Alloy yield strength modeling with MatCalc

(rel. 5.61.0057)

P. Warczok
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  2
Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  3
 Intrinsic strength, i

Page  4
 Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  5
Work hardening, disl

• Taylor equation

 disl  AGb 

 - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
 - Dislocation density

Page  6
Work hardening, disl

• Taylor equation

 disl  AGb 

 - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
 - Dislocation density

E
G
21   
Page  7
Work hardening, disl

• Taylor equation

 disl  AGb 

 - Taylor factor
G - Shear stress

b - Burger’s vector
 - Dislocation density

Page  8
 Work hardening, disl

• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model

 disl  A1Gb 1  A2Gb  2

Page  9
 Work hardening, disl

• Taylor equation
• Two parameter model

 disl  A1Gb 1  A2Gb  2

Page  10
 Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  11
 Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
 gb   sgb 
D 

D - Grain diameter
 - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  12
 Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
 gb   sgb 
D 

D - Grain diameter
 - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  13
 Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
 gb   sgb 
D 

D - Grain diameter
 - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant

Page  14
 Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Hall-Petch equation

k gb k sgb
 gb   sgb 
D 

D - Grain diameter
 - Subgrain diameter
k n - Constant
Page  15
 Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  16
 Solid solution strengthening, ss

k i - Coefficient for element i

1

mtot
msub
mtot
mint  mtot ci - Element i content in the prec. Domain
 

 ss    ki cini 
msub  
 
    ki cin
mint 
 
(mole fraction)

 i  sub  i int  ni - Exponent for element i

  msub - Exponent for substitutional elements
mint - Exponent for interstitial elements
mtot - Global exponent
Page  17
Solid solution strengthening, ss
1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 

 ss    ki cini 
msub  
 
    ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

k i - Coefficient for element i

ci - Element i content in the prec. domain
ni - Exponent for element i
msub - Exponent for substitutional elements
mint - Exponent for interstitial elements
mtot - Global exponent
Page  18
 Solid solution strengthening, ss

1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 

 ss    ki cini 
msub 
 

 
  ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

Page  19
 Solid solution strengthening, ss
• Solid solution strengthening, ss

1
 
mtot mtot
mtot
msub mint

 

 ss    ki cini 
msub  
 
    ki cin
mint 
 
 i  sub  i int 
 

Page  20
 Model overview

• Contributions to yield strength, YS

• Intrinsic strength, i

• Work hardening, disl

• Grain/subgrain boundary strengthening, gb , sgb

• Solid solution strengthening, ss

• Precipitation strenghtening, prec

 YS  f  i ,  disl ,  gb ,  sgb ,  ss ,  prec 

Page  21
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Angle between dislocation line and Burger’s vector  (edge:screw ratio,  = 0
for pure screw,  = /2 for pure edge)

Page  22
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Equivalent radius, req (describes precipitate-dislocation interference area)


req  rm
4

rm - Precipitate mean radius

Page  23
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, LS

ln 3 2  V ,class m,class
N r 2

LS   4rSS2  2rss rss  class

2  NV ,class rm,class 3 N r
V ,class m ,class
class class

NV ,class - Precipitate number density within the class

rm ,class - Precipitate mean radius within the class

Page  24
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  25
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  26
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
 nsh  ln  
2 1   Ls  ri 

     
2

 1    cos     
  2  
J  
 1   
 
 

ri  2b

Page  27
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
 nsh  ln  
2 1   Ls  ri 
If req < 2ri , then
 2

 1    cos      
 
2  ln 2
 JGb
J    nsh 
1  2 1   Ls
 
 
 


req  rm ri  2b
4
Page  28
Non-shearable particles

JGb  2req 
 nsh  ln  
2 1   Ls  ri 

   
2

 1    cos     
  2  
J  
 1   
 
 


req  rm ri  2b
4
Page  29
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  30
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation bending angle,  - weak and strong particles

0° ≤  ≤ 120°  “strong” particles

120° ≤  ≤ 180°  “weak” particles

Page  31
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

ln 3
LS   4rSS2  2rss
2  NV ,class rm,class
class

Strong
particles
2  V ,class m,class
N r 2

rss  class

3 N
class
r
V ,class m ,class

Page  32
 Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

1 2
Weak    
Leff  LS cos 
particles   2 

Page  33
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Mean distance between the precipitate surfaces, L

1 2
Weak    
particles Leff  LS cos 
  2 

Page  34
 Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple model

Gb 2
T
2
• Advanced model

Gb 2  1    3 sin 2    LS  Gb 2  1    3 sin 2    Leff 

Tstrong    ln   Tweak    ln  
4  1    ri  4  1   ri 
Page  35
 Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple model

Gb 2
T
2
• Advanced model

Gb  1    3 sin    LS
2 2
 Gb 2  1    3 sin 2    Leff 
Tstrong    ln   Tweak    ln  
4  1    ri  4  1   ri 
Page  36
Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Dislocation line tension, T
• Simple

• Advanced

Page  37
 Shearable particles
• Some general parameters/settings
• Inner cut-off radius, ri (multiplication of Burger’s vector)

Gb 2  1    3 sin 2    LS 
Tstrong    ln  
4  1    ri 

Gb 2  1    3 sin 2    Leff 
Tweak    ln  
4  1   ri 

Page  38
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  39
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

2 cos   2.1352 sin    T

1/ 4
2 2 3
Grm  2 2
 coh, strong 
strong
   lin   vol
LS  b 3  3 9
 
• Weak particles
 lin - Linear misfit

1.3416 cos   4.1127 sin    G 
1/ 2
2 2
r b
3 3 3

 coh, weak   eq

LS  T   vol - Volumetric misfit

 weak 
Page  40
Coherency effect
• Shearable particles – Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit

• Strong particles
2 2
  lin   vol
2 cos   2.1352 sin    T
1/ 4
2 2 3
Grm 
 coh, strong 
strong
 3 9
LS  b 3 
 
• Weak particles
 lin - Linear misfit
 coh, weak 

1.3416 cos   4.1127 sin    G 
2

2
r b
3 3 3
 m
1/ 2

 vol - Volumetric misfit

 T
LS  weak 

Page  41
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

2 cos   2.1352 sin    T

1/ 4
2 2 3
Grm 
 coh, strong 
strong

LS  b 3  2 2
  lin   vol
 
3 9
• Weak particles

 coh, weak 

1.3416 cos   4.1127 sin    G 
2

2
r b
3

3 3
m
1/ 2
 lin - Linear misfit
 T
LS  weak   vol - Volumetric misfit

Page  42
Coherency effect
• Strain field due to precipitation/matrix misfit
• Strong particles

2 cos   2.1352 sin    T

1/ 4
2 2 3
Grm 
 coh, strong 
strong

LS  b 3 
 
• Weak particles


1.3416 cos   4.1127 sin    G 
1/ 2
2 2
r b
3 3 3

 coh, weak   eq

LS  T 
 weak 
Page  43
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  44
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach

• Siems

Page  45
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach

• Siems

Page  46
Modulus effect
• Nembach model
• Strong particles
0.85
 req 
Fmod Fmod  0.05 G  GP b 
2

 mod, strong   b 
bLS

• Weak particles

 Fmod 
3/ 2 Gp - Particle shear modulus
2Tweak
 mod, weak   
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  47
 Modulus effect
• Siems model
p - Particle Poisson ratio

Strong Weak
2 1/ 2 2 3/ 4
2Tstrong   E p   2Tweak   Ep  
 mod, strong  0.8 1      mod, weak  1    
bLS   E 
  bLS   E  

GP 1    log  G 1   p log  G 1   p log

req req Leff
GP 1    log
LS
Ep ri req Ep ri req
 
G 1   p log S G 1   p log
E L E Leff
ri ri
Page  48
Modulus effect
• Nembach model
• Strong particles
0.85
 req 
Fmod Fmod  0.05 G  GP b 
2

 mod, strong   b 
bLS

• Weak particles

 Fmod 
3/ 2 Gp - Particle shear modulus
2Tweak
 mod, weak   
bLS  2Tweak 

p - Particle Poisson ratio Gp - Particle shear modulus

Page  49
Modulus effect
• Elastic properties of precipitate and matrix differ  dislocation
energy inside and outside the precipitate differ

• 2 models
• Nembach
 mod,weak
• Siems
 mod,strong

Page  50
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  51
 Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong req  APB

1/ 2

 APB , strong     APB - APB energy
bLS  3 
w,  - Interaction parameter between
• Weak particles
the leading and trailing dislocation
2   req APB 
3/ 2
16  r  2

 APB ,weak  2Tweak    

APB eq
s - Number of pair dislocations
sbLS   Tweak  3LS 

Page  52
 Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong req  APB 

1/ 2

 APB , strong   1/ 2  APB - APB energy

.69S 8wTstrong3req  APB 
0bL
 APB , strong   
bLS  3  w,  - Interaction parameter between
• Weak particles
the leading and trailing dislocation
2   req APB  16  APB req2 
3/ 2

 APB ,weak  2Tweak  r   3 / 2 16  r 2

2S   Teq APB  3LAPB eq
s - Number of pair dislocations
 APB ,weak  sbL 
 weak 
2T  weak   

S
sbLS   Tweak  3LS 
Page  53  
 Anti-phase boundary (APB) effect
• Dislocation passing through ordered precipitate increases the energy
by creating the APB
• Strong particles

0.69  8wTstrong req  APB

1/ 2

 APB , strong   
bLS  3 

• Weak particles

2   req APB 16  APB req2 

3/ 2

 APB ,weak  2Tweak    
sbLS   Tweak  3LS 
 
Page  54
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect
Page  55
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 2    2 cos2 
K SF 
8 1   
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff   SFP
 SFM   SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

 SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix

FSF  2 SFM   SFP  Weff req  W 2
eff 4
Page  56
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
• Strong particles

F Gb p2 2    2 cos2 
 SF , strong  SF K SF 
bLS 8 1   

• Weak particles 2 K SF
Weff 
 SFM   SFP
3/ 2
2Tweak  FSF 
 SF , weak   
bLS  2Tweak  FSF  2 SFM   SFP  Weff req  Weff2 4
Page  57
 Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 2    2 cos2 
K SF 
8 1   
b p - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff   SFP
 SFM   SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

 SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix

FSF  2 SFM   SFP  Weff req  W 2
eff 4

Page  58
 Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 2    2 cos2 
K SF 
8 1   
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff   SFP
 SFM   SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

 SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix

FSF  2 SFM   SFP  Weff req  W 2
eff 4

Page  59
 Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix

Gb p2 2    2 cos2 
K SF 
8 1   
bp - Burger’s vector of particle
2 K SF
Weff   SFP
 SFM   SFP - Stacking fault energy of particle

 SFM - Stacking fault energy of matrix

FSF  2 SFM   SFP  Weff req  W 2
eff 4

Page  60
Stacking fault (SF) effect
• Passing dislocation creates a stacking fault – energy difference
between the SF in the precipitate and matrix
• Strong particles

FSF
 SF , strong 
bLS

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak  FSF 
 SF , weak   
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  61
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Derived from prec
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)

• Shearable particles (weak or strong)

• Coherency effect

• Modulus effect

• Anti-phase boundary effect

• Stacking fault effect

• Interfacial effect

Page  62
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
 int,strong 
bLS Fint  2 PM b

• Weak particles

2T  Fint 
3/ 2
 PM - Precipitate/matrix interface energy
 int,weak  weak  
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  63
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
 int,strong 
bLS Fint  2 PM b

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2Tweak  Fint 
 int,weak   
bLS  2Tweak 

 PM - Precipitate/matrix interface energy

Page  64
Interfacial effect
• Passing dislocation increases the area of precipitate/matrix interface
• Strong particles

Fint
 int,strong 
bLS

• Weak particles
3/ 2
2T  Fint 
 int,weak  weak  
bLS  2Tweak 
Page  65
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of prec to prec

Page  66
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated i,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of prec to prec

Page  67
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of  evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

  1 / msh
 i , strong msh
i ,coher , strong  msh
i , mod, strong  msh
i , APB , strong  msh
i , SF , strong  msh
i ,int, strong

 i , weak   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak  msh
i , mod, weak  msh
i , APB , weak  msh
i , SF , weak  msh
i ,int, weak

 i,nsh

Page  68
Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of  evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

 i , strong   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong  msh
i , mod, strong  msh
i , APB , strong  msh
i , SF , strong  msh
i ,int, strong

 i , weak   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak  msh
i , mod, weak  msh
i , APB , weak  msh
i , SF , weak  msh
i ,int, weak

 i,Orowan

Page  69
 Regime of each precipitate
• For every precipitate phase i: Values of  evaluated for each of three
regimes (Non-shearable, shearable weak, shearable strong)

 i , strong   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong  msh
i , mod, strong  msh
i , APB , strong  msh
i , SF , strong  msh
i ,int, strong

 i , weak   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , weak  msh
i , mod, weak  msh
i , APB , weak  msh
i , SF , weak  msh
i ,int, weak

 i,nsh

Page  70
 Regime of each precipitate
• i,regime with the lowest value for the precipitate phase i is taken for
the further operations

 i , strong   1 / msh
msh
i ,coher , strong  msh
i , mod, strong  msh
i , APB , strong  msh
i , SF , strong  msh
i ,int, strong

 i , weak   1 / msh
msh

i ,coher , weak  msh

i , mod, weak  msh
i , APB , weak
msh
i , SF , weak
msh
i ,int, weak
If coherency radius ≠ 0 and the mean radius of precipitate is greater than
 i,nsh the coherency radius  the non-shearable regime is taken for further
calculation

Page  71
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated i,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of prec to prec

Page  72
Summation of i,regime

1
 1

msum
 1

msum
 msum
  msh  sh   mnsh   
    i ,sh      i ,nsh 
m mnsh
 prec   
  i  

 i

 
 
 

 i,sh -Shearable particles contribution (weak and strong regime)

 i,nsh -Non-shearable particles contribution

Page  73
 Summation of i,regime

1
 msum
 sum
msum m

  msh  sh  mnsh  nsh 

   i , sh     i ,nsh 
m m
 prec
 i    
 i


Page  74
 Summation of i,regime
• Precipitation strengthening, prec (derived from prec)
• Evaluation of prec

1
 1

msum
 1

msum
 msum
  msh  sh   mnsh   
    i ,sh      i ,nsh 
m mnsh
 prec   
  i  

 i

 
 
 

Page  75
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated i,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of prec to prec

Page  76
Precipitation strengthening, prec
• Evaluation
• Identifying the regime for each precipitate separately

• Summation of the calculated i,regime of each precipitate

• Conversion of prec to prec

 prec   prec

 - Taylor factor
Page  77
Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions


 YS  
msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec  
msig 1 / msig

Page  78
Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions

 YS    msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec  
msig 1 / msig

Page  79
Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions


 YS  
msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec  
msig 1 / msig

Page  80
 Thank you for your attention !

Page  81
Page  82
Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS  K   4rSS  2rss 
2

 2  NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

1 / 4
2h 2

K  h  1/ 6

 3 

h - Shape factor

Page  83
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
 Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS  K   4rSS  2rss 
2

 2  NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

1 / 4
2h 2

K  h  1/ 6

 3 

h - Shape factor

Page  84
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
 Precipitation hardening
Shape factor influence on LS
 
 ln 3 
LS  K   4rSS  2rss 
2

 2  NV ,class rm ,class 
 class 

1 / 4
2h 2

K  h 1/ 6

 3 

h - Shape factor

Page  85
Sonderegger B., Kozeschnik E., Scripta Mater., 66 (2012) 52-55
 Precipitation hardening
• Non-shearable particles (Orowan mechanism)
 2req 
req  Pedgereq ,edge,ns  Pscrew req ,screw,ns 
JGb
 Orowan  ln  
2 1   Ls  ri 

 2h 2 3  3 3 3  
req ,edge,ns      rm req ,edge,ns - Equivalent radius for edge disl.
 2  h2 2
 2  4
 3  h 2 h  req ,screw,ns - Equivalent radius for screw disl.

 2h 2 3  1 1 9   Pedge - Fraction of edge disl.

req , screw ,ns      rm
 2
 2  4
 3  h h 2 h  Pscrew - Fraction of screw disl.

Page  86
 Precipitation hardening
• Shearable particles – (e.g. coherency effect)
1/ 2
f ( )  G  r b 
3 3 3

 coh , weak 

eq

h
req  Pedgereq ,edge,sh  Pscrew req ,screw,sh 
LS  27Tweak 

 h2 3  3 6  
req ,edge, sh   2  rm
  2
 2  4
 3  2 h 1 5 h  req ,edge, sh - Equivalent radius for edge disl.

 h2 3  1   req ,screw,sh - Equivalent radius for screw disl.

2
req , screw , sh   2  rm
  2  4
 3  h 1 h 
Page  87
 Precipitation hardening
• Shearable particles – Coherency effect for non-spherical particles
• Strong particles
1 / 4

1.1101 cos   2.1488 sin    T 2h 
1/ 4
Grm 
2 2 3 2

 coh, strong 
strong
 K K  h 
1/ 6

 
 3 
3
LS  b 
• Weak particles

 coh , weak 
 2 2

2.7310 cos   3.4736 sin   G  r b 
3 3 3 1/ 2

h
1.3416 cos   4.1127 sin  
2 2

2.7310 cos   3.4736 sin  

eq
h ,if
LS   2 2
 27Tweak 
Page  88
 Summing up…
• Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions

 YS    msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec  
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate, 

 
C2
  
  i   gb   sgb   ss   prec 
msig 1 / msig
 YS   1  
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  89
 Summing up…
• Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions

 YS    msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec 
 
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate,

 
C2
  
  i   gb   sgb   ss   prec 
msig 1 / msig
 YS   1  
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  90
 Summing up…
• Total yield strength, YS
• Summation of contributions

 YS    msig
disl   i   gb   sgb   ss   prec  
msig 1 / msig

• Influence of strain rate, 

 
C2
  
  i   gb   sgb   ss   prec 
msig 1 / msig
 YS   1  
msig
disl
 C1 
Page  91