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Ideal and Practical Filters: 308201-Communication Systems 34

The document discusses ideal and practical filters. It describes: 1) Ideal filters allow distortionless transmission of certain frequencies while suppressing all others. Practical filters have imperfections like long tails and complex transfer functions. 2) Common ideal filters are low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and bandstop filters. Low-pass filters pass frequencies below a cutoff and suppress higher frequencies. 3) Practical filters can only approximate ideal filters since their impulse responses extend indefinitely, whereas physical filters have finite impulse responses. RC circuits can behave as low-pass filters.

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1K views9 pages

Ideal and Practical Filters: 308201-Communication Systems 34

The document discusses ideal and practical filters. It describes: 1) Ideal filters allow distortionless transmission of certain frequencies while suppressing all others. Practical filters have imperfections like long tails and complex transfer functions. 2) Common ideal filters are low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and bandstop filters. Low-pass filters pass frequencies below a cutoff and suppress higher frequencies. 3) Practical filters can only approximate ideal filters since their impulse responses extend indefinitely, whereas physical filters have finite impulse responses. RC circuits can behave as low-pass filters.

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Afzal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ideal and Practical Filters

• Filter: An electronic device or mathematical algorithm to


modify the signals.

• In communications, filters are used for separating an


information bearing signal from unwanted contaminations
such as interference, noise and distortion products.

– Low-pass filter (LPF)


– High-pass filter (HPF)
– Bandpass filter (BPF)
– Bandstop filter (BSF)

308201- Communication Systems 34


Ideal and Practical Filters

• Ideal filters allow distortionless transmission of a certain band


of frequencies and suppression of all the remaining
frequencies.

• Practical filters have long tails, complex impulse response,


non-fixed bandwidth, and complex transfer function
expression.

• For simplicity, we often use ideal filter in our deduction.


Which has sharp stop band in frequency domain, and
accurate bandwidth.

308201- Communication Systems 35


Ideal Low Pass Filter

• The ideal low pass filter, allows all components below to pass
without distortion and suppresses all components above

• The ideal low pass filter response can be expressed as

• The ideal low pass filter impulse response will be

308201- Communication Systems 36


Ideal High-Pass and Band-Pass filters

High Pass Filter

Band Pass Filter

308201- Communication Systems 37


Practical Filters

• The filters in the previous examples are ideal filters.

• They are not realizable since their unit impulse responses are
everlasting (think of the function).

• Physically realizable filter impulse response for


.

• Therefore, we can only obtain approximated version of the


ideal low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters.

308201- Communication Systems 38


Example of a linear system: RC circuit

where,

and,

• Therefore, the circuit behaves as a low-pass filter.


308201- Communication Systems 39
Signal Distortion over a
Communication Channel

• Linear Distortion

• Non-Linear Distortion

• Distortion caused by multipath effects

• Fading channels

308201- Communication Systems 40


Linear Distortion

• Caused due to channel’s non-ideal characteristics of either the


magnitude or phase or both.
• For a time limited pulse, spreading or “dispersion” will occur if
either the amplitude response or the phase response or both
are non ideal.
• For TDM, it causes interference in adjacent channels (cross
talk).
• For FDM, it causes dispersion in each multiplexed signal which
will distort the spectrum of each signal, but no interference,
since each signal occupies a separate channel.

308201- Communication Systems 41


Example

• A low pass filter transfer function is given by

A pulse band-limited to is applied at the input of the


filter. Find the output .

308201- Communication Systems 42

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