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Digital Receivers and Regenerative Repeaters: 308201-Communication Systems 18

Digital receivers and regenerative repeaters perform three main functions: 1) They reshape incoming pulses using an equalizer to compensate for attenuation and distortion in the transmission medium. 2) They extract timing information from the received signal in order to sample pulses at the optimal instances. This can be done by deriving timing from a master clock, transmitting a separate timing signal, or self-synchronization using the received signal itself. 3) They make symbol detection decisions based on the sampled pulse values. Timing extraction through self-synchronization involves extracting the periodic timing component from the received signal using a resonant circuit tuned to the clock frequency.

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200 views7 pages

Digital Receivers and Regenerative Repeaters: 308201-Communication Systems 18

Digital receivers and regenerative repeaters perform three main functions: 1) They reshape incoming pulses using an equalizer to compensate for attenuation and distortion in the transmission medium. 2) They extract timing information from the received signal in order to sample pulses at the optimal instances. This can be done by deriving timing from a master clock, transmitting a separate timing signal, or self-synchronization using the received signal itself. 3) They make symbol detection decisions based on the sampled pulse values. Timing extraction through self-synchronization involves extracting the periodic timing component from the received signal using a resonant circuit tuned to the clock frequency.

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Afzal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Digital Receivers and

Regenerative Repeaters
• Regenerative repeaters are used at regular intervals along a digital
transmission line to detect the incoming digital signal and regenerate new
“clean” pulse for further transmission along the line.
• A receiver or a regenerative repeater performs three functions
– Reshaping incoming pulse using an equalizer
– Extract the timing information required to sample incoming pulses at
optimum instances
– Making symbol detection decisions based on the pulse samples

308201- Communication Systems 18


Equalizer

• A pulse train is attenuated and distorted by the transmission


medium.
– The attenuation is compensated by pre-amplifier
– The distortion is compensated by the equalizer
• Channel distortion is a form of dispersion, caused by an
attenuation of certain critical frequency components of the
data pulse train.
• An equalizer should have a frequency characteristic that is
inverse of that of the transmission medium.
– This will restore the critical frequency components and eliminate the
pulse dispersion
– Unfortunately it will also boost the critical frequency components of
the channel noise as well, known as noise amplification

308201- Communication Systems 19


Timing Extraction

• The received digital signals need to be sampled at the precise


instants.
– This requires a clock signal at the receiver in synchronism with the
clock signal at the transmitter (symbol or bit synchronization),
delayed by the channel response.

• There are three methods of synchronization


1) Derivation from a primary or a secondary standard (e.g., transmitter
and receivers slaved to a master timing source)
2) Transmitting a separate synchronizing signal (pilot clock)
3) Self synchronization, where the timing information is extracted from
the received signal itself.

308201- Communication Systems 20


Timing Extraction

• Because of its high cost, the first method is suitable for large
volumes of data and high speed communication systems.

• The second method in which part of channel capacity is used


to transmit the timing information, is suitable when the
available capacity is large in comparison to the data rate

• The third method is very efficient method of timing extraction


or clock recovery because the timing is derived from the
received message signal itself.

308201- Communication Systems 21


Timing Extraction
(Self-Synchronization)

• If the pulses are transmitted at a rate of pulses per second,


we require the periodic timing information i.e., the clock at
to sample the incoming pulses at a repeater.
• The timing information can be extracted from the received
signal itself if the line code is chosen properly.
• For example, if a RZ polar signal is rectified, it results in a
periodic signal which contains the desired periodic timing
signal of frequency .
• When this signal is applied to a resonant circuit tuned to
frequency , the output, which is a sinusoid of frequency
can be used for timing.

308201- Communication Systems 22


Timing Extraction
(Self-Synchronization)
• A digital signal, such as on/off signal (a) can be expressed as a
sum of a random polar signal (b) and a clock frequency
periodic signal (c)

• Because of the presence of the periodic component, we can


extract the timing information from this signal using a
resonant circuit tuned to clock frequency.
308201- Communication Systems 23
Timing Extraction
(Self-Synchronization

• The timing signal (resonant circuit output) is sensitive to the


incoming bit pattern.
– In on/off or bipolar case, a 0 is transmitted by ‘no pulse’
– If there are too many 0s in a sequence, there is no signal at the input
of the resonant circuit and the sinusoidal output of the circuit starts
decaying causing error in timing information.
• A line code in which the bit pattern does not affect the
accuracy of the timing information is said to be a transparent
line code.
– The RZ polar scheme (each bit is transmitted by some pulse) is
transparent.
– The on/off and bipolar are non-transparent.

308201- Communication Systems 24

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