A Major Project Report

On
IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY USING FUZZY
BASED UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

T.V.ACHYUT 16P61A0269

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr.S.SUNDEEP
M.tech,Ph.D,MISTE
Associate Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIGNANA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution
(Accredited by NBA and NAAC, New Delhi)
Aushapur(v),Ghatkesar(m),R.R Dist, Hyderabad-501301

2016-2020
 Aushapur (v), Ghatkesar (m), R.R Dist, Hyderabad-50130
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Major project report entitles ”IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY

USING FUZZY BASED UPFC”, Submitted by T.V. ACHYUT bearing Admission Numbers

16P61A0269 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY from Electrical and Electronics Engineering to JNTUH is record of bonafide work

carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department Project Guide

Dr.K.Neelima Dr.S.Sundeep
M.tech,Ph.d,MISTE M.tech,Ph.D,MISTE
Professor and HOD Assosciate Professor
Dept of EEE Dept of EEE

Signature of the External

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY

USING FUZZY BASED UPFC” being submitted by me to the department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, VBIT, Aushapur, under JNTUH during 2016-2020 in a partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology is a bonafide work undertaken by T.V.
ACHYUT bearing Admission Numbers 16P61A0269 and is not submitted to any other University
or Organization for the award of any other Degree.

By

T.V.ACHYUT 16P61A0269
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take the opportunity to acknowledgement with thanks and deep sense of gratitude towards
our principal Dr.G.AMARENDAR RAO, who extended his whole hearted co- operation
and encouragement in the successful completion of our project.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr.K.NEELIMA, HOD, Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering who has given her valuable suggestions and encouraging support
and guidance in carrying out the project.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the project coordinator Ms. A.Sai Subadhra

I am very much thankful to our guide Dr.S.SUNDEEP, Assosciate Professor in the

department of EEE for their excellent guidance and good technical assistance which helped
us in every single step during our project. It was pleasant and challenging with their
constant monitoring and valuable advices for the completion of project.

I hereby, thank one and all who extended helping hand in the accomplishment of
our project.

By

T.V.ACHYUT 16P61A0269

iv
 ABSTRACT

The electricity is considered as the backbone for industrial revolution. Today the demand and
consumption of electrical energy has increased steadily but Electric power system regularly
facing disturbances due to faults, its dynamic nature and also maintaining power quality is
difficulty due to greater amount of nonlinear loads. So there is need to restrict these
disturbances and mitigates the issues of power quality to improve its performance. Flexible
Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) plays a key role to enhance power
handling capability and control of AC transmission systems. In FACT devices the Unified
Power Flow Controller is the combination of a Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), which are coupled via a
common dc link to allow bidirectional flow of active power between the series output
terminals of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM.

In this project a Fuzzy based UPFC is used to reduce voltage sags and swells. Its
special features are to control active and reactive power course in a transmission line and to
adjust the voltage at the bus at which it is situated. In this project Matlab/Simulink
environment is going to be used to enhance power quality by the application of UPFC. On the
basis of simulation results and by analyzing the performance of UPFC, we can conclude that
UPFC is ideal controller for mitigating the issues of power quality.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xii

NOMENCLATURE xiii

LIST OF VARIABLES xiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Power Quality disturbances 2

1.2 History 4

1.3 Literature survey 5

1.4 Conclusion 6

CHAPTER 2: FACTS DEVICES 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Importance of FACTS 7

2.3 Types of FACTS 8

2.3.1 Series controller 8

2.3.2 Shunt controller 9

2.3.3 Combined series-series controller 9

2.3.4 Combined series shunt controller 10

2.3.5 SSSC 11

2.3.6 Advantages of SSSC 11

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 2.3.7 STATCOM 11

2.3.8 Advantages of STATCOM 13

2.4 Advantages of FACTS 13

2.5 Applications of FACTS 14

2.6 Conclusion 14
15
CHAPTER 3: UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

3.1 Introduction 15

3.2 Overview 16

3.3 UPFC 17

3.4 Basic principle 17

3.5 Control capabilities of UPFC 18

3.6 Shunt converter 20

3.6.1 Basic function 20

3.6.2 Operating modes 20

3.7 Series converter 21

3.7.1 Basic function 21

3.7.2 Operating modes 21

3.8 Problem outline 22

3.9 Advantages 23

3.10 Conclusion 24

25
CHAPTER 4: MATLAB

4.1 Introduction 25

4.1.1 MATLAB system 25

4.1.2 Other features 25

4.1.3 Components of MATLAB 26

vii
 4.1.4 Tools of MATLAB 26

4.2 MATLAB simulink 26

4.2.1 Subsystems 27

4.3 SIM power system 28

4.4 Application of MATLAB 29

4.5 Conclusion 29

CHAPTER 5: IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY USING

FUZZY BASED UPFC 30

5.1 Introduction 30

5.2 PI controller 31

5.3 Simulink model without UPFC 32

5.3.1 Simulation results without UPFC 32

5.4 UPFC with PI controller 33

5.4.1 Operation 34

5.4.2 Simulation results 35

5.5 UPFC with proposed FUZZY controller 35

5.5.1 Operation 36

5.6 Fuzzy Rule Base 37

5.6.1 Mamdhani method 40

5.7 Simulink model with UPFC 40

5.8 Simulation results of UPFC with 41

Proposed FUZZY logic controller

5.9 Comparision for the compensating 41

Values of both PI and Fuzzy logic controller

5.10 Comparision table for the compensating values 41
Of both PI and FUZZY logic controller

viii
 5.11 Conclusion 41
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 42

FUTURE SCOPE 43

REFERENCES 44
APPENDIX 45

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO
TABLE NO
5.1 FUZZY LOGIC Rule Base 36

5.2 Comparison of PI AND FUZZY 40

LOGIC based UPFC

x
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO PAGE NO

1.1 Voltage sag 3

1.2 Voltage swell 3

1.3 Flickers 3

1.4 Ringing waves 3

1.5 Outage 4

2.1 Series controller 9

2.2 Shunt controller 9

2.3 Combined series series controller 10
2.4 Combined series shunt controller 10
2.5 SSSC 11
2.6 STATCOM 12

3.1 Schematic diagram of UPFC 15

3.2 Block diagram of UPFC 18
3.3 Phasor diagram for voltage regulation 19
3.4 Diagram for series impedence compensation 19
3.5 Diagram illustrates phase angle regulation 19
4.1 Diagram of simulink library browser 27
4.2 Block diagram of subsystem 28
5.1 Block diagram of PI controller 31
5.2 Simulink model without UPFC 32
5.3 Compensating values with and without UPFC 33
5.4 Block diagram of PI based UPFC 33
5.5 Reactive power waveform using PI controller 34
5.6 Proposed fuzzy logic controller 34

xi
5.7 Simulink model with UPFC 39

5.8 Compensating results of FUZZY based UPFC 39

5.9 Compensating values of PI and FUZZY LOGIC 40

Controller

xii
 NOMENCLATURE

EPQ : Electric power quality

DG : Distributed generation

SSSC : Static synchronous series compensator

STATCOM : Static compensator

VSC : Voltage source converter

IPC : Interphase power controller

IPFC : Interline power flow controller

SVC : Static VAR compensator

TCSR : Thyristor controlled series reactor

FC : Fixed capacitor

TCR : Thyristor controlled reactor

MCR : Magnetically coupled reactor

TCVR : Thyristor controlled voltage reactor

TCVL : Thyristor controlled voltage limiter

LVRT : Low voltage ride through
ATC : Available transfer capability

TCSC : Thyristor controlled series compensation

FIS : Fuzzy interface system

PCC : Point of common coupling

PID : Proportional integral derivative

PI : Proportional integral

UPFC : Unified power flow controller

xiii
 LIST OF VARIABLES

VS : Stator voltage

VR : Rotor voltage

XE : Voltage reactance

∆w : Change in angular frequency

KP : Active power feed back gain

KQ : Reactive power feed back gain

KR : Damping resistor feedback gain

KP : Proportional gain

KI : Integral gain

KC : Damping variable

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IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY USING FUZZY BASED UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Electrical power quality is one of the most modern branches in power system study
since the late 1980s. It is an umbrella concept for a multitude of individual types of
power system disturbances. The issues that fall under this umbrella are not necessarily
new. What is new is that engineers are now attempting to deal with these issues using
a system approach rather than handling them as individual problems.
Electric Power Quality (EPQ) is a term that refers to maintaining the near
sinusoidal waveform of power distribution bus voltages and currents at rated
magnitude and frequency. There are four major reasons for the increased concern:
1. Newer-generation load equipment, with microprocessor-based controls and
power electronic devices, is more sensitive to power quality variations than
was equipment used in the past.
2. The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted in
continued growth in the application of devices such as high-efficiency,
adjustable-speed motor drives and shunt capacitors for power factor correction
to reduce losses. This is resulting in increasing harmonic levels on power
systems and has many people concerned about the future impact on system
capabilities.
3. End users have an increased awareness of power quality issues. Utility
customers are becoming better informed about such issues as interruptions,
sags, and switching transients and are challenging the utilities to improve the
quality of power delivered.
4. Many things are now interconnected in a network. Integrated processes mean
that the failure of any component has much more important consequences.
The common thread running through all these reasons for increased concern about
the quality of electric power is the continued push for increasing productivity for all
utility customers. Manufacturers want faster, more productive, more efficient
machinery. Utilities encourage this effort because it helps their customers become
more profitable and also helps defer large investments in substations and generation
by using more efficient load equipment. Interestingly the equipment installed to

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increase the productivity is also often the equipment that suffers the most from
common power disruptions. And the equipment is sometimes the source of additional
power quality problems. When entire processes are automated, the efficient operation
of machines and their controls becomes increasingly dependent on quality power.
There have been some developments that have had an impact on power quality:
1. Throughout the world, many governments have revised their laws regulating
electric utilities with the intent of achieving more cost-competitive sources of
electric energy. Deregulation of utilities has complicated the power quality
problem. In many geographic areas there is no longer tightly coordinated
control of the power from generation through end-use load. While regulatory
agencies can change the laws regarding the flow of money, the physical laws
of power flow cannot be altered. In order to avoid deterioration of the quality
of power supplied to customers, regulators are going to have to expand their
thinking beyond traditional reliability indices and address the need for power
quality reporting and incentives for the transmission and distribution
companies.
2. There has been a substantial increase of interest in distributed generation
(DG), that is, generation of power dispersed throughout the power system.
There are a number of important power quality issues that must be addressed
as part of the overall interconnection evaluation for DG. Therefore, we have
added a chapter on DG.
3. The globalization of industry has heightened awareness of deficiencies in
power quality around the world. Companies building factories in new areas are
suddenly faced with unanticipated problems with the electricity supply due to
weaker systems or a different climate.
1.1.1 Power quality disturbances
Power quality problems occur due to various types of electrical disturbances most of
the EPQ disturbance depend on amplitude or frequency or on both. Based of the
existence of EPQ disturbance, events divided into short or long type. The disturbance
causing power quality degradation arising power system that classification mainly
includes:
A) Voltage sag: It is a short duration disturbance. During voltage sag r.m.s voltage
falls to a very low level for short period of time.

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Fig.1.1 Voltage sag

B) Voltage swell: It is a short duration disturbance. During voltage sag r.m.s.
voltage increases to a very high level for short period of time.

Fig.1.2 Voltage swell

C) Flicker: It is undesired variation of system frequency.

Fig.1.3 Flicker
D) Ringing waves: Oscillatory disturbances of decaying magnitude for short period
of time are known as ringing wave. It may be called a special type transient.

Fig.1.4 Ringing waves

The frequency of a flicker may or may not be same with the system frequency.

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E) Outage: It is special type of interruption where power cut has occurred for not
more than 60s.

Fig.1.5 Outage

1.2 History
The aim of the electric power system can be summarized as to transport electrical
energy from the generator units to the terminals of electrical equipment and to
maintain the voltage at the equipment terminals within certain limits. For decades
research and education have been concentrated on the first aim. Reliability and quality
of supply were rarely an issue, the argument being that the reliability was sooner too
high than too low. A change in attitude came about probably sometime in the early
1980s. Starting in industrial and commercial power systems and spreading to the
public supply, the power quality virus appeared.
It became clear that equipment regularly experienced spurious trips due to voltage
disturbances, but also that equipment was responsible for many voltage and current
disturbances. A more customer-friendly definition of reliability was that the power
supply turned out to be much less reliable than always thought. This is certain to
continue into the future, as customers' demands have become an important issue in the
deregulation of the electricity industry.
1.3 Literature Survey
S.Selvakumaran, Normally the power is generated by conventional form of energy
either by non-conventional form of energy. The generated power can be transmitted
by different types based on the type of transmission network preferred. while
transmitting the power due to some power quality problems like sag or swell will arise
and there will be a drop in voltage that produces the oscillating waves that results in
low power factor. In earlier days to overcome this mechanical circuit breakers are
used as solver where it is made up of relays and contractors that compensating is not
reliable. To inject voltage or current in a transmission network FACTS devices are

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more popular to solve the problems. In this paper the performance of different types
of devices have been used to solve the drawbacks by injecting the voltage and to
control the power flow and other parameters.[1].
Syed Kawar shah, The power quality has started to play an important role in
the electronic industry. As the power providers are turning to smart grid and smart
meters, the standards for power quality needs to be revisited. The power quality can
be categorized into two groups, one addressing the standard for the power quality
supplied at the grid level and the other group which deals with the factors that affect
the power quality at user level. These factors include harmonics, voltage changes,
sags, transients, voltage unbalance, etc. These factors will provide us in-depth details
on the power system. In this paper, an overview of various factors will be presented in
order which can affect the power quality of the system. The paper will also look
briefly at the measurement techniques used to measure them.[2].
Shazma khan,In today’s scenario Power Quality issues are turn into a serious
matter for both electric power utilities and for power system engineers. Equipment
used in power distribution are highly responsive to the disturbances which arises in
the supply systems. Moreover, these equipment are connected together in supply
system and in industries for the purpose of manufacturing. As a result the effect of
any issue or problem on the equipment is very large. Usually some of the power
system equipment generates disruptions, which consecutively affect the other
equipment, and are supposed to develop the harmonics distortion[3].
Vickykullakarni, This paper presents the performance of SSSC for power
quality improvement. As nonlinear loads causеs thе harmonics in thе systеm and
thеrеforе the power quality gеts rеducеd bеcausе of thеsе nonlinear load. Hеncе
powеr quality is study with casе I. Non linеar load without SSSC &casе II. Non linеar
load with SSSC in IЕЕЕ 9 bus systеm. Thе diodе bridgе rеctifiеr is usеd hеrе as non
linеar load. Sеriеs FACTS dеvicеs arе most powеrful controllеrs usеd for powеr
flow, power quality. Powеr oscillation damping and improving transient stability of
thе powеrsystеm. Powеr quality study is carriеd out with Fast Fouriеr Transform
analysis and Total Harmonic Distortions arе obtainеd which shows thе harmonics
present in thеsystеm. Rеsults arе validatеd by using MATLAB [4].
Retzmann, The quality of electrical energy supply, especially voltage quality,
is becoming more and more important in both industrialized and developing countries.
An insuficient supply quality can lead to an inadequate quality of products,

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interruption of important industrial processes and therefore to economic losses. The

amount of equipment and industrial processes which are sensitive to insufficient
voltage quality, such as harmonics and sags, is increasing. This paper describes the
main power quality problems and their solution with IGBT converter-based power
conditioning equipment [5].
H.Prasad, Power Quality disturbances are a characteristic of typical
distribution system. There are various issues like harmonics, voltage sag/swell,
interruption etc which cause a serious impact on the quality of power supplied. In
order to counter these power quality issues, Power Quality improvement devices are
used. D – STATCOM or Distribution STATCOM is one such device. D – STATCOM
finds widespread applications in Power systems. This paper describes the
mathematical modelling of a three phase AC distribution network incorporated with
D –STATCOM implemented to mitigate current harmonics caused due to non –linear
loads in the system [6].
Raja Sekaran, The unified power flow controller is the most versatile and
complex power electronic equipment that has emerged as the indispensable equipment
for the control and optimization of power flow in electrical power transmission
system. In this thesis the control of real and reactive power flow through a
transmission line with the use of UPFC at the sending end is investigated. Computer
simulation using MATLAB Simulink is done and the behaviour of the UPFC is
studied. In the UPFC based control of transmission line parameter control systems, it
is observed that whenever the SSSC sources some real power into the transmission
line it is manifested as a voltage drop across the DC link. The fall of the DC link
voltage is an indication of real power demand from the receiving end. PI Controllers
are used in this work in the control of DC voltage, AC voltage and power transfer [7].
1.4 Conclusion
This chapter explains that Power quality maintenance is an important aspect in the
operation of the system. It also explains the Various Power Quality problems through
which undesirable conditions are occurring in the Power System. Along with these
the impact of the Power Quality on the world from the past period along with the
history is explained.

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CHAPTER-2

FACTS DEVICES
2.1 Introduction
Modern power systems are designed to operate efficiently to supply power on demand
to various load centres with high reliability. The generating stations are often located
at distant locations for economic, environmental and safety reasons. For example, it
may be cheaper to locate a thermal power station at pithead instead of transporting
coal to load centres. Hydro power is generally available in remote areas. A nuclear
plant may be located at a place away from urban areas. Thus, a grid of transmission
lines operating at high or extra high voltages is required to transmit power from the
generating stations to the load centres.
In addition to transmission lines that carry power from the sources to loads,
modern power systems are also highly interconnected for economic reasons. The
interconnected systems benefit by
1. Exploiting load diversity
2. Sharing of generation reserves and
3. Economy gained from the use of large efficient units without sacrificing
Reliability.
However, there is also a downside to ac system inter connection the security
can be adversely affected as the disturbances initiated in a particular area can spread
and propagate over the entire system resulting in major blackouts caused by cascading
outages.

2.2 Importance of FACTS

High-voltage flexible AC transmission systems are critical to maintaining proper

voltage quantities and qualities. Without FACTS, your system may not be properly
regulating voltage or changing the power that is either injected into or absorbed via
the power system. FACTS enhance the overall grid capacity and performance. They
also increase the reliability and efficiency of your power system. By mitigating power
oscillations, FACTS are able to offer you greater control over your energy.

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2.3 Types of FACTS controllers

In general, FACTS controllers can be classified into four types depending on the
manner in which it is connected to the power system.
1. Series controllers
2. Shunt controllers
3. Combined series-series controllers
4. Combined series-shunt controllers
Depending on the power electronic devices used for the purpose of controlling, the
FACTS controllers can be classified as
1. Variable impedance type
2. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based
The variable impedance type controllers include:
1 Static Var Compensator (SVC), (shunt connected)
2 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor or Compensator
3 (TCSC), (series connected)
4 Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) of
5 Static PST (combined shunt and series)
The VSC based FACTS controllers are:
1 Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) (shunt connected)
2 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) (series connected)
3 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) (combined series-series)
4 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) (combined shunt series)
Some of the special purpose FACTS controllers are
1 Thyristor Controller Braking Resistor (TCBR)
2 Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL)
3 Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator (TCVR)
4 Interphase Power controller (IPC)
5 NGH-SSR damping controller
2.3.1 Series controllers
The series Controller shown in Figure2.1 could be variable impedance, such as
capacitor, reactor, etc., or power electronics based variable source of main frequency,
sub synchronous and harmonic frequencies a combination to serve the desired need.
In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line. Even variable

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impedance multiplied by the current flow through it, represents an injected series
voltage in the line. As long as the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current,
the series controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other
phase relationship will involve handling of real power as well.

Fig: 2.1 Series controller

2.3.2 Shunt Controllers
As in the case of series controllers, the shunt controller shown in Figure 2.2 may be
variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these. In principle, all shunt
controllers inject current into the system at the point of connection. Even variable
shunt impedance connected to the line voltage causes a variable current flow and
hence represents injection of current into the line.

Fig: 2.2 Shunt controller

As long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the
shunt controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase
relationship will involve handling of real power as well.
2.3.3 Combined Series-Series Controllers
This could be a combination of separate series controllers shown in Figure 2.3, which
are controlled in a coordinated manner, in a multiline transmission system. Or it could
be a unified Controller, in which series Controllers provide independent series

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reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among the lines via
the power link. The real power transfer capability of the unified series-series
controller, referred to as Interline Power Flow Controller, makes it possible to balance
both the real and reactive power flow in the lines and thereby maximize the utilization
of the transmission system.

Fig: 2.3 Combined series-series controllers

Note that the term "unified" here means that the dc terminals of all controller
converters are all connected together for real power transfer.
2.3.4 Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
This could be a combination of separate shunt and series controllers, which are
controlled in a coordinated manner shown in Figure 2.4 or a Unified Power Flow
Controller with series and shunt elements. In principle, combined shunt and series
controllers inject current into the system with the shunt part of the Controller and
voltage in series in the line with the series part of the Controller.

Fig.2.4 Combined series-shunt controller

However, when the shunt and series Controllers are unified, there can be a real
power exchange between the series and shunt Controllers via the power link.

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2.3.5 Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC)

A static synchronous series compensator or SSSC is a kind of flexible AC
transmission system, which consists of a solid-state voltage source inverter
coupled with a transformer that is connected in series with a transmission Line.
This device could inject an almost Sinusoidal voltage in series with the line. This
injected voltage could be considered as an inductive or capacitive reactance,
which is connected in series with the transmission line. This feature can
provide controllable voltage compensation. In addition, SSSC is able to reverse

Fig.2.5 Static synchronous series compensator

the power flow by injecting a sufficiently large series reactive compensating
voltage.
2.3.6 Advantages of SSSC
1.Power factor correction through continuous voltage injection.
2.Load balancing in interconnected network system.
3. Power flow control
4. Reduced harmonic distortion by active filtering
2.3.7 STATCOM
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator, also known as SVG). It is an
important device for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which is the third
generation of dynamic VAR compensation device after FC, MCR, and TCR type of
SVC (Static VAR Compensator). Its appearance represents the application of most
advanced technology for dynamic VAR compensation.
It is also known as DSTATCOM when apply in power distribution.
STATCOM is connected parallel in power grid and works as reactive current source.
Its reactive current can be flexibly controlled and compensate reactive power for

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system automatically. It solves problem of harmonics interfere switching parallel

capacitor banks. In another hand, it can restrain harmonics and improve power quality
according to customers’ needs. STATCOM has superior performance in lots of aspect
such as responding speed, stabilize voltage of power grid, reduce system power loss
and harmonics, increase both transmission capacity and limit for transient voltage. It
also has advantage of smaller in dimension.

Fig.2.6 STATCOM
STATCOM uses three phases powerful Voltage Sourced Converter as its core.
Its voltage output connects system by through reactor or transformer. And regulates
AC voltage amplitude and phase of inverter to absorb or produce reactive power for
system. As sourced compensation device, STATCOM not only monitoring and
compensates current for impact load but also compensate and monitoring harmonic
current. Power grid voltage has fluctuation and flicker when high power impact load
is operating. Voltage fluctuation and flicker bring negative influence to other nearby
customers’ electricity usage and sensitive load by decreasing safety for electricity
usage and decreasing efficiency for production, increasing risk of faulty production.
Accurate Var ASVC’s response time is less than 1ms and it provides smooth dynamic
compensation for reactive power. It is more efficient to restrain voltage flicker and
reduce voltage fluctuation, improve voltage to meet standard. Accurate Var ASVC
has characteristic of constant current.
It has advantage in voltage control due to its reactive current output is not
affected by bus bar voltage. System needs more dynamic reactive power when system
voltage gets lower. Accurate Var ASVC’s reactive current output is not related to
system voltage, but the conventional capacitor VAR compensator’s reactive power

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output is proportional to square value of voltage. Accurate Var ASVC can provide
better support for improving low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic in wind
power. Due to widely applications of nonlinear load, harmonics threat public power
grid worse than before. Harmonics cause equipment overheat, insulation depletion,
extra power loss, decrease efficiency of power system and electrical equipment.
It also cause malfunction of protection relay and malfunction of automatic
device, inaccuracy of measurement and interfere nearby communication system. It is
possible to have fire hazard when 3rd harmonic flow through natural line and makes
line overheat. Accurate Var ASVC applies carrier phase shift multi-level
PWM（Pulse Width Modulationï ¼ ‰ control strategy and its high frequency
equivalent switch can filtering partial load harmonics without amplifying them and no
harmonic resonance. It makes possible for multi-function in on equipment.
2.3.8 Advantages of STATCOM
1. STATCOM has superior performance in lots of aspect such as responding speed,
2. Stabilize voltage of power grid, reduce system power loss and harmonics
increase both transmission capacity and limit for transient voltage.
3. It also has advantage of smaller in dimension.
2.4 Advantages of FACTS devices
1. More utilization of existing transmission system
In all the countries, the power demand is increasing day by day to transfer the
electrical power and controlling the load flow of the transmission system is very
necessary this can be achieved by more load centres which can change frequently.
Addition of new transmission line is very costly to take the increased load on the
system; in that case FACTS devices are much economical to meet the increased
load on the same transmission lines.
2. More increased transient and dynamic stability of the system
The Long transmission lines are inter-connected with grids to absorb the changing
the loading of the transmission line and it is also seen that there should be no line
fault creates in the line / transmission system. By doing this the power flow is
reduced and transmission line can be trip. By the use of FACTS devices high
power transfer capacity is increased at the same time line tripling faults are also
reduces.

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3. Increased more quality of supply for large industries

New industries wants good quality of electric supply, constant voltage with less
fluctuation and desired frequency as mentioned by electricity department . Reduce
voltage, variation in frequency or loss of electric power can reduce the
manufacturing of the industry and cause to high economical loss. FACTS devices
can helps to provide the required quality of supply.
4. Beneficial for environment
FACTS devices are becoming environmentally friendly. FACTS devices does not
produce any type of waste hazard material so they are pollution free. These devices
help us to deliver the electrical power more economically with better use of
existing transmission lines while reducing the cost of new transmission line and
generating more power.
5. Increased transmission system reliability and availability
Transmission system reliability and availability is affected by many different
factors. Although FACTS devices had ability to reduce such factors and improves
the system reliability and availability.
2.5 Applications of FACTS devices
The basic applications of FACTS-devices are:
1 Power flow control
2 Increase of transmission capability
3 Voltage control
4 Reactive power compensation
5 Stability improvement
6 Power quality improvement
7 Power conditioning
8 Flicker mitigation
9 Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and stages
2.6 Conclusion
This chapter explains about the developing of FACTS devices. Along with this the
importance of FACTS is also explained. This chapter also analyzes the Classification
of Various FACTS controller which enhance the power system performance and its
applications respectively.

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CHAPTER-3
UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
3.1 Introduction
A unified power flow controller is an electrical device for providing fast-
acting reactive power compensation on high voltage electricity transmission networks.
It uses a pair of three-phase controllable bridges to produce current that is injected
into a transmission line using a series transformer. The controller can control active
and reactive power flows in a transmission line. Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC), as a representative of the third generation of FACTS devices, is by far the
most comprehensive FACTS device, in power system steady-state it can implement
power flow regulation, reasonably controlling line active power and reactive power,
improving the transmission capacity of power system, and in power system transient
state it can realize fast-acting reactive power compensation, dynamically supporting
the voltage at the access point and improving system voltage stability, moreover, it
can improve the damping of the system and power angle stability.

Fig.3.1 Schematic diagram of UPFC

The UPFC uses solid state devices, which provide functional flexibility,
generally not attainable by conventional thyristor controlled systems. The UPFC is a
combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) coupled via a common DC voltage link.

The main advantage of the UPFC is to control the active and reactive power
flows in the transmission line. If there are any disturbances or faults in the source
side, the UPFC will not work. The UPFC operates only under balanced sine wave
source. The controllable parameters of the UPFC are reactance in the line, phase angle

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and voltage. The UPFC concept was described in 1995 by L. Gyugyi of

Westinghouse. The UPFC allows a secondary but important function such as stability
control to suppress power system oscillations improving the transient stability of
power system.

3.2 Overview
The major task of transmission lines is to transmit large amount of electrical power.
Less transmission capacity necessitate installation of more generating stations. In
view of the fact that the electrical energy cannot be reserved in large amount, there is
a need to balance the demand and generation of this power. The supply voltage and
frequency values will be reduced, if the production is a lesser amount than the
demand. This reduction in voltage or frequency values degrades the quality of electric
power. The Available Transfer Capability [ATC] is limited by complications in
erection of new transmission lines and the line losses. Biological and monetary
considerations limit the erection of new generating stations. Hence interconnection of
transmission lines is compulsory to minimize per unit cost of electrical power. A
huge variation like a large raise or reduction in the load, disconnection of generators,
short circuit faults in transmission system will cause instability and insecurity in
interconnected power system.

The potential to manage the state of balance under normal and disturbed
condition is a measure of strength of power system and the instantaneous testing of
performance of subsequent interruption is named as transient stability examination.
The review of stability is a compulsory implement in power system organization,
utility and arrangement. As the existing transmission lines are required to worknear to
their upper limit, the stability of the power system decreases during dynamic fault
conditions. During dynamic fault condition, the voltage, current and frequency of the
power system may deviate from the desired limits which worsen the quality of power.
The loads which make use of semiconductors have turned into more delicate to
deviation in the quality of power. It is common experience that electric power of poor
quality has detrimental effects on the performance and life of different equipments
and systems. Furthermore, this creates instability, discontinuity and unreliability of
electric supply.

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In this situation, quality assurance of electric power has become more

important and it demands a profound research and study on the analysis of “Electric
Power Quality”. To improve the power quality the power conditioners and power
compensators are playing a vital role. H. Akagi defined the power conditioning as
reduction, elimination or isolation of harmonics, power flow control, reactive power
control, power factor correction, voltage regulation and/or their combination. With the
increasing difficulty in power systems and the necessity to provide steady, secure,
controlled, economic and high-quality electric power, the Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) controllers are playing significant responsibility in power
transmission systems. FACTS devices improve the stability of the power system
together with its dynamic control characteristics and regular compensating potential.
The major aim of FACTS technology is to manage power flow and to enlarge the
transmitting capacity over an active transmission environment. FACTS refer to
structures with power electronic devices such as the Static Compensator
(STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Capacitor(SSSC), Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) and phase angle shifter

3.3 Unified Power Flow Controller

In order to control all the transmission line elements all together or individually, then
UPFC is preferred. The UPFC consists of the features of shunt, series compensation
devices and phase angle regulator. Hence UPFC not only controls real and reactive
powers but also controls the bus voltage. Because of its controlling ability it can be
used for improving both dynamic and steady state performance of the power system.
By injection of required voltage in series with the bus voltage in either direction, it
can absorb or supply real and reactive powers through the lines. Hence UPFC can be
used for power flow control, bus voltage control, to increase the transmission capacity
of the existing lines, improving stability margin etc.

3.4 Basic Principle of UPFC

UPFC consists of two power electronic voltage source converters linked mutually
with a common dc link. To provide electrical isolation and to match the line and
inverter voltages, two transformers are necessary. One of the transformers is coupled
in series with the line and the other is coupled in parallel with the line. The main
purpose of UPFC is to not only manage the power flow on a specified transmission

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line but also to maintain constant bus voltage at point of common coupling
(PCC).This can be achieved by injecting a controlled voltage in series with the
transmission line voltage. The magnitude and phase angle of the newly introduced
voltage can be changed simultaneously or separately. The series connected converter
acts as a controllable voltage source and the shunt connecter converter acts as a
controllable current source

Fig.3.2 Block diagram of UPFC

The converter which is connected in series with the line can generate a voltage
which is adjustable in magnitude and phase. The real and reactive powers through the
line can be varied by controlling this series injected voltage. The real power required
by the series converter is supplied or absorbed by the shunt converter through dc link.
Besides this, the shunt converter can take up or provide reactive power autonomously.

3.5 Control capabilities of UPFC

UPFC is a simultaneously or individually controls all the parameters of the
transmission line based on shunt or series reactive compensation and phase angle
regulation. Based on manner it injects the voltage in the line it can be operated as a
voltage regulator or series compensator or phase angle regulator or combined power
flow controller. If the injected voltage (Vse) is in phase or anti phase with the sending
end terminal voltage (Vs) then UPFC will work similar to a tap changing transformer
which is used for voltage regulation. The figure 3.3 represents the phasor diagram of
voltage regulation. If the injected voltage is varied between zero and maximum value
(Vse max) independent of its phase angle then the resultant voltage lies within the
circle shown in figure 3.3. If the injected voltage (Vse) is in quadrature with the line
current (IL) then UPFC will function as a series capacitive or inductive line
compensator. The operation of series line compensation is illustrated in figure 3.4.

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Fig.3.3 Phasor diagram for voltage regulation

Fig.3.4 Phasor diagram for series impedance compensation

Fig.3.5 Phasor diagram illustrates phase angle regulation

Whenever the injected voltage (Vse) is having an angular relationship with the
sending end terminal voltage (Vs) without change in its magnitude then UPFC will be
operated in phase angle regulation mode which is represented in figure 3.5.

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Fig.3.6 Phasor diagram for simultaneous control of voltage, impedance and phase angle

If UPFC performs multi function control then that functionality is unique to

the UPFC. This control of voltage regulation, line compensation and phase shifting
can be achieved simultaneously or independently. The phasor diagram in figure 3.6
explains the operation of UPFC when all the parameters are varied simultaneously.
One component of injected voltage takes care of voltage regulation, one component
takes care of series compensation and the other provides phase angle regulation.

3.6 Shunt converter

3.6.1 Basic function of shunt converter

The fundamental objectives of shunt converter are to

1. Control the UPFC bus voltage, by delivering or absorbing suitable reactive

power.

2. Supply or absorb the real power demanded by the series converter.

This can be achieved by injecting or drawing a controllable current through

the transmission line via shunt transformer. This current consists of two components,
one is in phase with the bus voltage, whose function is to balance the real power
demanded by the series converter and the other is in Quadrature with the bus voltage,
whose function is to control the reactive power.

3.6.2 Operating modes of shunt converter

The shunt converter can be operated into two modes.

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1. Reactive power (VAR) control mode

2.Automatic voltage control mode

In VAR control mode an inductive or capacitive VAR request is considered as

reference input. The shunt converter transforms the VAR reference to corresponding
shunt current to adjust the converter output suitably. In automatic voltage control
mode, the reactive component of current through shunt converter is controlled to
maintain the transmission line voltage to a prescribed value at the point of common
coupling (PCC).The usual mode for most of the practical application is automatic
voltage control mode.

3.7 Series Converter

3.7.1 Basic function of series converter

The basic purpose of series converter is to control the real and reactive powers by
injecting appropriate voltage in series with the line. This series injected voltage
consists of two components. One component is in quadrature (Vp) with line voltage,
whose function is to control the reactive power flowing through the line and the other
component (Vq) is in-phase with the voltage, whose objective is to control the real
power flowing through the line.

3.7.2 Operating modes of series converter

The series converter can be operated in any of the following five modes.

1. Direct voltage injection mode

2. Bus voltage regulation and control mode
3. Line impedance compensation mode
4. Phase angle regulation mode
5. Automatic power flow control mode

The direct voltage injection mode is used in special cases when the injected
voltage is in phase or in quadrature with the line system voltage to provide
controllable reactive series compensation. In bus voltage regulation mode the injected
voltage is kept in phase with the sending end bus voltage of UPFC and its magnitude
is controlled in order to maintain receiving end voltage of UPFC at the prescribed
value. Line compensation mode is selected to match the existing series capacitive line

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compensation in the system. To achieve this, the magnitude of the injected voltage is
controlled in proportion to the magnitude of the line current to follow the desired
impedance.

When phase compensation is required, then series converter must be operated

in phase angle regulation mode in which the injected voltage is controlled with
respect to the sending end voltage of UPFC so that the receiving end voltage is phase
shifted without change in its magnitude. The most preferable mode to control the
power flows during dynamic disturbances is automatic power flow control mode. In
this mode both the magnitude and phase angle of the injected voltage are continuously
varied to achieve the desired real and reactive power references.

3.8 Problem Outline

Power disturbances are the main sources for decreasing the power transfer capability
from source to load. The disturbances such as line to ground (LG), line to line (LL),
double line to ground (LLG), triple line (LLL), triple line to ground (LLLG) faults,
not only drive the power system into inconsistency state but also deviates the
sinusoidal nature of the voltage profile. This in turn causes power flow problems. The
external or internal disturbances in power system also cause transient instability, over
voltages, under voltages, harmonics and so on. Therefore, there is every possibility of
network breakdown unless the consequential effects of power disturbances are
identified and minimized. Thus study and analysis of power flow and its conditioning
plays a very significant role to transmit power from source to load with its estimated
capacity. FACTS devices are the most suitable controllers to improve the power
transfer capability and control the power flows by employing appropriate control
strategies during disturbances.

The regulating approach must take care of dynamic variations of transmission

line parameters namely voltage, impedance and phase angle for superior transmission
system management through improved transient power system constancy. There are
two distinctly different approaches to realize the controllers of FACTS devices which
aim to address targeted transmission system compensation and control problem. In
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and TCSC, the capability to generate reactive power
and exchange of real power are separated. If these are employed for reactive power
adjustment they are incompetent to swap over real power with ac system.

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To exchange real power, if SVC and TCSC are utilized, these are unable to
supply reactive power to the system. In case of STATCOM, SSSC controllers have
inherent capability of handling exchange of both real and reactive powers with ac
system without ac capacitors or reactors. Here the real and reactive power regulating
methods are reliant. But during dynamic disturbances such as short circuit faults,
sometimes there should be a controller to take care of inherent exchange of real and
reactive powers independently. As a result the goal is to devise a regulator with
separating active and reactive powers during the operation of dynamic fault condition.

UPFC is such a controller which can independently or simultaneously control

the exchange of real and reactive powers with ac system, which in turn take care of
power flow control effectively to improve the power system performance. The
character of FACTS equipment is physically moderately nonlinear. The execution of
these devices may be deteriorated whenever these are coupled to a power system.
Therefore to deal with the dynamic variations in power system, nonlinear intellectual
regulator based UPFC is essential to be modelled. To improve the first swing stability
the active power reference of UPFC must be changed appropriately to damp out the
power oscillations quickly. To achieve this, the deviation of active power generated
by a generator during the fault must be calculated which contains high frequency
component. Because of the high frequency component, the data to be handled is large.
This larger data may be time consuming for the estimation of possible effects.

Under dynamic fault conditions the features of the measured signal may
deviate in a large count resulting in lower range accuracy in estimation. Assessment
of result on calculated signal during the transient faults is enormously complex.
Hence in addition to artificial intelligence, a signal processing tool is necessary to
filter out the high frequency component in the signal which is required to be added to
the active power reference signal of UPFC.

3.9 Advantages
1. Control of power flow
2. Improves voltage profile of nodes
3. Provides greater flexibility on citing new generation
4. System performance is improved
5. Increases the system security through raising stability limit

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3.10 Conclusion
This chapter deals with the performance of UPFC. It also explains the detailed outline
of the Operation of UPFC which is obtained by analysing the basic principle and
the control capabilities of UPFC . Along with this the basic controller action of the
UPFC is explained individually of both series and shunt controller. The advantages of
various controllers and the UPFC advantages are also explained.

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CHAPTER -4
MATLAB
4.1 Introduction
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include

1. Math and computation

2. Algorithm development

3. Data acquisition

4. Modeling, simulation, and prototyping

5. Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

4.1.1. Matlab Systems

1. Development Environment:

2. MATLAB Mathematical Function Library:

3. MATLAB Language..

4. MATLAB External Interfaces/API.

4.1.2 Other Features

1. Desktop Tools and Development Environment

2. Mathematics

3. Programming

4. Graphics

5. 3D Visualization

6. Creating Graphical User Interfaces

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7. External Interfaces/API COMPONENTS OF MATLAB:

4.1.3 Components of Matlab

1.Command Window

2. Work Space

3. Current Directary

4. Command History

4.1.4 Tools of Matlab

1 .Control System Toolbox

2. DSP Communication Toolbox

3. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox

4. OPC Toolbox

5. Data Acquisition Toolbox

6. Image Acquisition Toolbox

7. Robust Control Toolbox

8. Vehicle Network Toolbox

9. Neural Network Toolbox

10. Instrument Control Toolbox

4.2 Matlabsimulink
Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation of
systems. In Simulink systems are drawn on screen as block diagrams. Many
elements of block diagrams are available, such as transfer functions, summing
junctions, etc., as well as virtual input and output devices such as function generators
and oscilloscopes. These virtual devices will allow you to perform simulations of the
models you will build. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily
transferred between the programs. In this tutorial, we will apply Simulink to the
examples of modeled systems, then build controllers, and simulate the systems

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Fig 4.1 Diagram of SIMULINK library browser

4.2.1 Subsystem

Drag in a Subsystem block from the Ports and Subsystems library (or)Select the
blocks that you want to put into a subsystems and right click then select Create
Subsystem from Selection in the menu that appears have many nested subsystem (i.e.
a subsystem in a subsystem). Once you have a subsystem, you can open it by double
clicking the block. This opens a new tab showing the blocks of the subsystem. Exit
the subsystem and return to the top page by Selecting the ‘Up to Parent’ arrow (or)
Selecting the home tab, e.g. ‘MyModel’ Input and output ports are called In and Out.
If you need extra input/output ports, they can be found in the Ports and Subsystems
library or the relevant Source / Sink library. Trigger, Reset and Enable Inputs to
Subsystems You may need a part of your model to only occur when an appropriate
signal is applied, or for blocks to reset at certain time intervals. For this you place an
Enable, Trigger or Reset block inside the subsystem. These will create an appropriate
input port on the subsystem.

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Enabled Subsystems: Subsystem only runs when signal is 1 through the enable
input, a 0 will disable it. The block parameters of the output ports allow configuration
to either hold the current value or reset to a specified value when the subsystem is
disabled.

Triggered Subsystems: Executes one step each time the appropriate signal is applied
to the trigger input. You can configure the trigger input to react to a rising edge, a
falling edge or both edges.

Resettable Subsystems: Executes at every time step but conditionally resets the
states of blocks within it to their initial conditions when a trigger event occurs at the
reset port.

Fig.4.2 Block Diagram of Subsystem

4.3 SIMPOWERSYSTEM

Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical

devices like motors and generators.. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency
have forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated
control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further
complicating the analyst’s role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the
only way to understand it is through simulation. Land-based power generation from
hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A
common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control
systems to achieve their performance objectives.

SimPowerSystems is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers

to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems. These use the and

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drag procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis
of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other
disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact
with the extensive Simulink/modeling library.

4.4 Applications of MATLAB

1. Math and computation.

2. Algorithm development.
3. Modeling, simulation, and prototyping.
4. Data analysis, exploration, and visualization.
5. Scientific and engineering graphics.
6. Application development, including Graphical User Interface building.

4.5 Conclusion

This chapter explains the importance of MATLAB and its applications of MATLAB.
It stands for matrix laboratory. This chapter also explains the operation of various
functional blocks, sim power systems and subsystems. MATLAB integrates
computation visualization, and programming in an easy to use environment. Where
the problems are expressed in a familiar mathematical notation.

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CHAPTER 5

IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY USING

FUZZY BASED UPFC

5.1 Introduction
The power systems growth in prospect bank on growing the competency of offered
transmission systems quite that of constructing new transmission lines and power
stations for efficient and ecological reason. In transmission lines the reactive power
compensation and power flow controlling is one of a key problem. The skill of
governing power flow and optimization in transmission line can achieved by well-
known FACTS devices called as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). UPFC
arises as a best device of FACTS family which can control and optimize power flow
in electrical power transmission systems.
. UPFC generally consists grouping of two additional FACTS devices, one of
which act as a series converter viz. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), a
shunt converter viz. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) coupled by a
common DC link capacitor. These converters can concurrently execute the purpose of
transmission line real or reactive power flow control along with in accumulation to
UPFC bus voltage/shunt reactive power control .UPFC can also governor power
transmission line parameters such as impedance, voltage and phase angle
simultaneously. The concert of UPFC is well influence by the control mechanism and
the controller. To study the concert of UPFC a number of control mechanisms can be
used in a UPFC models like PI and Fuzzy based controller.
The effectiveness of controllers on concert of UPFC and its competency on
power flow control in the power transmission line are simulated on MATLAB and
results are obtained via control mechanisms based on PI and fuzzy based controller.
In this chapter Fuzzy logic controller based unified power flow controller is
introduced and its comparison with PI based control is been observed on the basis of
results using MATLAB, so that effectiveness of fuzzy logic controller based UPFC
can be boosted. To governor the real and reactive power flow, and also to improve the
system constancy in a transmission line a cutting-edge and flexible scheme of FACTS
devices are used in which UPFC is one of them. Controllers which are in the control

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mechanism have major properties on monitoring power flow and improving the
system constancy of UPFC. MATLAB/Simulink results specify that when a three
phase fault is applied for 10 to 10.04 sec on one of the transmission lines, for
controlling real/reactive power flow using different control tools based on PI & Fuzzy
controllers, fuzzy based control tool shows better concert in power flow controlling.

5.2 PI controller
A variation of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control is to use only the
proportional and integral terms as PI control. The PI controller is the most popular
variation, even more than full PID controllers. The value of the controller
output u(t)u(t) is fed into the system as the manipulated variable input.

Fig.5.1.Block diagram of PI controller

e(t)=SP−PVe(t)=SP−PV
u(t)=ubias+Kce(t)+KcτI∫t0e(t)dtu(t)=ubias+Kce(t)+KcτI∫0te(t)dt
The ubias term is a constant that is typically set to the value of u(t)u(t) when
the controller is first switched from manual to automatic mode. This gives "bumpless"
transfer if the error is zero when the controller is turned on. The two tuning values for
a PI controller are the controller gain, Kc and the integral time constant. The value
of Kc is a multiplier on the proportional error and integral term and a higher value
makes the controller more aggressive at responding to errors away from the set point.
The set point (SP) is the target value and process variable (PV) is the measured value
that may deviate from the desired value. The error from the set point is the difference
between the SP and PV and is defined as

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e(t)=SP−PVe(t)=SP-PV.
5.3 Simulink model without UPFC
The below figure 5.2 represents the simulink model without UPFC in a power system
network.

Fig: 5.2 Simulink model without UPFC

5.3.1 Simulation results without UPFC

The below figure 5.3 represents the reactive power compensation with and without
UPFC under a fault condition

Fig.5.3 Compensating values with and without UPFC

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5.4 PI controller based UPFC

Fig.5.4 Block diagram of PI based UPFC

The above figure 5.4 represents the block diagram of UPFC with all the controlling
parameters over the transmission line . A UPFC is connected in between the sending
end to receiving end and the performance is analysed. The parts of an UPFC are given
below

1. Converter1 – Shunt converter operation

2. Converter2 –Series converter operation

3. PI based controller

4. Measurement block

5. Settings block

5.4.1 Operation

Under the Stable operating conditions the transmission line parameters continuosly
flows from sending end to receiving end. The Measurements block continuously
monitors the transmission parameters and gives it to the PI Controller. This controller
block compares the transmission line parameters which are coming from the
Measurement block with the nominal rated values . If there is no difference in these
values then the setting block will not generate any pulse signal and no signal is
given to the Converter section.

In this process if there is a difference in the values sent by the measurement

block and the nominal rated values present in the PI Controller will an error is
generate which indicates the fault condition. Under this fault condition the setting
block generates signal continuosly to the PI Controller block. This is given to the two
converters with one being Converter 1 which performs shunt compensation and other

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Converter 2 performs series compensation respectively. These two are connected by

a common capacitor DC link. Until and unless the Measurement block parameters and
the predefined nominal rated values in the control block are Tallied the PI controller
allows the pulses from the settings block. Once these values are tallied the PI
controller stops the pulse from the settings block to the respective converters for the
turning off both Series and Shunt compensation.

5.4.2 Simulation results of PI controller based UPFC

The below figure 5.5 represents the PI controller performance under the fault
condition for reactive power

Fig:5.5 Reactive power waveform with PI controller

5.5 Proposed FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER based UPFC

Fig.5.6 Proposed fuzzy logic controller

The above figure 5.6 represents the block diagram of UPFC with all the controlling
parameters over the transmission line . A UPFC is connected in between the sending

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end to receiving end and the performance is analysed. The parts of an UPFC are given
below.
1. Converter1 – Shunt converter operation

2. Converter2 –Series converter operation

3. Fuzzy based controller

4. Measurement block

5. Settings block

5.5.1 Operation

Under the Stable operating conditions the transmission line parameters continuosly
flows from sending end to receiving end. The Measurements block continuously
monitors the transmission parameters and gives it to the Proposed FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER. Fuzzy logic system does not understand normal values of voltage
and current, so it should be converted phase into understandable values to the Fuzzy
block. In this FUZZY block the raw value of transmission line parameters are
converted into the linguistic value by the Fuzzification block..These values are then
compared with the rules written in the inference block, depending on the input value
which matches with the rule table. The decision is taken by the inference block of the
Fuzzy system and generates a ZERO signal according to the rule table shown in the
Table 5.1. If there is no difference between these values the FUZZY block will not
allow to generate any pulses by the settings block no signal is given to the Converter
section.

In this process if there is a difference in the values sent by the measurement

block and the predefined nominal values present in the FUZZY LOGIC Controller an
error is generated which indicates the fault condition. Under this fault condition the
FUZZY LOGIC controller block allow the settings block to generate and giving pulse
to Coverters 1 and converter 2 which performs shunt and series compensation. Until
and unless the Measurement block parameters and the FUZZY LOGIC Controller
nominal rated values are Tallied the FUZZY LOGIC controller allows the pulses
from the settings block. Once these values are tallied the FUZZY LOGIC controller
stops the pulse from the settings block to the respective controllers for the turning off
both Series and Shunt compensation.

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5.6 FUZZY rule base

The below table 5.1 represents the rule base of fuzzy logic controller with 7*7 =49
rule base represents.

Table 5.1 Fuzzy logic rule base table

E/CE NB NM NS EZ PS PM PB
PB Z PS PM PB PB PB PB
PM NS Z PS PM PB PB PB
PS NM NS Z PS PM PB PB
EZ NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
NS NB NB NM NS Z PS PM
NM NB NB NB NM NS Z PS
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS Z

Where:

PB=Positive big

PM= Positive medium

PS= Positive small

EZ = Zero

NS= Negative small

NM= Negative medium

NS= Negative small

E = Error

CE= Change in Error

1. If error is NB and change in error is PB then the resultant is Z

2. If error is NB and change in error is PM then the resultant is NS
3. If error is NB and change in error is PS then the resultant is NM
4. If error is NB and change in error is EZ then the resultant is NB
5. If error is NB and change in error is NS then the resultant is NB
6. If error is NB and change in error is NM then the resultant is NB
7. If error is NB and change in error is NB then the resultant is NB
8. If error is NM and change in error is PB then the resultant is PS

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9. If error is NM and change in error is PM then the resultant is Z

10. If error is NM and change in error is PS then the resultant is NS
11. If error is NM and change in error is EZ then the resultant is NM
12. If error is NM and change in error is NS then the resultant is NB
13. If error is NM and change in error is NM then the resultant is NB
14. If error is NM and change in error is NB then the resultant is NB
15. If error is NS and change in error is PB then the resultant is PM
16. If error is NS and change in error is PM then the resultant is PS
17. If error is NS and change in error is PS then the resultant is Z
18. If error is NS and change in error is EZ then the resultant is NS
19. If error is NS and change in error is NS then the resultant is NM
20. If error is NS and change in error is NM then the resultant is NB
21. If error is NS and change in error is NB then the resultant is NB
22. If error is EZ and change in error is PB then the resultant is PB
23. If error is EZ and change in error is PM then the resultant is PM
24. If error is EZ and change in error is PS then the resultant is PS
25. If error is EZ and change in error is EZ then the resultant is Z
26. If error is EZ and change in error is NS then the resultant is NS
27. If error is EZ and change in error is NM then the resultant is NM
28. If error is EZ and change in error is NB then the resultant is NB
29. If error is PS and change in error is PB then the resultant is PB
30. If error is PS and change in error is PM then the resultant is PB
31. If error is PS and change in error is PS then the resultant is PM
32. If error is PS and change in error is EZ then the resultant is PS
33. If error is PS and change in error is NS then the resultant is Z
34. If error is PS and change in error is NM then the resultant is NS
35. If error is PS and change in error is NB then the resultant is NM
36. If error is PM and change in error is PB then the resultant is PB
37. If error is PM and change in error is PM then the resultant is PB
38. If error is PM and change in error is PS then the resultant is PB
39. If error is PM and change in error is EZ then the resultant is PM
40. If error is PM and change in error is NS then the resultant is PS
41. If error is PM and change in error is NM then the resultant is Z
42. If error is PM and change in error is NB then the resultant is NS

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43. If error is PB and change in error is PB then the resultant is PB

44. If error is PB and change in error is PM then the resultant is PB
45. If error is PB and change in error is PS then the resultant is PB
46. If error is PB and change in error is EZ then the resultant is PB
47. If error is PB and change in error is NS then the resultant is PM
48. If error is PB and change in error is NM then the resultant is PS
49. If error is PB and change in error is NS then the resultant is Z

5.6 MAMDHANI METHOD

Mamdani fuzzy inference was first introduced as a method to create a control system
by synthesizing a set of linguistic control rules obtained from experienced human
operators. In a Mamdani system, the output of each rule is a fuzzy set. Since Mamdani
systems have more intuitive and easier to understand rule bases, they are well-suited
to expert system applications where the rules are created from human expert
knowledge, such as medical diagnostics. The output of each rule is a fuzzy set derived
from the output membership function and the implication method of the FIS. These
output fuzzy sets are combined into a single fuzzy set using the aggregation method of
the FIS. Then, to compute a final crisp output value, the combined output fuzzy set is
defuzzified using one of the methods described in Defuzzification Methods

5.7 Simulink model with FUZZY LOGIC controller based UPFC

The below figure 5.7 represents the power system network with UPFC model With
the FUZZY logic controller

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Fig.5.7 Simulink model with UPFC with FUZZY logic controller

5.8 Simulation results of UPFC with proposed FUZZY LOGIC

controller
The below figure 5.8 represents the results of fuzzy based UPFC for active and
reactive power

Fig 5.8 Compensation results of FUZZY based UPFC

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5.9 Comparison of compensating values of Active and Reactive power

of PI and FUZZY logic controller

The below fig 5.9 represents the compensating values of ACTIVE AND reactive
power of both PI and FUZZY logic controller.

Fig.5.9 Compensating values of PI and FUZZY controller

5.10 Comparison table for the compensating values of both PI and

FUZZY logic controller
The below table 5.2 represents both the compensating values of both the
FUZZY and PI controller.
TABLE 5.2 Compensating values of both PI and FUZZY LOGIC Controller

PARAMETERS PI CONTROLLER FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER
HIGH PEAK 2.706e+01 1.302e+01

LOW PEAK -8.701e+00 -2.978e-01

AMPLITUDE 3.577e+01 1.332e+01

RISE TIME 45.631µsec 40.219µsec

FALLTIME 1.023msec 335.055µsec

SETTLING TIME 19.85µsec 10.25µsec

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5.11 CONCLUSION
This chapter analyzes the performance of a transmission network with and without
UPFC. Along with this Comparision is explained for both PI and Proposed FUZZY
based UPFC. This Comparision is explained using the Comparision table and the
graphs. The MATLAB is used for the outputs. This evaluates that FUZZY has a
better performance, when compared PI controller.

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CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION

As we know that the demand and consumption of electrical energy has increasing
steadily but Electric power system regularly facing disturbances due to faults, its
dynamic nature and also maintaining power quality is difficulty due to greater amount
of nonlinear loads. So there is need to restrict these disturbances and mitigates the
issues of power quality to improve its performance. Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission System (FACTS) plays a key role to enhance power handling capability
and control of AC transmission systems.

In this project the importance of the FACTS device is understood. The one of
the MAJOR FACT device that is the UPFC(Unified Power flow controller) along
with the two compensations both series and shunt compensation are analysed. Along
with this the performance of the UPFC with PI controller is studied. this project a
Fuzzy logic controller is proposed with the Unified Power Flow Controller and the
performance is examined. This is done using a MATLAB/SIMULINK. On the other
hand this output is compared with the PI Controller based UPFC and the
compensating values are extracted. From this observation could be made that the
Proposed Fuzzy Logic Controller based UPFC has a better compensating values with
in comparision to the PI controller based UPFC. UPFC Thus the conclusion can be
made that the FUZZY based UPFC is an ideal controller for mitigating the issues of
Power Quality.

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FUTURE SCOPE

Performance of the UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER may further be

enhanced by implementing different intelligent control algorithms like Fuzzy-Genetic,
Evolutionary algorithm and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The
fuzzy controller design can be optimized by using the optimization techniques such as
Hybrid Genetic algorithm, Particle Swarm optimization, Ant colony and Bee colony
techniques. The proposed controller fuzzy logic can be extended to all types of power
system control applications.

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REFERENCES
[1] S.Selvakumaran and S.M.Kalidasn ,“Power quality improvement in transmission
systems using FACTS devices” –IEEE Press 2016.
[2] Syed khawar shah and Ali Hellany, “Power quality improvement Factors” – IEEE
2014
[3] Shazma Khan and Balvinder Singh, “ A Review on Power quality problems and
its improvement techniques”- IEEE 2014
[4] Vicky.T.Kullakar and Vinod k chandrakar,”Power quality improvement in power
system by using static synchronous series compensator “- IEEE 2017
[5] X,Lei and D.Retzman,” Improvement of power quality with advanced power
Electronic Equipment”-IEEE 2014
[6] H.Prasad and T.D.Sudhakar,”Power quality improvement by mitigation of current
harmonics using D-STATCOM”-IEEE 2017
[7] Rajashekaran,”Power quality Improvement using shunt active Power Filter”-
IEEE-2017
[8] Text book -Concepts and Technologies of Flexible AC Transmission systems by
Narain G. Hingarani, Laszlo Gyugyi
[9] Youjie Ma, Ahui Huang and Xuesong Zhou,” A Review of STATCOM On The
Electric Power System
[10] V.K.Chandrakar and A.G.Kothari” Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC) for Transient Stability improvement ” .
[11] Textbook- Fuzzy Set Theory Fuzzy Logic and their Applications by Bhargava
A.K.
[12] Abdul Majeed Khaskheli , Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar , Abdul Sattar Larik ,
Shafquat Hussain Bhellar,”Power Quality Improvement in Power System Network
using Unified Power Flow Controller
[13] Nashiren.F. Mailah, Senan M. Bashi, “Single Phase Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC):Simulation and Construction,”

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APPENDIX
A) Power Plant Parameters
PLANT Pnominal 1200MW

B) Line Parameters
LINE1 65KM
LINE2 100KM

C) UPFC Ratings
CONTROLLER VOLTAGE RATING POWER RATING
SHUNT CONTROLLER 500KV 100MVA
SERIES CONTROLLER 550KV 100MVA

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