IT-401

Network Management
and Administration
BSIT 7th Lecture 1

Amara Ramzan
Network
A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network
devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to
allow the sharing of data.
An example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of
people all over the world.

A network can be defined recursively as Two or more nodes

connected by a physical link.
OR
Two or more networks connected by one or more nodes.

Amara Ramzan
Components of a Network

Amara Ramzan
Network Management
Network management is defined as the process of managing a
network for fault and performance using various tools and
technologies to keep up with the business requirements. The
objective of network management is to achieve an error free
network. In today's environment, multiple network monitoring
tools or network management tools are employed making the
whole process a complex one.

Network management is providing functions to control, plan,

allocate, deploy, coordinate, and monitor network resources.
Network management is part of most or all of the network
devices.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management
Network management is the process of controlling a complex
data network to maximize its efficiency and productivity.

The overall goal of network management is to help with the

complexity of a data network and to ensure that data can go
across it with maximum efficiency and transparency to the
users.

Amara Ramzan
Course Description
Covers the fundamentals & details of following:

➢ Network Management Overview

➢ Case Histories of Networking and Management
➢ Organization and Information Models
➢ Communication and Functional Models
➢ Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
➢ Remote Monitoring and Web-Based Management
➢ Broadband Network Management, Tools, System and Applications
➢ Introduction to Window XP and 2003 Server
➢ Review of File Sharing
➢ User Accounts and Groups
➢ DNS working
➢ DHCP Server

Amara Ramzan
Course Description
Covers the fundamentals & details of following:

➢ Managing Web Services using IIS

➢ Remote Access Services
➢ Disk Management
➢ Overview of Active Directory
➢ Integration DNS with Active Directory
➢ Introduction to Linux
➢ User Administration and Disk Management
➢ Samba Server, Web Server, Firewall
➢ Introduction to IP Tables
➢ Internet Traffic Management using Squid
➢ Remote Disk Access with NFS

Amara Ramzan
Recommended Book
Network Management:
Principles and Practice
2nd Edition
By Mani
Subramanian(Author),
Timothy A. Gonsalves
(Contributor),
N. Usha Rani
(Contributor)

Amara Ramzan
Course Prerequisites
It is expected that students are somehow familiar with the

➢ Computer Networks

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
Introduction
A basic understanding of networking is important for anyone
managing a server. Not only is it essential for getting your services
online and running smoothly, it also gives you the insight to
diagnose problems.

Overview
This will provide a basic overview of some common networking
concepts. We will discuss basic terminology, common protocols, and
the responsibilities and characteristics of the different layers of
networking.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
Connection:
In networking, a connection refers to pieces of related
information that are transferred through a network. This
generally infers that a connection is built before the data
transfer (by following the procedures laid out in a protocol)
and then is deconstructed at the end of the data transfer.

Ex: wireless and wired connection

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
A packet is, generally speaking, the most basic unit that
is transferred over a network. When communicating
over a network, packets are the envelopes that carry
your data (in pieces) from one end point to the other.

Packets have a header portion that contains information

about the packet including the source and destination,
timestamps, network hops, etc. The main portion of a
packet contains the actual data being transferred. It is
sometimes called the body or the payload.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
Circuit switching: Packet switching:
carry bit streams store-and-forward messages
a. establishes a dedicated a. operates on discrete blocks of data
circuit

b. links reserved for use by b. utilizes resources dynamically

communication channel according to traffic demand

c. send/receive bit stream at c. send/receive messages at variable

constant rate rate

d. example: original telephone d. example: Internet

network
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview

OSI stands for Open

Systems Interconnect.
Historically, one method
of talking about the
different layers of
network communication
is the OSI model

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
OSI Model Layers:

➢ Application: The application layer is the layer that the users

and user-applications most often interact with. Network
communication is discussed in terms of availability of
resources, partners to communicate with, and data
synchronization.

➢ Presentation: The presentation layer is responsible for

mapping resources and creating context. It is used to
translate lower level networking data into data that
applications expect to see.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
➢ Session: The session layer is a connection handler. It
creates, maintains, and destroys connections between nodes
in a persistent way.
➢ Transport: The transport layer is responsible for handing the
layers above it a reliable connection. In this context, reliable
refers to the ability to verify that a piece of data was received
intact at the other end of the connection.
This layer can resend information that has been dropped or
corrupted and can acknowledge the receipt of data to remote
computers.
➢ Data Link: This layer is implemented as a method of
establishing and maintaining reliable links between different
nodes or devices on a network using existing physical
connections.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
➢ Network: The network layer is used to route data between
different nodes on the network. It uses addresses to be
able to tell which computer to send information to. This
layer can also break apart larger messages into smaller
chunks to be reassembled on the opposite end.

➢ Physical: The physical layer is responsible for handling

the actual physical devices that are used to make a
connection. This layer involves the bare software that
manages physical connections as well as the hardware
itself (like Ethernet).

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
The TCP/IP model, more commonly known as the Internet protocol
suite, is another layering model that is simpler and has been
widely adopted. It defines the four separate layers, some of which
overlap with the OSI model:

➢ Application: In this model, the application layer is responsible

for creating and transmitting user data between applications.
The applications can be on remote systems, and should
appear to operate as if locally to the end user.
➢ Transport: The transport layer is responsible for
communication between processes. This level of networking
utilizes ports to address different services. It can build up
unreliable or reliable connections depending on the type of
protocol used.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
➢ Internet: The internet layer is used to transport data from
node to node in a network. This layer is aware of the
endpoints of the connections, but does not worry about the
actual connection needed to get from one place to another. IP
addresses are defined in this layer as a way of reaching
remote systems in an addressable manner.
➢ Link: The link layer implements the actual topology of the
local network that allows the internet layer to present an
addressable interface. It establishes connections between
neighboring nodes to send data.

As you can see, the TCP/IP model, is a bit more abstract and
fluid. This made it easier to implement and allowed it to
become the dominant way that networking layers are
categorized.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
-Networking works by piggybacking a number of different
protocols on top of each other. In this way, one piece of data
can be transmitted using multiple protocols encapsulated
within one another.

-We will talk about some of the more common protocols that you
may come across and attempt to explain the difference, as
well as give context as to what part of the process they are
involved with.

-We will start with protocols implemented on the lower

networking layers and work our way up to protocols with
higher abstraction.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
-Media access control is a communications protocol that is used
to distinguish specific devices. Each device is supposed to get
a unique MAC address during the manufacturing process that
differentiates it from every other device on the internet.

-Addressing hardware by the MAC address allows you to

reference a device by a unique value even when the software
on top may change the name for that specific device during
operation.

-Media access control is one of the only protocols from the link
layer that you are likely to interact with on a regular basis.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
- The IP is one of the fundamental protocols that allow the internet
to work. IP addresses are unique on each network and they allow
machines to address each other across a network. It is
implemented on the internet layer in the IP/TCP model.

- Networks can be linked together, but traffic must be routed when

crossing network boundaries. This protocol assumes an
unreliable network and multiple paths to the same destination
that it can dynamically change between.

- There are a number of different implementations of the protocol.

The most common implementation today is IPv4, although IPv6 is
growing in popularity as an alternative due to the scarcity of IPv4
addresses available and improvements in the protocols
capabilities.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
- ICMA stands for internet control message protocol.

- It is used to send messages between devices to indicate the

availability or error conditions. These packets are used in a
variety of network diagnostic tools, such as ping and
traceroute.

- Usually ICMP packets are transmitted when a packet of a

different kind meets some kind of a problem. Basically, they
are used as a feedback mechanism for network
communications.

Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
- TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
- It is implemented in the transport layer of the IP/TCP model
and is used to establish reliable connections.

- TCP is one of the protocols that encapsulate data into

packets. It then transfers these to the remote end of the
connection using the methods available on the lower layers.
On the other end, it can check for errors, request certain
pieces to be resent, and reassemble the information into one
logical piece to send to the application layer.

- The protocol builds up a connection prior to data transfer

using a system called a three-way handshake. This is a way
for the two ends of the communication to acknowledge the
request and agree upon a method of ensuring data reliability
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
-UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a popular
companion protocol to TCP and is also implemented in the
transport layer.

- The fundamental difference between UDP and TCP is that

UDP offers unreliable data transfer. It does not verify that data
has been received on the other end of the connection. This
might sound like a bad thing, and for many purposes, it is.
However, it is also extremely important for some functions.

- Because it is not required to wait for confirmation that the data

was received and forced to resend data, UDP is much faster
than TCP. It does not establish a connection with the remote
host, it simply fires off the data to that host and doesn't care if
it is accepted or not.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
HTTP- stands for hypertext transfer protocol. It is a protocol
defined in the application layer that forms the basis for
communication on the web.
-it defines a number of functions that tell the remote
system what you are requesting. For instance, GET,
POST, and DELETE all interact with the requested data
in a different way.

FTP- stands for file transfer protocol. It is also in the application

layer and provides a way of transferring complete files
from one host to another.
-It is inherently insecure, so it is not recommended for
any externally facing network unless it is implemented as
a public, download-only resource.
Amara Ramzan
Network Management Overview
DNS -stands for domain name system. It is an application layer
protocol used to provide a human-friendly naming
mechanism for internet resources. It is what ties a domain
name to an IP address and allows you to access sites by
name in your browser.

SSH - stands for Secure Shell.

- It is an encrypted protocol implemented in the application
layer that can be used to communicate with a remote server in a
secure way. Many additional technologies are built around this
protocol because of its end-to-end encryption and ubiquity.
-There are many other protocols that we haven't covered that are
equally important. However, this should give you a good overview
of some of the fundamental technologies that make the internet
and networking possible.
Amara Ramzan
 History of Network
ARPANET- Advanced Research Project Agency Network.

1. ARPANET was the first network that was established.

2. It's work started in the early 1960s by the US Department of
Defense(DOD) as we call.
3. DOD sponsored major research work for the development of initial
protocols, language, and frameworks for network communication.
4. There are four nodes are connected to each other with wire.
These are:
1.University of California at Los Angeles(UCLA)
2. Stanford Research Institute(SRI)
3. University of California at Santa Barbara(UCSB)
4. University of Utah

Amara Ramzan
 History of Network
ARPANET- Advanced Research Project Agency Network.

5. On 29 October 1969 the first message was exchanged between

UCLA and SRL.
So the interesting thing is that the first message that was exchanged
was actually just one single word that was "Login". In fact, the
network crashed after the user typed L.O but still it's considered to
be the first massage that was exchanged over any computer
network.

6. Now, after this success of the exchange of messages between the

four nodes in 1970, a company named Bold Beranek and Newman
Inc(BBN) also connected to the ARPANET. In 1972 Roy Tomlinson of
the same company he started using email messages.

Amara Ramzan
 History of Network
ARPANET- Advanced Research Project Agency Network.

7. ARPANET it expended to connect DOD with US universities that

were carrying out defense-related research.

8.University college of London(UK) and Royal Radar Network(Norway)

connected to ARPANET and network of networks was formed.

9. The term internet was coined by Vinton Cerf, Yogan Dalal and Carl
Sunshine of Stanford University to describe this network of networks.

10. They also developed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Amara Ramzan
 History of Network
• Telenet was first commercial adaption of ARPANET.

• Introduced in 1974.

• Concept of Internet Service Provider (ISP) was also Introduced.

• Main function of ISP is to provide uninterrupted internet

connection to its customers at affordable rated.

Amara Ramzan
A Modern Day Network

Amara Ramzan
 World Wide Web
• Developed in 1980’s by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN Switzerland.

• Complex Web of websites and web pages connected together

through hypertext.

• Hypertext is a word or group of words linking to another web page

of the same or different websites.

• Evolution from ARPANET to WWW was possible due to many new

achievements by researchers and computer scientist all over the
world.

Amara Ramzan
World Wide Web

Amara Ramzan
Amara Ramzan