Course MTH-161 Introduction to

Statistics
Instructor Ms. Noreen Naeem
Credit Hours 3(3,0)
Assignment- 2

Question -1

Find the errors in each of the following statements:

(a) The probabilities that an automobile salesperson will sell 0, 1, 2, or 3 cars on any given day in
February are, respectively, 0.19, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.15.

(b) The probabilities that it will rain tomorrow is 0.40 and the probabilities that it will not rain
tomorrow is 0.52.

(c) The probabilities that a printer will make 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more mistakes in setting a document
are, respectively, 0.19, 0.34, -0.25, 0.43, and 0.29.

Answer-1

a) Assuming this is the entire sample space, the probabilities don't sum to 1, which they must.

0.19%+0.38%+0.29%+0.15=1.01

b) Rain and not rain are the only two possibilities. Their probabilities must sum to 1.

0.40%+0.52%=0.92%

c) Negative probabilities are not allowed. Because if the probability of something occurring is 0, then
it is impossible for it to occur. Probability cannot be any lower than impossible.
Question -2: The probability that an American industry will locate in Shanghai, China is 0.7, the
probability that it will in Beijing, China is 0.4, and the probability that it will locate in either Shanghai
or Beijing or Both is 0.8. What is the probability that the industry will locate

(a) In both cities?

(b) In neither city?

Answer 2

Let s represent Shanghai and b represent Beijing.

P (s) = .7

p (b) = .4

p (s or b or both) = .8

The general formula is:

P (s or b or both) = p (s) + p (b) - p (s and b)

Replacing variables with their values, the formula becomes:

.8 = .7 + .4 – p (s and b)

We can solve for p (s and b) to get:

P (s and b) = .7 + .4 - .8 which becomes:

P (s and b) = .3

Means

P (both cities) = p (m and b) = .3

P (neither city) is equal to the probability that the location will not be in Shanghai nor will it be in
Beijing nor will it be in both.

This is equal to 1 – p (s or b or both).

Since p (s or b or both) is equal to .8, then p (neither city) becomes 1 - .8 which is equal to .2.

Summery

p (s) = .7

p (b) = .4

p (m or b or both) = .8

p (s and b) = .3

p {not (s or b or both)} = 1 - .8 = .2
Question -3: In a high school graduating class of 100 students, 54 studied mathematics, 69 studied
history, and 35 studied both mathematics and history. If one of these students is selected at random,
find the probability that

(a) The student took mathematics or history;

(b) The student did not take either of these subjects.

Answer 3

Lets

P (Studies Maths) =P (M) =54/100=0.54

P (Studies History) =P (H) =69/100=0.69

P (Studies Maths and History) =P (M∩H) =35/100=0.35

a) The students took math or history.

P (M U H) =?

P (MUH) = P (M) +P (H)-P(M∩H)

P (MUH) = (0.54+0.69)-0.35

P (MUH) = (0.54+0.69)-0.35

P (MUH) =1.23-0.35

P (MUH) =0.88

b) The students didn’t take either of these subjects.

P (Not MUH) =1-P (MUH) =1-0.88=0.12

Question -4: Random samples of 200 adults are classified below by sex and their level of education
attained.

E DUCATION M ALE FEMALE

ELEMENTARY 38 45

SECONDARY 28 50

COLLEGE 22 17

If a person is picked at random from this group, find the probability that

(a) The person is a male, given that the person has a secondary Education;

(b) The person does not have a college degree, given that the person is a female.
Answer 4

A random sample of 200 adults are classified below according to sex and the level of education
attained.

Education Male Female

Elementary 38 45

Secondary 28 50

College 22 17

If a person is picked at random from this group, find the probability that

a) the person is a male, given that the person has a secondary education;
b) The person does not have a college degree, given that the person is a female.

Solution:

a) Let: M is the event that a male will be picked

S is the event that the adult’s level of education

is secondary education

Education Male Female Total

Elementary 38 45 83

Secondary 28 50 78

College 22 17 39

Total 88 112 200

P(S∩M) 28/200 28 14
a. P(M/S) = --------------- = ---------------- = ----- = ------

P(S) 78/200 78 39

0.358974358974359
b) Let F is the event that a female will be picked

NC is the event that a person’s level of education is not a college degree

P(F∩NC) (45+50)/200 95

P(NC/F) = -------------- = ------------------- = -------

P(F) 112/200 112

0.8482142857142857

Question-5: The probability that a regularly scheduled flight departs on time is P (D) = 0.83; the
probability that it arrives on time is P(A) = 0.82; and the probability that it departs and arrives on time
is P(D and A) = 0.78. Find the probability that a Plane

(a) Arrives on time given that it departed on time

(b) Departed on time given that it has arrived on time.

Answer 5
(a) P(A|D) = P(AandD)/P(D)=0.78/0.83 =78/83 

0.9397590361445783

(b) P(D|A) = P(D and A)/ P(A) = 0.78 / 0.82 = 78/82.

0.951219512195122

Question-6: The probability that a doctor correctly diagnoses a particular illness is 0.7. Given that the
doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis, the probability that the patient enters a law suit is 0.9. What the
probability that the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis and the patient sues?

Answer 6

P (correct diagnosis) = .7

P (lawsuit | incorrect diagnosis) = .9

P (incorrect diagnosis AND patient sues) = (.3)(.9) = .27

Question-7: Factory workers are constantly encouraged to practice zero tolerance when it comes to
accidents in factories. Accidents can occur because the working environment or conditions themselves
are unsafe. On the other hand, accidents can occur due to carelessness or so-called human error. In
addition, the worker's shift 7:00 am. -3:00 pm (day shift), 3:00 pm -11:00 pm. (evening shift), and
11:00 pm (graveyard shift) may be a factor. During the year, 300 accidents have occurred. The
percentages of the accidents for the condition combinations are as follows:

Shift Unsafe Condition Human Error

Day 5% 32%

Evening 6% 25%

Graveyard 2% 30%

If an accident report is selected randomly from the 300 reports,

(a) What is the probability that the accident occurred on the graveyard shift?

(b) What is the probability that the accident occurred due to human error?

(c) What is the probability that the accident occurred due to unsafe conditions?

(d) What is the probability that the accident occurred on either the evening or graveyard shift?

Answer 7

Question-8: It is common in many industrial areas to use a filling machine to fill boxes full of
product. This occurs in the food industry as well as other areas in which the product is used in the
home, for example, detergent. These machines are not perfect and indeed they may A, fill to
specification, B, underfill, and c, overfill. Generally, the practice of underfilling is that which one
hopes to avoid. Let P(B) = 0.001 while P(A) = 0.990.(a) Give P(C)

(b) What is the probability that the machine does not under fill?

(c) What is the probability that the machine either overfills or under fills?

Answer 8

P (A) + p (B) + p(C) = 1

know p (A) and p (B),

.990 + 0.001 + p(C) = 1

P (C) = 1 - .990 - 0.001 = 0.009

b):

p (A) + p(C) = 0.990 + 0.009 = 0.999

c)

p(B) + p(C) = 1 - p(A) = 0.010