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Lecture No 41

The document discusses different types of line coding techniques used to transmit digital source encoder output over communication channels. It describes the simplest unipolar line coding where 1 is a pulse and 0 is no pulse. Polar coding is also described where 1 is a pulse and 0 is an opposite pulse. Bipolar coding represents 0 as no pulse and 1 as alternating voltage levels. Manchester coding represents 1 as positive in the first half and negative in the second half of the bit duration, while 0 is the opposite. The techniques are compared in terms of their advantages like simplicity, bandwidth needs and disadvantages like lack of error detection.

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66 views7 pages

Lecture No 41

The document discusses different types of line coding techniques used to transmit digital source encoder output over communication channels. It describes the simplest unipolar line coding where 1 is a pulse and 0 is no pulse. Polar coding is also described where 1 is a pulse and 0 is an opposite pulse. Bipolar coding represents 0 as no pulse and 1 as alternating voltage levels. Manchester coding represents 1 as positive in the first half and negative in the second half of the bit duration, while 0 is the opposite. The techniques are compared in terms of their advantages like simplicity, bandwidth needs and disadvantages like lack of error detection.

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Afzal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Line Coding

• The output of the source encoder is converted into electrical pulses


(waveforms) for the purpose of transmission over the channel.
– Line Coding or Transmission Coding
• The simplest line code is on/off or unipolar,
– binary 1 is transmitted by a pulse and 0 is transmitted by no pulse.

• Another commonly used code is polar,


– 1 is transmitted by pulse and 0 is transmitted by pulse
• Another popular code is bipolar or alternate mark inversion
– 0 is encoded by no pulse and 1 is encoded by or depending on
whether the previous 1 is encoded by or .

308201- Communication Systems 11


Unipolar Signalling
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

• Duration of the MARK pulse is equal to the duration of the


symbol slot

• Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation
– Doesn’t require a lot of bandwidth for transmission
• Disadvantages:
– Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0Hz)
– Contains low frequency components
– Does not have error correction capability
– Long strings of zeros can cause loss of synchronization i.e., not transparent
308201- Communication Systems 12
Unipolar Signalling
Return to Zero (RZ)
• MARK pulse is less than the duration of the symbol slot.
• Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the
second half.

• Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation
– Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as symbol
timing clock signal
• Disadvantages:
– Same as Unipolar NRZ case discussed earlier
– Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Unipolar NRZ
– Not transparent
308201- Communication Systems 13
Polar Signalling
Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

• A binary 1 is represented by a pulse and binary 0 is


represented by opposite pulse i.e.,

• Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation
– No DC component
• Disadvantages:
– Does not have error correction capability
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronization
• Not transparent
308201- Communication Systems 14
Polar Signalling
Return to Zero (RZ)
• A binary 1 is represented by pulse and a binary 0 is represented by an
opposite pulse
• Fills only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the second
half.

• Advantages:
– Same as polar NRZ
– Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as symbol timing clock
signal
• Disadvantages:
– Same as polar NRZ
– Occupies twice as much bandwidth as polar NRZ

308201- Communication Systems 15


Bipolar Signalling
• 0 is represented by absence of pulse while 1 is represented by alternating
voltage levels of +V and –V
• Bipolar NRZ

• Bipolar RZ

• Advantages:
– No DC component
– Occupies less bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes
– Posses single error detection capability
• Disadvantages:
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronization
• Not transparent

308201- Communication Systems 16


Manchester Signalling
• The duration of the bit is divided into two halves
– 1 is +ve in 1st half and –ve in the 2nd half
– 0 is –ve in 1st half and +ve in the 2nd half

• Advantages:
– No DC component
– Easy to synchronize
• Transparent
• Disadvantages:
– Because of greater number of transitions it occupies a significantly large bandwidth
– Does not have error detection capability
308201- Communication Systems 17

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