Computer aided system tools and their categories

Lovely Professional University

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Submitted to Submitted by:

Anshu Mam Norish
Murgai
A11
Computer aided system tools and their categories

J1803

Introduction
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is
the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer
Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or
environments, provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design
processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the
form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based
software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based
software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments
whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.

CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the

manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes,dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-
specific conventions.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.[1]

CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive,

shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many
more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in
movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means
that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by
engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major
Computer aided system tools and their categories

driving force for research incomputational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and

software), and discrete differential geometry.

Overview
Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to
3D solid and surface modellers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three
dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking
out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed
as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting.

CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings,
from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and
factories).

CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components,
but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products,
through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of
components. It can also be used to design objects.

CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies,
with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD
enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving
time on their drawings.

Uses
Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in
many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question.
Computer aided system tools and their categories

CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product
Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used together with other tools, which are
either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as:

 Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA)

 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machines
 Photo realistic rendering
 Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM).
CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the
preparation of Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer-aided designs of intended
buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that
locale will be like were the proposed facilities allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view
corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD.

Technology
Originally software for Computer-Aided Design systems was developed with computer languages such
as Fortran, but with the advancement of object-oriented programming methods this has radically
changed. Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built
around a number of key C modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the
interaction of a graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBSgeometry and/or boundary representation (B-
rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to
manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or
components in an assembly.

Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form

of prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time
in the design.

Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X); some
packages even support multiple platforms.
Computer aided system tools and their categories

Right now, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD systems can do
graphically and computationally expensive tasks, so a good graphics card, high speed (and possibly
multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM are recommended.

The human-machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and
digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done
with the use of a spacemouse/SpaceBall. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing
the 3D model.

CAD STANDARD
CAD Standards have been created to improve productivity and interchange of Computer-aided
design documents between different offices and CAD programs, especially in architecture and
engineering.

1.)AEC (Architecture Engineering and Construction) standards

 2.)MCAD (Mechanical) standards

Characteristic of CAD system

Modern “open architecture” CNC systems, based on industrial personal computer (PC)

structures prefer programming and operation in the CAD mode. CAD is

concerned with the engineering functions in both design and manufacturing. The method of

manufacturing a product is a direct function of its design. CAD technology, it is

possible to establish a direct link between product design and manufacturing engineering.

The goal of CAD system, it is possible to take the design specification of the product as

it resides in the CAD database and convert it into a process plan for making the product, this

conversion being done automatically by the CAD system. A large portion of the

processing might be accomplished on a numerically controlled machine tool. As part of the

Computer aided system tools and their categories

process plan, the NC part program is generated automatically by CAD. The CAD

system downloads the NC program directly to the machine tool by means of a

telecommunications network.

Several CAD systems from various firms are at the market nowadays. They differ from

degree of integration, technical equipment and last but not least the price of the system. The

main representative of present CAD system are - Pro/ENGINEER, Catia, I-DEAS,

UNIGRAPHICS, and Euclid 3 etc. At present time CAD systems have a dominant

position in the air, automobile and space industry primarily.