecutive

STATION
Final
Distance

Bearing (WBC) Correction Corrected INDEPENDENT COORDINATE

Station

Line/Leg Angle ction Angle coordinates Length of Final Bearing

Leg

Traverse (WBC)
From

To D M S S D M S D M S Lat. (m) Dep.(m) Lat(+-) Dep(+-) Lat(+-) Dep(+-) N E Z Leg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Sum= …… … … … … … … ………

Sum of measured angle= Closing Error,e=

Theoritical sum of measured angle= Perimeter of Traverse,P=

error=
Permissible error= Relative Closing error=1/(P/e)=

Permissible closing error= Verified By …………………

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department

Gale's Table (minor)

Bearing: D M S Coordinate of Referance Stn N E Z

Station No: …..

Measured Hz. Calculated Corr Corrected Consecutive Final

STATION
Distance

Correction Corrected INDEPENDENT COORDINATE

Station

Line/Leg Angle Bearing ectio Bearing coordinates Length of Final Bearing

Leg

Traverse (WBC)
From

To D M S D M S S D M S Lat. (m) Dep.(m) Lat(+-) Dep(+-) Lat(+-) Dep(+-) N E Z Leg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Sum= …… ………

Sum of measured angle= Closing Error,e=

Theoritical sum of measured angle= Perimeter of Traverse,P=

error=
Permissible error= Relative Closing error=1/(P/e)=

Permissible closing error= Verified By …………………

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Tacheometric sheet

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Kantipur Engineering College
Department of Civil Engineering
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Weather :
Instrument : Temperature :
Tacheometric Sheet (Theodolite)
Ins. Horizontal
Vertica Stadia reading ,m
St. Horizonta Distance(m) Vertical Reduce
Objec l Remark
& l angle distance, d
t angle stad.Dis Tape s
H.I d-m-s Top Mid Bot m level,m
d-m-s t dist.
.

 Drawing
Map must be prepared on A0 grid paper at the given scale.

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 Result and Conclusion

 Precaution

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2. TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING

 Objective
 Instrument Required
Theodolite, ranging rods, wooden pegs, plumb bob, tripod stand, hammer
 Theory
Define trigonometric leveling, different cases of trigonometric leveling and support your theory
with appropriate figures.
 Procedure
Trigonometric leveling is done by the use of theodolite.
 Temporary Adjustment:
These are made at every instrument setting and preparatory to taking observations with the
instrument. The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station 2) Leveling up 3) Elimination parallax
 Setting over the station:
A suitable position is selected for setting the instrument. The operation of setting includes:
I. Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob
II. Appropriate leveling with the help of tripod legs
 Leveling up:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the bobble tube is
parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them uniformly so
that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other until the bubble comes
to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining the third
foot screw C and the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate bubble is
central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble is central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central if the
instrument is in adjustment.
 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the
cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
Focusing the eyepiece: -
i. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
ii. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

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Focusing the objective: -

i. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
ii. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
iii. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

 Observation and Calculation

Set up the instrument over the station accurately
In the case of object having same vertical plane, two vertical angles and staff reading and
instrument has to set at two stations.
In the case of object having different vertical plane, instrument has to set at two stations. Along
with the two vertical angle at the target, staff reading, horizontal angle is also needed to be
observed at target point from two instrument station.

 Result and Conclusion

 Precaution

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3. CURVE SETTING
 Objective
 Instrument Required
Measuring tape, ranging rods, wooden pegs, arrows, plumb bob, theodolite, tripod stand,
hammer
 Theory
Define curve, define different types of curve, define the elements of simple circular curve,
transition curve and vertical curve, explain method of curve setting both linear method and
angular method for setting simple circular curve, and support your theory with appropriate
figures.
 Procedure
For linear method
Tape provided is used for setting simple circular curve
For angular method
Theodolite is used for angular measurement and setting of theodolite is describe as follows:
 Temporary Adjustment:
These are made at every instrument setting and preparatory to taking observations with
the instrument. The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station 2) Leveling up 3) Elimination parallax
 Setting over the station:
A suitable position is selected for setting the instrument. The operation of setting
includes:
i. Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob
ii. Appropriate leveling with the help of tripod legs
 Leveling up:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the
bobble tube is parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line
joining the third foot screw C and the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate
bubble is central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the
bubble is central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central
if the instrument is in adjustment.

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 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
Focusing the eyepiece: -
i. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in
front of the objective.
ii. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

i. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
ii. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
iii. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

 Observation and Calculation

Radius of curve (R) = 50m
Deflection angle (Δ) = 60˚
Length of the curve (l) =
Tangent length of the curve (T) =
Length of long chord (L) =
Mid ordinate (Oo) =
Apex distance =
Linear method
Peg interval = 5m
a. Offset from tangents

O =
2∗
b. Offset from long chords
O = − − (R − O )
Angular method
Peg interval = 5m
Set up the instrument over the station accurately
Chainage of IP =
Chainage of beginning of curve =
Chainage of end of curve =
Length of first sub-chord =
Length of last sub-chord =
Number of normal chords =
Total number of chords =

Deflection angle for first sub-chord, δ1=1718.9*(C1/R) minutes

Deflection angle for last sub-chord, δ2=1718.9*(C2/R) minutes
Deflection angle for normal chords, δ=1718.9*(C/R) minutes

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Table for deflection angle calculation

S.N Length of chord Deflection angle (δ) Total Deflection
angle (Δ)
(m) (D-M-S) (D-M-S)

Δn calculated =

( = 60˚)
Δ calculated =
2

 Result and Conclusion

 Precaution

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4. INTERSECTION AND RESECTION USING THEODOLITE

 Objective
 Instrument Required
Theodolites, tripod stand, substance bar, magnetic compass, pegs, hammer
 Theory
Define resection, methods of resection, define intersection and method of intersection,
significance of resection and intersection, define substance bar, explain working principle of
substance bar and support your theory with appropriate figures.
 Procedure
Resection and intersection are done by the use of theodolite.
 Temporary Adjustment of theodolite:
These are made at every instrument setting and preparatory to taking observations with
the instrument. The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station 2) Leveling up 3) Elimination parallax
 Setting over the station:
A suitable position is selected for setting the instrument. The operation of setting
includes:
i. Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob
ii. Appropriate leveling with the help of tripod legs
 Leveling up:
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of leveling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the
bobble tube is parallel to a joining any two leveling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90° until the axis of the plate level coincides a line
joining the third foot screw C and the mid-point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate
bubble is central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90° to its original position and repeat step 4 till the
bubble is central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180° and in this position the bubble should remain central
if the instrument is in adjustment.
 Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the
plane of the cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

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Focusing the eyepiece: -

i. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
ii. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.

Focusing the objective: -

i. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
ii. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
iii. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

For substance bar, appropriate setting of the substance bar is done over the station.

 Observation and Calculation

Set up the instrument over the station accurately

Three Point Resection

For resection, three horizontal angels at known stations are observed from the instrument station
(unknown point). Zero set is done at left known station .
Inst. Sighte Face HCR Mean H Angle Coordinate Remarks
St. d to (D-M-S) (D-M-S) (D-M-S)
Northing Easting
A P L
(zero R
set) Q L
R
R L
R

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Intersection Method
Horizontal distance between two instrument stations is measured with the help of subtense bar.
Table for horizontal angle calculation by repetition method in subtense bar station.
Instrument Subtense bar station Face HCR Angle Remarks
station (D-M-S) (D-M-S)
(last
angle/no.
of
repetition)
A C Disc A (left L
(zero set) side)
Disc B (right L
side)
Disc A L
Disc B L
Disc A L
Disc B L
Disc A L
Disc B L
Disc A L
Disc B L
C Disc A R
Disc B R
Disc A R
Disc B R
Disc A R
Disc B R
Disc A R
Disc B R
Disc A R
Disc b R
Bearing of subtense bar station from instrument station is observed with the help of magnetic compass.
Horizontal distance calculation by the use of subtense bar as
∗ 206265
D =
Ɵ
Where, D= horizontal distance in meter, S= length of subtense bar in meter and Ɵ= horizontal angle
taken at subtense bar (obtained from repetition method)

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 Prepared by: Er. Reeta Khadka

Intersection method for finding position of unknown point.

Table for intersection method.

Instrument Sighted to Face HCR Mean Horizontal Remarks
station angle angle
(D-M- (D-M-S) (D-M-S)
S)
A P L
C L
P R
C R
C P L
A R
P L
A R

 Result and Conclusion

 Precaution

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