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Assignment 11: exp − 2 σ 0, (r <0)

The Rayleigh distribution models the envelope of received radio signals with no dominant component, while the Rician distribution models signals with a dominant stationary component like line-of-sight propagation. Frequency-selective fading due to multipath can be demonstrated by graphing the spectrum of a wideband signal passing through a channel with two reflections at different heights. Simulating a Poisson process in Excel shows voter arrivals follow Poisson statistics, with the average number in a 5-booth system being 26.44 and a minimum of 6 booths needed to keep the average wait time below 3 minutes.

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LuisaF.Valderrama
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353 views

Assignment 11: exp − 2 σ 0, (r <0)

The Rayleigh distribution models the envelope of received radio signals with no dominant component, while the Rician distribution models signals with a dominant stationary component like line-of-sight propagation. Frequency-selective fading due to multipath can be demonstrated by graphing the spectrum of a wideband signal passing through a channel with two reflections at different heights. Simulating a Poisson process in Excel shows voter arrivals follow Poisson statistics, with the average number in a 5-booth system being 26.44 and a minimum of 6 booths needed to keep the average wait time below 3 minutes.

Uploaded by

LuisaF.Valderrama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT 11

1. Define Rayleigh and Rician distributions. When is each used for modeling wireless systems?

The Raleigh distribution has a probability density function (pdf) given by,

−r 2
{ σ
r
( )
p ( r )= 2 exp 2 σ 2 ,(0≤ r ≤ ∞) ¿ 0 ,(r <0)
¿
}
where σ is the rms value of the received voltage signal before the envelope detection, and σ 2 is the time
average power of the received signal before envelope detection.

In radio channels, the Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to describe the statistical time varying nature of
the received envelope of a flat fading signal, or the envelope of an individual multipath component. It is well
known that the envelope of the sum of two quadrature Gaussian noise signals obeys a Rayleigh distribution . 

The Rician distribution is given by,

−r 2+ A 2
{ σ
r
(
p ( r )= 2 exp 2 σ 2
Ar
)( )
I o 2 ,( A ≥ 0. r ≥0) ¿ 0 ,(r <0)
σ
¿
}
where A is the peak amplitude of the dominant signal, and I o is the modified Bessel function of the first kind
and zero order.

When there is a dominant stationary (nonfading) signal component present, such as a line-of sight propagation
path, the small-scale fading envelope distribution is Rician. In such a situation, random multipath components
arriving at different angles are superimposed on a stationary dominant signal. At the output of an envelope
detector, this has the effect of adding a dc component to the random multipath.

2. Compute and graph an example of the spectrum of a frequency-selectively faded signal due to a single
multipath channel for a wideband signal. Assume specular reflection. Using the multipath slide in this
submodule for guidance, assume a broadband signal that goes from 990-1010 MHz, that d0 is 1 km, h1 is 30
meters, and h2 is 10 meters. Adjust these parameters as you see fit (but consult the assignment document) in
order to demonstrate a situation in which only part of the broadband signal is faded.
h1’ h1
θ

d0

Figure 1 - Frequency-selectively Faded Signal Diagram

From the figure above,


d 2= √ d 02 +(h1 +h2 )2

d 2= √ (1000)2 +(30+10)2

d 2=10000.80

Then,

40
θ=tan −1 ( 1000 )
θ=2.29

Finally, using Law of cosines

d 1=d 22 + ( h1+ h'1 ) −2 ( d 2) ( h1+ h'1 ) cos(90−θ)

d 1=(1000.80)2+ ( 30+30 )−2 ( 1000.80 )( 30+30 ) cos (90−2.29)

d 1=1000.20

Finding the wavelengths,

For f=990 MHz


3∗108
ℷ1 = =0.303
990∗106

For f=1000 MHz


3∗10 8
ℷ2 = =0.30
1000∗10 6

For f=1010 MHz


3∗108
ℷ3 = =0.297
1010∗10 6

We know that cancellation occurs when d1 - d2 is an integer number of half-wavelengths.

Figure 2 - Selective Channel Fading Plot

3. Simulate a constant rate process using Excel or other software tool and show that it is described accurately by
Poisson statistics. Be clear in your statement of the problem, and the explanation that your results do indeed
agree with the theoretical expression for a Poisson distribution. Consult 5.7.4 of the primary text and
Wikipedia for concise explanations of Poisson statistics.
The Poisson distribution is used to model the number of events occurring within a given interval.

The formula for the Poisson probability mass function is,

e−λ λ x
p x; λ =
( ) for x=0,1,2,3 , …
x!

where λ is the shape parameter which indicates the average number of events in the given time interval.

Consider the following example,

Voters arrive at a polling station at an average of 4 per minute where the service rate is 50 per hour.

a) What is the average number of voters in the system with 5 voter booths?
b) What is the minimum number of voting booths needed to keep the average time in the system
under three minutes?

Figure 3 - Poisson Distribution Calculations

Arrival rate = 4 per minute = 6*60 per hours = 240 per hour.

Now answering (a),

The average number of voters in the system with 5 voter booths is calculated in column L in blue, 26.44.

Next, answering (b)


The target average time is targeted as 3 per minute, which equals 3/60 = 0.05 per hours. Looking at the
spreadsheet column W, the minimum number of voting booths needed to keep the average time in system
under 3 minutes is 6 booths, highlighted in green in the figure above.

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