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Colligative Properties of Solution

Colligative properties depend on solute concentration but not identity. They include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Vapor pressure lowering occurs when solute particles occupy space, lowering solvent evaporation rate and vapor pressure. This increases the boiling point. Freezing point depression is determined using the formula ΔTf = -mKf, where m is molality and Kf is a constant. For a solution with 4.27g sucrose and 50g water, the freezing point is -0.464°C and the boiling point is elevated based on a formula using the solution's molality.

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185 views7 pages

Colligative Properties of Solution

Colligative properties depend on solute concentration but not identity. They include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Vapor pressure lowering occurs when solute particles occupy space, lowering solvent evaporation rate and vapor pressure. This increases the boiling point. Freezing point depression is determined using the formula ΔTf = -mKf, where m is molality and Kf is a constant. For a solution with 4.27g sucrose and 50g water, the freezing point is -0.464°C and the boiling point is elevated based on a formula using the solution's molality.

Uploaded by

Bianca Geagonia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Colligative Properties of Solution

February 15, 2021

Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the


concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute.

Colligative properties include:


1) vapor pressure lowering
2) boiling point elevation
3) freezing point depression, and
4) osmotic pressure.

1) Vapor Pressure Lowering –

Vapor pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted by a gas


above a liquid in a sealed container. ... Weak intermolecular forces
produce a higher rate of evaporation and a higher vapor pressure.
As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases.

In Vapor Pressure Lowering - the vapor pressure of a pure solvent


is greater than the vapor pressure of a solution containing a non
volatile liquid. ( Example of a non-volatile liquid: glycerin )

The addition of a nonvolatile solute (like sugar and salt ) results in


a lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent, because some of
the surface is now occupied by solute particles, there is less room for
solvent molecules. This results in less solvent being able to
evaporate. And there will be the lowering of the vapor pressure.
This lowered vapor pressure leads to boiling point elevation.

In determining the vapor pressure of a solution, it is by getting the


sum of the partial pressures of each component in the mixture.
Suppose we have a mixture of A and B, so the formula in getting
the Vapor pressure of the solution is:

Psolution = PA + PB
Where the partial pressures in this equation maybe found by means
of a relationship known as Raoult’s Law which pertains to what are
called ideal solutions. What are ideal solutions and what is this
Raoult’s Law?

An ideal solution is a solution in which the intermolecular forces


between A and B molecules, A and A molecules and B and B
molecules are all essentially the same.

Raolt’s Law states that “The partial vapor pressure of a component


in a mixture is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component at
that temperature multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture”.

This is represented by the formula:


PA = X A Po A in the case of substance
A

PB = XB Po B in the case of substance B

Where : In the case of substance A


PA = partial pressure of substance A
XA = mole fraction of substance A
PoA = vapor pressure of the pure substance (A) at
standard
Conditions

In case of substance
PB = partial pressure of substance B
XB = mole fraction of substance A
PoB = vapor pressure of the pure substance (B)

In getting the mole fraction of A : XA = XA .


XA + X B

In getting the mole fraction of B : XB = XB . .


XA + XB

Diagram for Vapor Pressures of some substances

Example:

Heptane and octane form ideal solutions. What is the vapor pressure at 40
o
C of a solution that contains 3.00 moles of heptane and 5 moles of octane?
At 40oC, the vapor pressure of heptane is 0.121 atmosphere and the vapor
pressure of octane is 0.041 atmosphere.

Given: 3.0 mols of heptane ; 5 mols of octane


Pheptane = 0.121 atm
Poctane = 0.041 atm

Req’d: Vapor pressure of the solution

Solution: Psolution = PA + PB
= XA PoA + XB Po B

Solve first for mole fraction of A: Since the total number of moles is 8
moles,
So , : XA = XA .
XA + XB

= 3 mols / 8 mols = 0.375

XB = XB . .
XA + XB

= 5 mols / 8 mols = 0.625

Substituting to the equation:


P solution = XA PoA + X B Po B
= ( 0.375 ) ( 0.121) + (0.625) (0.041)
= 0.045 + 0.026
= 0.071 atm

2) Boiling Point Elevation


It is a colligative property related to vapor pressure lowering

Boiling point – is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a


liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
The boiling point elevation of a solution, (∆Tb) is directly proportional
to the number of solute particles. For dilute solutions, ∆Tb is proportional
to molality that is:
∆Tb = Kb m

And the relation between the boiling point elevation to that of solution and
that of the solvent is:
∆Tb = t solution – t pure solvent

Where: ∆Tb = boiling point elevation


Kb = constant for molal boiling point elevation
m = molal concentration of the solution

Molal concentration or molality is defined as number of moles solute per


kilograms solvent.
m = moles solute .
kilogram solvent

3) Freezing point depression – is defined as the decrease in freezing


point over that of a pure solvent (water) at a given temperature .

Freezing point depression describes the phenomenon that the


freezing point of a liquid (solvent) will be lower when another
compound is added. It is determined using the formula:

∆Tf = - m Kf

Where: ∆Tf = freezing point depression


Kf = constant for molal freezing point depression
m = molal concentration ( mole/kg solvent )

And the relation between the freezing point depression to that of solution
and that of the solvent is:

∆Tf = t solution – t pure solvent


Sample Problem: What are the boiling and freezing point of a solution
containing 4.27 grams of sucrose and 50.0 grams of water. Kf of water = 1.86
o
C/m ;
Kb of water = 0.52 oC/m

Solution:

molality of sucrose = moles solute . = 4.27 g x ( 1 mol C12H22O11


)
Kg solvent 50 g H2O ( 1 kg ) 432 g
C12H22O11
(1000 g)

m = 0.25 moles C12H22O11 /kg H2O

∆Tf = - m Kf = - (0.250 m) ( 1.86 oC/m ) = - 0.464 oC

The freezing point of the solution will be:

∆Tf = t solution – t pure solvent


t solution = t pure solvent + ∆Tf

= 0 oC + ( - 0.464 oC )

t solution = - 0.464 oC

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