Batuan Beku (Igneous Rocks)

Drs. Helfia Edial, M.T

Bigharta Bekti Susetyo, M.Pd
 Magma properties
1) Magma is formed by heating and melting (smelting) processes
2) Magma occupies the magma chamber
3) Magma as a solution, slightly viscous, has a uniform composition, a mixture of
various ions
4) Magma temperature 500-1300 °C
5) Magma consists of 99% of 9 elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium,
sodium, potassium, magnesium and titanium.
 The process of cooling magma into
rock
1) Magma from the magma chamber rises to the Earth's surface through volcanic
routes or tectonic routes (faults, burrows)
2) The cooling process can be slow to fast:
• sangat lambat  batuan beku dalam
• lambat  batuan beku menengah
• cepat  batuan beku luar
3) Minerals with a high melting point cools first, forming crystals and accumulating
to form rock.
4) The cooling process can be explained by the Bowen reaction series
Apa yang dimaksud
batuan Beku?
What is Ignous Rocks?
 Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock or rock igneus (from Latin:
ignis, "fire") is a type of rock formed from
magma that cools and hardens, with or
without a crystallization process, either
under the surface as intrusive (plutonic)
rock or above the surface as rock.
extrusive (volcanic).
Frozen Rock Type (where it freezes)

Batuan Batuan Beku

Beku Luar Dalam

Batuan Beku
Korok/Gang
a. Igneous Rock, formed from magma
that solidifies. According to where it
freezes, it is differentiated into igneous
rocks in / igneous rocks and outer
igneous rocks.
- Batuan Beku Dalam freeze before
reaching the earth's surface. Igneous
rock in large crystals or so called
coarse textured /> 0.5 mm (Paneritic).
From the size of the igneous body in divided by
2:
- Tabular Pluton  sill and dike
- Massive Pluton  laccolith abd batholith
 Tubuh Batuan Beku Dalam

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-Batuan beku luar (often called molten rock /
volcanic rock) which freezes on the earth's
surface. These rocks undergo rapid cooling so
that the resulting crystals are fine or called fine
textured / <0.5 mm (Apanitik).
 Contoh batuan beku dalam dan luar

Left, paneritic texture Right, apanitic texture

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 Example of Volcanic Rocks

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The solid matter released by volcanic
eruptions is known as tephra or pyroclastic
:bom (>64 cm), lapilli (2-64 cm), pasir (0,05-2
cm), abu (0,002-0,05 cm)
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 The liquid material that is released is
called lava. After freezing it produces
hollow rock known as amygdaloidal
texture (if the holes are separated) or
vesicular (if the holes are connected).
Examples of pumice and scoria. If
freezing is very fast it produces volcanic
glass / obsidian (glassy texture)

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 batu apung (
Glassy texture vesicular texture from Vesicular texture
ryolite ) from basalt

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Batuan beku sela (korok) generally
composed of large crystals in a fine
crystalline base mass called porphyric
texture. Large crystals are called
phenocrysts (primary crystals). The basic
mass is often called the matrix.
 The occurrence of various igneous rocks
according to N.L. Bowen
N.L. Bowen conducted an experiment which he called
the result of the magma differentiation process. The
cooled magma undergoes two branches of reaction,
namely continues series reaction and discontinues
series reaction. On the one hand, there is a continuous
reaction to form silicate minerals and on the other hand
there is a gradual reaction to produce ferromagnetic
minerals.
Bowen's reaction to slow cooling
On the discontinuous series reaction side, there
is a gradual crystallization of the ferromagnetic
minerals. On the contrary, on the continuous
series reaction side, the reaction takes place
slowly without clear phases, where there is
replacement of Ca with Na then K, resulting in
silicate minerals such as anortite, albit and
orthoclase.
Composition: Magma Source

Mafic Intermediate Felsic

Ultramafic mantle

Source: Partial Melting of ultramafic mantle at

Divergent Zones and…
Composition: Magma Source

Mafic Intermediate Felsic

Source: Partial Melting of ultramafic mantle at

Divergent Zones and … Hot Spots
Composition: Magma Source

Mafic Intermediate Felsic

Source: Partial Melting of mantle, ocean crust and continent at

Subduction Zones
Composition: Magma Source

Mafic Intermediate Felsic

Source: Partial melting felsic continent above

Hot Spots & Subduction Zones
Mineralogical aspects of igneous rock:
1) Mineral esensial:
• Mineral utama pembentuk batuan beku
• Olivine, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, felspars, feldspathoids dan quartz
• Feldspathoids: pengganti feldspar: sodium dan potasium aluminosilicates dengan kadar
SiO2 rendah.
2) Mineral asesoris:
• Beberapa mineral dalam jumlah sedikit
• Magnetite, zircon, pyrite pyrhotite
Glassy Rocks Group

1) Obsidian
• It has a glassy texture, it flashes like bright glass and has good concoidal shards. The color of
obsidian is generally black, but some are red, brown or gray
2) Pitchstone:
• a type of obsidian that has a dull luster, due to the presence of microscopic water bubbles. The
color of the pitchstone is black or gray, but some are brown or green
3) Perlite:
• a type of obsidian that has a lot of fractions, which occurs by the shrinkage process when cooling.
4) Batuapung;
• a type of obsidian that has a glassy frothy texture.
Igneous Rocks with Glassy Texture

obsidian Pitchstone

Perlite batuapaung
Fragmental Igneous Rock Group

1) Aglomerate:
• rounded fragments of the matrix of volcanic material
2) Breksi gunungapi:
• fragments of pointed / angled matrix of volcanic material
3) Tuff:
• fine-grained pyroclastic rocks (volcanic ash and lapilli), which
have been cemented rather firmly (hard)
Fragmental Igneous Rocks

Aglomerat Breksi vulkanik

Tuff Scoria
Igneous rock shape and structure
1) Igneous Rock Shape:
a. Extrusive
• Aliran lava
• Piroklastika
• Bomb bulat/blok menyudut >32mm
• Lapilli/cinder 32-4 mm
• Abu < 4mm
b. Intrusive:
• Batholit (stock dan boss)
• Laccolith Lopolith
• Phacolith
• Dike (ring dike)
• Sill
• Sumbat lava (volcanic neck)
Igneous Rock Structure
1) Struktur vesikuler:
• gas quickly escapes leaving holes that vary in shape and
size
2) Struktur amygdaloidal:
• Formed when the hole in the vesicular is filled with material
(amygdul)
3) Struktur lava blok (blocky lava)
• Lava flows through uneven surfaces, in the cooling process
and accompanied by the release of lava gas, break up into
blocks of various shapes and sizes
4) Struktur lava tali (ropy lava)
• Lava is formed with a high temperature, and does not
contain much gas, the gas quickly leaves and the lava
quickly freezes.
Igneous Rock Structure
5) Struktur bantal (pillow structure)
• Formed by the rapid cooling of lava, due to freezing of the
bottom water (sea), humid areas or snow-covered areas.
6) Struktur aliran:
• Lava flows through a surface that is not homogeneous, with
different speeds, some parts are faster, so there is a difference
in concentration, due to differences in viscosity and degree of
crystallization.
7) Struktur kolumner:
• Formed in lava with many hexagonal burly.
Kenampakan batuan beku
 Igneous Rocks
COMPOSITION (Minerals Present)
Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Intermediate Felsic

Olivine Ca- Na- Na-Plagioclase Quartz

(Pyroxene) Plagioclase Plagioclase Amphibole Orthoclase
Pyroxene Amphibole Quartz Biotite
Olivine Pyroxene Biotite Na-Plagioclase
Biotite
Coarse-
DUNITE GABBRO DIORITE GRANODIORITE GRANITE
grained*
Fine-
BASALT ANDESITE DACITE RHYOLITE
TEXTURES

grained*
Glassy OBSIDIAN

Vesicular SCORIA PUMICE

Fragmental
TUFF
(Pyroclastic)
*Some igneous rocks have a porphyritic texture. If a rock has 2 grain sizes, the rock is named after
the smaller grain size and the word porphyritic is added as an adjective. For example, if a rock is
predominantly fine-grained and mafic, it would be a basalt. If phenocrysts are present in the fine-
grained matrix, this rock would be called a porphyritic basalt.
 Igneous Rocks
Sifat Keasaman

Jenis Batuan ASAM INTERMEDIATE BASA

BEKU LUAR
(Efusif = afanitis Liparit, Trachit Andesit Basalt Pikrit

Rhyolit
BEKU GANG Kwarsa Porfir, Orthofor
(Porfiri) Granit Porfir (Syeinit porfir) Porfirit Diabas
-
BEKU DALAM
(Holokristalin = Granit Syeinit Diorit Gabro Perido
idiomorf) Tit
BATUAN BEKU PENTING (ROSENBUSCH)
BATUAN STRUK BATUAN KAPUR ALKALI
LELEHAN TUR
(LUAR)
Amorf JENIS GELAS VOLKANIK: Obsidian, Batuapung, Perlit
Lyparit, Trachit Porfir Dasit Basalt-
Setengah kristalin (Porfir Ryolit, Porfir (tanpa Porfir kwarsa Andesit felspar Pikrit
kwarsa kwarsa) Porfirit Diabas-
metafir

BATUAN Porfir Porfir diorit, Porfirit

GANG Porfir granit, Syeinit, Diorit Porfirit Diorit, Gabro,
Kristalin Struktur Aplit, Syeinit kwarsa, Aplit Diorit Beerba-chit,
penuh Porfir Pigmatit minete, Karsantit, Odinit
(Holokristalin Aplit-vagesit Aplit

BATUAN Struktur Granit Syeinit Diorit Diorit Gabro Norit Peridotit,

DALAM Granit Kwarsa Piroksenit

Piroksin, Dialag, Piroksin, amfibol,

Mika, Piroksin, Amfibol Biotit
Mineral-mineral Utama Ortoklas Plagio-klas Tanpa
Plagioklas Asam Terutama Plagioklas basa Plagio-klas

Dengan Tanpa Dengan Tanpa Tanpa Kwarsa

Kwarsa Kwarsa Kwarsa Kwarsa Dengan /tanpa Olivin
Kadar SiO2 Berkurang dari 75% - 50% Dari 50% - 35%
 Task of 7th Week Lesson

1) Create a description of igneous rock, at least 3 (more than 3 is

better) for each type of igneous rocks (Beku dalam, gang dan luar)
Example of Rock Description (add the Figure)
1) Name: granite
2) Classification: deep frozen, sour
3) Texture: paneric
4) Mineralogical composition: quartz, feldspar,
plagioclase, biotite and hornblende
5) Physical properties: bright / white with
black spots
6) Locability: on the dykes, the batholite is
exposed at the top of the hill
7) Uses: ornaments, tiles, tables, pavers,
Thank you
Terimakasih
Danke
Xie Xie
hamsahamida