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CLASS: VI NOTES SUB: MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 5: UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTARY SHAPES (TERM –II, PART -2)

Line Segment: A Line segment is a fixed portion of line. Shortest distance between two points. It
has two end points. It can be measured in three ways:
1. Comparison by observation.
2. Comparison by tracing.
3. Comparison using ruler and divider.

Angles and its types: There are five types of angles.

1. Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees.

2. Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degrees.

3. Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.
Thus, it is between 90 degrees and 180 degrees.

4. Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180 degrees. Thus, a straight angle look like a
straight line.

5. Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 180 degrees but less than

Triangles and its types:

Triangle is a polygon with three sides. It is the polygon with the least number of sides. Every
triangle is of different size and shape. We classify them on the basis of their sides and angles.
1. Classification on the basis of sides.
i) Scalene: A scalene triangle has all side lengths of different measures. All the interior angles
are also different.

ii) Isosceles: In an isosceles triangle, the lengths of two of the three sides are equal. In other
words, an isosceles triangle has two equal sides and two equal angles.

iii) Equilateral: In an equilateral triangle, all the lengths of the sides and all the interior angles
are equal.
. 2. Classification on the basis of Angles
i. Acute Angled Triangle: If all the angles are less than 90° then this is called the acute-angled
triangle.

ii. Right Angled Triangle: If one of the angles is 90°then it is called the right-angled triangle.

iii. Obtuse-angled Triangle: If one of the angles of the triangle is obtuse angle then it is called
obtuse angled triangle.

Polygons: Any closed figure made up of three or more line segments is called Polygon.

Quadrilaterals: A plane figure with four sides is known as quadrilateral.

Perpendicular lines: When 2 lines intersect and an angle between them is a right angle, then
the lines are said to be perpendicular.
Perpendicular bisector: If a line drawn perpendicular to other line segment and divides it
exactly into two equal parts, it is said to be a perpendicular bisector.

Three-dimensional Shapes: The solid shapes having three dimensions are called 3D shapes.
Some of the 3D shapes around us

Faces, Edges and Vertices

•

• All the flat surfaces of the solid shape are called the Faces of that figure.

• The line segment where the two faces meet with each other is called Edge.
• The point where the two edges meet with each other is called Vertex.

Exercise 5.1 PAGE NO - 88

1. What is the disadvantage in comparing line segments by mere observation?

Sol: By mere observation we can’t compare the line segments with slight difference in their
length. We can’t say which line segment is of greater length. Hence, the chances of errors due
to improper viewing are more.

2. Why is it better to use a divider than a ruler, while measuring the length of a line segment?
Sol: While using a ruler, chances of error occur due to thickness of the ruler and angular
viewing. Hence, using divider accurate measurement is possible.
3. Draw any line segment, say AB. Take any point C lying in between A and B. Measure the
lengths of AB, BC and AC. Is AB = AC + CB?
Sol: Since given that point C lie in between A and B. Hence, all points are lying on same line
segment AB. Therefore for every situation in which point C is lying in between A and B we may
say that, AB = AC + CB
For example: AB is a line segment of length 7 cm and C is a point between A and B such that AC
= 3 cm and CB = 4 cm. Hence, AC + CB = 7 cm Since, AB = 7 cm

∴ AB = AC + CB is verified.
4. If A, B, C are three points on a line such that AB = 5 cm, BC = 3 cm and AC = 8 cm, which one
of them lies between the other two?
Sol: Given AB = 5 cm, BC = 3 cm, AC = 8 cm

Now, it is clear that AC = AB + BC

∴ Hence, point B lies between A and C.

5. Verify, whether D is the midpoint of .

Sol: Since, it is clear from the figure that AD = DG = 3 units. Hence, D is the midpoint of .

6. If B is the midpoint of and C is the midpoint of where A, B, C, D lie on a straight line,

say why AB = CD?

Sol:

Given: B is the midpoint of AC. Hence, AB = BC (1) , C is the midpoint of BD. Hence, BC = CD (2)

From (1) and (2) ∴ AB = CD is verified.

7. Draw five triangles and measure their sides. Check in each case, if the sum of the lengths of
any two sides is always less than the third side.(For practice , need not copy to notes)
Sol:
Case 1. In triangle ABC

Given: AB= 2.5 cm, BC = 4.8 cm and AC = 5.2 cm

AB + BC = 2.5 cm + 4.8 cm = 7.3 cm
As 7.3 > 5.2 ∴ AB + BC > AC

Hence, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
Case 2. In triangle PQR

Given: PQ = 2 cm, QR = 2.5 cm, PR = 3.5 cm

PQ + QR = 2 cm + 2.5 cm = 4.5 cm
As 4.5 > 3.5 ∴ PQ + QR > PR
Hence, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

Case 3. In triangle XYZ

Given: GXY = 5 cm, YZ = 3 cm, ZX = 6.8 cm

XY + YZ = 5 cm + 3 cm = 8 cm

As 8 > 6.8 ∴ XY + YZ > ZX

Hence, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
Case 4. In triangle MNS

Given :MN = 2.7 cm, NS = 4 cm, MS = 4.7 cm

MN + NS = 2.7 cm + 4cm =6.7 cm

As 6.7 > 4.7 ∴ MN + NS > MS
Hence, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

Case 5. In triangle KLM

Given: KL = 3.5 cm , LM = 3.5 cm, KM = 3.5 cm

KL + LM = 3.5 cm + 3.5 cm = 7 cm

As 7 cm > 3.5 cm ∴ KL + LM > KM

Hence, the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
∴ Therefore we conclude that the sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the
third side

Exercise 5.2
1. What fraction of a clockwise revolution does the hour hand of a clock turn through, when it
goes from:
(a) 3 to 9 (b) 4 to 7 (c) 7 to 10 (d) 12 to 9 (e) 1 to 10 (f) 6 to 3

Sol: We know that in one complete clockwise revolution, hour hand will rotate by 360⁰
(a) When hour hand goes from 3 to 9 clockwise, it will rotate by 2 right angles or 1800
∴ Fraction = 180⁰ / 360⁰ =1/2
(b) When hour hand goes from 4 to 7 clockwise, it will rotate by 1 right angle or 90⁰
∴ Fraction = 90⁰ / 360⁰ = 1 / 4
(c) When hour hand goes from 7 to 10 clockwise, it will rotate by 1 right angle or 90⁰
∴ Fraction = 90⁰ / 360⁰ = 1 / 4

(d) When hour hand goes from 12 to 9 clockwise, it will rotate by 3 right angles or 270⁰
∴ Fraction = 270⁰ / 360⁰ =3/4
(e) When hour hand goes from 1 to 10 clockwise, it will rotate by 3 right angles or 270⁰
∴ Fraction = 270⁰ / 360⁰ =3/4

(f) When hour hand goes from 6 to 3 clockwise, it will rotate by 3 right angles or 270⁰
∴ Fraction = 270⁰ / 360⁰ =3/4
2. Where will the hand of a clock stop if it
(a) Starts at 12 and makes 1 / 2 of a revolution, clockwise?

(b) Starts at 2 and makes 1 / 2 of a revolution, clockwise?

(c) Starts at 5 and makes 1 / 4 of a revolution, clockwise?
(d) Starts at 5 and makes 3 / 4 of a revolution, clockwise?
Sol: We know that one complete clockwise revolution, hour hand will rotate by 360⁰
(a) When hour hand of a clock starts at 12 and makes 1 / 2 revolution clockwise, it will rotate by
180⁰. Hence, the hour hand of a clock will stop at 6.
(b) When hour hand of a clock starts at 2 and makes 1 / 2 revolution clockwise, it will rotate by
180⁰. Hence, the hour hand of a clock will stop at 8.
(c) When hour hand of a clock starts at 5 and makes 1 / 4 revolution clockwise, it will rotate by
90⁰. Hence, hour hand of a clock will stop at 8.
(d) When hour hand of a clock starts at 5 and makes 3 / 4 revolution clockwise, it will rotate by
270⁰. Hence, hour hand of a clock will stop at 2.
3. Which direction will you face if you start facing :(For practice, Need not copy to notes)

(a) East and make 1 / 2 of a revolution clockwise?

(b) East and make 1 ½ of a revolution clockwise?
(c) West and make 3 / 4 of a revolution anti – clockwise?
(d) South and make one full revolution?
(Should we specify clockwise or anti – clockwise for this last question? Why not?)
Sol: Revolving one complete round in clockwise or in anti – clockwise direction we will revolve
by 360⁰ and two adjacent directions are at 90⁰ or 1 / 4 of a complete revolution away from
each other.
(a) If we start facing towards East and make 1 / 2 of a revolution clockwise, we will face towards
West direction.

(b) If we start facing towards East and make 1 ½ of a revolution clockwise, we will face towards
West direction.

(c) If we start facing towards West and make 3 / 4 of a revolution anti – clockwise, we will face
towards North direction

(d) If we start facing south and make one full revolution, again we will face the South direction.
In case of revolving 1 complete revolution, either clockwise or anti-clockwise we will be back at
the original position.

4. What part of a revolution have you turned through if you stand facing:
(a) East and turn clockwise to face north?
(b) South and turn clockwise to face east
(c) West and turn clockwise to face east?

Sol: By revolving one complete revolution either in clockwise or in anti-clockwise direction, we

will revolve by 3600 and two adjacent directions are at 900 or 1 / 4 of a complete revolution
away from each other.
(a) If we start facing towards East and turn clockwise to face north, we have to make 3 / 4 of a
revolution

(b) If we start facing towards South and turn clockwise to face east, we have to make 3 / 4 of a
revolution

(c) If we start facing towards West and turn clockwise to face east, we have to make 1 / 2 of a
revolution
5. Find the number of right angles turned through by the hour hand of a clock when it goes
from:

(a) 3 to 6
(b) 2 to 8
(c) 5 to 11
(d) 10 to 1

(e) 12 to 9
(f) 12 to 6
Sol: The hour hand of a clock revolves by 360⁰ or it covers 4 right angles in one complete
revolution

(a) If hour hand of a clock goes from 3 to 6, it revolves by 90⁰ or 1 right angle.
(b) If hour hand of a clock goes from 2 to 8, it revolves by 180⁰ or 2 right angles.
(c) If hour hand of a clock goes from 5 to 11, it revolves by 180⁰ or 2 right angles.
(d) If hour hand of a clock goes from 10 to 1, it revolves by 90⁰ or 1 right angle.
(e) If hour hand of a clock goes from 12 to 9, it revolves by 270⁰ or 3 right angles.

(f) If hour hand of a clock goes from 12 to 6, it revolves by 180⁰ or 2 right angles.
6. How many right angles do you make if you start facing:
(a) South and turn clockwise to west?
(b) North and turn anti – clockwise to east?

(c) West and turn to west?

(d) South and turn to north?
Sol: By revolving one complete round in either clockwise or anti-clockwise direction, we will
revolve by 3600 and two adjacent directions are at 900 away from each other.
(a) If we start facing towards South and turn clockwise to West, we have to make one right
angle

(b) If we start facing towards North and turn anti-clockwise to East, we have to make 3 right
angles

(c) If we start facing towards West and turn to West, we have to make one complete round or 4
right angles

(d) If we start facing towards South and turn to North, we have to make 2 right angles
7. Where will the hour hand of a clock stop if it starts:
(a) From 6 and turns through 1 right angle?
(b) From 8 and turns through 2 right angles?
(c) From 10 and turns through 3 right angles?

(d) From 7 and turns through 2 straight angles?

Sol: We know that in 1 complete revolution in either clockwise or anticlockwise direction, hour
hand of a clock will rotate by 3600 or 4 right angles
(a) If hour hand of a clock starts from 6 and turns through 1 right angle, it will stop at 9
(b) If hour hand of a clock starts from 8 and turns through 2 right angles, it will stop at 2

(c) If hour hand of a clock starts from 10 and turns through 3 right angles, it will stop at 7
(d) If hour hand of a clock starts from 7 and turns through 2 straight angles, it will stop at 7

Exercise 5.3

1. Match the following:

(i) Straight angle (a) less than one-fourth of a revolution
(ii) Right angle (b) More than half a revolution
(iii) Acute angle (c) Half of a revolution

(iv) Obtuse angle (d) One-fourth of a revolution

(v) Reflex angle (e) Between 1 / 4 and 1 / 2 of a revolution
(f) One complete revolution
Sol: (i) Straight angle = 180⁰ or half of a revolution. Hence, (c) is correct answer.
(ii) Right angle = 90⁰ or one-fourth of a revolution. Hence, (d) is correct answer.
(iii) Acute angle = less than 90⁰ or 1 / 4 of a revolution. Hence, (a) is correct answer.
(iv) Obtuse angle = more than 90⁰ but less than 180⁰ or between 1 / 4 and 1 / 2 of a revolution.

Hence, (e) is correct answer.

(v) Reflex angle = more than 180⁰ but less than 360⁰ or more than half a revolution.
Hence, (b) is correct answer.
2. Classify each one of the following angles as right, straight, acute, obtuse or reflex:

(i) The given angle is acute angle it measures less than 90⁰.
(ii) The given angle is obtuse angle as it measures more than 90⁰ but less than 180⁰.

(iii) The given angle is right angle as it measures 90⁰.

(iv) The given angle is reflex angle as it measures more than 1800 but less than 360⁰.
(v) The given angle is straight angle as it measures 180⁰.
(vi) The given angle is acute angle as it measures less than 90⁰.

Exercise 5.4
1. What is the measure of:
(i) A right angle? Ans: (i) The measure of a right angle is 90⁰.

(ii) A straight angle? Ans: The measure of a straight angle is 180⁰.

2. Say True or False:
(a) The measure of an acute angle < 90⁰. (True)
(b) The measure of an obtuse angle < 90⁰. (False)
(c) The measure of a reflex angle > 180⁰. (True)
(d) The measure of one complete revolution = 360⁰. (True)

(e) If m ∠A = 53⁰ and m ∠B = 35⁰, then m ∠A > m ∠B. (True)

3. Write down the measures of:
(a) Some acute angles. Ans: 50⁰, 65⁰.
(b) Some obtuse angles. Ans: 110⁰, 175⁰.

4. Measures the angles given below using the protractor and write down the measure.

Sol: (a) The measure of an angle is 45⁰.

(b) The measure of an angle is 120⁰.

(c) The measure of an angle is 90⁰.
(d) The measures of an angles are 60⁰, 90⁰ and 130⁰.
5. Which angle has a large measure? First estimate and then measure

A = 40⁰ B = 65⁰

6. from these two angles which has larger measure? Estimate and then confirm by measuring
them.
Sol: The measures of these angles are 450 and 550. Hence, angle shown in second figure is
greater.
7. Fill in the blanks with acute, obtuse, right or straight:
(a) An angle whose measure is less than that of a right angle is acute angle.

(b) An angle whose measure is greater than that of a right angle is obtuse angle.
(c) An angle whose measure is the sum of the measures of two right angles is straight angle.
(d) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a right angle, then each one of them
is acute angle.
(e) When the sum of the measures of two angles is that of a straight angle and if one of them is
acute then the other should be obtuse angle.
8. Find the measure of the angle shown in each figure.

Sol: The measures of the angles shown in above figure are 40⁰, 130⁰, 65⁰ and 135⁰.
9. Find the angle measure between the hands of the clock in each figure:
Sol: The angle measure between the hands of the clock are 90⁰, 30⁰ and 180⁰.
11. Measure and classify each angle:

Angle Measure Type

∠AOB 40⁰ Acute
∠AOC 125⁰ Obtuse
∠BOC 85⁰ Acute
∠DOC 95⁰ Obtuse
∠DOA 140⁰ Obtuse
∠DOB 180⁰ Straight

Exercise 5.5

1. Which of the following are models for perpendicular lines:

(a) The adjacent edges of a table top.
Ans: The adjacent edges of a table top are perpendicular to each other
(b) The lines of a railway track.

Ans: The lines of a railway track are parallel to each other.

(c) The line segments forming the letter ‘L’.
Ans: The line segments forming the letter ‘L’ are perpendicular to each other
(d) The letter V.

Ans: The sides of letter V are inclined forming an acute angle.

Therefore (a) and (c) are models for perpendicular lines.

2. Let be the perpendicular to the line segment . Let and intersect in the
point A. What is the measure of ∠PAY?
Sol:
From the figure it is clear that the measure of ∠PAY is 90⁰.
3. There are two set squares in your box. What are the measures of the angles that are formed
at their corners? Do they have any angle measure that is common?
Sol: The measure of angles in one set square are 30⁰, 60⁰ and 90⁰
The other set square has a measure of angles 45⁰, 45⁰ and 90⁰
Yes, the angle of measure 90⁰ is common in between them.
4. Study the diagram. The line l is perpendicular to line m

(a) Is CE = EG?

Ans: Yes, since, CE = 2 units and EG = 2 units respectively.

(b) Does PE bisect CG?
Ans: Yes. Since, CE = EG as both are of 2 units. Hence PE bisect CG.
(c) Identify any two line segments for which PE is the perpendicular bisector.
Ans: and are the line segments for which PE is the perpendicular bisector.

(d) Are these true?

(i) AC > FG. Ans: True. Since AC = 2 units and FG = 1 unit.
(ii) CD = GH. Ans: True,because both are of 1 unit.
(iii) BC < EH. Ans: True. Since, BC = 1 unit and EH = 3 units. ∴ BC < EH

Exercise 5.6
1. Name the types of following triangles:
(a) Triangle with lengths of sides 7 cm, 8 cm and 9 cm - Scalene triangle.
(b) ∆ABC with AB = 8.7 cm, AC = 7 cm and BC = 6 cm - Scalene triangle
(c) ∆PQR such that PQ = QR = PR = 5 cm - Equilateral triangle

(d) ∆DEF with ∠D = 90° - Right angled triangle

(e) ∆XYZ with ∠Y = 90° and XY = YZ - Right angled isosceles triangle
(f) ∆LMN with ∠L = 30°, ∠M = 70° and ∠N = 80° - Acute angled triangle
2. Match the following: (can be done in textbook only)

Measures of Triangle Type of Triangle

(i) 3 sides of equal length (a) Scalene
(ii) 2 sides of equal length (b) Isosceles right angled
(iii) All sides are of different length (c) Obtuse angled

(iv) 3 acute angles (d) Right angled

(v) 1 right angle (e) Equilateral
(vi) 1 obtuse angle (f) Acute angled
(vii) 1 right angle with two sides of equal length (g) Isosceles
Sol: (i) - Equilateral triangle

(ii) - Isosceles triangle

(iii) - Scalene triangle
(iv) - Acute angled triangle
(v) - Right angled triangle
(vi) - Obtuse angled triangle
(vii) - Isosceles right angled triangle
3. Name each of the following triangles in two different ways: (you may judge the nature of the
angle by observation
Sol: (i) Acute angled and isosceles triangle.
(ii) Right angled and scalene triangle.
(iii) Obtuse angled and isosceles triangle.
(iv) Right angled and isosceles triangle.

(v) Equilateral and acute angled triangle.

(vi) Obtuse angled and scalene triangle.
4. Try to construct triangles using match sticks. Some are shown here. Can you make a triangle
with( only for practice , no need to copy in notebook)
(a) 3 matchsticks - By using three match sticks we may make an equilateral triangle.

(b) 4 matchsticks - By using 4 match sticks we cannot make a triangle.

(c) 5 matchsticks - By using 5 match sticks we may make an isosceles triangle.

(d) 6 matchsticks - By using 6 match sticks we may make an equilateral triangle.

 Exercise 5.7

1. Say True or False:

(a) Each angle of a rectangle is a right angle. (True)
(b) The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length. (True)
(c) The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to one another. (True)

(d) All the sides of a rhombus are of equal length. (True)

(e) All the sides of a parallelogram are of equal length. (False)
(f) The opposite sides of a trapezium are parallel. (False)
2. Give reasons for the following:

(a) A square can be thought of as a special rectangle.

(b) A rectangle can be thought of as a special parallelogram.
(c) A square can be thought of as a special rhombus.
(d) Squares, rectangles, parallelograms are all quadrilaterals.
(e) Square is also a parallelogram.

Sol: (a) Only opposite sides of the rectangle are of same length whereas in square all the
interior angles are of 90⁰ and all the sides of the square are of same length. Hence, a rectangle
with all sides equal becomes a square. Therefore square is a special rectangle.
(b) In both parallelogram and rectangle opposite sides are parallel and equal. The interior
angles of the rectangle are of same measure i.e 90⁰. Hence, a parallelogram with each angle as
right angle becomes a square. Therefore a rectangle is a special parallelogram.
(c) All sides of a rhombus and square are equal but in case of square all interior angles are of
90⁰. A rhombus with each angle as right angle becomes a square. Therefore a square is a special
rhombus
(d) Since, all are closed figures with 4 line segments. Hence all are quadrilaterals
(e) Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel whereas in a square opposite sides
are parallel and all 4 sides are of same length. Therefore a square is a special parallelogram.
3. A figure is said to be regular if its sides are equal in length and angles are equal in measure.
Can you identify the regular quadrilateral?
Sol: Square is a regular quadrilateral because all the interior angles are of 90⁰ and all sides are
of same length.
Exercise 5.8
1. Examine whether the following are polygons. If anyone among them is not, say why?

Sol: (i) It is not a closed figure. Hence, it is not a polygon.

(ii) It is a polygon made of six sides

(iii) No it is not a polygon because it is not made of line segments.
(iv) It is not a polygon as it is not made of line segments.
2. Name each polygon.

Make two more examples of each of these.

Sol: (a) Quadrilateral. Eg:

(b) Triangle. Eg:

(c) Pentagon. Eg:

(d) Octagon. Eg:

3. Draw a rough sketch of a regular hexagon. Connecting any three of its vertices, draw a
triangle. Identify the type of the triangle you have drawn.
Sol: Isosceles triangle.

4. Draw a rough sketch of a regular octagon. Draw a rectangle by joining exactly four of the
vertices of the octagon.
Sol: The below figure is a regular octagon in which a rectangle is drawn.

5. A diagonal is a line segment that joins any two vertices of the polygon and is not a side of the
polygon. Draw a rough sketch of a pentagon and draw its diagonals.
Sol: From the figure we may find AC, AD, BD, BE and CE are the diagonals.

Exercise 5.9
1. Match the following. Give two new examples of each shape.

Sol:

(a) An ice cream cone and birthday cap are examples of cone.
(b) Cricket ball and tennis ball are examples of sphere.
(c) A road roller and lawn roller are examples of cylinder.
(d) A book and a brick are examples of cuboid.
(e) A diamond and Egypt pyramids are examples of pyramid.
2. What shape is
(a) Your instrument box?
Ans: Cuboid.

(b) A brick?
Ans: Cuboid.
(c) A match box?
Ans: Cuboid.
(d) A road-roller?
Ans: Cylinder.

(e) A sweet laddu?

Ans: Sphere.