Scribd
Upload
63 views8 pages

Software Required: Matlab

This document provides an example of solving economic dispatch problems using the Lagrange multiplier method. It introduces economic dispatch, describes the problem formulation using Lagrange multipliers to solve the constrained optimization problem of minimizing generation cost subject to meeting load. An iterative method is presented to solve examples of economic dispatch for 2, 3 and larger generator systems. Exercises are provided to extend the problems to higher loads and more generators, noting execution times.

Uploaded by

Vidur Kohli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views8 pages

Software Required: Matlab

This document provides an example of solving economic dispatch problems using the Lagrange multiplier method. It introduces economic dispatch, describes the problem formulation using Lagrange multipliers to solve the constrained optimization problem of minimizing generation cost subject to meeting load. An iterative method is presented to solve examples of economic dispatch for 2, 3 and larger generator systems. Exercises are provided to extend the problems to higher loads and more generators, noting execution times.

Uploaded by

Vidur Kohli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Ex 1.

To study economical load dispatch (ELD) for an all thermal system using equal
incremental cost method (neglecting generation limits and losses in T-line).
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

Theory:
• Since the load is variable and there must be enough generation to meet the load,
almost always there is more generation capacity available than load
• Optimally determining which generators to use can be a complicated task due to many
different constraints
– For generators with low or no cost fuel (e.g., wind and solar PV) it is “use it or
lose it”
– For others like hydro there may be limited energy for the year
– Some fossil has shut down and start times of many hours
• Economic dispatch looks at the best way to instantaneously dispatch the generation.
• The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the generation dispatch that minimizes
the instantaneous operating cost, subject to the constraint that total generation = total
load + losses. Initially we ignore the generation limits and transmission losses.
• Generator cost curves of thermal generators are usually not smooth. However the
curves can usually be adequately approximated using piece-wise smooth, functions.
Two representations predominate (i) quadratic or cubic functions, (ii) piecewise linear
functions
• In this course, we'll assume a quadratic presentation and the main focus will be on
thermal generators.

Ci ( PGi )   i   PGi   PGi2 $/hr (fuel-cost)


dCi ( PGi )
ICi ( PGi )     2 PGi $/MWh
dPGi
Problem Formulation:
This is a minimization problem with a single equality constraint (Initially, we neglect the
losses so PLosses is zero here). For an unconstrained minimization a necessary (but not
sufficient) condition for a minimum is the gradient of the function must be zero. The gradient
generalizes the first derivative for multi-variable problems:

When the minimization is constrained with an equality constraint we can solve the problem
using the method of Lagrange Multipliers. Key idea is to modify a constrained minimization
problem to be an unconstrained problem:
That is, for the general problem
minimize f (x) s.t. g(x)  0
We define the Lagrangian L(x,λ )  f (x)  λT g(x)
Then a necessary condition for a minimum is the
Lx (x,λ )  0 and L λ (x,λ )  0

For the economic dispatch we have a minimization


constrained with a single equality constraint
m m
L(PG ,  )   Ci ( PGi )   ( PD   PGi ) (no losses)
i 1 i 1
The necessary conditions for a minimum are
L(PG ,  ) dCi ( PGi )
    0 (for i  1 to m)
PGi dPGi
m
PD   PGi  0
i 1

Example: What is economic dispatch for a two generator


system PD  PG1  PG 2  500 MW and
C1 ( PG1 )  1000 20 PG1  0.01PG21 $ / hr
C2 ( PG 2 )  400 15PG 2  0.03PG22 $ / hr
Using the Largrange multiplier method we know
dC1 ( PG1 )
  20  0.02 PG1   0
dPG1
dC2 ( PG 2 )
  15  0.06 PG 2   0
dPG 2
500  PG1  PG 2  0
We therefore need to solve three linear equations
20  0.02 PG1   0
15  0.06 PG 2   0
500  PG1  PG 2  0
0.02 0 1  PG1   20 
 0 0.06 1  PG 2    15 
    
 1 1 0      500 
 PG1   312.5 MW 
 P    187.5 MW 
 G2   
    26.2 $/MWh 

Iterative Procedure:

Example:
Consider a three generator system with
IC1 ( PG1 )  15  0.02 PG1   $/MWh
IC2 ( PG 2 )  20  0.01PG 2  $/MWh
IC3 ( PG 3 )  18  0.025PG 3   $/MWh
and with constraint PG1  PG 2  PG 3  1000 MW
Rewriting as a function of  , PGi ( ), we have
  15   20
PG1 ( )  PG2 ( ) 
0.02 0.01
  18
PG3 ( ) 
0.025
m
Pick  so L
 PGi ( L )  1000  0 and
i=1
m
 PGi ( H )  1000  0
i=1
m
Try  L  20 then  PGi (20)  1000 
i 1
  15   20   18
   1000  670 MW
0.02 0.01 0.025
m
Try  H  30 then  PGi (30)  1000  1230 MW
i 1

Pick convergence tolerance   0.05 $/MWh


Then iterate since  H   L  0.05

 M  ( H   L ) / 2  25
m
Then since  PGi (25)  1000  280 we set  H  25
i 1
Since 25  20  0.05
 M  (25  20) / 2  22.5
m
 PGi (22.5)  1000  195 we set  L  22.5
i 1

Continue iterating until  H   L  0.05

The solution value of  ,  * , is 23.53 $/MWh


Once  * is known we can calculate the PGi
23.53  15
PG1 (23.5)   426 MW
0.02
23.53  20
PG2 (23.5)   353 MW
0.01
23.53  18
PG3 (23.5)   221 MW
0.025
PROBLEM:
The fuel cost functions for 3 thermal plants in $/hr are given by:
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004P12
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006P22
C3 = 200 + 5.8 P3 + 0.009P32
Where P1, P2, P3 are in MW. The total load PD is 800MW. Neglecting line losses and
generator limits, find optimal dispatch and optimal cost in $/hr using fixed step
iterative method.
Note: The given program is suggestive in nature. Kindly remove any syntax
errors or any other logical errors if you note. You are free to modify program if
you wish to improve its performance.
Program:
clc
clear all
alpha=[500;400;200];
beta=[5.3;5.5;5.8];
gamma=[0.004;0.006;0.009];
PD=800;
Delambda=0.1;
DelP=10;
lambda=input('Enter estimated value of lambda=');
fprintf(' ')
disp(['Lambda P1 P2 P3 DelP Delambda'])
iter=0;
while abs(DelP)>=0.01
iter=iter+1;
P=(lambda-beta)./(2*gamma);
DelP=PD-sum(P);
disp([lambda,P(1),P(2),P(3),DelP,Delambda])
lambda=lambda+Delambda*sign(DelP);
end
totalcost=0;
for i=1:3
totalcost=totalcost+(alpha(i)+beta(i).*P(i)+gamma(i).*P(i).^2);
end
iter

P
lambda
totalcost
Exercise:
1. Increase the load from 800 to 1500 MW in steps of 100 MW. Find out individual
generators loadings, system lambda, and total cost of generation at each load.
2. Extend the above problem to large size systems of 15 units given below and note down
the time of execution. a = alpha; b = beta, c = gamma
The first system contains fifteen generating units with a load demand of 2630 MW.

3. Extend the above problem to large size systems of 40 units given below and note down
the time of execution. a = alpha; b = beta, c = gamma
The first system contains 40 generating units with a load demand of 10500 MW.

You might also like