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Microprocessor System Design: Three Key Technologies For Embedded Systems

The document discusses three key technologies for embedded systems: processor technology, IC technology, and design technology. Processor technology includes general-purpose processors, single-purpose processors, and application-specific processors. IC technology includes full-custom/VLSI designs, semi-custom ASICs, and programmable logic devices. Design technology involves specifying systems using natural language descriptions, block diagrams, behavioral specifications, and register transfer specifications.

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153 views4 pages

Microprocessor System Design: Three Key Technologies For Embedded Systems

The document discusses three key technologies for embedded systems: processor technology, IC technology, and design technology. Processor technology includes general-purpose processors, single-purpose processors, and application-specific processors. IC technology includes full-custom/VLSI designs, semi-custom ASICs, and programmable logic devices. Design technology involves specifying systems using natural language descriptions, block diagrams, behavioral specifications, and register transfer specifications.

Uploaded by

vardhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three key technologies for embedded systems

Processor technology
IC technology
Microprocessor System Design Design technology
EHB432E
Lecture -2

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın

Istanbul Technical University

[email protected]

The architecture of the computation engine used to implement a system’s desired


Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 1 / 20 functionality
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 2 / 20

Processor General-purpose processors


Programmable device used in a variety of applications
(“microprocessor”)
Features
Program memory
A processor is a digital circuit designed to perform computational tasks. General datapath with large register file and general ALU
A processor consists of User benefits
a datapath: storing and manipulating data Low time-to-market and NRE costs
High flexibility
a controller: moving data through the datapath
A general-purpose proc. can carry out a wide variety of computational
task.
A single-purpose proc. can only carry out particular computational task.

Link
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 3 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 4 / 20
General-purpose processors Single-purpose processors

Digital circuit designed to execute


exactly one program
Features
Contains only the components needed
to execute a single program
No program memory
Benefits
Fast
Low power
Small size

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 5 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 6 / 20

Application-specific processors IC technology

Programmable processor optimized for


Full-custom/VLSI :
a particular class of applications having
Excellent performance, small size, low power
common characteristics High NRE cost (e.g., $300k), long time-to-market
Features Semi-custom ASIC
Program memory Good performance, good size, less NRE cost than a full-custom
Optimized datapath implementation (perhaps $10k to $100k)
Special functional units Still require weeks to months to develop
Benefits Programmable Logic Device
Some flexibility Low NRE costs, almost instant IC availability
good performance Bigger, expensive (perhaps $30 per unit), power hungry, slower
size and power

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 7 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 8 / 20
Design Technology Design Technology

The system specification:


At the system level, the designer describes the desired functionality in
some language, often a natural language like English, but preferably an
executable language !

Designers must spend much time and e↵ort simply understanding and
describing the desired behaviour of a system, and some studies have found
that most system bugs come from mistakes made describing the desired
behaviour rather than from mistakes in implementing that behaviour.

D. Gajski, F. Vahid, S. Narayan and J. Gong, ”Specification an Design of


embedded systems,” page 10 - 13.

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 9 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 10 / 20

System description (English) Block-box diagram

Example :
”Move the elevator either up or down to reach the target floor. Once at
the target floor, open the door for at least 10 seconds, and keep it open
until the target floor changes. Ensure the door is never open while moving.
Don’t change directions unless there are no higher requests when moving
up or no lower requests when moving down.”

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 11 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 12 / 20
Inputs: int floor; bit b1..bN; up1..upN-1; dn2..dnN; Behavioural Specification
Outputs: bit up, down, open;
Global variables: int req;

void main() { A behavioral synthesis converts a sequential program into finite-state


Call concurrently: UnitControl() and RequestResolver() machines and register transfers.
}
void UnitControl() {
up = down = 0; open = 1;
while (1) {
while (req == floor); open = 0;
if (req > floor) { up = 1;} else {down = 1;}
while (req != floor); open = 1;
delay(10);
}}
}
void RequestResolver() {
while (1)
...
req = ...
...
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 13 / 20 Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 14 / 20

Register Transfer (RT) specification


The designer refines Behavioural Specifications into register-transfer (RT)
specifications
by converting behavior on general-purpose processors to assembly
code,
by converting behavior on single-purpose processors to a connection
of register-transfer components and state machines.

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) MSD January, 2016 15 / 20

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