Fismat 371 380

Section 10 Even and Odd Functions 371
16. Let f(x) = sin2 x, 0 < x < π. Sketch (or computer plot) the even function fc o f
period 2π, the odd function fs o f period 2π, and the function fp of period π, each of
which is equal to f(x) on (0, π). Expand each of these functions in an appropriate
Fourier series.
In Problems 17 to 22 you are given f(x) on an interval, say 0 < x < b. Sketch several
periods of the even function fc of period 2b, the odd function fs of period 2b, and the
function fp of period b, each of which equals f(x) on 0 < x < b. Expand each of the three
functions in an appropriate Fourier series.
17. f( x) =
(
1, 0 < x < 1
2 ,
−1, 1
2 < x < 1.
18. f( x) =
(
1, 0 < x < 1 ,
0, 1 < x < 3 .
19. f( x) = | cos x|, 0 < x < π. 20. f(x) = x2 , 0 < x < 1.
21. f( x) =
(
x, 0 < x < 1 ,
2 − x, 1 < x < 2 .
22. f( x) =
(
10, 0 < x < 1 0,
20, 1 0 < x < 20.
23. If a violin string is plucked (pulled aside and let
go), it is possible to find a formula f(x, t) for
the displacement at time t of any point x of the
vibrating string from its equilibrium position. It
turns out that in solving this problem we need
to expand the function f(x, 0), whose graph is the initial shape of the string, in a
Fourier sine series. Find this series if a string of length l i s pulled aside a small
distance h a t its center, as shown.
24. If, in Problem 23, the string is stopped at the
center and half of it is plucked, then the function
to be expanded in a sine series is shown
here. Find the series. Caution: Note that
f(x, 0 ) = 0 for l/2 < x< l.
25. Suppose that f(x) and its derivative f
_
(x) are both expanded in Fourier series on
(−π ,π) . Call the coefficients in the f(x) series an a
nd bn a
nd the coefficients in the
f
_
(x) series a
_
na nd b
_
Write the integral for an [equation (5.9)] and integrate it
n.
by parts to get an integral of f
_
(x) sinnx. Recognize this integral in terms of b
_
n
[equation (5.10) for f
_
(x)] and so show that b
_
n=
−nan. (In the integration by
parts, the integrated term is zero because f(π) = f(−π) since f is continuous—
sketch several periods.). Find a similar relation for a
_
na
nd bn. Now show that this
is the result you get by differentiating the f( x) series term by term. Thus you have
shown that the Fourier series for f
_
(x) is correctly given by differentiating the f( x)
series term by term (assuming that f
_
(x) is expandable in a Fourier series).
In Problems 26 and 27, find the indicated Fourier series. Then differentiate your result
repeatedly (both the function and the series) until you get a discontinuous function. Use a
computer to plot f( x) and the derivative functions. For each graph, plot on the same axes
one or more terms of the corresponding Fourier series. Note the number of terms needed
for a good fit (see comment at the end of the section).
26. f( x) =
(
3x2 +2x3, −1 < x < 0 ,
3x2 − 2x3 , 0
< x < 1 .
27. f( x) = (x2 − π2)2 , −π < x < π.
372 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

10. AN APPLICATION TO SOUND
We have said that when a sound wave passes through the air and we hear it, the
air pressure where we are varies with time. Suppose the excess pressure above (and
below) atmospheric pressure in a sound wave is given by the graph in Figure 10.1.
(We shall not be concerned here with the units of p; however, reasonable units in
Figure 10.1 would be p in 10−6 atmospheres.) Let us ask what frequencies we hear
when we listen to this sound. To find out, we expand p( t) in a Fourier series. The
period of p(t ) is 1
262; that is, the sound wave repeats itself 262 times per second.
We have called the period 2l i n our formulas, so here l = 1
524. The functions we
have called sin(nπx/l) here become sin 524nπt. We cansave some work by observing
Figure 10.1
that p(t ) is an odd function; there are then only sine terms in its Fourier series and
we need to compute only b n. Using (9.4), we have
bn = 2(524) _ 1 /5 24
0
(10.1) p(t ) sin 524nπt dt
= 1048 _ 1/1048
0
sin 524nπt dt − 7
8
(1048) _ 1/5 24
048
1/1
sin 524nπt dt
= 1048
−
cos nπ
2
− 1
524nπ
+
7
8
cos nπ − cos n
π
2
524nπ
=
2
nπ
_−1 5
8
cos nπ
2
+1+
7
8
cos nπ
_
.
From this we can compute the values of bn for the first few values of n
:
(10.2)
b1 =
2
π
_1 − 7
8
_ =
2
π
_1
8
_ =
1
π
・1
4 b5 =
1
5π
・1
4
b2 =
2
2π
_15
8
+1+
7
8
_ =
1
2π
_15
2
_
b6 =
1
6π
_15
2
_
b3 =
2
3π
_1 − 7
8
_ =
1
3π
・1
4 b7 =
1
7π
・1
4
b4 =
2
4π
_−1 5
8
+1+
7
8
_ = 0 b8 = 0, etc.
Section 10 An Application to Sound 3

73
Then we have
p(t ) =
1
4π
_sin 524πt
1
+
30 sin(524 ・ 2πt)
2
+
sin(524 ・ 3πt)
3
(10.3)
+
sin(524 ・ 5πt)
5
+
30 sin(524 ・ 6πt)
6
+
sin(524 ・ 7πt)
7
+・・・_
.
We can see just by looking at the coefficients that the most important term
is the second one. The first term corresponds to the fundamental with frequency
262 vibrations per second (this is approximately middle C on a piano). But it is
much weaker in this case than the first overtone (second harmonic) corresponding to
the second term; this tone has frequency 524 vibrations per second (approximately
high C). (You might like to use a computer to play one or several terms of the
series.) The sixth harmonic (corresponding to n = 6) and also the harmonics for
n = 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 are all more prominent (that is, have larger coefficients)
than the fundamental. We can be even more specific about the relative importance
of the various frequencies. Recall that in discussing a simple harmonic oscillator,
we showed that its average energy was proportional to the square of its velocity
amplitude. It can be proved that the intensity of a sound wave (average energy
striking unit area of your ear per second) is proportional to the average of the
square of the excess pressure. Thus for a sinusoidal pressure variation Asin 2πft,
the intensity is proportional to A
2. IntheFourier series for p( t) , the intensities of the
various harmonics are then proportional to the squares of the corresponding Fourier
coefficients. (The intensity corresponds roughly to the loudness of the tone—not
exactly because the ear is not uniformly sensitive to all frequencies.) The relative
intensities of the harmonics in our example are then:
n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ・・・
Relative intensity = 1 225 1
9 0 1
25 25 1
49 0 1
81 9 ・・・
From this we see even more clearly that we would hear principally the second
harmonic with frequency 524 (high C).
PROBLEMS, SECTION 10
In Problems 1 to 3, the graphs sketched represent one period of the excess pressure p(t) in
a sound wave. Find the important harmonics and their relative intensities. Use a computer
to play individual terms or a sum of several terms of the series.
1.
2.

3.
In Problems 4 to 10, the sketches show several practical examples of electrical signals
(voltages or currents). In each case we want to know the harmonic content of the signal,
that is, what frequencies it contains and in what proportions. To find this, expand each
function in an appropriate Fourier series. Assume in each case that the part of the graph
shown is repeated sixty times per second.
4. Output of a simple d-c generator; the shape of
the curve is the absolute value of a sine function.
Let the maximum voltage be 100 v.
5. Rectified half-wave; the curve is a sine function
for half the cycle and zero for the other half.
Let the maximum current be 5 amp. Hint: B e
careful! The value of l h ere is 1/60, but I( t) =
nly from t = 0 to t =
sin t o 1/120.
6. Triangular wave; the graph consists of two
straight lines whose equations you must write!
The maximum voltage of 100 v occurs at the
middle of the cycle.
7. Sawtooth 8. Rectified sawtooth
9. Square wave 10. Periodic ramp function
Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 375

11. PARSEVAL’S THEOREM
We shall now find a relation between the average of the square (or absolute square) of
π
) and the coefficients in the Fourier series for f( x), assuming that _
f(x

−π
|f( x
)| 2 dx
is finite. The result is known as Parseval’s theorem o r the c ompleteness relation.
You should understand that the point of the theorem is n ot t o get the average of
the square of a given f (x
) by using its Fourier series. [Given f (x
), it is easy to get
its average square just by doing the integration in (11.2) below.] The point of the
theorem is to show the r elation between the average of the square of f ( x) and the
Fourier coefficients. We can derive a form of Parseval’s theorem from any of the
various Fourier expansions we have made; let us use (5.1).
(11.1) f( x ) =
1
2a0 +
∞
_
1
an cos nx +

∞
_
1
bn sin n
x.
, π):
We square f ( x) and then average the square over (−π
(11.2) The average of [f(x )]2 is
1
2π
_ π

−π
[f( x
)]2dx.
When we square the Fourier series in (11.1) we get many terms. To avoid writing
out a large number of them, consider instead what types of terms there are and
what the averages of the different kinds of terms are. First, there are the squares
of the individual terms. Using the fact that the average of the square of a sine or
cosine over a period is 1
2, we have:
(11.3)
The average of ( 1
2a0)2 is ( 1
2a0)2 .
The average of (an cos nx)2 is a2
n
・ 1
2 .
The average of (bn sin nx)2 is b 2
n
・ 1
2 .
1
Then there are cross-product terms of the forms 2 ・
os nx, 2 ・ 1
2a0an c
2a0bn
sinn
x,
and 2an bm ith m _
c os nx s inmx w = n
( we write n in the cosine factor and m
in the
sine factor since every sine term must be multiplied times every cosine term). By
(5.2), the average values of terms of all these types are zero. Then we have
(11.4) The average of [f(x )]2 (over a period) = _ 1
2a0
_2
+
1
2
∞
_
1
a2
n +
1
2
∞
_
1
b2
n.
This is one form of Parseval’s theorem. You can easily verify (Problem 1) that the
theorem is unchanged if f( x ) has period 2l instead of 2π a nd its square is averaged
over any period of length 2l. You can also verify (Problem 3) that if f ( x) is written
as a complex exponential Fourier series, and if in addition we include the possibility
that f( x
) itself may be complex, then we find:
(11.5) The average of |f (x )| 2 (over a period) =
∞
_
−∞
|c n|2.
Parseval’s theorem is also called the completeness relation. In the problem of
representing a given sound wave as a sum of harmonics, suppose we had left one of
the harmonics out of the series. It seems plausible physically, and it can be proved

mathematically, that with one or more harmonics left out, we would not be able to
represent sound waves containing the omitted harmonics. We say that the set of
functions sin n x, cosnx i s a complete set o f functions on any interval of length 2π;
that is, any function (satisfying Dirichlet conditions) can be expanded in a Fourier
series whose terms are constants times sin nx a nd cos nx. If we left out some values
of n, we would have an incomplete set of basis functions (see basis, page 357) and
could not use it to expand some given functions. For example, suppose that you
made a mistake in finding the period (that is, the value of l) of your given function
and tried to use the set of functions sin 2nx, cos2nx in expanding a given function
of period 2π. You would get a wrong answer because you used an incomplete set
of basis functions (with the sin x , cosx, sin3x, cos3x, ・
・・, terms missing). If your
Fourier series is wrong because the set of basis functions you use is incomplete, then
the results you get from Parseval’s theorem (11.4) or (11.5) will be wrong too. In
fact, if we use an incomplete basis set in, say, (11.5), then there are missing (nonnegative)
terms on the right-hand side, so the equation becomes the inequality:
Average of |f( x) |2 ≥ _

∞
−∞ | cn|2.
This is known as Bessel’s inequality. Conversely,
if (11.4) and (11.5) are correct for all f (x
) , then the set of basis functions used
is a complete set. This is why Parseval’s theorem is often called the completeness
relation. (Also see page 377 and Chapter 12, Section 6.)
Let us look at some examples of the physical meaning and the use of Parseval’s
theorem.
Example 1. In Section 10 we said that the intensity (energy per square centimeter per
second) of a sound wave is proportional to the average value of the square of the
excess pressure. If for simplicity we write (10.3) with letters instead of numerical
values, we have
(11.6) p(t ) =
∞
_
1
bn sin 2πnft.
For this case, Parseval’s theorem (11.4) says that:
(11.7) The average of [p(t )]2 =
∞
_
1
b2
n
・ 1
2
=
∞
_
1
the average of b2
n sin2 2nπft .
Now the intensity or energy (per square centimeter per second) of the sound wave
is proportional to the average of [p(t )]2, and the energy associated with the n
th
harmonic is proportional to the average of b2
n sin2 2nπft. Thus Parseval’s theorem
says that the total energy of the sound wave is equal to the sum of the energies
associated with the various harmonics.
Example 2. Let us use Parseval’s theorem to find the sum of an infinite series. From
Problem 8.15(a) written in complex exponential form we get:
The function f (x ) of period 2 which is equal to x o n (−1, 1)
= − i
π
(ei πx − e
−i πx − 1
2e2 iπx +
1
2 e
−2 iπx +
1
3 e3 iπx −
1
3 e
−3 iπx + ・・・ ) .
Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 377

, 1).
)]2 o n (−1
Let us find the average of [f(x
The average of [f( x
)]2 =
1
2
_ 1

−1
x2 dx =

1
2
_x3
3
1
−1
_
=
1
3.
By Parseval’s theorem (11.5), this is equal to _
∞
n|2,
−∞ |c so we have
1
3
=
∞
_
−∞
|c n| 2 =
1
π2 (1 + 1 +
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
9
+
1
9
+ ・・・ =
2
π2
∞
_
1
1
n2 .
Then we get the sum of the series
1 +
1
4
+
1
9
+ ・・・ =
∞
_
1
1
n2 = π2
2
・ 1
3
= π2
6 .
We have seen that a function given on (0, l) can be expanded in a sine series by
defining it on (−l , 0) to make it odd, or in a cosine series by defining it on (−l, 0)
to make it even. Here is another useful example of defining a function to suit our
purposes. (We will need this in Chapter 13.) Suppose we want to expand a function
defined on (0, l) in terms of the basis functions sin(n + 1
2 )π x
l=
sin ( 2n+1)πx
2l . Can
we do it, that is, do these functions make up a complete set for this problem? Note
that our proposed basis functions have period 4l, say (−2 l, 2l ) (observe the 2l in
the denominator where you are used to l). So given f( x) on (0, l), we can define it
as we like on (l, 2l) and on (−2 l, 0). We know (by the Dirichlet theorem) that the
functions sin n πx
2l a nd cos nπx
2l , all n, make up a complete set on (−2 l , 2l ). We need
to see how, on (0, l) we can use just the sines (that’s easy—make the function odd)
and only the odd values of n. It turns out (see Problem 11) that if we define f (x )
on (l, 2l ) to make it symmetric around x = l , then all the b n ’ s for even n
are equal
to zero. So our desired basis set is indeed a complete set on (0, l). Similarly we can
show (Problem 11) that the functions cos (2n+ 1)πx
2l m ake up a complete set on (0, l).
PROBLEMS, SECTION 11
1. Prove (11.4) for a function of period 2l e xpanded in a sine-cosine series.
2. Prove that if f(x) =
P∞
−∞ c n e inx, then the average value of [f( x) ]2 is
P∞
−∞ c n c − n .
Show by Problem 7.12 that for real f(x) this becomes (11.5).
3. If f(x) is complex, we usually want the average of the square of the absolute value
of f( x) . Recall that |f(x)|2 = f(x) ・ f(x), where ¯ f( x) means the complex conjugate
¯
of f( x) . Show that if a complex f( x) =
P∞
−∞ c n e inπx/l, then (11.5) holds.
4. When a current I f lows through a resistance R, the heat energy dissipated per second
is the average value of RI2. Let a periodic (not sinusoidal) current I( t) be expanded
in a Fourier series I(t) =
P∞
−∞ c ne 120inπt. Give a physical meaning to Parseval’s
theorem for this problem.
Use Parseval’s theorem and the results of the indicated problems to find the sum of the
series in Problems 5 to 9.
5. The series 1 +
1
32 +
1
52 + ・・・, using Problem 9.6.
6. The series
∞X
n=1
1
n4 , using Problem 9.9.

7. The series
∞X
n=1
1
8. The series
X
odd n
1
9. The series
1
32 +
1
152 +
1
352 + ・・・, using Problem 5.11.
10. A general form of Parseval’s theorem says that if two functions are expanded in
Fourier series
f( x) =
1
2
a0 +
∞X
1
an cos nx +
∞X
1
bn sin nx,
g(x) =
1
2
a
_
0 +
∞X
1
a
_
nc
os nx +
∞X
1
b
_
ns
in nx,
then the average value of f( x) g( x) is 1
4a0a
_

0 + 1
2
P∞
1 ana
_
n+
1
2
P∞
1 bnb
_
n. Prove this.
11. (a) Let f(x) on (0, 2l) satisfy f(2l − x) = f(x), that is, f( x) is symmetric about
x= l. If you expand f( x) on (0, 2
l) in a sine series
P
bn sin n πx
2l , show that
for even n, bn = 0. Hint: N ote that the period of the sines is 4l. Sketch an
f( x) which is symmetric about x = l, and on the same axes sketch a few sines
to see that the even ones are antisymmetric about x = l. Alternatively, write
the integral for bn as an integral from 0 to l p lus an integral from l t o 2l, and
replace x b y 2l − x in the second integral.
(b) Similarly, show that if we define f(2l− x ) = −f (x), the cosine series has an = 0
for even n.
12. FOURIER TRANSFORMS
We have been expanding periodic functions in series of sines, cosines, and complex
exponentials. Physically, we could think of the terms of these Fourier series as
representing a set of harmonics. In music these would be an infinite set of frequencies
1, 2, 3, ・
nf, n = ・・; notice that this set, although infinite, does not by any
means include all possible frequencies. In electricity, a Fourier series could represent
a periodic voltage; again we could think of this as made up of an infinite but
discrete (that is, not continuous) set of a-c voltages of frequencies n ω. Similarly,
in discussing light, a Fourier series could represent light consisting of a discrete set
of wavelengths λ/n, n = 1, 2, ・
・・, that is, a discrete set of colors. Two related
questions might occur to us here. First, is it possible to represent a function which
ot periodic by something analogous to a Fourier series? Second, can we somehow
is n
extend or modify Fourier series to cover the case of a continuous spectrum of
wavelengths of light, or a sound wave containing a continuous set of frequencies?
If you recall that an integral is a limit of a sum, it may not surprise you very
much to learn that the Fourier series ( that is, a s um of terms) is replaced by a
Fourier i ntegral in the above cases. The Fourier integral can be used to represent
nonperiodic functions, for example a single voltage pulse not repeated, or a flash
of light, or a sound which is not repeated. The Fourier integral also represents
a continuous set (spectrum) of frequencies, for example a whole range of musical
tones or colors of light rather than a discrete set.
Section 12 Fourier Transforms 379

Recall from equations (8.2) and (8.3), these complex Fourier series formulas:
f(x
) =
∞
_
−∞
cnei nπx/l,
cn =
1
2l
_ l
−l
f(x
)e
−i nπx/l d
x.
(12.1)
The period of f (x
) is 2l a nd the frequencies of the terms in the series are n/(2l) .
We now want to consider the case of continuous frequencies.
Definition of Fourier Transforms We state without proof (see plausibility arguments
below) the formulas corresponding to (12.1) for a continuous range of
frequencies.
) = _
f(x
∞
−∞
g(α)ei αx dα,
g(α) =
1
2π
_
∞
−∞
f(x )e
−i αx dx.
(12.2)
, and _
Compare (12.2) and (12.1); g ( α) corresponds to c n, α corresponds to n
∞
−∞
corresponds to _

∞
−∞. This agrees with our discussion of the physical meaning and
use of Fourier integrals. The quantity α i s a continuous analog of the integral-valued
variable n, and so the set of coefficients cn h as become a function g ( α); the sum
over n has become an integral over α. The two functions f( x) and g ( α) are called
a pair of F ourier transforms. Usually, g( α ) is called the Fourier transform of f (x ),
and f ( x) is called the inverse Fourier transform of g( α), but since the two integrals
differ in form only in the sign in the exponent, it is rather common simply to call
either a Fourier transform of the other. You should check the notation of any book
or computer program you are using. Another point on which various references
differ is the position of the factor 1/(2π) in (12.2); it is possible to have it multiply
the f ( x) integral instead of the g( α) integral, or to have the factor 1/
√
2π m
ultiply
each of the integrals.
The F ourier integral theorem s ays that, if a function f(x ) satisfies the Dirichlet
conditions (Section 6) on every finite interval, and if _
∞
−∞ |f (x dx is finite, then
)|
(12.2) is correct. That is, if g ( α ) is computed and substituted into the integral
for f ( x
) [compare the procedure of computing the cn ’ s for a Fourier series and
substituting them into the series for f (x )], then the integral gives the value of f( x)
anywhere that f (x ) is continuous; at jumps of f ( x), the integral gives the midpoint
of the jump (again compare Fourier series, Section 6). The following discussion
is not a mathematical proof of this theorem but is intended to help you see more
clearly how Fourier integrals are related to Fourier series.

It might seem reasonable to think of trying to represent a function which is
not periodic by letting the period (−l , l) increase to (−∞, ∞ ). Let us try to do
this, starting with (12.1). If we call nπ/l = n + 1 − αn =
αn a nd α /l = Δα, then
π
1/( 2l) = Δα/(2π) and (12.1) can be rewritten as
f(x
) =
∞
_
−∞
(12.3) cneα n x ,
cn =
1
2l
_ l
−l
f(x )e
−i αnx dx =

Δα
2π
_ l
−l
f(u
)e
(12.4) −iαn u d
u.
(We have changed the dummy integration variable in cn f rom x
t o u to avoid later
confusion.) Substituting (12.4) into (12.3), we have
(12.5)
f(x ) =
∞
_
−∞
_Δα
2π
_ l
−l
f(u )e
−i αnu d
u
_
eiαn x
=
∞
_
−∞
Δα
2π
_ l
−l
f(u
)e i αn (x− u ) du =
1
2π
∞
_
−∞
F(α
n) Δα,
where
l
n) = _
(12.6) F( α
−l
f(u
)e i αn (x− u ) du.
Now _
∞
αn)Δα
−∞ F( looks rather like the formula in calculus for the sum whose
limit, as Δα tends to zero, is an integral. If we let l tend to infinity [that is, let the
) tend to infinity], then Δα =
period of f( x π/l → 0, and the sum _

∞
αn)Δα
−∞ F(
goes over formally to _
∞
α)d
−∞ F( α; we have dropped the subscript n on α
n
ow that
it is a continuous variable. We also let l tend to infinity and αn = α
i n (12.6) to get
) = _
(12.7) F( α
∞
−∞
f(u
)e i α( x− u ) du.
Replacing _
∞
αn)Δα
−∞ F( in (12.5) by _

∞
α)
−∞ F( α and substituting from (12.7)
d
for F ( α) gives
(12.8)
f(x
) =
1
2π
_
∞
−∞
F(α
) dα =

1
2π
_
∞
−∞
_
∞
−∞
)e i α( x− u ) du dα
f(u
=
1
2π
_
∞
−∞
eiαx dα
_
∞
−∞
f(u )e
−i αu d u.
If we define g ( α
) by
(12.9) g( α) =
1
2π
_
∞
−∞
f(x )e
−i αx dx =
1
2π
_
∞
−∞
f(u )e
−i αu d u,
then (12.8) gives
(12.10) f( x ) = _
∞
−∞
g(α)ei αx d
α.

Fismat 371 380

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Fismat 371 380

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Section 10 Even and Odd Functions 371

372 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 10 An Application to Sound 3

374 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 375

376 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 377

378 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 12 Fourier Transforms 379

380 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

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Fismat 371 380

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Fismat 371 380

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Fismat 371 380

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Section 10 Even and Odd Functions ​371

372 ​Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 10 An Application to Sound 3

374 ​Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem ​375

376 ​Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem ​377

378 ​Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 12 Fourier Transforms ​379

380 ​Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

You might also like

Section 10 Even and Odd Functions 371

372 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

374 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 375

376 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 11 Parseval’s Theorem 377

378 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7

Section 12 Fourier Transforms 379

380 Fourier Series and Transforms Chapter 7