UDC

NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
CGB
中华人民共和国国家标准

P GB 50021-2001

Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering

岩1工工程勘察规范
(2009 Edition)

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Issued 00 , Jaouary 10. 2001 1mplemented 00 , March 1 , 2002

Jointly lssued by Ministry of Construction ofthe People's Republic of China

General Administratiòn of Qu国 ity Supervision , l i1 spedion and
Quarantine of the Peopl e'. Re puhllc of Cbln回
 NATIONAL ST ANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国国家标准

Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering

岩土工程勘察规范
GB 50021- 2001

(2009 Edition)

Chief Development Department: Ministry of Constructîon of the People's Republic of China

R叩 ublic

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Approval Department: Minìstry of Construction of the People's of China

Implementation Date: March 1 , 2002

China Planning Press

申阁计划生版 i，l.
Be咱 ing 2009
 Introduction

This version ìs one of China '5 engineering cOnstruction st~ndards in English series ,
which. in compliance with the relevant procedures and stipulations. has been organized
to translate by China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization (CECS)
autnorized by Ministry of Housing and Urban二 Rural Developmenl (MOHURD) 01 the
People's Republic of China , On Decernber 4_, 2008 , MOHURD publishcd it by means of
Announcem 巳 ntofNo.177.

The Eng!ish ver:-;ion has been lrans[atcd directly from the Chinese Standard "Code
for 10 飞lcstigation of Gcotechnical Enginecring" GB 50021 - 2001 (2009 Editîon) pub-
lished by China Architecture & Building Press. The copyrigbt is owned by MOHURD.
10 the event of any discrepancy in the process of implementation. the Chinese versíon
shall prevail
Many thanks should go to the organizations like Beijing Urban Constr l1 ction Exp[o-
ra tion &- Surveying Design R巳search 1nstitute CO. • LTD. who have üffered strong sup

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port durìng the course of translation and rcvision oI this v 盯 sion ， and al 皿 to staff Ir om
the relevant standard development organizations and groups who have provided practical
assistance through their hard work
For the sake of imp l" oving its quality. any kind of constructive criticism , comments
and suggestions in assocÎation with thîs vesion is welcom. 1t would be gr四 Iyappreciated

if they could be fed back to CECS

Post Address: China Association Ior Engineering Constru t'. tion Standardi?atiotl
(CECS)
No. 9. Sanlihe Rd. Haidian District
Beijing , 100835. China
Website: www.cecs.org.cn
E-mail: cecs@mai l. cin.gov.cn
The English translation was done by Liu Zhiqiang Guo Hongmei Ma Xuemei
Wang .I inxia Sun Changqing
Revised by Jin Huai He Cuìxiang

Department of Standards and Norms.

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development
of the People's Republic of China
 翻译出版说明

本译本为中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部委托巾国工程建设标准化协会按照有
关程序和规定，统一组织翻译的中囡工程建设标准英文版系列译本之 。 2008 年 12 月
4 日.住房和城乡建设部以第 177 号公告予以公布。
本译本是根据中国建筑工业出版社出版的《岩土工程勘察规范 1GB 50021- 2001
(2009 年版)翻译的，著作权归中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部所高。在使用过程中，
如出现异议，以中文版为准。
本译本在翻译和审核过程中，得到了北京城建勘察设计研究院等单位的大力支持，

本规范编制单位及编制组有关成员给于了积极协助。
为不断提高本译卒的质量，欢迦使用者提出意见和建议，并反馈给中国工程建设标
准化协会。
地址 z 北京市海淀区三旦河路 9 号中国工程建设标准化协会
邮编，1 00835

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阿拉1:: 1 www.cecs.org.cn
E-mail:cecs@mai l. cin.gov‘四

本译本翻译人员 z 刘志强、郭红梅、马雪梅、王晋霞、孙常青
丰译本审核人员金谁、何翠香

中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部标准定额司
 Announcement of Publishing the Partial Revision of
National Standard of "Code for Investigation
。f Geotechnical Engineering

No.314

"Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering" has been approved as a na

tional standard with a serial number of GB 50021- 2001 and will be implemented on
July 1 , 2009. Therein. Clauses 1. 0.3. !1. 1. 18 (1. 2. 3 , and -1), <1.1. 20 门 .2 ， and3) ，

4. 8. 5.5. 7. 2. and 7. 2. 2 are CO l11f) u[sory provisions and must be enIürced 时 rîctly. The
former clauses f; !Wll be abolished simuhaneotlsly
Partial revision clauscs anu spccific content will be publishcd on thc recent publica-

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tions "Engineering Constructìon Standardization"

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peop!e's Republic of China

May 19. 2009
 Notice on Publishing the National Standard of
"Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering"

Jian Biao [2002J No.7

In accordancc wi t. h the requiremf:nts of "NOlicc on Printing tbe Development and

Revision Plan of National Engineering Construction Standards in 1998"(.Ko. Jian Biao
[1998J No. 244) , the If Code for lnvestigation of Geotechnìcal EngineerÎng" , revised
joimly by the Ministry of Construction of P. R. C and other related department , has
been reviewed and approved jointly as a national standard with a reference code of GB
50021- 2001 , and will be put into effect from March 1 • 2002. In this ∞白， 1he Articles
1. O. 3. ~. 1. 11 , ,. 1. 17. 1. 1. j 8 , ~. 1. 2 口， 4.8.5 , 4.9. 1 , 5. 1. 1 , 5. 2. 1. 5.3. 1. 5. 4-. 1 ,
5.7.2.5.7.8 , 5.7.10. 7.2.2and 11.3.3 盯 e compu!sory articles and must be carried
out strictly , corre!>pondingly , 1he former "Code for Investigatîon of Geotechnìcal Engi-

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neering" GB 50021-94 wi lI be abolìshed on Oecember 剖. 2002
The Ministry of Constructio 口. P. R. C shall be responsible for the înterpretation of
the compu!sory articles in thεcode; Comprehensive lnstìtute of Geotechnical lnve.s tiga-
tion &. Surveying is in charge of the interpretation of the detailed technical conlen t. Re-
search Institute for Standards and Norms of the Ministry of ConstructÎon shall organize
ÎLS publication by Chiηa Arcbítecture &- Building Pl 出"

Minís盯 y of Construction of tbe People's Republic of China

January 10 , 2002
 Foreword

rhis code is the revision of "Code for Investìgation of Geot 凹 hnical Enginecring" is
sued in 19 日 4 according 1.0 the 了 equirement ()f Jian Biao [1998J NO.224. 1n the course of
reviS iO n. the chief editorial company , Comprchensivc Inslitute of Geotechnical lnvesti
gation &. Surveytng , togerher with otbcr invesligation , clesign. scicntific research 川时
tcaching units , formeù adevelopment group. to inquire widely for comment~ in 1. hε

whole nation. The group worked OU l' some special reports on thc key modificatio t1 parts.
by coordinating the code with the current national 时 andards and r. hosc bcing amended
After IOt8 of discussion and iterative r 巳 vision. "Pre1 iminary draft" ,‘ lnquírcd Comments
drafl" and "Final draft" were worked oul succes:;iv c1 y and examincd. the final versíon
bas been approved and developed finally
Thís code maÎntains the scop巳 of application. genera1 frame and rnaìn contcni of
"Code for lnvestigation of Geotechnical Engineering" iSSll 时:1 in 1994 and <1 djusts partíal •

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ly. It include 电 14 chapters: Chapter 1 G f' neral Provisionδi Chapter 2 Tcrminology and
symbols; Chapter 3 Grading of invcstigation ancl classjficalion of rock ß_ 80il; Chapter 4
Basic requir t' ments o{ the invcstigation for various engineering; Chapter 5 Adverse geo-
logical actions and geological disasters; Chapter 6 Special rock &. 50il; Chapt巴 r 7 Un-
derground water. Chapter 8 Geological cngineering mapping and survey; Ch 1i ptcr 9 Ex-
ploration and sampling; Chapter 10 In-situ teéif:>; Chapter 11 LtlhoγIHory test 旦， Chapter
12 Appraisal of water ancl soi! corrosivity; Chaplcr 13 In-sìtu inspection a丑 d monlto
ring; Chapler 14 Geotechnical Enginecring Analysis and Assessment and lnvesitigation
Report
The main ernendalory cantents are as follows: 1. ln thc scope o[ applicötion , the in
vestigation of nuclear power plant Is added; 2. The chapter "le :rminology 盯 ld symbob"
is added; 3. Classification of rock hardness and in!egri!y and b<l sic rock quality dc:写 rgna­

tÎon are added; 4. Tbe Învest 咱们 ion requirement of "buildings and structures" and "pile
foundation" are modîficd; 5. The invcstigation specification oI "underground cavity" ,
"γetaining and protecting for foundation excavation engineering". "founclation pit engi
neering" , and "subsoil treatment" a:e modificd; 6. The s e. ction .. télìlings dam and hsh
,
yard dam" i:'\ altered as the investigation for "wasle dispos d engin(~eringn; 7. Th c: cbap
ter "stability of lbe sile" is modified :nro "adver~号已氏 eologicv. l aclions 凡 nd geological diδ
astel"S"; 8. "Sile élnd founJéotìon oI macr(予回 ismic area" ancl "carthquake liqudaction" is
comhined in l' o "earthquake e f[ cct of s11c and foundarion"; 9. "Collapsible soil" and "red
clay" in 叩 :!cial sod is modificd; 10. The investigation rcquireme l"'.t of "undcrground wa
• 1 •
 ter" is strengthened;- 11. "Deep static loading test" and "dilatometer test" are added
Meanwbile , 1n order to provide th 巳 executing criterion for the examination of engineer-
ing quality , the extent of the code i5 comprcssed and the compu!sory technical criterions
for investigation are emphasiz时!

The code may be modified partia l1 y in tbe futuτe and th 巳 modification notice and the
revised clauses wi l1 be published on the journal "Engineering Construction Standardiza
tlO n气 The clauses in bold typeface are compulsory and must be implemented strictly.
1n order to improve the qualìty of the c。如， al1 practitioners please pay more atten-
tion to generalizing your experience and accumulating data during the course of imple
mentation of the code. Any comments can be fed back at any time to Comprehensive In
stitute of Geotechnical Investigalion &.- Surveying (No. 177 Do ngzhimennei Ave. Bei-
jing , Post code; 100007)
Chief Devclopmcm Organization
Comprchensive Institute of Geotechnical InvestigationιSurveying
Participating Development Organizations
Beijing Geotechnical ln 5t itute
Shanghaî Geotechnical Engineering Investigation &- Design lnstitute

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Central Southern Geotechnial Design In~;;tüute

Electric Plan and Desi 日 n lnstitute of State Power OJrporauon of China

China fikan Geotechnical Institute
Institute of Chioa Ordnance lndustrial Geotcchnical engineering lll~

vestigatîon &. Design

Tongji University
Chief Drafring Staff
Gu B1l ohe Gao Dazhao iZhu Xiaolinl Li Shouzhi Li Yaog叫
Xiang Bo Zh (l. ng Zalming Zhang Sumin Zhou Hong Mo Qunhuan
Dai Lianjun
Members in the committee of t~xperts who reviewed and commented this code
Wang Kai Wang Shunfu Wang Huichang ßian Zhaoqing
Li Rongqiang Deng Anfu Su Yibing Zhang Kuangcheng
Zhou Liangd、 en Zhou Bingyuan Zhou Xiyuan
Lin Songen Zhong Liang Gao Dai Weng Lunian Huang Zhilun
Fu Shifa Fan Songhua Wei Zhanghe

Ministry of Construction of the Peop\e's Republic of China

October. 2001
• 2 •
 Contents

I General Provisions ....,.......................',............".............',...........'... ( 1 )

2 Tcrms and Symbols ......,.."...,......................................,................ .... ( 2)
2.1 Terms ." .. ( Z )
2. Z Symb()l~ … ....... ... ( 3 )
3 Grading of lnvestigation and C1 assification of Rock & SoiJ .•. ，..也( 6 )
~1. 1 G Hl ding of Geotcchnical Engine{~ring lnvcstigation ...... ...... ............ ... ... ( 6 )
3.2 Classification and ldentification of Rock ...... ... ... ...... ... .................... (7)
3.3 Classi 日 cation and Identification of Soil ..... ... ...... .... . ..... ... ... ... .... (9)

4 ßasic Requirements for lnvestigation of Various Engineerings .., '" .•. ..• .., ••• ••• (1 ~ )
4. 1 Building and Struc1ure ... ... ... ....….......……..............,..................... (11)
4, 2 Underground Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . … … . . . . ......... ............ (21)
4.3 Bank Side Engineering ...... ... ........................................................ (2 ,;

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)

4.4 Pipeline and Suspension Linc Engineering ...... ............. . ..................... (27)
-1 .5 Wastc Disposa! Engincering ….................……... ... (3 1 )
~. 6 \l uclear Power Plant ............ ........................................ ............. (3. 6)
4.7 Sid 巳 Slope Enginecring .................................................. ........... (12 ì
I~. 8 Foundation Pit Engin~ering …......... (45)
4.9 Pile Foundation .., (4 7 飞

-1 .10 Subsoil Treatme旧 (1 ~l )

ι11 Load Augment and Protettion of Existitlg Buildings ..... .......... .......... (52)
5 Adverse Geological Actions and Geological Disasters ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (55)
5. 1 Karst …...… (56)
5.2 Landdide...... … … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ".... ...... ......... ....... (60)
5.3 Crag and Eboulement ............... .............. ................ ...................... (G 1 )
;).4 Debns Flow .....................,................,..............,.....,............,..... (fí .'i)

5.5 Goaf ............,…....................,........................",........,...... (6~)

5.6 Ground Subsidcnce (66)

5.7 Seismíc Effect ()f Sitc and Foundation". ......,.....,...........,......... ,...... (68)
5, 8 Active Fracture ,.......................,....,...'.....,................................... (70)
6 Special Rock & Soil ,....,.................,."..,..,..............,........,...,.....,...., (72)
6, 1 Co \l apsible Soil ............... ,... ................ ,.................. .........ω ，... (72)
6.2 Red l~lay ."..................... ..........................,......................,......... (74)
 6. 350ft 5011 …..............…………………....….. ... (76)
6. 4 Mixed Soil …..............…...............…........…( 78)
6.5 FI Il …… ….......…..,...,....…." ......... ... (79)
a

6. 6 Permafrost Soil ... ...…...…,.. ......... ... ... ... ... ...." ..' .....自.... ...... ...... (80)
6. 7 Expansive Rock &. So il .....………·川………........忡 U

6. 8 Sallned Rock &. 5οil .………......

… ……… .... … 刊的
6.9 飞.v eathered Rock and Residual Soil ... ... ..……….....………. (88)

6.10 Contaminated Soil ……...…·…...'".....".…... ... ... ... (89)

7 Underground Water …..,.........…-…...…….".…… ……. (g 3 ) I

7.1 Investigation Requirements of Underground Water .....……… ……...……( 9 3 ) E

7. 2 Mensurement of Hydro~geologjçal Parameters ... ……… …………...刊川

7.3 Assessment of Underground Water Action …...…...………………( 9 6 )
8 Engineering Geological Mapping and Investigation .............…..町................. (98)
9 Exploration and Sampling ... .,. ,...…......... .............................. ......... (10 日

9. 1 General Provisîons ......白..........………-…………. (1 01)

9. 2 Drilling … ……… …………… …….. 町 〈四川
9.3 WelI, Trench and Cave Exploration ………………·巴................……... (1 03)

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9, 4 Sampling of Rock &. Soil ………......... .................. ,................. (103)
9. 5 Geophysical Exploration ... ..…·……………...……………( 10日
10 In-si阳 T田 ts ...... ...…………·…………………………………( 10η
10. 1 General Provisions ……..……..… ……...…… ….. 1 I (07)
10.2 Loading (Plate) Tesrs …..........……………..……………(1 0盯

10.3 ……..……...............……… …..

Cone Sta tÎ c Penetration Test E (110)
10.4 Cone Dynamic Penetration Test …....................... ...... ......... (112)
10.5 Standard Penetration Test … …...................... ...... ........................
E (113)
10.6 Vane Shear Test ......... .......……......町…..... (1 14)
10.7 Pressuremet盯 Test ......牛....."..…………..............…( 115)
10.8 Dilatometer Test …...…………""........"........................ (117)
10.9 F但 ld
Direct Shear Test ………… …………………......…." (1 18)
I

10. 1. 0 Wave Velocity Tes[ ……..,....,........................................... (12的

10.11 In-situ Stress Test of Rock Mass ............……... ...... .................. .-.." (121)
10.12 Shock Excitation Test …..….........……….................... (122)
11 Laboratory Tes臼……………… I ….，.................…..，......... (124)
11. 1 General Provîsions …..国…………....................….........… (}2 4.)

11. 2 Tests for the Physical Properties of the Soil (1 24)

..".. ...... ........................
11. 3 Compression and Consolidation Tesl of Soi1 ……....................…..... (1 25)
11. 4 Shear Test of the Soil ."………..……………-…….. (1 26)
• 2 •
 11. 5 Tests for the Dynamic Characteristics of the So il … … . . (1 27) E

t 1. 6 Rock Test .…...................‘……………........... (127)

12 Apprai田I of Con咽 ivity of Water and Soil ...... ........………."… ……… ….. E i (1 29)
12.1 SamplÎng and Test ............... ......... ...... ................……….. (1 29)
12.2 Appraisal of Corrosivity ……….... ...... ............... ............ (130)

13 In-situ Inspection and Monitori吨.....".……....…..…...…………，.... (1 33)

13. 1 General Provisions ...…...........,.". 号... ..........…………町. (133)
13. 2 Inspection and Monitorir唱 for Subsoil and Foundation …........... (133)
13. 3 Monítoring for Adverse Geologícal Actions and Geological Disasters ...... (1 34)
13.4 Monitoring of Groundwater …......…目.....…... ... ... ......... ..……………. (1 36)
14 Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Assessment and Inv回itigation

Report ..........…………..." (1 38)

14. 1 ." ".... ". ....................剧.........................…" .…..
General Provisions (1 38)
14.2 Determination of Geotechnical Parameters ...... ......... ".......... ............ (1 39)
14.3 B曰 ic Requirements of Result Reports ...........…..... (1 41)
Appendix A Classification and Identification of Rock and Soil ...……(1 43)
Appendix B Co町吧ctiOD of Blows of Cone Dynamic Penetration ......... ........, ...... (41)

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Appendix C Enginee时 ng Classification of Debris Flow ….......... (149)
App四 dix D Preliminary Determination of Expansive Soil …………. (50)
Appendix E Determination Method for Hydr吨 001吨ical Parameters ….....………(1 51)
Appendix F Technical Standards fOT Soil Sampler …..................... (152)
Appendix G Site Environment Type .......‘........................"............... (153)
Appendix H Explanation of Wor，出ng in ThIs Codo ....................................... (1 54)

• 3 •
 1 General Provisions

1. O. 1 This code is formulated with a vie只N to implement the technical and economic
policy and ìn the geotechnical engìneering investigation , to ensure llse cost-effectiveness
and investment efficie咽 ly. and e咽 gineering quality.
1. O. 2 This code can be applied to the geotechnícal engineerìng investigation for vari-
QUS engmeenng construct 山 n other than water cooservancy. ra.ilway , road , bridge and
tunnel
1. O. 3 Prior to the desi2D and construction of 由e projects. the ge圳皿 hnical investieation
皿ust be carried out accordine to the b皿 c constr咀ction pr咽 edure.

1. O. 3A The geotechnical investigation shall , according to the requÌrements of each in

vestigation stages of the engineering construction. correctly re f[ ect the engineerìng geo
logical conditíons ~ and ascertain the adverse geological actions and geological disaster
Through elaborate investigation and careful analysis , an învestîgntion report presenting

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completed information and correct assessment shall be provided.
1. O. 4 Geotechnical engine 盯 ing ìnvestigation should be performed 皿 accordance with
oot only the criteria of the code. but a150 that of other current related national standards
and codes.

• 1 •
 2 Terms and symbols

2.1 Terms

2. 1. 1 Geotechnical investigation
The activity of ascertaining , analyzing ancl assessing the geologÎcal and envîron-
mental features. and geotechnical properties of the construction site according to the
construction demancl , and compilîng investigation documents
2. 1.2 Engineering geological mapping
The activity of ascertaining the engineering geological feature and making COrre-
sponding engîneering geological drawings by means of collecting data. reconnaissance.
geological survey and remote sensing interpretation etc
2. 1.3 Geotechnical engineering exploration
The means of geotechnical engineering investigation. including drilling , welling ,
trenching , pitting , cave exploring , geophysical prospectÎng and penerration testing

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etc. .
2. 1. 4 In-situ tests
The tests on rock &. soil rnass at its originallocatîon that could maintain its original
structure , humidity and stress conditions largely
2.1.5 Geotechnical engineering investigation report
A technical document , formed systematìcally to gi 've constructiön proposals based
on the r8W data through co l1 ectìng~ statistics , generalization , analyzing and assessÌng.
2. 1. 6 In-situ inspection
A checking activity in site , conductεd by certaìn means to examine the investigation
results or the effect of design and construction measures.
2. l. 7 ln-si tu monitoring
The systematicai monitoring and observation in site of the character of rock &. soil
mass , the change of underground water , the stres5 and displacement of rock & soil
mass and structures.
2. 1. 8 Rock quality designation (RQD)
The pen:entage ratio of the total length of core greater than lOcm verse the tota1
length of a turn. The rock core should be driUed with the diamond bit which diamet盯 .s
75mm and with double core barrel continuously.
2. 1. 9 Quality dass > fication of 50i1 samples
The classification of soil sample set out according to the degree of disturbance in
• 2 •
 terms of quality
2. 1. 10 Adverse geological actions
The geological actions may be harmful to the works , which is caus巳d by internal or
external forces of the ground.
2. 1. 11 Geological disasters
The incident caused by the adverse geological actions endangers the safety of lives.
properties. engineering and environment.
2.1.12 Ground sub 田 dence ， land subsidence
The massÎve regional ground subsidence is generally the subsequence of lhe ground-
water depresslon funnel as a result of over-pumping of the underground water. 1t also
may be caused by the massive underground goaf and the self~weight collapse settlement
of loess.
2.1.13 Standard value of a geotechnical parameter
The basîc representatíve value of geotechnical parameter , which is generally O. 05
quantile of probability distribution.

2.2 Symbol.

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2.2. 1 The physical properties and grain composition of rock & soil
e一一-Porosity ratio;
l ， 一一一 Liquidity index;
l ， ←一- Plasticity index;
n一一-Porosity;

S，一一-Saturationl

w-一-Water content , water content ratioi

w ,,--Liquid lim且，

w， 一一-Plastic Ii mitl
W
Y一一一 Gravity density (gd);
p一一一 Mass densitYJ
向一一-Dry density
2.2.2 The deformation parameters of rock & 80il
a一一-Coefficient of compres8ibílity , compressibility coefficient;
C, --Compression index;
C，一一- Recompression Îndex I
C.-一-Rebound indexi
C,--Coefficient of horizontal consolidation;
C.--Coefficient of verticaJ conso 1i dation;
• 3 •
 E.--Modulus of deformation. deformation modulus;
Eo一一-Modulus of side dilatancy;
Em-- Lateral pressure modulus;
E.--Compression modulusJ
G一-Shear modulusi
p , --Preconsolidation pressure.
2.2.3 The strength parameters of rock 缸 soil
C一一-Co hesioo;
p。一一一 Linear limit pressure in loading test. or initial pressure in pressuremeter test;
Pf 一一-Critical plastic preSSllre in pressuremeter test;
PL-一-Ultimate pressure in pressuremeter test ,
p.--U 1t imate pressure in loading test;
q. 一一-Unconfined compression strength ,
r 一一-Shear strength;
伊一一- Angle of internal friction.
2.2.4 lndices of penetration and stanclard penetration test
Rf--Ratio of skin friction to cone resistance of cone static penetration test;

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f是 Skin friction of cone static penetration test ,
N--Blow number of standard penetration test ,
N ,, --Blow number of 1 咱 ht dynamic penetration test;
Nω5 一一- Blow number of heavy dynamic penetration test;
N f细 Bl ow number of super heavy dynamic penetration test;
p.--Specific penetration resistance of cone static penetratìon test ,
q,--Co ne resistance of cone static penetration test.
2. 2. 5 The hydrogeological parameters
B 一一一 Leakage factor j
h一一-Permeability coefficient , coeffjcient of permeability;
Q--Flow , yi巳 ld;

R--Radius of influence;
S一一-Coefficient of storage , storage coeffi口ent;

T一一-Coefficient of transmissibility , transmissibility coefficient;

u--Pore water pressure
2.2.6 Others
F穆 Safety factor of side slope;
lo-- So il dilatancy index;
Kn--Horizontal stress index of dilatometer test;
ρ ， --Expansive force 1
• 4 •
 Un--Pore preSBUre index of dilatometer test;
L1 F ,--Additional collapsed settlement ,
s一一-Settlement of foundation. set tI ement of the loading tcst;
S ,--Sensitivity;
αw一一-Water content ratio of red claYI
V， 一一- V eloci ty of co血pressive wave , compressive wave velocit Yl
吼一一- Velocity of shear 飞N' ave ， shear wave velocity;
ð-一-Coefficient of variatìon , variation coefficient;
"，，-一一 Total collapsed sett1 ement I
严一一- Poisson ratio;
.--5比 andard deviatíon

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• 5 •
 3 Grading of Investigation and Classification of Rock & Soil

3. I Grading of Geotechnical Engineering Inv田tigation

3. 1. 1 According to the scale and the feature of engineering , engineeríng destruction

degree or the cansequence of failu苦e to nonnal use caused by the geotechnical engineer
ing problem. the engineering can be divided in lO three grades in importance:
1 Grade 1 : The key engineerir唱， and the consequence of destruction or failure
to normal use is very serious.
2 Grade II: The common engineεríng ， and the cOfisequence of destruction or
failure to normal use is serious,
3 Grade m The sub-ordinate engineering , and the consequence of destruction or
1

failure to normal is not serious

3. 1. 2 According to the complexÎty , the site can be divided ioto three grades:
1 1t is designated as Grade 1 site if its complexity accords with any of the follow-

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ing items <complex sÎte) :
1) The area is very dangerous il1 respect of anti-seismic of buildings;
2) The adverse geological action develops strongly ,
3) The geologic environment has been destroyed or may be d臼 troyed seriously;
4) The landform and the geomorphy is complex;
5) There is multHayer underground water (g.ro undwater or underground water)
and karst fissure water which will affect the engineering , or the site where
hydro-geological condition is complex and shall be studied specially
2 It îs designated as Grade 11 site if its complexity accords with any of the fol
lowing items (medium (moderately) complex site):
1) The si阻 is adverse in respect of anti-seÎsmic of buildíngs;
2) The adverse geological action develops moderateJy;
3) The geological environment has been destroyed or may be destroyed moder
ately;
4) The landform and the geomorphy is complex relatively;
5) There is no basement below the underground wa. ter level
3 1t Îs designated as Grade msîte if its complexity accords wîth any of the fol-
lowing items (simple sìte):
1) The seismic fortification intensity is less thari grade 6 or the site is advanta
geous in respect of anti-seismic of buildings;
• 6 •
 2) The adverse geological action does not develop;
3) The geological environment has not been destroyed yetl
的 The landform and geomorphy is simple;
5)There is no underground water affecting the engineering
Note: 1 The engineering can hf gradfd by identihing iu oonformam:e in th., sequen o::e oI Grade 1 .日，凹， and the
Ii rst conformed grade is prefe口"ed. For Article 3. 1. 3.τhe foundatìon grade Can also be graded in this way
2 The c1 assifieation oI advantageom; seclω 险. disadvantageous se 回归 n and dange rQ us section in termR of huild
mg ~e四nlc faclor $hould ac∞ rd with the current standard "Code for Anti-seismic De sign of Huilding♂
GB 50011
3. 1. 3 According to the complexÌty. the foundation can be divided into three grades:
J It is designated as Grade 1 {oundation if its complexity accord with anyone of
the following items (complex foundation):
1) Where there are many kinds of rock & soi l, greatly inhomogeneous , the prop-
erties of rock & soil varies greatly and needs to be specially treated;
2) 飞iVhere there are special rock &soi1 such as serious collapsible soi1 , expansive
50i1 , salinized soil , and contaminated so i1 and others in complex condìtion that
needs to be specially treated.
2 lt is designated as Grade II foundation if the comp1exity accords wirh any of the
mod 巳rately

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following items (medium or complex foundation)
1) Where there are various rocks &. soils I inhomogeneous. the properties of rock
&. soi1 varies moderately;
2) Where there are special rock &- 50il other than those in the above article 1.
3 It is designated a5 Grade mfoundation if the complexity accords with any of
the fo l1 owing items (simple íoundation) I
1) Where there i8 few kinds of rocks &. soilst homogeneous , the properties of
the rock &. soil does not vary seriouslYI
2) There is no special rock &. soi l.
3.1.4 According to the engineering importance , the cornple}日 ty of the sìte and founda-
tion. the grade of geotechnical engineerîng investígation can be divided as fol10wings
Grade A: At least one i5 in Grade 1 among grade of the engineering importance.
grade of the site complexity and th8t of foundation
Grade B: The grade of geotechnical engineering investigation is neither Grade A
nor Grade C
Grade C; The importance of engineering , the complex> ty of site and foundation are
a11 in Grade 1lI
Note τne gradeo of geotechnîcal fngineering investigation rnay be desìgnated as. Grade B when Grade 1 engineering in
importllnce built on the rocky soil hut oolh the grade~ of the c臼nplexity of 5ite and foundation of Grade m.

3.2 Classification and IdenUfication of Rock

3.2.1 In the COUT~e of geotechnical engineering investigation , the geological name and
• 7 •
 the weathering degree of rock should be ìdentìfied and the hardness , the degree of integ-
rity and the rock quality designation shall be determìned
3.2.2 The hardness , the degree of întegrity and the rock quality designa tÎ on can be
classified according to the criteria specified in the Table 3.2. 2-1--Table 3. 2. 2-3.
Table 3. 2. 2~ 1 CwsificatioD of the Rock Hardo笛S

Hatdness
Sa. lurated uniaxlal
60~/， >30 30;;;;"1.>15 1.';;;'5
comprωsive strcnl/: th (MPa)
?、飞。le:1 The saturated uoiaxial compηessÎve strength can be convelted with the strength gotten from point lo a. dîng

test when It 15 001 available. The conversion method should referωthe currenl oatio081 RtAndard. "Stand
a. nl fOl Ellginecring Rock Mas... Grading" GB 50218
2 口a5sification of ha由 ess of toCk 叫 be neglected if the degre<: of inl<:grity 阳 extrem<:ly frangibl巳

Table 3.2.2-2 CI四 sificati幅。r 由e Rock Int唔rity Deg~

Degree of integdty
旦出士坐到
lntegrity index <0.15
Note ,Integrity index is Ihe square of the ratio of Ihe ∞ mpressive wave velocity of rock verse tbat of rock mass. We
shouJd 时 eCI tne representative rock and roc 11: m.a ss when we m棚 ur~ the wave velodty

Table 3. 2. 2-3 Classlflc: ation of the Rock QualUy D四gnaUon

工泣芝之
Secondly 5，∞ ndly

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Hardness Integral Frangible
integral frangîble
Hard rock E m JV V
Seeondly nard rock E 回 lV JV V
Se condly 50ft rock 皿 lV lV V v
50ft rock JV JV v V V
F..xtr'町nely 30ft rock v v v V V

3. 2.3 If there is short of test data. we 咀n make the'classifi c: ation of rock hardness and
rock integrity degree according to Table A. O. 1 and Table A. O. 2 in Appendix A of thîs
code. The degree of weathering can be dass i{ied according to Table A. 0.3 in Appendix
A.
3.2.4 The rock with the softening coefficient of less than O. 75 is designat巳 d softened
rock j the rock with special component. spec 国 1 structure or special character should be
defined as special rock , such as soluble rock , expansive rock , disintegrable rock , salin-
ization rock and 50 on.
3.2.5 The description of rock includes geological age , geological name , degree of
weathering , color , main minerals contained , structure , configuration and rock quality
designation CRQD). The description of sedìmentary rock should include grain size ,
shape. cement component and degree of cementation of the sediment. The clescriptîon of
magmatic rock and metamorphic rock should include the size of crystal and the degree of
crystallinity
• 8 •
 According to the rock quality designation (RQD) , the rock can be dassified as ex-
ce[]ent (RQD>90). better (RQD~75-90). bad (RQD~50-7日， worse (RQD=25---50)
and extremely worse (RQD<25)
3.2.6 The description of the rock mass should indude structural plane , structur a1
body , depth of stratum and structure type and accord with the followings:
1 The description of structural plane includes type , character , attitucle. combina
torial pattern. development degree. ductility status , closure degree , roughness. filling
status I character of filler and water containing etc.
2 The description of structural body includes type , shape. size and force-bearing
condition in the surrounding rock etc. . The 由 ickness of rock stratum should be classi
fied according to Table 3. 2. 6
Table 3. 2. 15 Classificallon of ThicknωS of Rock Stratum
Cl llssi !ication on thicknell" Thicknell" of singl l': Cla~吕ificatÎon of thickne~~ Thickne喃 Qf single
。f rock 刑 ratum strBtum (m) 。f rock 揭 triltum MrA l'U m (m)

日 uge thick layer ">1.0 Mode立ately thick layec 0.5 二;;;11>0.1

Thick lay思 T 1. 0关t. >0.5 Thin ISy l'r hζo. 1

For the underground cavìty and side slope engineering , we should a1so ascertain

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3.2.7
the structure type of rock mass. The structure type of rock mass should be classified ac-
cording to Table A. O. 4 in Appendix A in this code
3.2.8 For Grade N and Grade V rock mass. tbe rock quality designation should be
classîfied according to not on\y the Artides 3. 2. 5.........3. 2.7 but also the foUowing crite
rI a:

1 For the 30ft rock and extremely soft rock. whether it has special properties of
softenale. expansîbility and salinizibility should be paìd attention to.
2 For the extremely frangible rock mass. the cause of frangibility should be ilI us-
trated , eg: fault and fully weathered etc.
3 Whether there Îs further weathered possibility after the excavation.

3.3 Classification and Identification of SoiJ

3.3. 1 The soil deposi t. ed i.n or before Epipleistocene Epoch should be viewed as aged
sedimentary soi 1. The soil d 叩 os Ït ed in Holocene Epoch of Quaternary period should be
viewed as newly sedimentary soi 1. According to the geologic origin. the soil can be clas
sified into residual soil. slope deposit. diluvial deposit. silted deposit. giacial deposit
and aeolian iloi 1. So i1 should be c1 assificated according to Table A. O. 5 in Appendix A.
3.3.2 If the mass of grain greater than 2mm is more than haH of the total mass. the
soil should be defined as gravelly so>1 and be further dassi白 ed according to Table 3. 3. 2.
3.3.3 If the mass of grain greater than 2mm is less than half of the total mass or tnat
• 9 •
 greater than O. 075mm i5 皿ore than h a1 f of the tota1 mass , the 80il should be defined as
sandy 50i1 and be further classified according to Table 3.3.3.
Table 3. 3. 2 Classm四 tlon 01 Grave1 ly Soil
N.;t me Panide shllpe Grain compos协U'"
Bo ulder Do minatingly in r口，mded and 8ub国 rounded The mllS5 of gr副n .'国ter than 200mm al:白山lts I01
Chunk Do minatingly in 皿gular more than h<l !f 01 the tOtal llliI臼
Pebble DominatingJy in rounded and sub-rounded The m9晤。 f grain gr臼 tet than 20mm ec臼 unts for
Crushed stone Do minatingJy in angul :a r more tMn haIf 01 the rOtal ma黯
Grllvel Do minatingly in rounded and sub-rounded The mass of grsin greater than 2mm 8.C∞unts for more
Angular 且ravd Donllnatingly in anguJar tb ll. n hll.lf of the total mas吕

Note ,Soil name should be defined from Ihe big grain composition to the sme.1I one successlvely ,
Table 3 , 3. 3 Cla副"四tion of S幅dy Soil
Name Grain eomposition
Gravely !land The mass of gr.血 n larger than 2mm accounu for 25%-50% of the tOlal mass
Cu ane sand Thema且 01 grain Jarger than O. 5mm is more than 50% of the tot o. l ma且

Medium sand The ma目 of grllin Jarger than 0, 25mm i~ more than 50% of the total maS5
Fine sand The ma田 of grain greater than O. 075mm is more than 85 % 01 Ihe 臼tal tnass
Si hy sand The mÐM of grain larger than 0 ，由 75mm is more than 50 % or the rota! ma回
Note , We should name the ~oil in the s吨uence from big to small of grain 创".

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3.3.4 The soil with mass of grain greater than O. 075mm Iess than 50 % of the total
mass and the plastic index not more than 1 口， should be nominated as s i1 ty 50i l.
3.3. S The soil with the plastic index more than 10 should be nominated as cohesive
soil
The cohesive soil5hou1d be classified into silty clay and clay according to the plastic
indexI th8t with the plastic index more than 10 and not more than 17 should be nomina
ted as silty clay , and that with the plastic index more 由 aD 17 5hould be nominat甜甜
clay.
Note ,The above plastic index should be calculated accordingωthe liquid \i mit mellsured with the 768 cone i阳t1'lIffienl
submerging l Omm into the soiJ
3.3.6 Nomination of soil oot only depends on the grain grade and the p1astic index ,
but also synthetical nomination should conform to the following criteria:
1 For the soi1 having special origin and age. we should take them into account
when nominate it
2 For the special 50il , we should take the grain grade and the plastic index into ac-
count when nominate ìt.
3 For the compound soi1 , we should give it nomination with ìts main component
4 For the rhythmic deposition in the same layer , if the ratio of the thickne5s of
thick 1ayer verse thin layer is more th皿 1/3 ， the soi1 should defined as "interbedding";
If the ratio of that is 1/10--1/3. it should be defined as "interlayer 飞If the ratio is less
10 •
 than 1/ 10 and appear5 frequen 1Ì y , it shouJd be defined as "thin bed't
5 If the thickness of layer is more than O. 5mm. it should be delaminate separate
ly.
3.3.7 Based 00 site description. so i1 identification sha lI he combined with laboratory
description for samples and the result of lahoratory test. So i1 description should accord
with following specifications:
1 For coarseγgrained soî1. grain síze distribution , particle shape. grain grading ,
mother rock compo s-ition , degree of weatbering , fi l1 ings character , filling degree and
compactness should be described f
2 For sandy 50il , color , mineral composition. grain grading , particle shape. clay
content t moistnes5 and compactness should be described I
3 F町 silty soil , color , contains moistnes5. compactness , dilatancy , glossy • dry
s甘e吨 th. and toughness and 50 on 生凹 ld be de飞 cribed;

4 For cohe 剖 ve 50i 1. color , pla5ticity. contains , stratllm structure and 50 on

should be described;
5 Be5ides contents spec业 fied for above mentioned soil type s巾 all be described 1for
special Soìl , its speciaI component and special propertie 、 shall be described; for in

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stance. the odor for muddy soil shall be describ 时 I and for filling soi l. it5 component ,
accumulation age , compactness and uniformity shall be desc口 bed l

6 For 50i15. featured in alternation of layers. interlayer , and thin layer , thickness
of Iayer stratîficatio响 characteristics shall be described.
7 When necessary , the 50il glossy , dilatancy , dry strength and toughness m 町 be
described by the visual inspection. while the silty 50ìl and cohesive soil is distingui-shed
according to Table 3. 3. 7.
T且 ble 3. 3. 7 SiI ty Soil and Coh四ive Soil Wilh Vi皿 011"，pedion

DÎstingui~h items Dila, tancy G1DS.~)' Dry st l'白19th Toughness

Sihy 罩。 il RaJl id and moderate Witho Ll t g!ossy Low Low
With gJos町 "d
Co hesive 50il Wlthout I High a叫 mode~ate I High and m口derate
with lìttle glos~y

3.3.8 The degree of c时npaction of gravelly soil should be c1 assif>ed based on bIow5 of
heavy dynamic penetration tesl as per specificatíons in Table 3. 3. 8-} or Table 3. 3. 8-2
The value of N 63 • 5 and N 120 should be modified according to Appendix B. The qualitative
description ShOllld be implemented according to Table A. O. 6 in Appendix A
Table 3. 3. 8-1 C Iass由四tion of Degr咽。rε:Ompaction tor Gravelly 8011 in Terms of N 6J. 5
B!ows of hcavy dynamÎc Blows of heavy dynamic
Dcgree of compactiof1 Degree of compactlon
þe f1 e.rgtion te~! N创 S 阳 nelracion test N盹 5

N侃 s 运 5 Loos但 lO <N...，运2c Mod舍 rate!y dense

S<N S3 . ，运 10 Slighdy thick N l 3.1 >20 D'Mε

• 11 •
 NOT~: The abo \l e table is app lLçable tO the gra \l elly Roil with &\l erage gfllin 刷l.eol 阳1( gr~uter thnn 50mm lI nd the rTll\血

mum gnlln s也 ze olless Than 100mm. For the gra \l c !l y 始illlggregale wtth nverage grxÎn size 01 more rhan 50mm
aod the mllximum grllin :.Îze of mωe lhan lOÚmm. identificotion 巾。川d be based 00 super- heayy dynamic pen e-
tralion test or I阿 ld observatlon
Tllble 3. 3. 8-2 Classîfîcation of 0唔ree of Compaction of Gravelly Soil in TerlT菌。f N ， 去。

Blow~ 01 supe r- he且vy dynamie Blow~ 01 sup<:'T'he自 vy dynamic

DeClee 01 compacti口n 口egree of compact;on
peneualion le51 N ，!~ penetralion test NUI)
NlU';;;;;3 [..oo,;e lI <Nuo~l. De nsE
3<N lJ oζ6 Slightly d剧目 Nno > 14 Very den四

6<N m ';;;;;11 Moderlltely den~e

3.3.9 The degree of compaction of sandy soil should be classified into dense. moder
ately dense. slightly dense and loose according to blows of standard penetration test N ,
meanwhile. which should conform to lhe criteria in Table 3. 3. 9. If the degree of com
paction of 5andy soil is classified based On cone resistaoce of static penetration test , local
experience should be referred.
'fable 3. 3. 9 Clø剧 flcaUon of the Degree of Comp皿tion of Sandy Soil
B1 0ws o[ IItandard pe阳 uar.lOn Blows of st a. ndard p!! n创 ratton
Degree of compaction Degree of çompactÎon
E 盼'N 飞回电 N

N 运;10 Loose 15<N';;;;30 Moderately de 、"

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10<Nζ15 Slighdy Jense N>30 S!ightly den S<!
3.3.10 The degree of compaction of silty soil can be classified into dense. moderately
dense. shghtiy dense according tO the poros Ît y ratio e. lts humidity should be classified
into moisture. wet and very wet according to the water content 四( %). Classification of
the degree of compaction and the humidity should conform to tbe criterÎa in Table
3.3.10-1 and Table 3. 3. 10-2 also.
Table 3. 3. JO-j CI81咽岖".峰。捕 ror the M。面tn但鹅。f Silty Soil
Poro何 lty ratro I! De gree 01 compllClion
~<O. 15 De nlle
o. 75~ 1!ζ0.90 Mocleraτely Dense
e>O.9 到 ightly De nl'e

NOle: The density oI silty soil may be daω 山ed according to in.sítu tests or other measure珞刊 experience is a\l aUÐble
Table 3.3.10-2 CI瞄 lficatlon for 1M Moistn醋。f Silty Soil
W&ter çontent w Humidiry
ω <20 Moi,;tLl re
20ζ~30 w"
w>30 Very wet

3.3. 11 The plasticity of cohesive 50il should be classifîed Înto hard t non-plasticîty.
Iow plasticity. medium plasticìty and high plasticity accordìog to the liquidity index 1 1
and should accords with the criteria io Table 3.3.1 1.
• 12
 Table 3.3.11 Classlflcation for the Moistne髓。r SlIly Soil

Liquid町 index 11 5t~tc Uquidi!y index 11 51!.le

1，.毛主0 Hard
0.75<1 1 运 I Medlum 例 aMiclty
O< Ir."二 0.25 NQn-plllsticity
h>l High 圳 8fitlCl ty
0.25<11ζ 0.75 I. QW pla~1 忧

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13
 4 Basic Requirements for Investigation of Various Engineering

4. 1 Bullding and Structnre

4.1. l The geotechnical engineering investigation for building and struclure (h 盯 einaf

ter called building) shall be implemented 00 the basis of coHecting the overlying load of
the buildîng , functional character , structural style , foundatìon type. embedment depth
and deformation limit etc.. The main work content shall be in accordance with the fol
lowings requirements:
1 Ascertains the stability of the site and foundation. stratum structure. engineer-
ing featurc of bearing layer and underlying layer , the stress history , condition of under
ground water and adverse geologícal actÎons etc.
2 Provide the geotechnical paramet时 s meeting the demand of design and construc
tion , determine the bearing capacity of foundation and forecast the deformation behavior
character of foundation.

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3 Put forward the recommendations about the design and the construction of the
foundation. foundation pit bracing , engineering dewatering and soil treatmen t.
4 Put forward the recommendations about the prevention and processing scheme
of the advεrse geological actions acting on the existing buildings.
5 For the site which seism<c fortificatÎon intensity Îs not less than grade 6 , the
seÎsmic effect of site and foundation shall be assessed.
4. 1. 2 The geotechnical engineering investigation for huildings shaU be implemented io
several stages and the feasibility study investigation shall meet the demand of sìte selec-
tion. The preliminary investigation sball meet the demand of preliminary design , and
the detailed învestigation shall meet the demand of construction drawing design. For the
engineering with complex site condition and need to be treated specially , the investiga-
tion during construcrion should be carried out. For the engÎneering with small area and
without speciaI demand. the investigatíon stages can be combined. lf the overall layout
of construction has been worked out and geotechnical data of the site or in the vicinity of
the site is available , we should implement the detailed investìgation directly according to
the practícal condition
4.1.3 The stability and suitabilîty of the site sha.lI be assessed during the feasibility
study investigation which shall be in accordance with the follow requirements:
1 To collect the data about regional geology , landform and geomorphy , earth
quake. mine , local engineεrmg g色。 logy ， engineering gcological conditions , geotechnical
• 14 •
 engineering and construction experience etc. ;
2 On the basis of collecting and analyzing the existing data. to ascertaÎn the site
such as stratum , configuration , lithology , adverse geological actions and underground
water etc. •
3 If the engineering geological condition is very complex and the existing data can
not meet the demand , engineering geological mapping and necessary exploration work
shall be carried out;
4 If there are two or more sites to be selected. analyzíng and comparÎson Sh811 be
mode
4. 1. 4 During the preliminary exploration , the stabi 1i ty of the sìte sha11 be assessed
and the main work as follows shall be carried out
1 To collect the data including relevant documents of the engineering , information
about engineering geological and geotechnical engineering , and topographic map COver-
ing the site;
:Z To ascertain preliminarily the geologìcal configuration. stratum structure ,
ge旧时 hnical engineering properties and condîtio贝。f occurrence of underground water;
3 To find out the origin , distribution , scale and development trend about the

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adverse geo1ogical actions; and to assess the 5tability of the si忙，

4 For the site which seismic fortification intensity is no less than Grade 6. the
seismic effect of site and foundation shall be assessed;
5 lf tbe site is located in a seasonal frozen region , the standard frozen depth shall
be sUTveyed;
6 To prelirnina. rily asc町tain the corrosivìty of water and the soil to building mate-
rial;
7 For the preliminary investigation for tall buildings. the subsoil and foundation
type , the scheme abo l.l t foundation pit excavation and bracing , and dewatering sha11 be
analyzed and assessed preliminarily.
4. 1. 5 The preliminary investigation shall be in accordance wÎth the Iollowi 日 g req Ul r e--
四lents:

1 The exploratory line 5hall be perpendic l.l Lar to the geomorphic unit , geological
structure and stratiphic boundary;
2 Each geomorphic unit shall be laid out exploratory point. The exploratory
point5 5hall be a l1 0cated at the intersection of geomorphic unit and the section which
straturn changes greatly;
3 The exploratory point may be laid out in gríd at the even area;
4 For rocky subgrade , the exploratory line and exploratory points , and the depth
of exploratory boreholes 5ha11 be designed according to the 10cal standards and experi
• 15 •
 ence on the basis of the geologic structure , the featur e of rock mass and , wea出 ermg can-
dition etc.. For soil subgrade , thûse shall be designed in accordance with criteria of
items from 4. 1. 6 to 4. 1. 10 in this section.
4. 1. 6 The Înterval of exploratory line and exploratory p。山 ts in the preliminary inves
tlganon 皿 ay be determìned according to those specifîed in Table 4. L 6. For the local
anomaly 盯曲， the exploratory line and exploratory points shall be densified.
Table 4. 1. 6 Spaclng of Explorato叮 Lioes aod Exploratory Points 10 Prelimin町γ1"，四tigaUon (m)
CC 羽 plexity of foundatωm lnτerval of Ex抖。ration line:s Interv.唱 L of EXp loration poin比S

Grade 1 (~oroplex) 50-100 30-50

Grade II (moderately complex) 15-150 40-100
Grade 皿〈副 mple) 150-300 ?5-200
Note , 1 The intervals are not applicable tO geophysical ex: ploration
2 The control exploratory points should IICCDunt fOr 1/5-1/3 01 the totaJ point自 and ellch geomorph也 umt

!Ûlould bave control explorat 阳 p刷刷

4.1.7 The depth of exploratory borehole in preliminary investîgation may be dete r-

mined according to those set out in Table 4. 1. 7.
Ta巾<)e 4. 1. 7 Depth of Exploratory Boreholes 10 Prelimina可 In'崎tigatioß (m)
,poruJnte of engineering
h General exp!oratory hole Control expLoratory hole
Grade 1 (important engìneering) Ø: 15 ;:;-30

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Grade D (common 阳扭曲吨〉 10-15 15-30
Grade 皿 (subordinate engineering) 6-10 10-20
No川 ".1 The exploratory hole indude~ dtUling hole , expl。而且。ry well and jn-~jtu test ho!e
2 Dril1 ing hoJe for spectacular purpose 凶 excluded

4. 1. 8 The depth of exploratory hole shall be adjusted properly if any conditions b e1 0w

lS met:
1 If there is a great difference between the top elevation of exploratory hole and
the ground surface elevation to be leveled , the depth of exploratory hole shall be adj l1s
ted according to the difference I
2 If there is a bedrock within the designed depth. the controlling exploratory hole
sha11 enter the proper depth Înto bedrock and the other boles may be terminated wben
bedrock is met i
3 If there is a very thick and distributed uniformly hard subsoil Csuch as gravelly
soil t dense sand and aged deposited soiD , the controlling exploratory hole shall enter
由e proper depth of bedrock and the depth of general exploratory hole may be decreased
appropriatelyõ
4 If there is a soft soil within the predicted depth , the depth of exploratory hole
shall be increased appropriately and parts of the controlling exploratory holes 5ha1l pen
etrate the 50ft soil or reach the predicted controllÎng depth;
5 For the heavy industry building , the depth of exploratory hole shall be in-
creased appropriately according to the construction 5tructure and the load conditions.
• 16 •
 4. 1. 9 The soil samplîng and the in-situ testing shall be in accordance with the Jollow
lng requlrements
1 The exploratory points for soil sampling Il nd in-situ testing sha Jl be distributed
according to the character of geomorphic unit , stratum structure and engîneering prop-
erties. The number of that may be 1/ 4~1/2 of the tota l;
2 The number of soil sampling and the vertical interval of i 日← situ testing shall be
determíned according 10 the character of stratum and the degree of soil uniformity. Soil
sampling or in-situ testing shall be performed in each layer and the number should not
be less than 6.
4.1.10 The fo l! owing hydrogeology work shall be carried out in preliminary explora-
twn:
1 To find out the condition embedded of aquifer. style of underground water , re-
charging and draínage condition and the underground water table of each aquifer. inves
tigate the fluctuation of underground water and set up the long-term observation bore
hole if necess旧 ry to rnonitor the variation of it;
2 If the hydrograph of underground water sbould be mapped out. to measure tbe
groundwater level according to the condition of occurrence of underground water and

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aquifer;
3 1f the foundation can be immerged by the underground water. the corrosivity
shall be appraised by collecting the water sample
4. 1. 11 Duri吨血e detailed Î'n vestigation stage I detailed data on geot国 hnical engineering
and 曲e geotechni国 I pa1'amete1's for design and co皿 truction sbaU be put Corwa1'd according
to the single boilding 0 1' building group , the geotechnical engineering for the foundation
shall be done , and the recommendations 00 subsoil type , Coundation type ，阻bsoil t 1'eat-
meot , foundation pit b1'acing , dewate1'ing and the preven tÎon and proce田 ing of adverse ge-
010且ical actions shall be pot forward. Tbe main wo1'k is as follows:
1 To collect the data including overal layout of buildings with c回rdinate and eleva-
tion. elevation of ground level时. feature , scale , load , st1'ucture f，阅 ture of buildings ,
foundation style , embeded depth and allowable deCormation of foundation and 50 on;
2 To find out the type , origin , dist 1'ibution , development trend and hazal'd degree of
the adve1'se gl凶logical actions , and put forward the recommendations about proc回smg

scheme;
3 To ascertain type , depth. distribution and enginee 1'ing properti囚。r the fo1'皿 ation

within the range of construction , and analyze and 酣睡回 the stabiJity , onifo1'皿ity and bear-
ing capacity of the subsoil;
4 Fo1' the construction needing calculate the settlement , to provide the parame趾r，

for calcolation of 拙 bsoil derormation and p 1'edict the deformatÎ onεharacter of buildings j
17 •
 5 To 白 nd ou1 the buried 0时 ects averse to the engineeri闹革 including river channel ,
groove , gr盯e. bomb shelter and solJ tary-stone etc. :
6 To find out 由e condition of occun四ce of underground water and provide the
groundwaler level and fl皿tuatloo of it i
7 Tointhes曲sonal frozen area I 阳 provide the standard fr，回归 depth of the soil in
thesite õ
8 To identify the corrosivity of water and 回iI to construction material.
4. 1. 12 For the site which aseisma 1'Ì c fortification intensity is oot Less than grade 击， the
investigation 5ha11 comply with specifications in Section 5. 7 io thi5 code. If the pile
foundation was adopted for the buildings! it sha11 comply with specifications in Section
4.9 in thi5 code. H it is necessary to design the foundation pit excavation , bracing and
dewatering , it 5ha 1l comply with Section 4. 8 in this code.
4、 1.13 Influence 01 2roundwater on en~inee汀ring and environment during construction
sha11 be demonstrated in detail investigation. F时也 e important engme
一旦旦卫生旦旦二
plicate conditions , special study shall be rnade when the wat盯 level changes during the
service requires demonstratÎng and when anti-floating and waterproof water level re-
quires putting forward

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4.1.14 Fo山 the detailed investigation. the distribution of exploratory points and the
depth of exploratory hole should be established according to the construction feature and
the geotechnical condition. For the rocky subsóil , it sha11 be establ阳 hed according to
the geological structure , properties of rock mass and weathering condition , and com-
bined with the demand for foundation of buildi吨. the provisional standards and or local
experience. Fo ,r soiled subgrade. it shall be in accordance with requirement specified in
Article 4. 1. 15-4. 1. 19 in th略目 ction.

4. 1. 15 1n detailed invest 唱 ation stage , the interval of exploratory po山nts shall be de-
termined accQrding to requirement specified in Table 4. 1. 15
Table 4. 1. lS Spacl吨。 fE呻 lora阳l' PO担ts in 伽e Detailed Investigat.i on
c。mplexity gr山 of subsoil \ lnterv曲。f 叫lorøtory 阳nts\1 Co mple"ity of ~ub剧 1 Ilnterval of Exploraω" 阳 ints
Grade 1 (ωmplex) I 10_ 四"
Grade m (Si mple) 30......SC
Grade H ( 嗣 etateJy complex) I 15......30
4.1.16 1n the detailed investigation stage , the distribution Qf exploratory points shall
be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 The exploratory points should be distributed along the boundary line and COrner
of the buildings. For other buildings without special demand. it may be 刮目 ributed Ín
the range of the buildi 日 g and the buìlding group;
2 If the m缸n load-bearing layer or the underlyÎng layer within area of the s田ne
buildings fluctuates greatly , the number of exploratory points shall be densified in order
to find out the variety;
• 18 •
 3 The exploratory point 吨 shall be laìd out separately for th巳 foundation of the im
portant equìpmen t. The exploratory points sho旧 Id not be less than 3 for the foundatìon
of tbe important dynamic machinery and that of the taU structure;
4 The exploration mea n!'\ should adopt drilling and penetration togetber. 1n the
area with complex geological condition. collapsib1e s四 1 ， expan~ive rock and soil , weath-
ered rock and residualsoi l. and proper number of exploratory wells should be designed
4. 1. 17 For the single tall building in detailed investi醉 tion. the distribution of explorato-
ry points sha lJ meet the dernand for 由e 困S 田，sment of the foundation uniformity and 由e

nnmber shall not be less than 4. For the dense tall building group. lhe nurnber C1l:n be d e-
cre曲 ed properly. but every tall b l,lilding shaH have at 1四 st oneω，ntroUi ng 臼 ploratory

points.
4. 1. 18 The deplh of exploration in de阳iI investigation shaH be 四 Iculated from the bot
tom of foundation. and shell accord with foll阳wing r'呵 uirements

I The dept力。 f exploralory hole shall control the rnain load-bearing layer of the
foundation. [f the width foundation bottom is not more than 5田 I for the strip foundalion.
the depth of exploratory h叫 e shall not be less than 3 times of foundation bott阳rn width; for
column foundation , the shall not be less 1. 5 times and not be less

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the independ四 t deμh

than 5mj
2 F、()r the foundalion fo旷 tall building and that required with defo口nation computa-
tion I the depth of controJl ed 田plorato叮 hoIe shall be b町ond the 皿bsoil deformation c时 E

culaled deplh; general exploratory hole of tall building shall reach O. S ,._ 1. 0 times of fOlln-
dation width , and penetrate into the stable-distribution stratwuj
3 If building only witb b酣ement or ann 田 building of tall building cannot m四 t 8nH二

noati吨 d四ign requiremen帖， anti-floating pile of anchor rod shalJ be set DP I and 由. d.酬h

of 四 ploratory hole shall m四 t requirements of pull-resisting bearing cap明city 国S回sment;

4 Wben large area ground heap loading or soft under I 町 ingl町 er 3re availablè. the
depth of conlrolled exploratory hole shall be increased properly;
5 Stable layer like bedrock of thick gra飞relly ~oil is encounted within above speci
fìed d叩山. the depth of explorntory hole sha lI be adjusted according to circum时 ances.

4.1.19 Be 哼 îdes tho 写 e specificd in Article 4. 1. 18 , the depth of exploratory hole in de

tailed ìnvestigation shall also be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 The ca\cu\a t.ed depth of foundation deformation for the medium and \ow com
pressÎve soìl , the calcuJated deptb of foundation deformation may be the dep1b above
that the additional pressure which equals to 20% of the eHective setf-weight of overbur
den subsoi l. For the high compressive 5oil , it may be the depth above that the additional
pre~~mre which cquals to 10% of the effective self-weight of overburden 5oil;
2 For the ltnneX in the construction plan or the ba 1ì ement (or the <t ddìtional pres-
19 •
 sure under foundation bottoín Þo<_O) , the depth of controHîng exploratory hole may be
decreased appropriately , but the hole sha11 penetrate Înto stable distributed 1ayer and
should not be less than O. 5....... 1. 0 tÎmes width of foundatîon according to the 10ad and the
50i1 condition;
3 If the monolithic stability need to be checked , the depth of controlling 四 p10ra

t町 y hole shall meet the demand of checking computations;

4 If the site category for seismic fortification needs to be determined and there is
00 reliable data about the thickness of overburden layer , the wave velo 口 ty test hole
shall be laid out and it5 depth shell meet the demand for confirming the thickness of
overburclen layer;
5 For the foundation on which there is large scale equipment , the depth of explor.
atory hole should not be less than 2 times of the width of the foundation bottom;
6 If it is necessary to implement 50i1 treatment. the depth of exploratory hole
5ba11 meet tbe demand for tbe design and construction of 50il treatment. If pile founda-
tion is used , the depth of 四 ploratory hole shall meet 由 e requirements in Section 4. 9.
主主 20 Soil 回mpli吨 and in-si阳 testing in detaiI investigatì'O n 5h aII n'O t only 些塑园Z旦 ith

ther明 uirtr阳1t5 of asses5ment 00 酣 .1昭~ical eoeineering , but 血 all al50 comply with 由e

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following requiremenls:
1 Exploratory point number for soU sampling and lo-sltu testing sball be de趾 rmined

in accordance with stratum structure , subsoil unîformity and engioeerín}l char习acteristic ，

and it shall n 'Ot be less th 皿 1/2 of the total explora阳ry point number I the drilling 剧性 bor­
r 'O wed point number shall 06t be I回凶 than 1/3 of the total exploratory point numb町，

2 Und!st町bed 8011 姐mple or in-situ t回 ting data of each main 回iI layer In sUe shall
not be less than 6 pie幽(伊 up) i When static soundi吨 and or dynam巾曲咀diJU[ with con-
unuous recording are adopted as the major investigation mean , each site shall ha四 at least
E旦些空:
3 In main I恤仕b四 rin唱 I叮叮 of the snbsoil , interl町n or lenticular which thiekne锚

is la 咱er than O. Sm shall be carried out with soil 姐皿 pling or in-situ testing;
4 When soil layer character Îs not uniform ，由 e quantity of 50il sample or that in-
Situ testing shall be increa5ed.
4. 1. 21 After the e吸 cavation of fo旧 ndation pit ，证 the geotechnical condítion does not
accord with the investigation report data or the abnormal things are found out , the in一
飞 estigation during con$.truction shall be implemented. During the construction _a nd u~组_e___
stage , if the subsoil , slope body and underground water vary unexpectedly , they shall
be monitored , and the influence on the engineering and environment shall be analyzed
and assessed.
4. 1. 22 The lab soil test shall meet tho5e specified in Chapter 1 1. The shear strength
• 20 •
 test for foundation pit design sha11 be in accordance with the requiremen臼 in Arti c[ e
4.8.4.
4. 1. 23 The calculation of the foundation deformation should be împlemented accord-
ing to the current national standard "Code for Design of Building Foundation" GB 50007
or other relevant standards.
4. 1. 24 The bearing capacity of subsoîl shall be determined by the 1oca1 experìence syn--
thetically. For the site with adverse geological actions. the buildings built on the top of
or at g10pe and the construction e x: cavated adjacent to , beside the foundation. their 5ta-
bility shall be assessed.

4.2 Und町-grflund Cavity

4.2. 1 This section is applicable to the geotechnical engineering investigation for the
non-pressure underground cavity excavated manually.
4.2.2 The quality c1 assification of underground cavity surrounding rock sha11 be in ac-
cordance with the standard adopted for underground cavity design.
4.2.3 The feasibility study investigation sha11 collect the data on regional geology , im
plement the reconnaissance and investigation , understand the landform , lithology. and

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geo!ogical structure , engineering geologícal , hydr o- geological and environmental condi
tion of 出 e proposed scheme , asses币 Îts feasibilîty , and select the proper cavity position
and opening.
4、 2.4 The preliminary ìnvestigation shall adopt the methods of engineering geological
mapping , exploration and tes 1Ï ng. The geological setting and the environmenta1 condi
tion of rhe selected scheme shall be found out; the quaJity grade of surroundÎng rock
(classification of surrounding rock) shall be determined and the stability of the cavity
position and opening shall be assessed. That wi Jl provide the basis [or Lhe preliminary
design
4.2.5 For lhe preliminary inve .s tigation , the engine町 ing geological mapping and sur-
vey shall find out the following problems preliminarily:
1 Landform , morphoJogy and the origin ,
2 Stratum lithoJogy , attitude. thickness. weathering degree;
3 Feature , attitu白， filling , cementing , penetration and combination of the frac
ture and the main fìssure;
4 Type. scale and dístrihution of adverse geological ac 1Ïons;
5 Background of seismìc geotogYi
6 Action direction of the maximum principal 5tre 咽。 f the gro咀 nd stress i
7 Underground water character in c1 uding type , condìtion of occurrence , rechar-
gl 丑g ， drainage and fluctuation;
21 •
 8 Distribution of surface water and its relation with underground water , feature
of alluvial silted deposits;
9 Inter• influence of the exiting building .s above the ground , underground struc
tures and pipelines , which is crossed by the cavity.
4.2.6 For the preliminary investigation. the exploration and the testing sha11 be in ac
cordance with the following requirements:
1 The shaliow earthquake profiling method or other effective measures shall be
adopted to det盯mine the insidious fracture and structural rupture zone. The embedment
depth of bedrock sha11 be found out and the weathering zone shall be classified;
2 The exp!oratory points should be distributed along the outside of cavity and the
interval of those should be 100~200mm. The soil sampling and in-sìtu tesling explora-
tory hole should not be less than 2/3 of tbe tota1 numher of the exploralory poin 臼. The
depth of controlling exploratory hole should be dri l1 ed 1.......3m below the design elevatÌon
of cavity bonom if the rock quality designation of rock mass is Grade 1 and Grade II
The depth of controlling exploratory hole s.hould be drilled 3~5m be\ow the design ele-
vation of cavity bottom if the rock basic quality grade of rock mass is Grade 1. For soils
and rock mass of Grade N and Grade V • the depth sba Jl be determined according the

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practica1 situation;
3 The samp\es shall be taken from each main rock and soil !ayer. If there is un-
derground water. the water sample shall be taken. H there is harmful gas in the cavity
area or the earth temperature is abno~.mal ， the component and content of the harmful
gas or the earth temperature 8ha11 be measured. For the bigh earth stress area , the
earth stress shall be measured;
4 If necessary. the dri Hing elastic wave or the sound wave testing , the dr i1l ing
earthquake CT testing or the drilling electromagnetic wave testing shall be carried OUtl
5 The lab rock tests and the soil tests 民 baH be implemented according to 5pecifica
tions in the Chapter 11 in thi5 code.
4.2.7 The detailed investigation sha11 indude drilling , drilting geophysical prospecting
and t 四 ting. If necessary. 臼 vity exploratory may be laid out according to th 巳 construc

tion-guiding tunne l. The cavity position. cavity opening. the engineering geological and
hydro-geological condition of tbe routine crossed by cavîty shall be found out in detai l.
The quality grade of rock mass (classification of surrounding rock) shall be c1 assiHed in
sections , the stability of cavity and surrounding rock shall be asses!弓 ed and the data
about the design of bracing structure and the construction scheme shall be provided.
4.2.8 The detailed investigation sha l1 include the following work:
1 To ascertain the stratum lithology and its distribution , classify roc业 group and
weathering degree and perform tests of physical &. mechanical properties of rock;
. 22 •
 2 To find out the feature of fracture structure and fracture zone including thc po
sition. 5cale. attitude and mechanical property , and classify the structure type of rock
盯1ass;

3 To find out the type , character and distribution of adverse geological action5.
and put forward the recommendations on precaution and processing measures;
4 To Iind out the distribution , thickness and embedment depth of the main aqui-
fer , and the type , recharging and drainage condition of the underground water , and pre
dict the wate r--Qut 叫(1(('， watcr yield and the corrosivity of water during the excavation;
5 1f the under阳 ound cllvity of city needs dewatering construction , the engineering
dewatering scheme flnd rclcvant parameters shall be put forward in sections;
6 Ground buildings. the underground structures and pipelines 5hall be found out
at the position of CEl vity or in its vicìnity , and the potential înfluence after the excavation
of cflvity shall be predicted and the controlling measures 5hall be provided
4.2.9 In the detailed exploration , shallow eartbquake prospecting and drilling eanh
quake CT or e1 ectromagnetic wave CT testing may be adopted to f皿 d out the embedment
depth of bedrock. 1he weaLhering degree of rock and thc position of insidiollsness body
(such as karst. fracture zone and 50 on). Tbe plastîc 切 avc velocity testing in tbe drilled

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hole may be done to provide tbe data about how to determine rhe qualíty grade of rock
ma阳 Cclassi[ic<l tion of surrounding rock) , to assess the intactness of rock mass and to
calculate the dynamic parameters.
4.2.10 In tbe detailed exploration , the exploratory points should be distributed inter-
sectedly 6........8m beyond tbe midlinc of cavity. 1n [he mountainous disnict , it should bc
laicl out according to the geological cúnfiguration and 1he distance of prospecting points
shall not b 伫 more thfln 50m. 1n the city. if the rock and 50il varies gr~atly~ the distance
of exploratory points for undergrouncl cavity should be le5s thôn 25m. If the complcxity
of the site is moderately complex , the distancc should be 2S.........40m; If complexity of the
sile is simple , the spacc sbould be 40~80m.
The counl of sampling and the in-situ te5ting cxplora10ry h01e shall not be less than
1/2 of the total exploratory points
4.2.11 1n the detailed expJoration , the depth of conLroHing exploratory ho\e in Qua
ternary 町 stem 5hall be determincd according tbe demands for cnginccring geology ,
hydr o- geological condition. embedment depth of cavity and design of bracing etc.. The
general exploratory holcs can be dr il1 ed 6---10m beyond the design elevation for the bot
tom of foundation. The depth of controlling exploratory hole8 may be eSlablished ac
cording to the requirements in item 2 , Article 4.2.6 .
4.2.12 Besides the preliminary exploration demand. in the detailed exploration , the
laboratory te叭 and Ln-situ lCRting ror the underground cavity in city 8h8 l1 also in c\ ude
• 23 •
 the following tests according to the design demand:
1 The bearing plate of which length of the side is 30cm sha l1 be used in doing the
loading test to calculate the beddìng coefficìent of subgrad的

2 The rneasure of surface heat source or the hot line correlation method sha11 be
used to meas 山e the heat physical index , and to calculate the heat physical par田neter m
cluding the thermal diffusivi 町. thermal conductivity and specific heat capa口 ty;

3 If it is necessary to get the dynamic parameters. it may be calculated according

to the compressive wave velocity ，飞. and the shear wave velocity , V ,. The indoor dy
namic property test may a1so be made to calculate the dynarnic parameters
4.2. 13 The construction scheme should be 皿 plemented with the excavation of guiding
cave or rough cave. If there is 10ts of difference with the exploratory data , the recom
mendations for 由e revised design and the construction scheme sha1 1 be put forward.
4.2. 14 The stability of surrounding rock of underground cavity may be assessed by
combining the analysis of engineering geology with the theoretical calculation. And it
may be calculated by the num 町 ical method or the graph method o{ elasticity fìnite ele-
ment
4.2.15 If the cavity is possible to produce the bias pressure. expansive pressure , rock

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burst and other special situations , special research on them 5ha11 be made.
4.2.16 1n the detaìled investigation , besides those specified in Chapter 14 in this code ,
the report of geotechnical engineering investigation for the underground cavity also 5hall
include the following contents:
1 Classification of the type of surrounding rock mass;
2 Recommendations on the cavity positiony the cavity opening and the position of
cavityaxialline.
3 Assessment for the stabilÎty of cavity body arid the cavity opening;
4 Recommendations about the bracing scheme and the construction' method;
5 Assessment for the ground deformation and its influenc'e on the existing
buildings

4.3 8ank Side Engineering

4.3. 1 This section is suitable for the geotechnical engineering investigation for the
harbor engineering , the hydraulic structure of shi p- buîlding and ship-repairing and the
wate r- extractmg structure.
4.3.2 The investigatîon for bank side construction sha11 fÎnd out the followings:
1 Geomorphic feature and complex stratum at the conjunction of geomorphic
umts;
2 Di 剖 ribution and engineering feature of special soil including high sensitive soft
• 24 •
 soil , luminary configuration soil and compound 50i1 , and the rock tnass with Gade V of
the rock quality designation;
3 Adverse geological actions including bank side landsli由， ehoulement , washout ,
sìltation. potential erosion and sand dune etc..
4.3.3 In the feasibility study investigation. engineering geo10gical mappÎng and explo-
ration survey shall be done. The basíc things and the >r development trend including
stratigraphic distribution , structure character. landform character , shape of bank
slope. washout and siltat由口， variety of water level , transferring of bank beach and the
range of inundation shall be found out. If necessary , some exploration work shall be laid
out to ass臼 s the stability of bank sIope and the feasibility of the site. and the recom
mendations on the optimum 5cheme shall be put forward
4.3.4 The investigation in the preliminary design shall b巳 in accordance with the fol-
\owìng requirernents:
1 The engineering geologîcal mapping shall !ind out the transferring of bank-line
and the influence 00 it caused by dynamical geologic actions. I1 shall a150 ascertain the
distribution of the buried river. !ake. groove , and their influence on the engineering. It
shall include the origin. distribution and deve!opment trend of the adverse geological ac

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tions 5uch as potential erosìon , sand dune and RO on. and its influence on the stability of
the site;
2 The exploratory lines shall be perpendicular to the baok strike. The interval of
exploratory lines and points should be established according to the engineering demand.
landform feature , geotechnicaJ distribution and adverse gεoIogicaI actions etc.. The ex-
ploratory lines and points shall be increased at the bank slope and the co 问 unction of
rock and soillayer;
3 The depth of exploratory holes 5hall be detennined according to the engineering
scale , desîgn demand and the geotechnical condition;
4 In the water area , the shaUow earthquake profiling method or other geophysical
prospecting methods may be used;
5 The stab> lity of the site shall be assessed and the recommendations 00 the [ay-
out. structure and the type of founclation. construction method and the prevention and
proce5sing for the adverse geological actìons shall be put forward
4.3.5 In the construction drawing design investigation stage , the exploratory lines and
points shall be determined according to the overa l1 layout of the engineeríng. and the
landforrn feature. and the geologícal conditioni and shall be increased at the complex
51 回 The depth of exp!oratory holes shall be determined according to the engineering
scale , design demand and geotechnical condition , besidcs the feature and the \oad of
buildings and structures. Tbe stability of bank slope. the excavation of slope. the brac
• 25 •
 ing struc 1_ ure and the pile foundation shall be taken into account
The recommenda tions on the d臼 Îgn and construction of the subsoil and the founda-
tion and tbe preventÎon and processing for the adverse geological actions shall be put for-
ward according to the investigation re5ult5.
4.3.6 For the 80ft 8oil , in-situ testîng. besides the 8pecificatìon5 in Chapter 10. 5uch
as CQne static penetration test or combination of cane static penetration test and pres
suremeter 阳 5t may be adopted to stratify , to rneasure the modulu$ , strength and the
bearing capacity of subsoi l. The vane shear test may be adopted tO measure the un-
drained shear strength of the soi l.
4. 3.7 In selecting the shear test methods when measuring the shear strength of the
soi l, the following factors shall be taken into account:
1 The possibllity that the unsaturated soil turns into the saturated soíl during the
construction and when the soil has been immersed in the water after finishing the con
structlon;
2 The variation of the consolidation slate of the soil during the construction and
after the construction;
3 The influence on the soil properties caused by load relieves resulting from exca-

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vation or load increase resulting from filling.
4.3.8 1n every investigation stage , the 叩 ace between the investigation lines and ex
ploratory points , the depth of the exploratory hole , the amounts o[ the in-situ testing
and the lab tests shall be in accordance with the specifîcations of the current related
standards
4.3.9 H the stability oI bank slope and foundation are assessed I the following factors
shaH be considered I
1 Right selection of the designed water level;
2 Possibility of occurrence of water head difference and water level slump
sharply J
3 Temporary overload in the construction;
4 Steep side slope excavated;
5 Wave action 1
6 Tn f1 uence of piling construction;
7 Influence of the adverse geological actions
4.3.10 Besides the requirements in Chapter 14 of this code , the geotechnical engineer-
ing investigation report for bank side engineering shall also cover the followings corre-
sponding to geotechnical engineering investigation stage:
1 To analyze and assess the stability of bank slope and foundation;
2 To put forward the recommendations on the design scheme of subsoil &.. founda
26 •
 tion and of bracing I
3 To put forward the recommendatio l1!'i 011 prevention and processing scheme for
adverse geological actions;
4 To put forward the recommendatìons on the monitoring of bank sîde engineer-
mg.

4.4 Pipeline and Suspension Line Engineering

( 1 ) Pipelîne Engîneering
4.4.] This section is suitablc for the geotcchnical engineering investigation oi long pe
troleum and gas pipeline ancl large scale crossing engineering.
4.4. 2 The long petroleum and gas pipeline engineering may be divìded intù three sta
ges including the rùute selection investigatiùn , the preliminary investigntion and the de
tailed investigation. Tf the geotechnical condition is simple or there is local engineering
experience of the site , the exploration stages may be simplified appropriately.
4.4.3 For the route selection iηvestigfltion ， the main geotechnical problems of each
scheme shalJ be mastered by the collection oí the data. mapping and surveying. The sta
bility a. nd suitability of th c: planned travcrsÎng and crossing river reach shall be assessed;

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and the requirements as fo l! ows shall bc met
] To investigntc thc landform. geological structure. stratum lithology , hydroge
ologyetc. along the routîne , and recommend the crossing scheme of the routel
2 To investigate the special soi[ and t1c adverse geologic a. l actio口 s in the area trav-
ersed or crossed flnd assess ils hazard degrec to lhe pipelinc;
3 To for the controlling γ0川剧 inve~tig i-l lC the stability of the riverbed and the
bank slope and put forward the recommcndatîons about the 自 cbemcs comparison;
4 To investigate thc distribution oí the rescrvoir along the roule , rccent and long-
term plan. and water level o[ reservoir. backw Gl te l" immcrsio日. the range of bank fa l! ure
and the influene to the route schemc;
5 To investigate lhe distribution of the mineral product and the cultural relics
along the route ,
6 To investigate the ground motion parameter and the anti-seismic fortification
intensity along the route
4.4.4 The routine that the p!pelinc traverses and cros:-;es lhe rìver sha \I be at the aô
vantageolls section where the river rench is straight , the riverbed and the bank s[ope >S

stable. the f1 0w is gentle , the section of riverbed is roughly symmetrical , the rock 8<
soil composition of riverbed is simple. and there js enough construction space 0 (1 10th
bank sîdes. The river re8ch in the fol!owing conditions wshould be kept away rrom
1 The river course is crooked abnormaily; and the principal flow is not regular
• 27 •
 and changes frequently;
2 The riverbed is composed of sìhy sand; the range of dilluvíal and siltation i5
iarge;
3 The rock and soil of the bank 510pe i5 50ft; the adver5e geologicaJ actions devel-
op strongly and there Îs direct impact on or potential danger to the stability of the engi-
neermg;
4 The fault rìver valley or the inducing-earthquake fractures
4.4.5 The preliminary investigatìon shall include the followings:
1 To divide geomorphic unit along lhe rout町

2 To ascertain preliminarily the origin , type , thickness and engineering properties

of the rock and 50il within the depth of embedding pipeline;
3 To inve !:i tigate the feature and the distribution of the fracture with influence on
the pipeline;
4 To investigate the distribution. feature and the development trend of the ad-
verse geological actions and Lts influence on the pipeline ,
5 To investigate the distribution of the wells and springs. and find out the condi
tion of the und町 ground wat盯 along the raule;

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6 To investigate the distrîbution , exploitation of tbe mineral resources 阻d the
conditions of goaf preliminarilYI
7 To find out prelimînarily the range of ìnundation where pipeline traverses or
crosses the river and assess the stability of the bank slope.
4.4.6 The collection of data and survey 阳 the main work for preliminary invesriga
t10n. 1n the sections. where the river and ravine traversed or crossed by pipe Iì ne , geC
physícal prosp 配 ting should be performed. For the large and middle rivers with the com-
plex geological condition. drilling exploratory shall be done. The number of the explor-
盯 Qry points should be 1.-... 3 for each travεrsing and/or crossing scheme. The depth of
exploralory boles sha11 comply with the specifications in Anide 4. 4. 8 oE the section.
4.4.7 10 the detailed investigation stage. the geotechnical condîtion and the corrosivity
of soil and water to the metal pipeline along the route shall be ascertained , and the
geotechnical properties parameters for 由εengineering design shall be provided. The in-
vestigation for the traversing and/or crossing 5ections shall bεin accordance with the
foilowing requirements:
1 To the rormatìon. the properties and g阳 in size distribution of the soil parti c1 e ,
and find out the washout and the stability of riverbed. To assess the stability of bank
slope and put forward the recommendations on slope protection õ
2 The exploratory in the traversing and/or crossing sections shall comply with
Article 4. 4. 15 and 4.4. 16 in this section
• 28 •
 4.4.8 The layout of the exploratory points in the detailed investigation shall meet the
fo Jl owing requirements:
1 For the pipellne traversing engineering. the interval of the exploratory points
Cincluding geological points and the in-situ testing points) sha!l be determined according
to tbe complexity of geological condi tL on. which should be 200.-...1000m. and 5ha 1l be
adjusted according \'0 the complexity of geological condition and the landform. The depth
of exploratory holes should be 1-....3m below the depth of the pipelîne embedded;
2 For the cro sÎng pipeline engineering. the exploratory points shall be lald out
.!'i

along the midline and the deviation from the midline shall not be morc than 3m. The in-
lervaJ of the exploratory points should be 30....... 100m and the number of that shall not be
less than 3. lf the crossing mode is the duct buried in ditch. the depth of the exploratory
points :-;hould be 3 -... 5m below the maximum washout depth. If thc crossing mode i."i
pushing pipe or orientational drilling , the depth of the exploratory points 5ha 1l be dcter
mined according to the design requirements
4.4.9 If the anti~seismic fortification intensity is not less than degree 6 , Ior the pipe
[jne engìneering. th巳 exploratory work shall meet the requirements in Section 5.7 of 1his

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code.
4.4.10 The gcotechnical engineering ìnvestigation report 8ball îndude the followings:
1 ln the route selcction investigation stage. the geotechnical conditions of each
scheme shall be illustrated bricfly and put forward the recommendation5 0口 the compari
scn of scbemes;
2 ln the preJiminary expìoration stage. the geotcchnical conditions of each scheme
shall b巳 demonstntted in scctions. and the optimum rou tÎ ne scheme shall be recommen
ded. For the traversing and/or crossing engineering. the stabi!ilY of thc riv 巳 rbed and
the bank slop 巳 shall be assessed also. and the rccommendations 00 thc lraver:;ing and
crossÎng schemes shall be put forward;
3 1n the detailed investigation stÐge , the geotechnical conditions shall be assessecl
in sections and the recommendations aboul lhe d 巳 sign parameler for the geOl echnlcal en-
gine e. ring , and about the design and construction scheme shall be put forwörd. For the
traversing enginecring , the stabitity of the riverbed and the bank slope shn l1 be i! lustra-
ted. 8nd the recommendations about the measure of bank slope protection sha l! be put
forward
( IJ ) Suspension Line Engincering
4.4.11 This section is suitable for the geotechnical engineering inve !ì tigation for the
Jarge scale 吕 uspension tine engineering including the high voltage delivery circuil which
the voltage is not lower thnn 220kV , and the !arge scale suspension cable etc
4.4. 12 The larg 巴 scale suspension engineering may be divided into \wo stages: lh~
• 2!) •
 preliminary design investigation and the constructìonal dr a. wing des咀 n mvestlgatlon
The srnall-scale suspension line engineerìng may cornbine the investigation stages
4.4.13 The prelimin盯 y design investigation shall be in accordance with the following
requlrements:
1 To investigate the landform. geological structure , stratum lithology. the distri-
bution of the special soil5. the underground water and the adver5e geological actions
along tbe rOute , and provide analysis and assessment in sectionsl
2; To ínvestigate the distríbutÎon of mineral reSOurces along the route , the exploì
tation plan and the production situation. The routine should keep away from the 曰lploit

able míning layer. For the mined zone , the stability of goaf 5ha11 be ana1yzed and as
sessed õ
3 For the 10ng crossing section. tbe engineering geological condi ti.ons 5hall be
found out; the geot 巳chnical engineering aS5essmenl shaH be done and the optimum
crossing scheme sha lJ be recommended.
4.4.14 In the preliminary investigation stage , tbe main work i5 to collect and to use of
aerial information. For the long cro 附ing section. the detailed investigation and engí
neering geological mappîng shall be made. If nece5sary , a little exploration and testing

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work shall be supplemented
4.4. 15 The construction drawing design investigation sha l1 be in acCOtdance with the
following requirements
J For the plain region , the properties of tower footing 5oi! layer including its dis
tribution , condition embedd 时. phy~ical and mechanical properties , geo-hydrological
condition and the corrosivi l' y of environmental water to concrete and the metal material
shall be found out;
2 For the hill and mountainous region. besides the above specified in It em 1 of
this article , the various adverse geological action5 near the tower footing shall be found
out and the recommendations about the control measure~ shall be put forward;
3 For the long crossing section , the landform and ground feature of the crossing
river reach , the feature ín the range of tower footing including formation. lithology.
weathering degree and fracture degree. 50ft and weak interlayer and its physical and rne-
chanical properties shall be found ou t. The adverse geological actions acting 00 the tow-
er footing shall a1so be found Qut and the reçornrnend <.t tions abou\' the controlling meas-
ures shall be put forward ,
4 For the ::;pecial designed tOwer footing and the long crossing tower fooüng. if
the anti-seismic fortiflcation intens.ity is not less tban Grade 6 , the exploratíon shall be
in accordance with the requirement5 in Section 5.7 ()f thi5 code
4.4.16 1n the construction drawing desîgn investigation stage , in the sections of kcy
• 30
 tower footing whcre there are the angle-tower. strain-tower! terminal tower and long
crossing tower etc. for the suspension !ine engineering , or sections where lhe geological
condition i5 complex , tbe exploration of tow盯 footing shal! be made onc by one. In the
section of linear tower base. every 3........4 tower bases shou!d be laid out Qne exploratory
point. The depth shaH be determined according to the load feature of tower rod and the
geological cond> t lO n.
4.4.17 The geotechnical engineering investigation report of the suspension line engi-
neering 8ha11 include the followíngs:
1 ln the prelirnin盯 y investigation stage. the geotechnical condition along the
route and thεstability of the bank slope crossing the main river shall be demonstrat f! d;
and the optimum routînc 8cheme shall be sekcted;
2 In the construction drawing design investìgation stage. the details of the posi
tion of the tower shall be provided and the geotechnical condition and the stahility of the
tower 8ha11 hεdemonstrated. The recommendatìons about the design parameter. the
founclation scheme and the construction measures 5> ha11 a150 be put {orward

4.5 Waste Disposal Engineering

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( 1 ) General Provisions
4.5.1 This section is suitahle for tbe geotechnical engin巳 ering investigation for the dis-
pO:咄 1 engineering of solid wast巳 such as the storagc yard of industry waste residue and
the waste landfill site. The înv时 tigation of the nuclear waste disposal sÎte sha11 a150 be
in accordance with the requirements in relevant codes
4.5.2 1n the geotechnical engineering investigation for the disposal engìneering. we
should find out thc following content emphatÎcally
1 The landform and ground Ieaturc. and the meteorological ancl hydrographic
condition ,
2 Geological structure8. the distribution of the rock and soil. and adverse geolog
icaJ actions;
3 The physical and mechanical properties of rock and soil;
4 The bydro-g巴。 logical condition and the permcabiliry of the rock and soil and the
wastes;
5 Tbe litability of the :;;ite. subsoil and side slope;
6 Tbe migration of contaminated , the contamina tÎon to water resource and rock
and soîl. the influence on environment;
7 The invcstigation Ior darn construction material and c1ay for seepage-proof and
covenng;
8 The seismic effeet of Ho!ocene Epoch active fracture. suhgrade and deposit.
. 31 .
 4.5.3 The investigatíon range of the waste disposal engineering sha11 ínclude buildings
and structures such as residues site (reservoir are.a) , initiaJ 5tage dam , the relevant
pipeline and tunnel etc. , and a150 include it5 vicinity. Tbe Iocal construction material
5ha11 a150 be investigated.
4.5.4 The investigation of the waste di5posal engineering shall be implemented com-
bined w川 h the engineering construction in several stages. It may be divided into the fea-
sibility 5tudy investígation. the preliminary investigation and the detailed investigation ,
and shall be in accordance with requiremeots of relevant standards
For the feasib i1 ity study investìgatiooi the main work is site reconnaissance. If nec
臼 sary ， it may be supplemented with a little prospecting work. The stabi 1i ty and suÌta
bility of the 5ite to be selected shall be assessed
The main work of the preliminary investìgation is primarily in engineering geolog
ical mapping. The investigation. in-situ testing and laboratory test shall be co皿 plemen

ted. The overalllayout of the works proposed , the stability of the site and the influence
of the waste on the environment sha11 be assessed. Al50 the recommendations 5ha11 be
put forward.
For the detailed investigation , the investigation ，皿 5itu testing and lab test sha11 be

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adopted. If the geological condìtωn of the site is complex. 由 e engineering geological
mapping sha11 be conducted to obt创 n the parameters needed for the engíneering desígn.
The recommendations about the design. construction and the monitoring work 5ha11 be
put forward. The unstable section and the envÍronmental influence shall be assessed ,
and the recommendations about treatment sha J1 be put forward.
4.5.5 Before the investigation of the waste disposal engineering~ the following techni-
cal data 5h811 be collected:
1 The feature of the waste including the component , granularity , physical and
chemical properties , daily di 叩 osal capacitYi transportation and discharging method;
2 The whole capacity , effective capacity and durability of the storage yard and
landfill site;
3 The coverage , precipitation amount , runoff amount , and peak flood discharge
suffered for many years of the valley shaped storage yard and landfill site ,
4 The length and the top elevation of the initial stage dam and the final top eleva
tioo of the heightened dam;
5 The active fracture and anti-seismic fortìfication intensity;
6 The protect四 n zone for the adjacent water resource , the exploitation of water
resource and the req山rements for environmental protection
4.5.6 The eng皿 eering geological mapping for the waste disposal engineerìng shall cov
er the whole site and its vi口 nity. For the preliminary investigatîon , the engineering
• 32 •
 scale should be 1 : 2000'-' 1 : 5 口 00. For (h 巴 complex section in the detailed investiga-
tion , it sha11 not be less than 1 : 1000. Besides the specifications in Chapter 8 to he fol-
lowed , the followings 5ha11 be investÎgated preliminarily:
1 The landform shape ， ωpographic condition and the distribution of residentiaJ
areaj
2 The adverse geological actions which are related with the stability of thesite. in
cludîng the f1 ood. landslide. debrîs flow. karst and fracture etc. ;
3 The distribution of the valuable natural landscape , cultural reHcs and mineral
product , the exploitation and mìned-out condition of the mineral product;
4 The hydrogeology problems with relation to the leakage;
5 The ecological environment.
4. S. 7 The special hydro-geological investigation sball be performed for the waste dis-
posal engineering according to the requirements in Chapter 7 of this code
4. S. 8 In the soluble rock distribu íÌon area , the development condition of karst , the
distribution of Karst cavity , earth cave aod collapse. the channels and f1 0w direction of
the karstic water. the leakage of the underground water and the extravasate resulting
from the influence of kar 1'l t 00 the engineering stability 5ha l1 be found ou t.

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4. 旦 9 The investigation for the dam construction materìal of the initia1 stage da而 and
the clay used for seepage- proof and covering shall include the producing area. reserves ,
performance index and the exploitation and transportation condition of the materia l. In
the feasib i1 ity inv臼 tigation stage. the producing area shall be found out. This work
shall be completed basically in the prelimìnary investigation stage.
( II) Storage Yard for Industry Waste Residue
4. S. 10 The preliminary inves tÏ gation of the storage yard for indusuy waste re l'i idue
shall be in accordance with the following requirements
1 The exploratory lïne s b.ould be paraUel to the axial line of the structure such as
storage yard , dam. tunneI and pipeline etc.. The interval of the exploratory poinls shall
be determined according to t b. e complexity of geological conditio旦的

2 For the initial stage dam. the depth of exploratory holes shall meet 1he demands
for analysis of the stability. cleformation and leakage;
3 In the key section in relation ro the stability and leakage. the exploratory hole
shall be densdied and deepened or special eχploralion shall be laid out I
4 The eHective geophysical method as the supplementary means of drilling and
well exploratory rnay be adopted;
5 The tunnel investigation sha l1 be in accord a. nce with the requirements in Section
4.2
4.5.11 For the investigation of the heightened dam. the investigation. in-situ testing
• 33 .
 and lab shall be adopted to ascertain the follows mainly:
1 The component of ex阻 ting deposit. grain composition , degree of compaction and
the depositing discipline j
2 The engineering and chemìcal properties of the piled material;
3 The position of seepage line in the accumulated body and its varying discipline ,
4 The stabi日 ty of the dam being operated , the suitability and stability of height
ened to the design height;
5 The stability of the waste heaped dam under the actÎon of the earthquake , the
possibility of the earthquake liquefaction of the waste material;
6 The possible Înfluence on envÍronment when the heightened dam is being p町

fonneι

4.5.12 For the investîgation of the heightened dam with waste residue , no less than 3
exploratory lines pe叩 endicular to the axial line of dam according the heaped scale may
be laid out. The interval of the exploratory points may be increased appropriately. The
general exploratory holes shall be at certain depth below the natural ground surface and
the depth of the controlling exploratory holes shall be de5igned to find out the potential
50ft and weak layer.

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4.5. 13 The geûtechnical engineering assessment óf the storage yard for the industry
w8ste residue sha11 include the follows:
1 The influence on the engineering by the adverse geological actions such as
f1 00d t la. ndslide. debris Il ow , karst and fracture etc. ;
2 The stability of the dam foundation , dam scapulus and reservoir bank; and the
ìnfluence on stability by the earthquakej
3 The influence on environment resulting from the leakage at the dam section and
reservoir area. and the construction of the reservoir ,
4 The technical and economical analysis about the quality , reserves , exploitation
and the transportation condition shall be carried out
4.5.14 Besides the requirements in Chapter 4 of this code , the investigation report of
the storage yard for industry waste residue shall also meet the fo l1 owing requirements:
1 The geotechnical engineering sha l1 be analyzed and assessed according to Article
4. 5. 13 in this section and the recommendations about the preve 川 ion and processing
measures sha11 be put forward;
2 For the investigation of the heightened dam with waste residue. the current sit-
uation and the s国 bility at the fìnal height sball be analyzed and assessed õ and the recom-
mendations about the heaping method and corresponding measures shall be put forward;
3 The recommendations ahout the monitoring for the stahility of side slope ,
groundwater level and the leakage of reservoir area shall be put forward.
• 34 •
 (皿〕飞"a. ste Landfilling Site
4.5.15 Before the investigation of the waste-Iandfilling site. besides the requirements
in Article 4. 5. 5 of this section. the data to be collected shall a150 inclucle the follows:
1 The type. component. main properties of the waste. and the sanitation demand
。f landfill ,
2 The landfilling mode and the landfilling procedure , the structure of seepag e-
proof cushion and the overburden. the layout of the collection and draining system for
extravasate;
3 The allowable deformation requirement of the foundation and the waste from
the seepage-proof cushion. the overburden layer , and the collection and drain system for
extravasate;
4 The situation of waste cutting of dam. sewage tank. draining well , conduit and
the relevant structures
4. S. 16 Besides the requirements in Article 4. 5. 10 , the investigation and testing of the
waste landfilling síte sha11 a150 be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 For the site which deformation needed to be analyzed. the depth of exploration
shall meet the requirements for deformation analysis;

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2 The testing of rock and soil and the soil-like waste may be made according to the
requirements in Chapter 10 and Chapter 11. For the non-soil waste. the back analysis
method may be adopted to obtain the design parameten; according to its variety , proper-
ties and the site monitoring data;
3 The chemical composition of waste ex臼'Bvasate shall be measured. lf nece盟盯 h
specia.l tests shall be carried out to study the ru. igration dis囚 pline of contaminant
4.5.17 Besides the requirements in Artide 4.5.13 of thi5 5ection , the geotechnical en
gineering a5sessment for investiga.tion of the waste- Iandfilling site 5ha lI a150 include the
followings:
1 The monolithic stability of the engineering site , the deformation and the stabili
ty of the waste heaped;
2 The possibility of the invalidation of the seepage-proof cushion and the overbur
den and other facilities resulting from the deformation of foundation and waste;
3 The leakage of foundation of the dam. dam abutment , reservoir area and other
relevant parts;
4 The variety of water level and its in f1 uence shall be predictedl
5 The migration of waste and it5 inIl uence on water 5ource , agriculture. rock and
soil and the ecologic environment
4.5.18 Besides the requirements in Chapter 14 ，由 e geotechnical engineering investi-
gation report of the waste-landfilling 别 te sha 1J be a150 in accordance with the following
35 •
 reqUl rements =
1 To analyze and assess the geotechnical engineering according to the require-
ments in Article 4. 5.17 of thìs section;
2 To put forward the recommendations on measures 息 bout guaranteeing the 5ta-
bility , eliminating the deformation. preventing the leakage and protecting the envìron-
ment.
3 To put forward the recommendation5 about the producing 6rea and the relevant
things of local material such as the dam construction material and clay used for seepage-
proof and covering;
4 To put forward the recominendations on moni lO rillg ror the stability , deforma-
tion , water leveL , leakage , the chemical properties of w:ller alld soil and extravasate.

4.6 Nuclear Power Plant

4.6. 1 This section is suitable for the geotechnical engineering ínvestigation fo r all
kinds of nuclear reaction dump land stationary-type commercial nuclear power plant
Besides the requirements in this code , the investigation for the nuclear power plant shall
be also in accordance with the nuclear safety laws and relevant national and professional

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standards
4.6.2 The safety c1 assification of the geotechnical engineering investigation for nuclear
pOwer plant may be divided into the constructîon in relation to the nuclear safety and the
routine construc t1 on.
4.6.3 The geotechnical engineering investigation for the nudear power plant may be
divided into five investigation stages , that is , investigation for the preliminary feasibility
study , the feasibility study , the preliminary dl...'sLgn , the construction drawing design
and construction.
4.6.4 The preliminary feas出 ility study investigation is primariLy to collect data , which
includes the studying of regional geology , the engineering geology , hydrogeology , the
classification of gioimd shock parameters. the document about the historÎcal earth-
quak白. their influence intensity and the latest seismic activity of the site proposed. The
stabitity of the site , the foundation condition , the environmental hydro-geological and
the environmental geology shall be assessed prelîminarily! and suitable recommenda
tions about the plant-buìlt shall be put forward.
4.6.5 For preliminary feas油ility study inves口 gation. the engineering scale of the engi
neering geologic mapping 5ha11 be 1 : 10000.........1 : 25000. The coverage 5hall be the plant
location and the periphery area. the area should not be less than 4km~
4.6.6 Preliminary feasibility study ìnvestigation is to provide the main engineering ge-
ology delaminaton by necessary exploration and testing and the preHminary physical and
• 36 •
 mechanical properties index , and to asce口 ain the feature of the rock and soil distributi Ol'l
near the nuclear island. It shall be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 The number of the exploratory points for every plant should not be less than 2
and the depth shall be 30........60m less than the designed terrace elevation;
2 Tbe core shall be taken continuously in whole section. For common rock , the
recovery ratio per tum shall be greater than 85%. For fractured rock. it sha11 be greater
than 70%;
3 More than 3 group罚。 f samples for every main geotechnical layer sha11 be col-
lected. The standard penetration test 5hall be performed at the interval of 2--3m in the
exploratory holes untiJ moderately weathered Iock is encountered. 1f the fully weathered
rock is advanced , the standard penetration test sha l1 be preformed more , and the inter
val sha l1 not be more than O. 5mõ
4 Tbe items of the rock t四 t 5hall include density , modulus of elasticity , Pois5on
ratio , compressÎve strength , soften coefficient. shear strength and compressive wave
velocity etc.. The items of the soil test shall include grain size analysis. natural water
content , density. spec立fic gravity , plastic limit. 1 叫山 d limit , compression coeff四lent ，

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modulus of compression and shear strength etc.
4.6.7 ln the preliminary feasibility study investigation stage , if the geotechnical condi
tion of the site is complex , the geophysical prospecting a5 the supplement may be aclopt
ed to ascertain the composition. thickn 四 s of overburden , and the embedded feature of
bedrock surface to find out the structural feature of the insidious rock and whether there
is cavity and insidious 50ft and weak zone or not
In the river or sea bank slope area and the side slope area of hill and mountainou~

area , the stability of the bank sIope and side slope shall be investigated; and the prelimi-
nary analysis and assessment 8ha11 be provided
4.6.8 The following factors shall be taken into account when evaluating the suitability
of the plant site:
1 Whether there i5 capable and active fault and whether it wiU affect the stability
of the plant õ
2 Whether there is Holocene Epoch volcanic affecting the stability of the plantj
3 Whether it is in the region where the seismic fortification intensity is greater
than grade 8 , and whether there lS potential geologic disaster related wÎth the earth
quake ,
4 Whether tbere are exploitable mineral resources in and adjacent to the si 胆，

whethe :r there are human activities. underground engineering , goaf and cave etc. ,
which will affect the stability of the foundation;
5 Whether tbere is underground cavity , special geologic body , un5table bank
• 37 •
 slope and side slope , debris f! ow and other adverse geological actions which will cause
the permanent deformation such as ground subsidence , settlement , upheaving and
cracking etc. ;
6 Whether there is a site and subsoil for buildings of the nuclear power plant with
enough bearing capacity;
7 Whether it wil1 endanger the water-supplying resource or affect the environrnen-
tal geology seriously
4.6.9 The feasihility study investigation sha11 be in accordance with the following re-
quirements:
1 To ascertain the landform and ground feature , geological structure , the distrì-
but10n and feature of the fracture in the 田 te of plant;
2 To fínd out the stratum origin. age , distribution of subsoil and the weathering
degreel and to put forward the preliminary dynamic and static physical and mechanical
parameters. To íllustrate the foundation type and the scheme of subsoil trea出lent and
put forward recommendations I
3 To find out the adverse geological actions endangering the pLant site and its in-
fluence on the stability of the site. To assess the stability of the riverbank. and seashore

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and side slope preliminarily , and provide the preliminary treatment schemef
4 To judge the site category of the anti-seismîc designÍng. classífyadvantageous ,
disadvantageous and hazardous sections to the building , and determine the possibility of
the earthquake liquefaction;
5 To find out the basic condition of hydrogeology and basic feature of envìronmen-
ta1 hydrogeology.
4.6.10 The feasibîlity study investigation shall include the engineering geoLogical map-
ping. The rnapping range sha11 include the site and the adjacent area , the scale of engi-
neermg 四 apping drawíng sha Ll be 1 I 1000.......1 : 2000. The mapping requirements sha l1
comply with the requirements in Chapter 8 and other relevant regulations.
ln this stage , the geotechnical engíneering investigation sha11 combíne the drilling
with the engineering geophysics to find out the compositio口， thickness and the eng皿eer­
ing properties of bedrock and overburden layer , and the emhedded depth , weathering
character of bedrock , the thíckness of weatherÎng layer and to ascertain the i. nsidious
soft and weak zone. cave and the important geological structure in the engineering ar国

ln the water area , the marine Oake) deposit stratigraphic distributìon , character and
the fluctuation of the bedrock plane shaU be found out according to the layout of
hydraulic buildings.
4.6. 11 The investigation and testing in the feasibility study stage shall be in accord
ance with the following requirements:
• 38 •
 1 The exploration of the site sha !l be laid out in grid considering the landform and
the geological condition , and the interval of exploratory points should be 150m. The
layout of the controlling exploratory points shall take the buildings and the geologícal
condition into account and the number shall oot be less thao 1/3 of the tota l. The ex-
ploratory lines shall be laid out along the axial line of the nuclear island and the routine
island. The inte凹 al of exp!oratory points shall be densified appropriately and sha11 meet
the !ayout demand of the main structure. Not le目 than one exp!oratory points for each
nu cI ear island and each routine island shall be laid out I
2 The exp!oratory holes shall advance bedrock with Grade 1 and the Grade rr of
the rock quality designation not less than 10m below the foundation bottom for the site
with shallow bedroc k. And for the Quaternary subsoil. 40m below the designed ground
level , or not less than 3m ìnto bedrock with Grade 1 or Grade II of rock quality designa
tion. The controlling exploratory hole in the nuclear island area should be drilled two
times of the diameter of reactor dump workshops below the founclation bottom. The ex-
ploratory hole in the routine i~Jand area should be drílled no less than the calculated
depth of foundation deformation. or 3m into bedrock with Grade 1 , II and m of the
rock quality designation below the foundation bottom. If the rock qual~ty grade of the

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rock mass is Grade 1 • nor 田， the depth shall be 3m below the foundation bottom. For
the hydraulic bu i1 dings , the exp!oratory holes should be laid out according to the under-
water topography and the type of riverbank and seacoast wi t. h the consideration of the
ma 目 mum washout erosion depth;
3 The gross section continuous coring drilling sha11 be adopted. For common
rock , the recovery ratio per turn shalt be greater than 85 %. For fractured rock , it sha l1
be greater than 70%. The RQDt nu四 ber of 10皿t and the angle of inclination 5hall be
counted. For each main rock layer ，由εnumber of the rock sample group shall be more
than 3;
4 To select suitable in-situ test methods to m回 sure the characteristic index of
rock and soil according to the geotechnical condition. And to adopt the sound wave test
to assess the integrity degree and to classify the weathering degree of the rock 皿ass;

5 ]n the nuclear island position , by sing!e-hole method and cross-hole method. to

select 1---2 exploratory holes to measure the compressive wave velocity and shear wave
velocity. and to calculate the dynamic parameters of rock and soil~
6 Be ，鸣 ides the requirements in Article 4. 6. 6 of this secti。口， the laboratory test
shall include the dynamic parameters such as dynamic elastic modulus. dynamic Poisson
ratio and dynamic damping ratio of every sample
4.6.12 ]0 the feasibility study stage. the investigation and assessment of underground
water"shall be in accordance with the fo l1 owing requirements:
• 39 •
 1 To find out the underground water type , the feature of aquifer , number of aqui-
fer , embedded depth , dynamic variation discipline of aquder , the hydraulic connection
with surrounding water body , and the ch田nicaI component of underground water ac
cording to the regional hydro-geological condition;
2 The water-injection test , water-pumping test and water- pressure test of the
main aquifers shall be conducted respectively , combining with the engineering geologic
drilling to obtain the permeability coefficient and the unit water absorption rate of the
stratum to assess the in四 grity of rock mass and the hydro-geological conditîon prelimi
narily.
3 If necessary , to arrange the proper long-term observation hole to observe and
record the water level periodically and analyze th巳 water quality quarterly through water
sampling and laboratory test. The observation period shall not be shorter than one
hydrological year.
4.6.13 In the feasibility study stage. the inves tÏ gation of side slope , the earthwork
and building material shall be implemented according to the geotechnìcal condition and
engineering demand. The detailed requirement5 shall comply with Section 4. 7 and other
relevant standards.

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4.6.14 The preliminary design investigation shall be divided into four sections: the
nuclear island , the routine island , the subordinate buildings and hydrotechnical build-
íngs , and sha11 be in accordance witb the following requirementsl
1 To find out tbe origin , type , physical and mechanics prop盯 ties parameters of
rock aod soil in each construction section , and put forward the subsoil treatment
schemel
2 To ascertain the distribution and the property of fault in. the investigation area
and its influence on the stability of the site. and put forward the recommendations about
the treatment scheme;
3 To învestigate the side slope with influence 00 the engioeering construction , an
alyze and assess its stahility , put forward the recommendations about the design param-
eters and the treatment scheme of side slope;
4 To fînd out the hydro-geological condition in the construction section;
S To ascertain the adverse geological actions with influence 00 the construction ,
put forward the recommendations about the treatment scheme
4.6. IS The preliminary design investigation for the nuclear island section sha11 meet
the design and construction demand. The layout , number and depth of exploratory hole
shall be in accordance with the following requirements
1 The exploratory points shall be laid out at the perimeter the mîddle part of the
reactor dump workshops. H the geotechnical condition is complex , the exploratory
• 40 •
 points may be densified aloog l. he crossing line or the exploratory range may be extend
ed. The intervals oi the exploratory points should be 10 .......，刮目'

2 The number of the exp!oratory points shall control the distribution of stratum
lithology in the nuclear section and sha lJ meet the requirements of the in-5itu testing de-
mand. The exploratory points shall not be less than 10 in each nuclear island , and
should not be less than 5 În the reactOr dump workshops. The controlling exploratory
points shall be rnore than half of the total;
3 The depth of the contro lJ ing exploratory hole should be two times of reactor di-
ameter below the foundation hottom. The depth of the general exploratory hole should
be no less th8n 10m below the foundation bottom for the rock mass whose rock quality
designation is Grade 1 or n. The depth of the exploratory hole used for wave velocity
testing shall not be less than that of the controlling exploratory hole
4.6.16 The investigation of the routine island during the preliminary design stage , be
sides the requirements specified in Section 4. 1. shall he in accordance with.the following
reqUl rements:
1 The exploratory points shall be laid out along the outline , axis of the buildings
or the main column and row line. and the total number of the exploratory points in rou

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tìne island shall not be le回 than 10 , among which. the contro l1 ing exploratory points
should not be less than 1/4 of the tota1 number of the exploratory points;
2 For tbe rocky subgrade , the controUîng exploratory hole shall advance Grade 1
or JI rock mass at lea~n 3m below the foundation bottom; ior the soil subsoil , the hole
shall be drilled 10 to 20m below the compressive soillayer. The general exploratory h01e
shall be 3 to 5m down into the moderately weathered rock layer , and to the bottom of
compressive layer of the soiled subg阻 de.

4.6. 17 1n the prelimÎn盯 y design stage , the exploration for the hydraulic buldìngs
shall he in accordance with the followìng requirements
1 In the pumping house area , the exploratîon sha1l consider the feature of stratum
lithology and the embedded depth of foundation. The number of exploratory points in
ev町y pumping house 5hall not be less than 2. The general exploratory hole shall be
drilled 10 1 ,..._. 2m below the foundation bottom and the controlling exploratory h01e shall
be dri l1 ed 1. 5--3m into the moderat e[ y weathered rock layer õ For the soiled subgrade.
the exploratory holes sha11 be drilled to 5.-...!Om helow the compressive layer;
2 For the inlet pipeline loca ted in thc 拙i 刑 l C'， the interval of the exploratory
points should not be more than 30m; the gcncral ('x: p]oratory hole should be drilled 5m
below the pipeline bottom õ the controlling explora 1O ry hole shall be drilled 1. 5.......3m in
to the moderately weathered rock layer;
3 For the sea embankment and anti-wave embankmcnt related with the nuclear
.41
 safety , the drillíng s1咀 II be laid out accordîng to the special geological environment. To
find out the physical and mechanical properties of rock and soíl and the adverse geolog-
ical actions. The e x:p loratory poin臼 shall be laid out along the axialline of the embank-
ment. The general exploratory hole should be drilled 10m below the designed level of
the embankment bottom , the controlling e叩 loratory hole should be drilled 1. S........3m in
to the moderately weathered rock layer.
4.6.18 Besides the requirements in Section 4. 1 of Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 of this
code , the investigation testing in preliminary design stage shall be also in accordance
wìth the followìng requirements:
1 According to the geo出 chnical properties and 由 e engineering demand , suitable
În-situ testíng methods including wave velocity test , dynamic penetration test , water-
pumpìng test I water-ìnjecllon test , wate r- pressure test and static loading test of rock
mass shall be se!ected; wave velocity testing by cros s- hole method and elastic modulus
test by drilling in the subso i1 of the ouclear reactor workshops shall be made to calculate
its wave velocity and the stress-strain characteristics of rock;
2 Besides the routine tests , the laboratory tests for m由 suring dynamic and 5tatic
elastÎc modulus~ dynamic and static Poisson ratio. dynamic damping ratio , dynamic and

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static shear modulus. dynamic shear strength and wa 'Ve ve!ocity 5ha11 be done.
4.6. 19 10 the construcllon drawing design stage , the investigation for subordinate
buildings and other hydrotechnical b山 ldings other than main bydrotechnical buildings
shal1 be completed õ the complement investigation for nuclear island. the routine îsland
and the maio hydrotechnical buildings shall be done accorcling to demand. The contents
and requirements may be implemented according to the requirements of the preliminary
design stage. There shall be more than one controllìng exploratory hole in each subordi.
nate building related with the nuclear safety.
4.6. 20 10 the engineering construction stage , the m血 n investigation work inclucles in-
situ inspection and monitoring , the content and requirements shall be in accordance with
that in Chapter 13.
4.6.21 The judgment for liquefaction of nuclear pow 盯 plant shall comply with the
current national standard 01 Cocle for Seismic De5ign of Nuclear Power Plants"
GB 50267

4. 7 Side Slope Engineering

4.7.1 The investigation for side slope engineering shall find out the followings:
1 The landform. If there are adverse geological actions such as landslide! crag ,
eboulement and debris flow etc. , it shall be in accordance with the requirements in
Chapter 5 of this code.
• 42 •
 2 The type , origin and engineering properties of rock and 50i1 , overburden thick
ness , shape and gradient of bedrock 5urfacei
3 The feature of the principle structural plane including type , attìtude , exten-
ding. closure degree. fîìling condition. wate r- fi l1 îng condition , mechanical properties
and combination relationship , the relationship of principle structurai plane and free
plane. and whether there Îs extroversion structural plane Or not;
4 The character of undeτground water such as type. wat盯 lev e!. hydraul ic pres-
sure. quantity of water. recharging and fluctuation. permeability of rock and so ì!. and
emergence of underground water;
5 The regional meteorologicaJ condi tion (in particul盯. the rain p 盯 iod and rain
storm intensity) , catchments. the vegetation covering the slope. the ero.s ion of surface
water to the surface and foot of slopei
6 The physical and mechanical properties of rock &. soil , the shear strength of the
soft and weak structural plane
4.7.2 The investigation for large..scale side slope should be conducted in stages. and
that in each stage sha11 be in accordance with the following req 山 rements;
1 ln the preLiminary investigation stage , the geological data shall be collected J en

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gineering geological mapping and a little of expJoratîon and lab test 5ha11 be done , the
stability of 5ide slope shall be assessed preliminarilYI
2 ln the detailed investigation stage , the engin田ring geological mapping. explora
tion. testing. observation. analysis a. nd calcul a. tion for the potential unstable side slope
and its adjacent section shall be conducted; the stab i1i ty sha l! 'be assessed l the optimum
excavation slope angle for the side slope shall be found out and the recommendations
about the treatment of the side slope to be potential failure sha11 be put forwardl
3 In the construction investigation stage. the geologicallog , checking up and sup •
plementation for the invεstigation data from the to former .s tage shall be done in consid
eration of coostruction excavation. If necessary , to forecast the safety of constTuction
and put forward the recommendations about the revised design
4.7.3 BesÎdes the requirements in Chapter 8 of this code. the engineering geologicai
mapping of side slope shall also find out the shape and slope angle of the natural side
slope. the attitude and properties of the soft and weak structllral plane , The range of
the mapping shall include all the 阻 ctions affecting the stabîlity of side slope.
4.7.4 The exploratory lines should be laid out perpendicular to strike of side slope and
the distance of exploratory points shall be determined according to the geological condi-
tioo. If the weak interlayer or the adverse structural planes are encountered. the explor-
atory points shall be densified. The exploratory holes shall be drilled through the poten-
tial slipping plane and 2--5m into the stable layer. Besides the routine drilli 吨， the ex
• 43 .
 ploratory bole. exploratory trench , exploratory well and crooked hole shall a150 be
adopted ìf necessary.
4.7.5 Samples shall be taken from the maÎn geotechnical layer and the 50ft and weak
layer. For the soíllayer , the sample of each layer shall not be le55 than 6 pieces; for the
rocky stratum , it shall not be less than 9 pieces. for the soft and weak layer. it should
be continuously sampled
4.7.6 The selection of the maximum confining pressure in the tri-axial shear test and
the ma 皿 mum normal pressure in the direct shear test shall be simil盯 to the actual load
bearìng con出口。 n of the sample in the side slope. For the soft and weak structural plane
contro Jl ing the stability of side slope. in-situ-shear test shall be done. For the large
scale side 5lope. if necessary , strcss testing , wave velocity testing. dynamic testing.
pore-water pressure tes tÎ ng and madel testing shalt be made.
The shear strength index shall be determined according to the factual observation
result combining with local experience , and shall be ver iIìed through back-analysis
method. For permanent side slope. the effect oí possible strength decreasing with time
shall a180 be considered.
4.7.7 The s回 bility assessment of side slope shall be c町ried out on the basis of the de-

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termination of failure mode of side slope. It may be assessed synthetica l1 y by engineer-
ìng geology analogy , graphic analytic method , limit equilibrium method and finit e- ele-
ment method. Ií the condition of each section i5 different. they 5hall be analyzed sepa
rately
For the new designed side slope and the important engineering , the stability coeffj-
cient F~ of 5ide slope should be 1. 30........ 1. 50. For the common engin回ring ， it should be
1. 15- 1. 30 , for the secondary engineeri吨， it should be 1. 05...... 1. 15. For the peak
strength , the bigger value should be taken. For the residual :s trength , the smaller value
should be taken. To calculate the stability of the existing side slope. F. should be
1. 10~ 1.25.

4.7.8 The monitoring is necessary for the large-scale sìde slope and the monitoring
content may include slope deíormation , groundwater fl 山 ctuation. and weathering veloci
ty of weathering-• susceptible rock
4.7.9 Besides the requirements io Chapter 14 of this code. the geotechnical engineer
ing investigation report for side slope shall illustrate the following contents:
1 To the engineering geological cond 山 on of side slope and the parameters of
geotechnîcal engineering calculation;
1 To analyze the stability of the side slope and the buildings on the slope , and its
influence on the construction built at the bottom of side slope ,
3 To put forward the recommendations about the optimum slope shape and slope
angle;
. 44 .
 4 To put forward the recommendations about the rectificatiou measure of the un-
stable side slope and th巳 monitoring scheme

4.8 Foundation Pit En嗯ineering

4.8.1 This section is suitable for the investìgation of the soiled foundation pi t. For
rocky foundation pit. it shall be investigated as per the local standards and experience
according to the geological structure , feature of rock mass , weathering condition and
excavation depth etc. .
4.8.2 For the engineering needed to design the foundation pit. the investigation of
foundation pit engineering shall be carried out. In preliminary investigation stage , the
possibte problems resulting from the excavation and bracing measures 5ha11 be judged
according to rhe geotechnical condirion. In detailed investigation stage , investigation
5hall be made according to the design requirements of foundation pit. In the con5truction
stage , if necessary , the supplement8ry Învestigation 5ha11 be implemented
4.8.3 The range and depth of the investigation for the foundation pit 5ha11 be deter-
mined according to the site condition and thc design requirements 町 The depth of investi
gation shoulcl be 2---3 times of the depth of 由 e excavation. If it encounters the hardy co

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hesive soil. grave l1 y so i1 and rock in the depth , the depth may be decreased according to
classification oí rock and soil and the design requirements for the bracing. The investj-
gation range should be 2.-...3 time5 of the excavation depth beyond the excavatcd bounda-
ry. In the thick and deep 50ft soil area , the investigation range and depth shall be ex
tended appropriately. Out of the excavation boundary , the investigation is primarily by
mean of surveying , collecting and 5tudying the existing data. There 5ha l1 be an aUlOunt
of expl.oratory points 1n tbe complex sÎte and slope site.
4.8.4 Witrun the area aHected by the excavation of foundation pit and where it Îs pos-
sible to set the bracing structure , the distribution of subsoil shall be found out and the
shear strength index for the design of bracing sha Il be provided in layers. The shear
strength test for soil shall be in accordance with the design requirements for the founda-
tion pit design , and shall confor皿 to the design standard 盯ld be illustrated in the inves
tlgatlon report
4.8.5 When hydro-g回 logical conditio'响。f the site 1s complex , and the underground wa曲r

ne叫S 阳 be controlled (dewalering or 抽epage- pr四川 duri 吨 excavation process , when tbe
existed d3t3 cannot meet the requirement , special hydr o- geological investigation sball be
carried out.
4.8.6 If the excavation of foundation pÎt willlead to the permeable destructìon such as
quick sand , soil flow and piping eHect. special investigation shall be carried out and the
• 45 •
 possìbility and its influence on the engineering shall be analyzed. If there is leakage in
the process of {oundation pit excavation , the seepage e fI ect of underground water should
be determined by seepage calculation
4.8.7 For investîgation of foundation pit engineering , the environmental condition
5ha11 be investigated; the practical situation , structural features and the bearing capacity
for the excavation deformation of the adjacent constructÎon and the underground fa口 lì­

ties shall be ascerta皿ed. If the underground pipe network distributed densely in the
city. the type , layout , embedded depth and scale of the pipeline shall be found out ac.
cord皿g to geographical information system and other document data. lf necessary , the
underground pipe1ine shall be detected by the effective method
4.8.8 The investigation of foundation pit in the special rock and soil distribution area
may be performed according to the requuements in Chapt盯 6 of thi5 code j impact on the
foundatìon pit due to the creep and long-term strength of soft soi1 , dehydration and dîs-
integration of soft rock and extreme soft rock , expansibility and fissure of the expansive
soil , humid iF ication and softening of unsaturated soil shall be analyzed and assessed.
4.8.9 The recommenclations about the treatment of foundation pit side slope shall be
put forward according to the excavation depth , geotechnical condition , underground wa-

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ter condition and the environmental demand
4.8.10 The investìgation of foundation pit shall provide the relevant calculation pa
rameters and recommendations according to analysis of the follows
1 The local stability , monolithic stability of side slope , and the anti-heaving sta-
bility of the foundation pít bottom;
2 The seepa叫ge stahility of the bottotIl and side wall of founclation pit õ
3 The poss出le deformation of retaining structure and the side slope ,
4 The dewat盯 ing effect and its influence onεnVlronment õ

5 The influence resu 1t ing from the excavation and dewatering on the acljacent
buildings and underground pipelines.
4.8. 11 In the geotechnical engineering investigation report. the part related with the
foundation pit sha11 include the fo l1 owingsl
1 The site condition. subsoil condition and engineering condition relatecl to the
foundation pit excavation;
2 Reαommendations about the treatment. calculation parameters and selection of
bracing structure;
3 Recommendatìons on the controlling method , calculation parameters and ∞n

struction controlling of underground water I

4 Recommendations about the construction method and the prevention and pro
cessing measures for the possible problems;
• 46 •
 5 Recommendations on the envîronmental protectîon and the monitoring work
during the construction

4. 9 Pile Foundation

4. 9. 1 The geotechnical engin趾ring investigation for pile foundation sh国J iDclude the fol-
lowings:
1 To find out lype I depth I distribution. engineering properties and the variation di s-
cipline of subsoil;
2 If the bearing layer of pile is bedrock , the character of bedrock 5uch as Iithology ,
configuration , rock plane variatioD and weathering d唔ree shall be found out; the h町甘­

DesS. integrity degr国 and basic rock qualily designation shall be determined i and to identi
fy whether tbere is cavity , fr回 face ， fragment国 rock and 50ft and weak rock 1町er;

3 To find out 由 e hydro-geological condilion; ass国s the innuence of underground

water on d田ign and construction of pile foundation; and judge the corrosÎvity of under-
ground water to the building material;
4 To ascertain the adverse geological actions , the distribution of Iiquefaction soiJ
layer and the speciaI rock and soil and their hazard d唔ree ， and put forwa时 the r四:ommen­

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dations about the prevention and processing me酣U町，

5 To iII ustrate the possibility of pile- driving ，由 e constructing condition of the pile
and its innuence 00 environment.
4.9.2 Tbe interval of the exp!oratory points for soil {oundation shall be in accordance
with the following require四ents!

1 For end bearing pile. it should be 12........24m; the elevation difference o[ the bear
ing layer discovered between adjacent exploratory holes should be within 1 ,..._. 2m;
2 For friction pile. it should be 20~35m. If the stratum condition is complex or
the design demand is special , the exploratory points shall be densified appropriatelYI
3 For the single column witb corresponding single pile engineering in the complex
subsoil. a exp!oratory point should be set for each column
4.9.3 The drilling. penetration test and other in-situ testing shall be adopted for the
geotechnical engineering investigation of pile foundation. The testing method for soft
soil , cohesive soi l, silty and ~andy soil should be cone static penetration test and stand-
ard penetration tes t. For gravelly 50i1. the heavy cone dynamîc p巳 netration test or the
5upe 卜 heavy cone dynamic penetration test should be adopted.
4.9.4 The depth of exploratory holes shaH be in accordance with the following re
qULrem四 ts:

1 The depth of general exploratory hole shall be dril1 ed (3"""'5)d (d is the diarne-
ter of the pile) below the pile end and mU5t not be te~s than 3m. For larger diameter
• 47 •
 píle. Ît mu时 not be less than 5mJ
2 The depth of controlling exploratory hole shall meet the checking calculation de
mand of underlying layer. For the pile foundation needed to be ca\culated thc deforma
tion , it shall be great町 than the calculated depth of tbe foundation deformation;
3 When 50ft and weak layer is encountered within the predicted depth. the depth
of that sball be increased. When hard rock Îs encountered , the depth 5ha11 be decrea5ed
appropriately;
4 For the 50cket pile , it sha l1 be drilled to (3.-....5) d below the predicted imbedded
rock plane of pile end and through the karst cavity and fractured zone to stable layerJ
5 Tf the pÎle length i5 various , it 5ha11 be determined depending 00 the longest
píle
4.9.5 The geotechnicallaboratory test shall meet the following requiremems:
1 If it is needed to estimate the side resistance force and the end resístance force of
the pile and to verify the strength of the underlying 1ayer. the tri-a且 a1 shear test or un
confined compressive strength test should be made. The stress condítion of the tri-axial
shear test shall simulate tbe practical situation of engineering 1
2 If the píle founclation engineering needs to estimate the deformation of pile foun-

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dation , compression test shall be performed. The maxímum pressure sha l1 be more than
the sum of overburden self-weight pressure and additional pressure;
3 If the bearing layer is bedrock , rock sample sball be taken and saturated uniaxí-
al compressíve strength test of the rock sample sha 1l be performed. If necessary. soften户

ing test shall a150 be conducted. For 50ft rock and extremely soft rock , uniaxial com-
pr臼 sive strength test of natura1 moisture may be conducted. For frangib1e and extreme-
Iy frangible rock , in-situ testing should be p町 formed.

4.9.6 The vertical and horizontal bearing capaciry of the single pile shall be deter
mined according to engineering grade , properties of rock and soíl , result of in-situ tes
ting and the local experience. If the desîgn grade for the foundation is Grade 1 and the
area where there is little experíence. static loading test shall be advísed to be conducted.
The number of the static loading test should not be less than 1% of the number of engi-
neering p i1 es and shall be more than 3 for each site. For the pile be盯ing more horizontal
load , horizontal 10adíng test of piL-e is advised to -be conducted. For the pile bearing up
lifting force , anti-uplifting test is advised to be conducted. The investigation report shall
provide the estimated value of skin friction resistance force and end r自istance force of
pile foundation from rock and soi l. If necessary , it shall provide the esima,ted value of
the vertical and horizontal bearing capacity and anti-uplifting capacity
4.9.7 For the pile foundation needed to calculate the deformatíon , the deforroation pa-
rameters of each layer shall be provided and the deformation sha11 be estimated accordíng
• 48 •
 to the task demand.
4.9.8 ßesides the requirements in Chapter 14 of this code and the bearing capacity and
deformation shall bc provided as p 盯 Article 4. 9. 6 and Article 4. 9. 7. the geotechnical
engineering investigation report for pile foundation engineering shall al50 include the fol
lowings:
1 To provide the optional pìle foundatìon type. pile end bearing layer and the rec-
ommendatìons about the length and the diameter of pile;
2 If there Îs 50ft and weak underlying layer , to verjfy the strength of the underly
ing layer;
3 For the engíneering with under-consoHdated soil and with large area load
heaped , the possÎbility of negative skin frictÎon of piie to be caused and its influence on
the bearing capacity of pi( e foundation sha11 be analyzed. and to provìde the negative
skin frictîon coefficient and the recommendations about the measure for reduction of
negative skin frictîon;
4 To analyze the possibility of pile-driving , and the inHuence of pile-driving and
soil-squeezing sha l1 be analyzed , and put forward the recommendations about the pro…
tection measure;

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S 1f the bearing layer is indined stratum 嘈 the bedrock surface is uneven or there is
cavity in the rock and soil , the stability of pile shall be assessed and put forward the rec
ommendations about treatment.

4. 10 Subsoil Treatment

4.10.1 The geotechnical engíneering investigation for the subsoìl treatment shall meet
the following requirements:
1 To provìde the geotechnical propertÎes parameters needed for the design and
construction of subso i1 treatment according to the adoptable subsoil treatment scheme;
2 To predict the influence from the treatment on the environment and the adjacent
buildings;
3 To provide the recommendations about subsoil treatment scheme;
4 To if the site condition is complex and there is 1i ttle experience , test 。τcontrast

1est sha11 be made for the proposed schemes in the construction site to examine the de-
sign parameters and treatment effect;
5 To during the construction stage of subsoil treatm四 t ， the construction qualîty
and the influence of construction on environrnent and the adjacent engineering shall be
monitored
4. 10. 2 The geoteehnical engineering investigation for the replacement and filling
method should includεthe fo l1 owings
• 49 •
 J To ascertain the distribution range and the embedded depth of the adverse soil
layer to be replaced and fiUed;
2 Tom四 sure the opti m. um water content and the maximum dry density of the re
placement and the fi Ui ng material;
3 To assess the bearing capacity and the sliding resistance stability of the 50ft &.
weak underlyìng layer. and estìmate the settlement of buildings ,
4 To assess the influence of the replaced and the fîlled material on the under
ground water environment;
5 To put forward the recommendations for the course of the replacement and fill
mg proce白:

6 To carry out inspection or in-situ test 00 the quality of the replacement and the
filling cushion
4.10.3 The geotechnical engineering investigation for preloading shall in c1 ude the fol
lowings
1 To ascertain the formatio I;l condition , the horizontal and the vertical distribution
of subsoil. the embedded depth and thickness of water drainage layer and sand intercala~

tion , the supplying and drainage condition of the underground water;

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2 To provide pr e- consolìdation pressure , compressibilìty parameters , consolida-
tion property p a. rameters , shear strength index and the growth discipline of strength
during the course of preloading;
3 To estimate steps , ìncrement , loading rate , preloading p 町 iod ， the possible
growth of intensity and the possible settlement of the preload~

4 For importartt engineeriI哩， it ìs recommended to select representative test; to

町 ea to do preloading test; to adopt the laboratory test , in- situ testing , in- situ monito
ring of deformation and pore- water pressure etc. to reckon coefficient of consolidation of
50ft soil , the relationship between the degree of consolîdation and time and the final set-
tlement , and to provide re1iable basis for design and construction of preloading;
5 To e阻 mine the effect of preloading. H necessary. tO conduct the loading test in
the site.
4. 10. 4 The geotechnical engineerîng investigation for dynamic compaction method
should indude the followings:
1 To ascer 阳 in composition , distribution , intensity , compressibility of subsoil ,
water permeabilìty and the underground water condition within the depth eHected by dy-
namlC co盯lpaC t10n;

2 To find out the position and elevation of the underground pipelìne and struc-
tures in the construction site and suπoundings affected. To ascertain whether there are
facilîtîes sensîtive to vibration. and whether need monitoring during the construction of
• 50 •
 dynamic compaction i
3 To select the repre.s巳 ntative test area to do dynamic compaction test , with labo
ratory test. in-situ testing and field monitorÎng to find out the eHective stabilìzation
depth , compaction energy , the relationship be1ween compaction frequency and compac-
ted 5et t1 ement through dynamic compaction , vibration and the upheaval of the ground ,
the growth and the dissipation discipline of por e- water pressure surrounding the area
where dynamic compaction is done
4.10.5 The geotechnical engineering investigation for pile and soil composite founda
tioo should include the foilowing5:
1 To find out the distrìhution and embεdded depth of blind pond. blind groove ,
blind drain and cavity and 50 00;
2 To fiod out the composition. distribution , physical and mechanical properties of
subsoil. the thickness and embedded depth of 50 ft. and weak soil , embedded depth of the
relative hard layer which may be the hearing layer of pile {oundatlon;
3 To predict the possibilìty of p i\e- driving (Whether there are underground ob5t8
cles. underground cavity. underground pipeline and cable etc. ) and the impact of pile

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drjving on the surrounding soil mass. the adjacent buildings. the engineerìng facilities
and the environment (noise , vibration , lateral soil-squeezing , ground subsìdence and
ground upheava l), the interaction between the pile and the water and soil (corrosivity of
the underground water to pile material and the contamination of pile material to sur-
roundîng wat盯 envîronment) ;
4 To assess the bearing capacity ofsoil inter- pile and estimate the bearîng capacity
oC single pile and the composite Coundation;
5 To assess the soil inter-pile. the pile body , composite foundation , and the com-
pressibi1ity of tbe subso i1 in the calculated depth of deformation under the pi1e end. Esti-
mate the sett1ement of the composite foundation if neces相 ry;

6 For the engineering needed to checking calculate the stability of composite foun
dation , the shear strength of the soil inter-pìle and the pile hody shall b巳 provided;

7 If necessary , tO conduct static loading test of soîl inter"pile , single pile and com
posite foundation accordîng to the design of composite foundation to iospecl the bearing
capacity of composite foundatîon
4.10.6 The geotechnicaJ engineering investigation for grouting should include the fo1-
lowings:
1 To fînd out the grain size dist.ibution and the porosity of 5ubsoil or fracture
width and distríbution discipline of rock. permeabi1ity of rock and 50i 1. the embedded
depth , flowing direction and flowing velocity of 1he underground water , the chemical
component and the organic content of rock and soi l. Thc permeabi1ity of rock and soil
.51
 should be determîned by fîeld test;
2 To select the grout and the grouting method (permeation grouting , splitting
grouting and compression grouting) according to the geotechnical properties and the en-
gme町ing requirement to determine centration , viscosity , pressure , condensation time ,
effective stabilization radius or range according to locaL experience and field test , and to
assess the bearing capacity , compressibility , stability and impermeability of the stabi-
lized foundationl
3 1n the stabilizat田。 procession ， to conduct deformation observation of existing
buildings and underground pipe1i ne to control the grouting sequence , grouting pressure
and grouting rate;
4 To Ìnspect the effect of grouting stabilization through excavation. laboratory
test , dynamic test and other in-situ testsJ
5 After the grouting stabilization , the settlement of the buildings or structure
shall be observed until the settlement reaches stable. The observation time should not
be less than half of a year.

4. 11 Load Augment and Protection of Existing Buildings

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4.11.1 The geotechnical engineering investigation for the load augment and protection
of existing buildings 5ha11 be in accordance with the fo Llowing requirements:
1 To collect the data such as buildings load , structure features , function features
and intactness , and foundation type , embedded depth , [ay。川 I foundation base contact
pressure and deformation observation data. and water-exploitation history , water level
lowered , drop 阳te of underground water 田 the site and its region , ground subsidence ,
ground deformation , occurrence and development of ground crack;
2 When assessìng the impact on the buildings due to floors-adding , load augment
and large area load heaped ìn the area adjacent to the sìte , the bearíng capacity of sub-
soil , the possible additional settlement and differentiaI settlement caused by the load
augment sha1l be found out. For buildîngs built at the s[ope , îts stability shall be 8150
checking calcuJated;
3 For the successive buildings or the new buildings to be built near the e皿 sttng

building , the change of stress condition and its ìnfluence on the subsoil of existing b咀ld

ing caused by the new buildings built sha11 be analyzed j

4 When assessing the influence On the existing buildings caused by underground
water pumping , the influence 00 the existing buîldiugs resulting from consolidation of
the subsoîl, ground subsidence , inclination , f1 exure. and fracture caused by water→ pu血

ping 5hall be analyzed , and its developrnent trend shaU be .predicted;

S When a55e5sing the influence on exísting buildings by foundation pit ex四 va-
52 •
 tion , t. he shear upheaval of the foundation pit bottom caused by the excavation unloa-
ding ，阴阳 ng eHect caused by water head difference inside and outside of the foundation
pit. the deformation and displacement and fai1ure of the pit wall soil sha11 be analyzed
At the same time , the adverse environmental effect of differential ground subsidence
caused by foundation pjt dewatering sha11 a1so be analyzed;
6 When assessing the effect of the underground engineering construction acting on
the existing buildings , the deformation and rupture such as the ground subsidence and
flexure caused by str田s redistribution of rock and soil , the environmental effect of de-
watering , meanwhile. the impact on the existing bui1dings due to deformation or col-
lapse of surrounding rock acting 5ha 1l be analyzed;
4.11.2 The geotechnical engineering investigation [or the floors-adding and load-aug
ment of the e目前 ing buildings , and large area load heaped in the neighboring area sha11
in c1 ude the followings:
1 To analyze the practical load-bearing conditìon degree of subsoil , the structure
and material status of the existing building , and it5 adaptive capacity of the new added
load and additional settlement;
The exploratory poinis shall be laid out along the outside of foundation. If any ,

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2
they should be placed along the center line of foundation , and not Ie 电 5 than 3 explorato
ry points should be set Ior each building. Certain number of exploratory points should
be set at the suitable space away from outside of the foundation;
3 Besídes the drilling. the method of exploration should in c1 ude exploratory well.
cone stattc penetrat lO n test or pressurerheter t凹 l The interval of sampling and pres
suremeter t 田t should be O. 5m within the depth of foundation width below 出 e founda
tion bottom; beyond the depth. it may be 1m. Jf necessary , the exploratory well should
be specially laid out to ascertain the type. size and mat盯ial of foundation , and subsoil
treatment condition;
4 1n the result of the compressive test. ther e. shall be e-lg户 curve. the pre-consoli-
dation pressure. compressiv巳 index ， rebounding index. coeHicient of consolídation
which is relevant to the vertical effective pressure of soil after the load augment , and the
result 01 tri-axial unconsolidated un-drained shear test. If there will be more floors-
adding or the larger load-augment , static loading test shall be conducted to provide line-
ar limit load. ultimate load. deformation modulus and rebounding modulus of the main
load俨 bearing 1ayer;
5 In the geotechnical engmeering investigation report , the bearing capacity of
subsoil after load augment shall be analyzeø and al'l sessed mainly; tbe possible additional
:.ettlement and differential .settlement shall be predicted; and the recommendations
aboutthe design schemet construction meS i-mres and the deformation monitoring shall be
• 53 •
 put forward.
4.11.3 The geotechnical engineering investigation for successive buildings or the new
buildings built near the existing huildings shall meet the following requirements:
1 Besides the requirements in the ltem 1 in Article 4.1 1. 2 of this code. the struc
ture of buildings and the capacity of adapting the local flexure of the material 5haU a1so
be assessed;
2 Be sides the relevant requirements of the layout of exploratory points for the
newly built building in Section 4. 1. the exploratory points at intersection of successive
construction or the new construction near the existing building shall be also set out for
studying of subsoil , foundation structure and the material status. Am ong which there
should be exploratory well and cone static penetratîon test hole and the number of those
should not be le5s thao 3 and the interval of sampling should be 1m;
3 1n the result of compression test. there sha11 be e-Igp curve. pre- consolidation
pressure. compressive index , rebounding index , coefficient of consolidation which is
relevant with the vertical effectÎve pressure of soil after load augment , and the result of
tri~axial unconsolidated un-draîned shear test;
4 ln the geotechnical engineering investigation repo且， assessment.of new com

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pression and relevant differentìal settlement resulting from the load of newly built build一

Îngs acting On the subsoil under the existing buüdings shall be performed. The impact
on the existing buildings due to excavation , dewatering and piling sha11 be assessed , 'and
the recommendations on the design scheme , construction measures and the deformation
monitoring shall be put forward.
4.11.4 The geotechnical engineering investigation for dewatering and pumping of un
derground water shall be in accordance with the following req山 rements:

1 To study the relationship between the pumpîng and dewatering of underground

water , with embedded condition of aquifer. thickness of compressible soìllayer. com-
pressibility of soi1 and stress history etc. , and to make assessment and prediction;
2 The depth of exploratory holes shalI exceed the lower limit of compressible lay-
町， and samples lab test or the in-sítu testing sha11 be performed;
3 ]0 the result of compression test , there shall be e-lgp curve , pre-consolidation
pressure , compressive index , rebounding index , coefficient of consolidation which is
relevant with the vertical effectÎve pressure of soi1 after load augment , and the result of
tri-axial un-consolidated un-drained shear test provided J
4 The geotechnical engineering investigation report shall analyze the possible
ground sLJbsidence. defo口nation ， fracture and their influence , and sha11 put forward
measures to protect the existing buildings.
4. 11. 5 The geotechni 四 1 engineering investigation for ass 四 sment of the Împact on ad-
• 54 •
 jacent buildings due to the excavation of foundation pil shall be in accordance with the
following requirements:
J To collect and analyze th巳 data about the adaptive capacity of the exîstîng build
ings to the additional settlement and differential settlement. its location relationship
with the foundatìon pit to be excavated in horizon and vertical. the data about dewate
ring. excavation and bracing likely to be adopted etc. ;
2 To find out engineering propertÎes such as stratum structure , the feature , water
!evel and permeability cocfficient of aquifer. the shear strength and deformation parame
ters of 50il aHected by dewatering and excavationl
3 Besides the requirements in Section 4. 8. the geotechnical engineering investiga
tion report shall a1so analyze and predict the danger of the rebounding at the bottom of
the pit and ground surface out of the pit emphatically after unloading. the deformation
displacement of the soil sur'rounding the pìt , the shear uphe a. val and p> ping effect at the
bottom of the pi t. To analyze the land subsidence range caused hy dewatering and its
impact 00 the adjacent buildìngs. and put forward the recommendations about the
schem巳 01 凹.cavation. br8cing , dewatering and monitoring
4.11.6 The geotechnical engineerÎng investigation for assessment on the influence on

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the buildings caused by the excavation of foundation pit shal1 be in accordance with the
following requírements:
1 To analyze the existing investigation data. If necessary. some supplementary
investigation testing work sha 1J be done;
2 To analyze the groove shape ground subsidence along the principle axis of the
underground engineering , the possibility of surface in c1 ination and flexure at the both
sides and its surroundings. and its influence on the existing buildings at both sides. and
put forward recommendations abollt the safe and reasonable construction scheme and the
measures for protecting the existîng buildings:
3 To put forward recommendations on monitoring about ground deformation. the
w巳 ss state of surrounding rock. and precursor phenomenon of surrounding rock or
buîldings foundation failure.

• 55 •
 5 Adverse Geological Actions 国ld Geological Disasters

5.1 Karst

5. 1. 1 lnv回tigation for karst should be done where tbere is the existeuce of karst in or
surrounding the site , which 81何配ts on the safety of works prop国 ed.

5.1.2 Investigation for karst should take composite measures such as engineering geo-
logical mapping and survey , geophysical prospecting I drilling exploration and 50 on.
and should in compliance with the requirements below:
1 In :v estigation for feasibilîty study should ascertain the development condition of
Karst cavity and porosity and earth caves and identify ìts seriousness of damage to the
works and development trend. then give preliminary assessment 00 the stability of the
site and suitability of the project;
2 Pre!iminary investigation should ascertain distrîbution , development degree and
development law of the karst 臼V 山es and porosity and its associated 田 rth holes" then
,

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give areal divlsion according the stability and suitability of the site
3 Detailed investigation should ascertain 10catÎon , scale and depth embedded of
karst cavities and porosity and earth caves in the sîte and its area of iníluence , character
Îstic of karst filler and the feature of underground water. Then to put forward recom-
mendations on the designing of foundation and processing of karst;
4 lnvestigation during construction should be a complementary investigation con-
ducted specially for certaîn 盯咀 S or the unset t( ed special problem. When socket pile
wÎth larger diameter is to be performed , spec> a1 investigation for pile foundation should
be conducted.
5. 1. 3 The engineering geologìcal mapping and survey at karst region should include
the followings besides requìrements in Chapter 8 of thi~ Code:
1 Distrîbution , shape and development disciplìnc nr karst cavìty and porosîtYI
2 Relief and shape of surface of rock mass , thickness of overburden;
3 Storage condition of underground water , variation of water lcvel and movement
disciplinel
4 Relationship between karst development and landform , tectonic. Hthology. and
underground water ,
5 DistribulÌ on , shape and development law of soil C8ve and collapsej
6 Origin and development trend of earth cave and collapsel
7 Local experience about processing of karst , soil cave and collapse.
• S6 •
 5. 1. 4 Feasibility study and preliminary investigation should be mainly by means of en
gineering geological mapping and comprehensive geophysical prospecting. The interval
of exploration points shall not exceed that specified in Chapter 4 of this Code. and shall
be densified in the karst developed areas. Verifying borehole shall be set at representa-
tive section if abnormality is found by geophysical probing and geological mapping. The
controlling exploration borehole sha l1 be drilled through karst developed zone.
S. 1.5 Detailed investìgation shall be in accordance with the foUowing req山 rements ，

1 Exploratory tines should be distributed along the axis of buildings. the interval
of exploratory points shall not exceed that specified in Chapter 4 of thi5 Code. Every in-
dependent foundation shall be ~et exploratory point 刊 it is in complicated condition õ
2 The depth of exploratory borehole sha11 be in accordance with the requirem 巳 nts
in Chapter 4 of this Code. furthermore. some or all of the boreholes should enter bed
rock íf thickness of underlying subsoil below foundation is not in accordance with It em 1
。f Article 5. 1. 10 in thìs sectíon ,
3 When there is the existence of earth cave within the predicted depth which may
affect the stability of foundation , boreholes shall be drilled 曰~ceeding 2m below the sur-
face of bedrock. boundary-line of caves should be set íf necessarYi

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4 For foundation of one column supported with single pile , exploratory point
should be distributed pile by pile;
5 ln the earth cave and collapse developed area. the detailed distribution of th8t
may be ascertained by means of Cone static penetration test. light dynamic penetration
test. and drilling with small diameter;
6 Appropriate 8mount of exploratory pits and exploratory we l1 s may be set when
it is needed to ascertain conditions of faults. bound8ry-line of petrofabric. shape of cav-
ern porosity. earth cave. and collapse;
7 Effective methods for geophysical probing shall be adopted according to the
physical condition to carry out verification through drilling at the abnormal point. If
there is or might be existing cavity found which is danger to the engíneering , explorato-
ry points shal1 be densified;
8 All the cavities th8t people can entered shall be entered and explored inside. For
those impo .s sibly being entered should be probed through unde r- well televÎsìon and 80
on.
5. 1. 6 飞iVork amount of investigation during construction should be designed according
to the foundation design of karst area and construction requirements. Cone static pene-
tration tests and light dynamic penetration test might be desîgned io trench excavated at
cavities and collapse section. But for key pr叮 ects or those with larger loading. drilling
with small diameter may be set at the bottom of the trench for inspection. For socket
• 51 •
 pile with larger diameter. exploration point should be designed pile by pile. And the
depth o[ exploration shall not be less than 3 tìmes of the pile diameter. meanwhile. not
less than 5m below the pile end. When Huctuation of bedrock surface is great below ad-
jacent piles , depth of exploratory should be deepened.
5.1.7 The location of cavities and cavity groups should be ascertained 8. t the fo lLowing
sections in karst area:
1 Development sections of thin soil layer ，也 ssure in soil and cav山es of its under-
lying rock massJ
2 Open fissure developed on rock surface , stone 5prout or interface between out-
crops rock and soil mass;
3 Intersection of two tectonic fjssures and wide fissure belts;
4 Blind karst trough , karst trench , funnels and 50 on , the negative rock surface
section overburdened with 50ft and weak soi l;
5 At the interface of rock and soil with strongly action of underground watcr and
considerahly arti{icial rainfall areaJ
6 Depression area and near surface water.
5. 1. 8 Testing and observing of investigation for karst should be 1n accordance with

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the íollowing requirements:
1 Connectivity test may be conducted for tracing relationship of blind cavity po-
rosities ,
2 Physical and mechanical properties test of rock sample from cavity roof and soi1
sample from cavìty filling may be performed for assessing stability of cavern porosity
An d loading test on the roof m 8. y be conducted in the site if necessary;
3 If it is nece阻 ary to ascertain relationsbip between soil's character and formation
of cavity , humidifying , dilatant , solubility and shear test may be done ô
4 When the hydraulìc condition of underground water. erosion , connection be-
tween su rI ace water and underground water is needed to be ascertain and possibility and
development of cavities and collapse is needed to be ptedicted. the flow speed , flow di
rection I water level and water quality shall be long time observed
5.1.9 When one of the following condìtions exÎsts , the site can be assigned as unfa马

vorah1e section as foundation unless treated:

1 Shallow ca vit白 or karst cavites group , big diameter of cavities and unstable sec-
tion ,
2 Covered funne l. trough and so on , and overburdened with soft soi1;
3 Where 四 vitÎes or collapse developed in group;
4 Where karst water can't be drained smoothly and is possìble to be temporarily
submerged.
• 58 •
 S. 1. 10 When the foundation belongs to one of the iollowings , adverse impact on the
stability of karst can be ignored for Grade n and mpr町 ect:
1 The thickness of soil below the foundation exceeds 3 times of the wideness of in
dividual foundation Or 6 times that of strip foundation. and there Îs no condition tO form
cavitíes or other ground deformation;
2 Soil thickness between the bottom of foundation and the roof of cavìty is less
than the above of Clause 1 1n Article 5. 1. 10 , but sha11 be in accordance with one of the
followings:
1) Holes or karst funnel is filled with dense deposit and whích is 皿 possible to be
washed out by water f1 ow ,
2) The rock quality designation of cavity is Grade 1 or Il , the thickness of the
roof of cavity exceeds or equals to the span of cavity;
3) The cavity is small and the size of bottom of foundatìon is larger than the size
of cavity with enough supporting leogth;
时 The section of vertical cavity with widtb or diameter of less than 1. Om. near
sinkbole.
5. 1. 11 lf it is noting in accordance with the conditions in Article 5. 1. 10 of this Code.

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the stability of foundation of cavity should be analyzed in accordance with the follow-
tngs:
1 The roof of cavity isn't stable. but the cavìty is filled with dense deposit and no
movement of water ftow , ìt can be considered that the deposit is bearing load and as-
sessed as u明even foundation;
2 Wben calculation parameters are available. the roof of cavity c-an be ta k.en as the
structure of seH-bearing weight system to undergo the mechanical analysis j
3 For the area where engîneering experience is available , analogy method can be
used for assessment of stabìlitYi
4 When there are cavity and free face near the foundation. the possibility of over-
turning Qr slipping along the critical face shall be verified õ
5 When the foundation is soluble rock , such as gypsum and salted rock , advers巳
effect of continuous soluble erosion sbould be taken into consideration;
6 Subsoil treatment OT pile foundation may be recommended for unstable karst
cavities
5. 1. 12 Investigation report for karst shall not only be in accordance with the require-
ments of Chapter 14 in this Code. also include the contents below:
1 The geological background and forming condition of karst developme时，

2 The pattern , location and elevation of top and bottom of cavity and porosi 时，

earth cave and collapse;

• 59 •
 3 Analysis for stability of karst j
4 Recommendations on karst procession and monitoring

5. 2 Landslide

5.2. 1 If tbere is landslide or p田sibility of landslide in or surl唱Dunding the site I whtch

will affect the safety of works prop曲时 I speclal investigation for landslide shall be done.
5.2. 2 Investigation for landslide shall aclopt engineering geological mapping and Sllr
vey with the coverage of landslide and its surroundings. 1; 200........1 ; 1000 of 出e scale
can be selected for it. And 1 : 200.......1 t 500 of that can be used for processing design
5.2.3 Engineering geo}ogÎcal mapping and survey ìn landslide areas should include the
follows a150 , besides requirements of Chapter 8 in the code:
1 To collect related ínformatìon about geology , hydrology , weather , earthquake ,
human activity and 50 on;
2 The pattern factors and evolvement process of landslide , setting boundary of
landslide;
3 The distribution of surface water. underground water , stream and marsh and 50
on;

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4 The abnormal shape of trees and deformation of engineering facilities;
5 The local experienc巳 of landslide processing.
Kinescope or photographon shall be taken at the critical sections of landslide
5.2.4 The distribution of exploratory lines and points shall be designed according to
the engineering geological condition , underground water condition and shape of land-
slid巳 Exploratory line5 shall not only be distributed along the principle slide directionj
al$o some should be along the secondary slide dlr巳:<:tìon. The interval of exploratory
points should not be greater th8t 40m. Tbe exp!oratory points should be a150 di5tributed
in the turning poìnt of landslide and place which is predicted to be processed
Exploration method should not only include drilling exploration , but certain
amounts of exploratioD wells.
5.2.5 Exp!oratory borehole should be driUed through the lowest landslide surface and
enter the stable layer. The controllìng exploratory borehole sha11 enter certain depths of
the stable layer and meet the need of landslide proce5sing
5.2.6 Investigation for landslide should include the followings:
1 To ascertain the location of the surface (belt) of slide in every layer;
2 To ascertain the location , flow direction and character of underground water;
3 To conduct lab test of rock &. 50il samples collected from the slide , slide surface
(belt) and stable layer
S. 2. 7 The strength test of ~oil ~hould be in accordance wÎth the follows during the in-
. 60 .
 vestigation for landslide;
1 Superposìtion shear test at sliding plane in lab and field should be adopted; the
multi-shear test of remolded or undiswrbed soil should be done for the slide belt and get
shear strength of multi-shear and residue- shear;
2 To adopt the method in the condition of 10ad bearing similar to that during slid-
mg I
3 To adopt reverse analysis method to verify the index of shear strength at the
slide surface.
5.2.8 The calculation of landslide stabi 日 ty shall be in accordance with the following
req Ul rements;
1 To correctly choose representative analysis section and divide the tr8ctive sec-
tion , main slide section and slide-resistance section;
2 To correctly choose strength index which should be decided synthesizely accord-
ing to the inspect>on and te吨 ting result , back analysis and local experience;
3 To water pressure and buoyancy force should be taken into consideration. if
any
4 To according to the condiÜon of the slide surface (belt) , to choose correct cal-

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culation model of plane. circular arc and polygonallînel
5 To when Iocal slide is possible , Iocal stability of should a150 be checking calcu
lated , not limit to the Mongolic stability;
6 Such factors as seismic. erosion and human activity and 50 on. which impact on
the stability , should be taken into consideration.
5.2.9 The stability synthetic assessmen't of landslide shall be conducted according to
the slíde scale. maio inducting factors. landslide auspÎce. and the engineering geological
and hydro-geoIogical condition. a150 stability verifying result. The development trend
and hazard degree should be analyzed and the recommendations 00 processing should be
put forword.
5.2.10 Investìgation report for landslide sha l1 include the following requirements , be-
sides requirements in Chapter 14 in this Code:
1 The geological background and forming condition of landslide I
2 The pattern factor5. properties and evolvernent of landslide;
3 Provide the layout of landslide. section of landslide and geotechnical engineering
properties index of rock and soil;
4 Analy.s is on landslide stabilitYI
S Recommendations 00 landslide precautÎons and processing , and monitoring

5.3 Crag and Eboulement

5.3.1 If there are crags or eboulement 1n or surrounding the site , which have impact 00
• 61
 the safety of 由 e works prop咽时 I inv回tigation for the crags and eboulement shall be done.
5.3.2 lnvestigation for crags and eboulement should be done during the stage of fea5Î-
bility studying investigation or preliminary investigation stage asce口 a(n the condition ,
scale , type and range of eboulement occurred , to assess the suitabìlity of project con-
struction , and to gìve the recommendations on prevention and processing.
5.3.3 The scale of engineering mapping for crags and eboulement should be 1 : 500--
1 , 10 口。， that for principal profile in eboulement direction should be 1 200. Be sides re-
quirements ìn Chapter 8 of this Code to the complied with. the followings shall be ascer-
tained:
1 Landform and relief feature. the type. 5cale. range of eboulement. the size of
ebouled body and its direction;
2 The rock quality desìgnation. Ii thologic feature and weathering degree;
3 Geological configuration , the structural type of rock mass , attitude of structur-
al plane. combination relationship. closure degree , mechanical properties. extending
and penetratíon condition;
4 MeteoroLogy (key point ìs atmospheric precipitation) , hydrology , earthquake
and underground wa四 r movement ,

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5 The auspice of eboulement and the cause of ebouLement;
6 Local experience for precaution and processing of eboulement.
5.3.4 When the stability of crags needs to be identified , tensile crack should be moni-
torerl. For the huge crags with serious damage , forecast should be given about the time ,
scale , falling direction. path and destruction degree of the possible eboulement in com-
bination with the resu1t of monitoring.
5.3.5 The geotechnical engineering assessment on various crags and eboulement shall
be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 The place where there i5 very large-scale crags and eboulement. with very seri-
QUS destruction and diffîcult to be processed shouldn't be selected a5 project site and the
route shall keep away from it ,
2 The place where there are relative larger-scale crags and eboulement with seri-
ous destructìon. crags possîbLe to fall should be stabilized and treated and precautions
for the route should be taken;
3 The place wìth small scale crags and eboulement with slightly destruction can be
used as project site. But the unstable crags should be proces5ed.
S. 3. 6 The geotechnical engineering investigation report for crags and eboulement sha Ll
not only in complìance with the requirements in Chapter 14 of thîs Code. sha l1 al50 í1l u5-
trate the range. type of crags and eboulement. and suitability as project site and put for
ward recommendations on precautîons and processing for crags and eboulement
• 62 •
 5. 4 Debris FJow

5.4. 1 If there Is debris flow in or surrounding the site. whicb is dangerous to the works
propos田. special inv四tigation fOf debris flow shall be done.
5.4.2 Investigatìon for debris f1 0w sha t! be done during the feasibility stucly or prelim-
în a. ry ìnvestigation stage , and shall ascertain tbe forming condition of debris f1 0w and it3
type , scale , developed stage , and movement rule. Furthermore , the suitability assess-
ment of the site and recommendations on precautions and processÎng shall be given
5.4.3 InvestÎgation for debris flow 5ha11 be primary in engineerîng geological mapping
and investigation. Mapping shall cover a11 area from ravine to watershed and area possi
bly affected by debris f1 ow. The scale of mapping should be in 1 ; 50000 for the whole
areas and in 1 ; 2000~ 1 : 10000 for the mìddle and lower stream. The followings sha11
be investigated 8180 besìdes the requirements in Chapt 巳 r 8 of this Code:
1 Melt of ice and snow , intensity of rainstorm , the maximum eboulement at one
time , average and largest debTis flow , t_ he movement of underground water and 50 on;
2 R e1 ief and landform characters including the development of ravine , cutting ,
gradient , bending and roughness; and to classify the forming section. f1 0w section and

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depositing s巳 ction of debris flow , then to map the catchments area of the whole ravÎne;
3 The type of water resource. water amount , catchments condition , gradient of
híll , subso i1 properties and weathering degree; and to ascertain development of adverse
geological action such as fault , landslide. ebouleme时， talus and 50 on , and di5trihution
range of solid matter possible to form debris flow;
4 Feature of ravine vertical and horÎzontal , water drop , and sudden bendìng ín
flow section; to 'ascertain gradient of the slope and stability of ravine , wash and silted
deposit of riverbed and trace of debris flow;
5 The di~tribution of deposit fan. surface configuration , vertical slope , vegeta-
tions. transfe盯 ing of channel , and washing and depositing of deposit section; to ascer
tain properties , levels , thickness I normal grain size and the ma x. imum grain size of de
posit; to identify the origin , depositing rate , and estimating the ma皿 mum deposits
amount once;
6 The history of debrìs flow ravin巴， the ever happened time. frequency. scale ,
forming ptocession of all debri s. flows. the rainfall s. ituation before it and the destruction
after it;
7 Human activities such as mining and disposal , building road and cutting slope.
cutting woods , land reclamation at steep slope I overgrazing and so on;
8 Local precautions and processing e 叩 erience of debris flow.
5. 4. 4 When precautions and processing need to be taken for debris flow. cxploration
• 63 •
 and testing shall be conducted to ascertaÎn properties , structure , thickness , solid matter
component. the maximum grain size. flow speed. f1 0w amount , amount of washed out
and deposited amounl of debris f1 0w deposit
5.4.5 Engineering classification of debris f1 0w should be in compliance with require
mcnts of Appendix C in this Code.
5.4.6 Assessment 00 suitability of engineering construction in the debris flow area
shalJ comply with the follow requirernents
1 R3vine of c1 ass 1 1 and class II 1 debris flow shall not be taken a5 pr句 ect slte
and all the routes should keep away from it;
2 Ravine of class 1. and c1 ass II 2 debrÎs flow 5hould oot be taken as project site.
。 th盯 wise. it should be processed when it must be used as project site. The routes
should avoidto go through deposit fan directly and should cross it througb bridge (pier)
projected at the ravÎne mouth l
3 Deposit section of ravine of class 13 and class ll3 debris flow can be used as
project site. but the rnouth of r8vinc should be bypassed; the routes may go tbrough the
deposit fan. and can project bridge in sections and take measures of flood drainage ,
guiding How instead of transforming or comhining ravines;

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4 When tbere is a lot of debris disposal at the upper stream or project is in pro
gress and cbange original balance between supply and drainage , the possibility of new
debris flow should be predicted again.
5.4.7 Tbe geotechnical investigatÎon report for debris flow should not only be in ac-
cordance with the requirements in Chapter 14 of thi5 Code. sha lJ also include tbe fol-
lows:
1 The geological background and forming condition 01 debri .s flowj
2 The distribution and properties of forming section. flow section and deposit sec-
tion. mapping the special engineering geological map;
3 To classÎfy type of debris flow and assess on the suitability of engineering con-
structlon;
4 Tbe recommenclations on debris precaution and processing and monitoríng

5.5 Goaf

5. 5. 1 Tbis chapter is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for old.

present and future goa f. Investigation for goaf sball ascertain the overlyîng rock forma-
tÎon stability of old goaf! predicte the surface displacement and deforma 1Ïon feature and
ruie În old goaf. and assess Ït s suitability as the engineering site
5.5. 2 The investígation in goaf area should be prímarily to collect information. to
make survey and inquirîng. and to ascertaÎn the followings:
• 64 •
 1 The distribution , amount , thicknes5 , depth , and embedded feature of mineral
bed and the lithoJogic feature and structure of overlying rock format旧时

2 The mining range of mineral bed. depth , thickness , time , method and roof
management; co l1 apse of goaf , compactness. gap and water log and 500n;
3 The deforming feature and distribution , including the ground surface depression
pÎt , stage , location of crack. shape. sÎ且， depth , extendÎng direction and relationship
with other geological str l,l cture , minmg boundary , advancing direction of working area
and 80 on;
4 The feature of ground surface depression basin; and to classify middle area , in
side edge area and outside edge area. then tO determine the charactεristic value of
ground surface deforming and displacement;
5 The water pumping and draining condition near the goaf and its effect on the
stability of the goaf;
6 To co l1 ect the deforrr咀 tion of buiJding and prevention and processing experi-
ence
s. S. 3 For old and present goaf which features cannot be identified through engineering
geological survey , gε。physical and drilling exploration shall be done j

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5. S. 4 For present and future goaf. characteristic value of ground surface displacement
and deformation shall be predicted by calculating; the calculating method should refer to
that specified in "Spe口 fication for Bulldings , Water Body. Railway and Main Shaft Coal
Co lumn Design and Press Coal Mining"
545. S Go af should be classified into the unsuitable construction site and r~Jatively sta
ble site according to the mining condition , ground moving basin and deformation fea
ture , and in accordance with the followings
1 The followings should not be selected as project site:
1) Where discontinuous deformation section Îs possible to occurred during the
procession of mining;
2) Where ground surface moves area actively;
3) Where specially thick mineral bed and the thick outcrop min 盯aI bed with an-
0
gle of inclination of over 55 ;

的 Where the side slope failure and cliff collapse 盯 ea that is caused by the dis
placement and deformation of ground surface;
5) Where ground surface inclinatÎon Îs Over 10mm/m , ground surface curvature
IS OV盯 O. 6mm/m 2 or ground surface horizontal deformation is Qver 6mm/m.
2 The suìtability should be assessed when tn 让 e the following area as a project
site:
]) Where the ratio of mining depth to thickness is tes:; than 30 I
• 65 •
 2) Where the mining depth is small , overlying rock formation is very hard and
method of mining is not normal;
3) Where the ground surface inclination ls 3.-...10mm/m. The ground surface cur
vature is between O. 2~0. 6mm/m2 or surface horizontal deformation îs 2 ........
6mm/m.
5.S.6 For the kiln goaf with small mining range and serious surface deformation and ,

discontinuous deformation , the location , size. embedded depth. rnining time. mining
method. filling collapse and water fîlling condition of the goaf and shaft should be
ascertained through co l1 ecting information , surveying and geophysical , drilling explora句

tion , at the same time. surfac巳 crack ， location , shape , sî世， depth , eχtending direction
of pit of depression and relationship with the goaf should be found out.
5. 5. 7 The buildings in the kiln goaf should bypass the ground surface crack and pit of
depression. For sub-ordinate building io the area where the ratio of mining depth and
mining thickness is over 30 , when the ground surface reach stable , the stability assess-
ing is not necessary; when the ratio of mining depth and mining thickness is below 30 ,
the stabi1 ity of foundation can be assessed according to the foundation base pressure. the
depth , range of the goaf and the feature of overlying rock formation , and put forward

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recommendations On the treatment according to the experience of mining area

5. 6 Ground Subsidence

5.6.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engìneering investigation for large area
ground subsidencεthat is caused by pumping underground water or the lowering of wa
ter pressure.
5. 6. 2 For the 盯 ea where that the ground subsidence has occurred. the investi哩at lO o
for ground subsidence shall be done to ascertain its cause and cu晴 rent situation , and pre-
dict the developing trend and put fOTward the measure of prevention and processing
For the area where it is possible for ground subsídence to take place , the possibility
sh811 be preructed. and estimated the possible subsidence layer and amount of subsid
ence. and brîng forward the recommendations on prevention and processing ground sub-
sidence.
5.6.3 For the cause of ground subsidencet the followings shall be investigated:
1 Th~ landform and micro landform of the sìte I
2 The age. origin , thickness , embedded condîtion and soil properties of the Qua
ternary sediments and distribution of hard layer and soft and weak compressible layer;
3 The consolidated state and deformation parameters of compressible layer below
the level of underground water;
4 Embedded condition and pressure feature of aquifer and aquifuge , the perm四­
• 66 •
 bility coefficient , storage coefficient and other hydro-geologìcal paramet町 s ，

5 The condition of recharging , runoff and drainage of underground water , the re-
lationship of aquifers or connection between underground water and surface water;
6 The fluctuation and changing rate of underground water level and water head in
the previous;
7 The extracting amount and injecting amount of underground water before and
the layers of extracted and injected in the previous;
8 The formation and development procession oI droppîng funnel of underground
water and reverse funnel of underground water injection
5.6.4 The survey for the current situation of ground subsidence sha11 be in accordance
with the following requirements:
1 To observe tbe subsidence in the long term according to requirements of pre-
cious level surveying. and set elevation benchmark , ground subsidence benchmark and
subsidence benchmark in layers according to different structural unit;
2 To observe fluctuation of underground water level. amount of extraction and in•
jection. chemical component , contamìnation situation and pOre-water pressure dissipa
tìon and growth;

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3 To survey tbe effect of ground subsidence on the buìldings , includìng settlement
of buildings. in c1 ination , crack and their occurring time and development processìon;
4 To draw contour map of on ground subsidence in different time , and analysis
the relationship between ground subsidence center and water levcl droped funnel. and
relationship between ground rebound and reverse funnel of underground water;
5 To draw the engineering geological zone dîvision map in terms of the feature of
ground subsidence
5. 6. 5 For the ground subsidence area , according to the engineering geologic刁 I and
hydr o-g已。 logical condition. the following preventîon and processing measures are rec-
ommendecl z
1 To decrease the extraction of underground water and water level depression
depth. adjust the extracting sequence , reasonable exploitation; extraction shall be
stopped temporarily when serious ground subsidence happened;
2 To artificially recharge and inject to the underground water , and the quality of
injected water shotild be controlled to prevent underground water from contamination;
3 To restrict artificîal lowering of lhe underground water level in the project con
structlon.
s. 6.6 For the possible ground subsidence area. 8ha11 predict possibility of ground sub
sidence and est皿 ate amount of ground subsidence and the following prediction and pre-
cautions meatiures may be taken:
• 67 •
 1 To predict the distribution of compressible formation according to engineering
geological and hydro-geological conditÎon;
2 To calculate and analyze the amount of ground subsidence and development
trend according to test results and observation data such as water-pumpÎng compression
test. permeability test , pre-consolidation pressure test. rheological test. loading test
and other detect resu1ts and subsidence observation materials;
3 To put forward the recommendations on reasonable utilization of underground
water t and restriction artificial lowering the groundwat町 level and the corresponding
measures shall be taken for engineering cúnstruction in the ground subsidence area

5.7 Seismie Effeet of Site and Foundati恤

5.7.1 1n the area where anti-seìsmic fortìfication intensity is equal to or greater than 6
degree , geotehcnica1 engineering investigation for s田 smic efíect of site and foundatìon
shall be done. Meanwhile. anti-seismic fortification intensity and designed basic seismic
acceleration as well as desi自1 S白 smic grouping shall be put forward , and characteristic
periodical zoning sha l1 be de创 gned according to national ground motion parameters zon-
ing approved and other-rules

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5.7.2 Si 阻 S 曲.3 11 be cl困 sified cat唔ory when 由 e investigation is 四.rried out in the ar四

wher唱e anti-seismic forti白 cation intensily is 呵 ual to or grl四 ter than 6 d唔 ree. When the
s~ites， lie in dangerous location. special study ad叫配s shall be prop 田eda四:0时ln. 阳 the re-
quirements of curr四啤 standa时 or the nation uCode ror Seismic D田ign or Buildings" GB
50011.
5.7.3 For the project needing time interval analysis. geological profile. thickness of
。 lìerburden and shear wave velo 口tyand 。由 er .related parameters sha l1 be provided ac-
cording to the design requirement. Seismic safety estimating or sei町nic fortification zon-
ing may a180 be done if nece8sary.
5.7.4 When the data is not enough. exploratory holes set classifying the catego :r y of
the site shall be drilled beyo叫 the depth of overburden. When the thickness of overbur-
den is over 80 回. the exploratory hole should be over 80m dee坝， and the shear wave ve-
locity of every layer should be measurecl_ For class mand N buildings with 10 floors
and height below 30m , the shear wave velocity of soil should be estimated according to
subsoil type and propettìes as per requirements of the current natio旧 al cod 巳 "Code for
Seismic Design of Buildings'" GB 50011 if there is no she盯 wave velocity measured.
5.7.5 When the anti-seismic fortification intensity is 6 degre妃. the liquefaction can be
neglected. but for Grade B buildings sensìtìve to ground subsidence , liquefaction may be
identified according to 7 degree. For Grade A engineering , spe口 al Liquefaction explora-
t山 n shall be done
• 68 •
 5.7.6 Liquefaction of the ~ite ~hall be preliminarily judged firstly. lnitial judge should
be done in the yard seism Ii quefaction. when liquefactîon is possible judged through pre-
liminary determination , and then the further judged shall be clone. The judgmenr of liq-
uefaction shall make use of many methods to determine synthetically the class and possi
bility of liquefaction
S. 7. 7 Preliminary juclgment of liquefactÎon shall be done according to the cunent rele
vant national seismic codes , standards and speci刮目 tions ， and shall also inclucle the fol
lowingst
1 Analysis of land forrn. ground feature. formatioß , underground water of the
site and site cond 山on in relatÎon to liquefaction;
2 When there is historÎcal seismic liquefaction vestige in or surrounding the site.
analysis of the repeating possib址 ity of liquefaction.
3 When the site in inclined or liquefiable layer incline to water surface or free face
assessment of , the possibility of soil mass sliding caused by liquefaction
S. 7.8 The further judgment of s回 sm:J c liquefaction shall be perfonned within 15m below
the ground surface; for plle foundation and nalural foundation with embedded depth of
over Sm ，由 e judgment depth should be deepened to 20m. The exploratory points allocated

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to determine liqnefaction shaJ l not be I四s than 3 , and the depth of exploratory hole shall be
deeper than 由 at of of judgement liquefaction.
5.7.9 The further judgment on seismic liquefaction sha J1 not only be in accordanc巳

with requirements in the current national code "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings"
GB 50011 but a1so adopt other mature methods to conduct comprehesive juogmen t.
When standard penetration test is I.I sed to determÎne liquefactiòn I blows of SPT re 一

corded in every hole shall be based on , 1n the stratum to be judged. the vertical interval
of test should be 1. 0-- 1. 5m and tests in every layer should not be less than 6
5.7.10 For all the liquefied sites , liquefaction ind四 and class shall be determined ac-
cording to requirements in the current national code 6iCode for Seismic D回ign of Buildings"
GB 50011.
Investigation report should oot onJy iII ustrate the Ii quefiable stratum and liq o.efaction
index of every hole I also determine 町 nthetically the site I1quefaction c1 ass according to liq
uefactioo lnd阻。 f every hole.
5.7.11 P08sibility of seismic subsidence should be identified and the amount of subsid-
ence should be estimated for the ares where there is thick 50ft soil and antj-seismic forti-
fication intensity Îs equal to or greater tban 7 degree.
5.7.12 飞~hen there is adverse geological action such as landslide ，自 lipping. eboule
ment , collapse. debris flow , goaf in or surrounding the site , special învestigation shall
be done to analyse and assess tbe stabîlity undeT earthquake action.
• 69 •
 S~ 8 Active Fracture

5.8.1 Investigation for active fracture (hereinafter called fracture) shall be done in the
key site with anti-seismic fortification intensity equal to or greater than 7 degree. Inves
tigation for fracture shall ascertain location and type of fracture and analysis its activities
and seismic effect , predict it5 p05sible effect on the engineering construction , and pro
pose treatment for it
For investigation for fracture of nuclear power station I special research shall be
conducted as per the codes and guidelines of nuclear safety.
5.8.2 Seism engineering class出 cation of fracture shall be in complÎance wìth the fol-
lowìng requirements:
1 Holocene Epoch active fracture is the fracture that seismic activity has occurred
since Holocene geological epoch (ten thousand years) or 凶 going on recently. and it may
be continue in 由 e coming 100 ye盯 5; that magnitude of earthquake .equal to or greater
than 5 degree has happened ìn the medium-term of or recently (in recent 500 years) , or
may happen in the coming 100 y国 rs IÍl ay be designated fracture inducting earthquake.
2 Non-Holocene Epoch active fracture: the seismic activity has happened before

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10 thousand years , but never happened in the recent 10 thousand years.
5. 8. 3 The Holocene Epoch ac !Í ve fracture may be c1 assified ioto the follows according
to Table 5. 8. 3.
Table !. 8. 3 CI画剑。曲 tion of ß.创饥!ene Epoeb Active Fract圆"

江沾沾J±二
Average Activity Hiatorial I!8rthqu阻k.
Aeti抽出
Villocity (皿m(a) magnitude (M)
Having 且etivity 且tlte. Mlddl e-
Suongly Hol口 ceoe Epoch
I },ate Pleisux::ene and has strong~ 0> 1 >&7
.acúv，母 hacture.
Iy activity in H口locene Epoch
Having activity since Middle-
Moderately Holocene EI坤，h L盟国 Pleisl0cene and moderately
E l~vøO.l 7>M~6
active fracture strong activity in Holocene
Epoch
Sligh tJ y Holocene Epoch Having s!ighùy activity in
田 V< O.l M<'
aεtive fractllre Holocene Epoch
5. 8. 4 Investigation for fracture shall collect and analyse related referenced documents ,
including satellite aerophotograph. regional tectonic geology , and epÎcenter distribution
of strong earthquake. ground-stress and ground strain. and earthquake happened before
and recently and 80 on.
5.8.5 Engineering geological mapping for fracture investigation shall also investigate
the fo l1ows. besides shall be in accordance with the requirements in Chapter 8 of this
Code ,
• 70 •
 1 Landform and geomorphologic feature; mountainous area or plateau continuous•
ly ascending and be eroded or having long-distance smooth boundar y- line; steep slope ,
cliff. deep cutting linear valley not caused by lithology. a serÎes of landslide. eboulε­

ment and dilluvial deposit fan overlapped in front of mountain. oriental dash linear re
maining hill. depression. swan甲， bulrush land , salina. lake , water drop , spring. ther-
maJ spring and so on; oriental distributed water system or accordant distortion , disloca-
tion and so on;
2 Geological character: the Quaternary distortion and dislocation remained by re-
cent fracture activity , feature of underground water and vegetation; the rupture and ce
mentation of fracture belt and so on; radioactivity 臼 rbon14 (CH ) method should be
used for dark-color material and thermal resolution light or uranium serÎes method for
light-color materjal. to measure the geologícal age of dislocated formatioß and non-dislo
cation formation , and decide the latest period of fracture activity;
3 Seismic character: fault. ground crack , eboulement , landslide , seismic lake ,
transferring of river course and liquefaction of sandy soil and 50 on in relation to earth-
quake.
5.8.6 Large-scale industrial construction site shall be recommended to keep away from

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Holocene Epoch active fracture and fracture incurring earthquake during feasibility re-
searcb investigation. The distance away from it sbould be decided synthetically accord-
ing to the class. scale. properties of fracture. overburclen thickness. seìsmic intensity
and other related factors , combined with related criteria. On the contrast , non-Hol
ocene Epoch active fracture needn't to be avoided. But when it is shallow embedded 由ld

rupture belt of it is well developedt it may be treated as uneven foundation

• 71 •
 6 Special Rck & Soil

6. 1 Collapsible Soll

6. 1. 1 The section is applicable to the geotechnical engineering investigation for col

lapsible gravelly soil , collapsible sandy soil and other co Llapsible soil' except collapsible
loess ìn drought and semiarid areas. As for th<:: investigation for collapsible loess , the
current national standard "Code for Building Constructíon in Collapsible Loess Regiolls"
GB 50025 should be executed.
6. 1. 2 While the laboratory collapsible test cannot be carried out with sample. the field
loading test shall be done to ascertain collapsibility. 1f the ratio of the additional collapse
verse the width of the loading plate is equal to or greater than O. 023 achieved by soaking
Loading test under the 200kPa pressure. the soil should be judged as collapsible soil
6.1.3 The in• situ investigation of co l1 apsible soil should abide by the rule in Chapter 4
of the Code. at the sarne time , should be in accordance with the following requirements:

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1 The spa. ce betw巳町、 exploratory holes should take the small value specified in
Chapter 4. If the distribution of collapsible soil is extremely unev白. exploratory holes
should be densi且ecl;

2 The c。口 trol exp!oratory holes should penetrate through the layer of co l1 apsible
soil;
3 The age , orig血. distribution and inte r1 ayer , contains , the ingredient feature
and component of cement shall be ascertaîned through investigation;
4 To ascertain the mechanical properti臼 of collapsible gravelly soil and collapsible
sandy .5oil. should adopt dynamic penetration test and standard penetration test;
5 Un~disturbed soil samples shall be taken from exploratory well;
6 Besides to measure the routine physical &. mechanical properties of un-disturbed
soil samples , the soÎI collapsibility and soaking test shall be done;
7 If un-disturhed soil samples can't be taken. large volume method should be
adopted to mensure the density and water content of co l1 apsible soil;
8 As for the co l1 apsible soil with the thickness above 2血， soaking loading test
should be separately c也 rried ín the different depth and not aIfected by neighboring one
6. 1. 4 The geotechnical engíneering assessment for collapsible 50il 5hal1 accord with
the requirements below:
1 The classification of the collapsible degree of collap5ible 5011 5hall be în accord
ance with that 8pecified in Table 6. 1. 4;
• 72 •
 2 Loading le!H or other in-situ test should be adopted to measure be盯 10g capa口 !y
of collapsible :wil;
3 As for the sJope of co l1 apsible soil , when the strength of collapsible soil ìtse If or
the contacting plane with underlying stratum reduces due to soaking factors. stability
assessment shall be carried on.
6. 1. 5 When collapsible subsoil îs soaked , ît will sink and at last be stable. The tota1
collapse ðs(cm) , should be calcu!ated by the formula below;

ð s = 写μF，;h (6. 1. 5)
Where ðF咱 Additional collapse (口时 of the j layer under soaking loading test;
h; - - The thickness of the i layer. calculated from the foundation base
(f rom 1. 5m under the ground in preliminary investigation) , while
tlF,Jb<O. 023. not calculated i
卢一一- Modified coefficient (cm-] ). While the ar国 of loading plate is O. 50m2 •
β=0.014; while the 盯ea of loading plate is O. 25m ，卢 ~O. 020
2

Tahle 6. 1. 4 Classlficatlon of tbe Co llapsibity

c、00飞d飞t、ons Collap吨 ble dcgree飞T、飞U飞t、

Addltional collQPlle l!. F , (on)

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i\.r ea of lOllding plate O. 50m' An: a of loadlng plate O. Z5m!

SHght L 6< l!. F. O:;;;; 3. .2 J. l<~F. 王;;;Z.3

Moderate 3. Z<ðF.";;;;7. 4 Z. 3<.ð F,';;;;S. 3

Strong tJ. F ,, >7.4 òF且 >5 ， 3

Note , As ior col Ltpsible 别11Y !lilnd that tbe l.mdi阳 llrbed 帽mple Cl! n he obtained by ~lImpl町， the le81 metood and the M
阴晴menl I! tandard lI hould bc execllred according to lhc ~llNllnl ~Iandard "Code for Building Conlllruction in Co l-

lllþsible Loe 喃 Regions" GD 50025

6. 1. 6 The collapse grade of collapsible soil subgrade should be judged according to the
T.ble 6. 1. 6
6. 1. 7 The treatment of collap l> ible soil subgrade 5ho山 ld be detecmined comprehensive
ly by such factors a罚 soil character , collapse grade and local construct <on expenence
Tableι 1. 6 口，11呻se Grade of Collapslble 8011 Su问"'.国e

Total collapse settlemem Ll" (口时 Totallhicknes~ of collap~ible 罚。il(m) Collap,e grade

>3 i
5<Ll， ~30
ζ3
n
>3
30<l!.，ζ60
运3
m
>3
A现 >60
运3 N
• 73 •
 6.2 Red Clay

6. 2. 1 The section is applicable to the geotechnical engineering investigation for red

clay (including original red clay and secondary red clay). If the c1 ay with high plasticity
is reddish brown Or brownish yellow in color , CQvers above carbonate rock , its liquid
limit is greater than or equal to 50% I then the c1 ay should be judged as original red
clay. After conveying and sedimentation , if its basic feature is still preserved and Îts liq
uid Ii mit is above 45%. it can be judged as secondary red clay
6.2.2 The geotechnical engineering investigation in red day areas should focus 00 as一
certaining its distributing state , fissure development character and subgrade uniformity
1 The state of red clay Îs judged besides by liquidity index , and also by the index
specilied in Table 6. 2. 2-1;
Table 6. 2. 2-1 Clas自Iflcatioß of Red Clay Stale
State Ratio of water rontent a ",

Hard ，.乓 0.55

Non- 抖 astie 0.55<a"ζ0.70

[.ow plasti c- 。. 70<a.. .s;;; 0. 85
Medium plaslie o. 85<",."-1. 00

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High μaSl忧 a", >I.oo
Note Ut.. = w!w!
2 The structure ol red clay can be c1 assified according to fissure development char-
acter in Table 6 , 2.ι2 ，
3 Repeated soakage character can be classified according to Table 6 , 2. 2-3;
4 Subgrade uniformity of red clay can be classified according to Table 6.2 , 2-4.
Tab h, 6.2.2-2 Cla酬。'"岳阳 of Re4I CI町 Slrllclure

Soil ma臼fiC ructUl'e Fis~ure development character

De nse Fissute ~een occa础。nally (<1 "túp!m)
Chunk More lissure (1 -2 strips!m)
Ftagmenu.ry Abundant 归时 ure (>5 slrÎps!m)

τ础J. ‘. 2. 2-3 Repeated S咽kage Featllre ClassÎfieatioß of Red Clay

Rel l1 \IOn between !，叫 l' , 1 Re 阳时叫，age chara阳

阳 1'. I R，叩p阳"协时d ω
，。，k‘呻
a
Iι，<1'， Repeated soakage ~we !lll.fter shrinkage , can not be restoledω 。咽"，'山"

NotC!， l ， ~w，_l四p' 1' ,= 1. 4+0.0066ωγ

Tabl~ 6. 2. 2~4 S朋间vade Unfformity Classificalωn of Red 口町

Subgrade uni:!ormity Composition of rock ß.. .'loil witbin subgrade compressive layer
Umform subgrade Fully composed of red clay
No nuniform subgcade Co mposed 01 red clay 9nd rock

6.2.3 The geotechnical engineering mapping and investigatiún io red clay areas should
• 74 •
 be carried on accordìng to the requirements ìn Chapter 8 of this code. and emphatically
ascertain the following contents:
1 Red cI ay characters and differences in different topography unit such as distribu
ting. thickness , material composition and soil properties;
2 Underlying bedrocks sproperty , karst's development character and the r e! ation
between them and red day's property , thickness variation 号

3 Ground crack distribution , devclopment character and origin , soil mass struc
tu 町， the densily. depth. extending dìrection and Îts development mechanism of the fis-
sure in 5011 mass;
4 Distributing , dynamic state of ground surface waters and groundwater and the
relation between them and vertìcal zoning of red clay status;
5 The crack cause analysis of existing building. local investigation , design. con
struct lOn expenences etc.
6.2.4 The distribution of exploratory holes in red clay areas shall keep smaller space
to ascertain the variatìon of the thickness and the state of red clllY. The space of 30---
50m is suitable for preliminary investigation points. As for uniform subgrade , the 12~

24m space is suitable for detaiJed investigatíon and as for uneven subgrade. the 6........ 12m

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In the section of an 盯 ea that tbickness and state vary greatly , the space between explor
atory holes can sti Il be densinecl. At each stage , the depth of exploratory hole sha l1 be
executed according to the relative requirements in Section 4. 1 of 由 is code. As for unε

ven subgrade , the depth of exploratory hole shall reach bedrock

As for uneven subgrade. while $oi1 cave existing or pile end-bearing on rock being
adopted. investigation during construction is suitable to be carried; its space between
exploratory holes and the depth of exploratory hole should be decided according to de-
mand
6.2.5 When geotechnical engineering assessment need to ascertain in detail groundwa
ter embedding conditions , movement discipline and ~eason variation. work~ such as in
vestigation , tcst and observation on groundwater should be as supplementary done
based on the mapping. Relative requirement shouJd be executed according to require
ment in Chapter 7 of the code
6.2.6 Besides red c1 ay laboratory test should satisfy the requirements În Chapter 11 of
the code. for red clay with fissure development conventional triaxial test or unconfined
cúmpression strength test should be done. When necessary. shrinkage test anu repeated
soakage test can be done. When it needs to appraise the :'ì tab lI ity of slope , repetitive
shear test is suitable.
6.2.7 Subgrade bearîng capacity of red c1 ay should be decided by the r 叫山 rements of
the Item 4. 1. 24 in the code. While there is founclation embedded sha !l owly , outside
• 75 •
 ground surface inclining , with free face Or larger horizontalload bearing , the bearing ca-
pacity of red c1 ay should be decided comprehensÎvely 由e factor5 below:
1 Impact of 50il mass structure and fìssure on bearing capacity I
2 Impact of excavated surface's exposure for a long time. fissure development and
repeated soakage on soÎI property
6. 2. 8 Geotechnical engÎneering assessment of red c1 ay should be in accordance wÎth
the following requirements:
1 Buildings should avoid across dense 7.Q ne or deep and long ground crack zone ,
2 The Jight building's foundation buried depth should be greater than the depth of
5tratum affectcd sharply by the atmosphere; the foundation of high temperature equip
ment such as kiln should consider uneven shrinkage deformation of subsoil; whìle dig-
gîng open canal , the Împact of soil mass wetl dry cycle should be considered; in the sec-
tion t. hat stone spout clint is exposed , the deformation of ground surface resulting from
surface water seepage should be considered;
3 While selecting 5uitable bearing stratum and foundation type , fOllndation shollld
be embedded shallowly with provision tbat it meet the requirement. to utilize hard crust
at the top layers. but the bearíng capacity of underI ying stratum shall be checked; while

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it not satisfy tbe requircment on bearing capacity and deformation , subsoil treatment or
pile foundation should be proposed I
4 While foundation pit is dug. measures should be taken to keep wet and to main-
tain slope timely. in order to prevent dry shrinkage due to absence of water

6.3 Soft Soil

6.3. 1 Fine- grained soil that i 四 natural porosity ratio is gr臼 ter tban or equal tO 1. 0
and Îts natural water content is greater than liquid limit should be judged as 50ft soil. in-
cluding sludge. sludgy 50i l, peat , peaty 50il etc.
6.3. 2 Soft 50il investigation should be besides ín accordance with general require-
ments. and should ascertain the following contents:
1 Formation types , stratification conditio口， distributing discípline , and stratifica
tion character. horizontal and vertical uniformity;
2 The distributing and thickness of hard crust at the ground top. the buried depth
and Huctuation of underlying hard soillayer or bedrock;
3 Co nsolidatìon history. stress level and impact of structure failure ìn strength
and deformationj
4 Micro topographic form. distributing and buried depth of blind pond , creek.
trench. pit cave , and theìr filling conditions;
5 Impact of excavating. backfill , bracing , engineering dewatering , piling , open
• 76 •
 cals 、 00 etc. on 吕 lress state. strengtb and compre5sibility of 50ft soil;
6 Local engineering experiences.
6.3.3 Investigation in 50ft so i! areas should adopt the combinalive mel'hod!'> of boring
sampJing and cone static penetration tes t. The distribution of exploratory ho 1c s should
be decided by soil 'g origin and subgrade's complexity. While laycr of 50il varics grcatJy
or lhere is bliηd pond , creek. trench , pit cave , thc exploratory hoJes should be dcnsi
fieι

6.3.4 Soft $0 > 1 sampling should adopt thjn wall sampler. and Îts spccification should
be in accordance with the rules in Chapter 9 of the code
6.3.5 ln-situ test for 50ft 50i1 should adopt cone .s tntlc penetration tc.<>t , prε;.;suremel 巳 r

te5t , vane shear test , dilatometer test and spiral plate loading test
6.3.6 Mechanical parameter罚。 f soft 50il should be ascertaincd by laboratory test , iη

剖 tu telit and \oca\ experiences. lf possible. il can be determined based on teSl. and in 叩­

tu monitoring back-analysis. Sbear strength index should be got from tri-ax i< tl test; in-
situ test should bet vane 5hear test
CoefficÎent of compressíbili 句， pr e- consolidatìon preSSllre. compre~、 sive index , ~('

bound index. coe Hi cìent o{ consolidation can be respectively a冉 certained by using meth

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ods such as general consolidation te s. t and high pressur巴 con 足。 lidation tes t.
6.3.7 GeotechnicÐl engineering a~sessment of 50ft soil should include the following
contents:
1 To judge the possibi\ity of subgrade failure and producing di If erential ddorma
lion. while project locates nearby pond. riverbank and side slope. its stability should be
checked;
250ft 食 oìl subgrade bearing capacity should be ascertained according to laboratory
test. in-situ test and local experience吨， <1 l the same time comprebensively considcring
the following factors:
1) Mechanîcal character 5uch as soft sotl stratjficatìon condition , stress history ,
constructibility , sensitivity etc. and drainage condition;
2) Type , rigidity , load property and distribution of upslructure. the sen 川 tlvlty 10

uneven settlement!
3) Foundation's type , size , buried depth and rig.dity etc. ;
4) Con:-.truction method and procedun:
3 When building Ioad among adjacenl bigher and Jower buildings differs greatly ,
deformation differencc nnd interaction should be analyzcd ô if there i 民 largc areas lO f1 d
heaped , adverse impact 00 adjacent buiidings shou!d be analyzed;
4 Stratifjed summation rncthod or 50il stres !'i history method can be adopted to cal
culate subgrade settlement , sÎmu 1t aneously modify it according to local experienc 凹， if
. n.
 necessary , secondary consolidation effect of soft soil should be considered;
5 To bring forward the recommendation on foundation type and bearing stratum~

as for double layer 50il subgrade that hard layer is in the upper and 80ft 四il in the low-
町， underlying 50ft stratum should be checked

6.4 Mixed Soil

6.4.1 The soil blending with fi ll. e-grained 5oil. coarse- grained soil and being lack of
medium size should be judged as compound soìL
While the mass of fin e-grained soil smaller than O. 075mm exceeds 25 % of the total
> n gravelly 50il. it should be named as coarse-grained compound soil; while the mass of
coarse- grained in silt or clay greater than 2mm exceeds 25% of the total mass. it should
be named as fin e-grained compound soil
6.4.2 The investigation for compound soil should accord with the íollowing require
口1ents

1 To ascertain the landform and geomorphic feature , origin and distributing of

compound 50il. embedded conditions of underlying subsoil or bedrock l
2 To ascertaÎn the composition and uniformity of roixed soil , it5 varying discipline

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in horizontal and vertical direction;
3 The space between exploratory holes and the depth of exploration hole should
besîdes satisfy the requirement in Chapter 4 of the code. should also be approprÎately in
creased in density and in depth;
4 There should e阳 st a certain number of exploratory well. and large bulk soil
sample should be collected for grain size analyzìng and physical and mechanical proper-
tles measurement;
5 As for coars e- grained compound soil. cone dynamic penetration test should be
adopted , and a certain number of boreholes or exploratory well shall be designed for in
spectJOß I
6 The loading bearing plate diameter of field loading test and the shear plane di-
ameter of field direct shear test , should be larger than the 5 times of the largest grain
sÎze of test soil layers , the area of loadîng bearing plate for loading test should not be
smaller than O. 5m2 • the area of shear plane for direct shear test shouldn't be smaller
than O. 25m2
6.4.3 Geotechnical engineering assessment for compound soil should include the fol-
lowing contents:
I Static loading test and cone dynamic penetration te5t should be adopted to asc町­
(ain bearing capacity of mixed 5oit. with consideration of local experiences;
2 The allowable gradient value of compound soil slope can be ascertained accord
• 78 •
 ing to site investigation and local experiences. For important projects , special test re
.s earches should be conducted

6.5 FIll

6.5.1 Accorcling to material composition and fil1 ing pattern. fill can be c1 assified into 4
kincls below:
1 Plain fill: composed of one or several components such as the gravelly , sandy I
silty and cohesive soil etc. • containing nO or much less sundries;
2 Miscellaneous fill: containing large numbers of debris such as constructional
debris. industrial waste material or life waste etc. I
3 Alluvial fill: formed by hydraulic fill mud and sand;
4 Compacted fill: formed by tightly compacting or ramming compactîon layer by
layer with controlling of material composition. densìty and water content according to a
certain stanclard
6.5.2 Fill investigation should include the following contents
1 To gather information , to survey the transferring of landform and ground fea
ture , the sources , the age and accumulated form of fill soil;

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2 To ascertain distribution , thickness. mat盯 ial composition , grain size distribu-
tion. uniformity. compactness. compressibilìty and collapsibility of fill;
3 To judge groundwater's corrosivìty to construction mat盯 ia l.

6.5.3 On the basis of the requîrements in Chapter 4 of the code. fill inv臼 tlgat 1ûn

should increase the density of exploratory hole 1; to ascertain the scope of covered pond ,
creek. pit. The depth of exploratory hole should penetrate the fil1 1ayers
E宝 ploration method should be determined by fitl property. As for plain fill com
posed of silt or clay , the combinative method of dril1 sampling , lîght drilling tool and in
situ test can be employed; as for plain fi l1 and miscellaneous fill containing more coarse
grained particles , dynamic penetratioD test , boring test should be adopted , and there
should have certain numb町 of exploratory wells.
6.5.4 Fill's engineering properties index should be ascertained by the following testing
methods:
1 The uniformity 皿d compactness of fill should be determined through penetra
tion test. and laboratory test auxiliarYI
2 The compressibility and co l1 apsibilîty of fi l1 should be det盯 mined through labo-
ratory consolidation test or 白 eld loading test I
3 The density test of miscellaneous fill should adopt large volume method;
4 As for compacted fì l1, before being compacted. the optimum water content and
the maximum dry density shouLd be measured. after being compacted. dry density
• 79 •
 民hould be measured and compacted coefficient should be calculated
6. S. 5 Geotechnic a1 engineering assessment of fill should accord with the following
requirements:
1 To illustrate fills composition , distribution and heaped time. to judge
subgrade's uniformity. compressibility and compacted degree; if necessary , different
layer or zone should be divided and appraised by thîckness , strength and deformation
character;
2 As for plain fill heaped for a longer time , dradge fiUing and compound fi l1 com-
posed of construction debris or industrial waste material that character ìs stable. when
they are more uniform and dense. they can be taken as natural foundation; life waste
fuU of organic material~ and mixed fiH ing composed of industrial waste material which
erode foundation is unsuitable to be taken as natural foundation;
3 Fill subgrade bearing capacity should be comprehensively ascertained by the Ar-
ticle 4. 1. 24 in the code;
4 When natural slope of fill is above 20% , its stab 山 ty should be checked
6. S. 6 After pit of fill subgrade is dug , the pit should be examined during construc-
tion. AJter treatrnent , fill subgrade should be inspected in quality. As for composite
foundation. largεarea loading test should be conducted.

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6.6 Permafr田t Soil

6.6. 1 The soil t1at contains solid• state water and its freezing state continuously lasts
two years or more should be judged as permafrost soil
6.6.2 According to the amount of thawing settlement coefficient , permafrost soil can
be divided into five grades of no thawing set t1 ement. weak thawing settlement thawing
set t1ememt , strong thawing settlement and thawing collapsibility , and the classification
should be in accordance with the requírements in Table 6. 6. 2. Frozen soîl 's mean tha
wing settlement coefficient 80 can be calculated by the following formulas:
h， ~h 一- X 10000
80 =:::'一一一=一一_"!_ (6.6.2)
h, l+el
Where h 11 e,--The height (mm) and porosity ratìo of frozen soil sample before
thawed;
h ，. 向一一 The height (mm) and porosity ratio of frozen 50il 5a皿 ple after
thawed;
Table 6. 6. 2 Classification of Tt随时 ng Setlleme皿 of Permafrost Soil
Menn !hawing Grodes of Clas, ifica!ion
Tota! wa!erωn!enl Frozen soil"~
50il type settlement thawing of thawing
酬( Yo)
.:':oefficient 50 院ttlement settlement ",.
Gravell y-且oil ， grave! , .:':oaTse
No Ihawing u幽 ìce
明 <10 ..ζ1 I
~and. m~djum slI nd (partide
~enlcment frnzen Boil
~m811ef lhan o. 075mm i.s less Wellk th ll. wing More ke
Ihan 15%) 问二;;:10 1<8.';;;;3 H 出 ttlemenl fto~en 田;]

• 80 •
 TabJe 6. 6. 2 (continued)

Mean thawing Grllaes of Clallsification

SoiJ typ~
Total wlller contenl
叫(%)
罚ettlement
∞dfkienl 品
thllwing
seulement
of th a. wing
setdement
No thawing
Fruz回阳il'~

"
Less
. i民
wo<J 2. ~，， 1
settlement f，唱团 soil

Gravelly soil. gravel. ∞arHe Wellk thawing More ice

12王三叫 <15 J<80"-;;3 E
meclillffi 阻 nd
(particle less ~ttlement froun ~oil
IMn O. 075mm is more than Thllwing Abllndanr
15"二酌 .<25 3<80ζ10 阳
15%) settlement iee rroze l'l 5口il
Strong thawing Sa turatecl ice
酬二注25 10<80"';:25 N se t! lemen! fro~en 90H

0 thawing
.'\1 [.，雨'"
飞向 <14 ，.ζl I
senlemem frozen soil
Weak thnwing Mor~ ice
14"阳 <18 1<So~3 日
~etllement frozen soil
Si lty ~aI1 cl. fine sand
Thaw咀ng Abundanl ice
18"明 <28 3< ð'"~JO 回
盹 nlcment fr0 1.en ~oH
St rG ng thawing Saturateu ice
田二注 28 10< ð'0"';:25 W
~ettJement frozen s曰iL
No th自回mg 1 ，创s frozen
E恒 <17 SD";;;;l I
seulement ~oil

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Weak thawing More 比e
17"叫 <21 1<占.<二3 11 琶et t1ement f，田en ~oil
Sitt
Thawing Abundam ice
21::;;;;:毗 <32 3< ð'.::;;;;:10 m settl酬。.， frown Roil
Strong thQwing Sa turated icc
叫 ø32 10< 0:5'0::;;;;:25 w settlement f"ω'" 四 il
N口 thawing L.冒~ lce
嗣〈叫 ð'ð~l I
setdement frozen 回iL

Weak thftwing More îce

w" ζ叫〈叫，+4 1<ð'~":;;;3 E ~eltl四nent frozen 皿iI
Clay
1飞hawing Abundant 四
由，~+4":;;;t同〈叫，十 15 3<50":;;;10 m settlement fro= 阳l

Strong thawing Soturoted ice

四'p + 15 ，0:;豆咀崎〈叫E 十 35 10<占'0"';;25 四
曾etl' len胃口t fro r. en !IOil
Thawing Jc e lnycr
Ice layer conlainíng tioiL 目相 >wp+3S 8'0>25 V
collap><ibilíty cont刷ru，咆白;1

NOle:l TotaL water ∞ ntenl 悦细 inc1udes ice and unfro~en waler ,

2 The table doe~ n侃川 dude :sa lined fro:!;en so!l. fror.四 lleaty 切 il. humu !I ~oil. highly plaslic clay

6.6.3 Geotechnical engineering ìnvestìgation for permafrost 50il should be conducted

based on the design principle of permafrost soil , the type and character of permafrost

soil , and it sha Ll ascertain the following contents:

1 Distributing scope and the upper limit depth of permafrost soil;

2 Type , thickness. 回国 1 wat 町 content ， structural feature , physical and mechani

caJ and thermal property of permafrost 50il;

3 Existing form and înterrelation of water above permaforst , water in permafrmn

• 81 •
 and wa t_er below pennafrost soi 1. and its impact on engÎneer;
4 Grades of thawing settlement of permafrost frozen so i1 and grades of frost heave
of seasonal melting layer;
5 Morphological feature , formation conditÎons , distributìng scope , occurring and
developing discipline of adver5e geological actions 5uch as thick underground ice , icy
centrum. deumlir毡， frozen soil swamp , s!ide due to heat melting , heat melting lake and
pond , melting and frozen mud flow etc. , and its hazard degree on 巳ng lO eermg.

6.6.4 The space between exploratory holes in permafrost 50il areas should besides 5at
isfy the requirement in Chapter 4 of the code. and be approprÎately enhanced in density;
the depth of exploratory holes should satisfy the following requirements =
1 As for the subgrade to bεdesigned 3t frozen state. it should not be less than 2
times of ìts foundatîon width below foundation base , as for pile foundation should ex-
ceed the end of pile by 3--5ml
2 The foundation to be designed under gradual melting states a. nd under before
hand melting states should be in accordance with the requirements of unfrozen soil foun-
dation;
3 Whatever adopting any design principle , adopting the depth of exploratory holes

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aU should exceed permafrost soil's upper limit depth by 1. 5 times!
4 In the permafrost soil's unstable zo肘， lower limit depth of permafrost soil
should be ascertained i while subgrade is saturated frozen soil or icy layer containing
soil , that should be penetrated
6.6.5 The exploratory test for permafrost soil should satisfy the following require-
ments:
1 Orilling in permafrost soìl areas should shorten construction time , and adopt
large caliber !ow-speed drilling. Final hole diameter should not be less than l08mm. If
necessary. low temperature mud C3n be used. avoiding causing artificial melt zone Or in-
hole freezing nearby exploratory bole;
2 Underground water level should be measured in layers;
3 The exploratory hole at the section to be designed at frozen 5tate should be im
mediately backfi l1 ed after finisbing measuring in-hole temperature;
4 Vertical interval for sampling should besides satisfy the requirement in Chapter
4 of the code , and be appropriately enhanced in density at seasonal melting layers. sam-
ples should avoid melting in the process .of taking. carrying. storing and testing I
5 Test items should be done not only including routine requirements ，证 necessa­
ry. hut otber test items should be done 5uch as total water content , volume ice content ,
telative ice content , unfrozen water content~ frozen temper8ture , coefficient of therltlal
conductivity , frost heaving value , thawing compression; as for salined permafrost soil
• 82 •
 and peaty permafrost soil , soluble 5alt content and organic matt盯 contcnt should ;;liU
rneasured respectively;
6 If project needs , the spot to observe the ground temperature can be established
for measuring it;
7 When adverse geological actions related to frozen soil melting need to be ascer-
tained , investigation works should be conducted from February to May; the upp盯 limit

depth investigation for permafrost soil s- hould be done io September and October
6.6.6 Geotechnical engineering assessment of permafros l' soil should be in accordance
with the fo l1 owing requirement:
1 The subgrade bearing capacity of permafrost 50il should be ascertained distinc'
tively between subgrade keeping frozen 5tate and subgrade allowing m e1 ting , and they
can be comprehensively ascertained by loading test or other in• situ test method combi
ning with local experieoces. as for su b- ordinary building , it can be determined based on
local engineering experiences
2 Except secondary project , building罚 should avoid the zone of saturatecl frozen
soil and section of icy layers containing soit. icy pyramid. drumlins , heat melting lake.
thick underground icy [ayer. the tran.s ition zone between melting areas and permafr05t

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soil , and be laid hard rock straturn , the section of less ice fro冗 en soil and more ice frozen
soil , the section of lower groundwater level or lower water level above frozen soil1ayers
and plateau with gentle landform

6.7 Expansive Rock & Soil

6.7.1 If rock and soil contain a gr 回 t deal of hydrophilic mineraJs , its volumes vary
more greatly with humidity and produce grea1er internal stress when its deforming is
confîn时， the rock and soil should be judged as expansive rock and 50i 1. Preliminary
judgment of expansive rock and soil should be in accordance with the requirements in
Appendix D of the code. on the basis of preliminary judgment. final judgment should be
carried in accordance with Arti c1 e 6. 7. 7 of the section
6.7.2 Expansive rock and soil's site can be divided imo plain site and sloping site ac
cordìng to topography and landform and geomorphic conditions. The site that accords
with one of the Io l1 owing conditions should be designated as plain site
1 Landform slope less than 5" , moreover local height difference within the same
building noL exceeding 1m;
2 Landfonn slope greater than 50 and les5 than 14". zone of slopecrest with the
horízontal distance above 10m from shoutder of slope
The site that does not accord with the above conditions shoU19 be designated as
sloping site
• 83 •
 6.7-, 3 Geotechnical engineering mapping and survey ln expansive rock and soil's areas
:-;houl~ include the following contents:
1 To ascert 缸n expensive rock and soil's property , geo(ogical age. origin , alti-
tude , distribution and appearance features such as co(or , joint. crack etc. ;
2 To divide geomorphìc units and sìte types , to ascertain whether there are shal-
low landslides. ground crack. and ravine and micro-landform shape. vegetation condi
tions;
3 To survey surface wat盯 's drainage and accumulating conditions , the type , wa-
ter level , changing discipline of underground water;
4 To gather local meteorological data such as precipitation , evaporation force. 剧r

temperature , ground temperature , dry and wet season , drought lasting time etc. , to as
certain climate influenced depth;
5 To investigate local construction experiences
6.7 , 4 1nvestigation for expensive rock and soil should abide by the following rules:
1 Exploratory holes should be laid with consideration of geomorphic units and mi-
cro- Iandform shape; the amount should appropriately be more than that of non-expen-
sive rock and soil. among these the exploratory h01e5 for sampliog should not be less

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than half of a11 exploratory holes;
2 Besides satisfying foundation buried depth and additional stress's affecting
depth , the depth of exploratory hole should sti l1 not exceed climate in f1 uenced depth;
controlling exploratory hole should oot be less than 3m deep , general exploratory hole
should not be less than 5m deep;
3 1n the climate in f1 uenced depth , every control exploratory hole should colI ect
soil sample of Grade 1 , 11 , sampling interval should not be greater 出 an 1. Om , beyond
the climate influenced depth , sampling interval can be 1. 5"-2. Om; in the depth from 1m
below ground surface to 5m , general exploratory hole can collect soi] sample of grade m
to measure natural water conten t.
6.7.5 B四id臼 abiding by the requirements in Chapter l1 0f the code , expensive rock &.
soil's laboratory test should yet measure the followíng index:
1 Free swelling rate;
2 Swe lIi ng rate under certain pressure;
3 Coefficient of contraction;
4 Swe Jl ing force
6.7.6 1n importaot engineering site and ones with special reqllests field soaking load-
ing test. shear test or pre::;suremeter test should be carried. As for expensive rock &..
soi!, clay mineral composition , volume swe l1 ing amount and unconfined compression
strength test should be carried. For anÎsotropic expensive rock soil. different direction's
, 84 •
 swelling rate , swellìng force and coefficient of contractìon sbould be measured
6.7.7 As for tbe areas prelimin盯 ily j l.l dged as expensive rock and soîl , swelling de
-
forma tÎ on value , contracting deformation value and swelling , contracting deformation
value should be calculated; and contacting and swelling grades should be divided. The
method to calcu!ate and divide expensíve rock and 8011 should bεìn accordance with the
requirement~ of the current national standard "Spec凶 cation for Construction Technolo-
gy in Expensive Rock and 50il'5 Areas" GBJ ]12. If regional experience5 are available.
it can also be divîded with consideration of local experiences
When there are p叫 ects destroyed by expensive rock and 50il at or nearby the 5ite.
it should be judged as expensive rock and 50il. Investigated in detail and expensive rock
and soi l' s damage mechanism to project should be analyzed; and the vBlue of swelling
force and the grade of swelling and contracting sbould bc estin回 ted

6.7.8 Geotechnical engineering assessment of expensive rock and soil should be in ac-
cordance with the foHowing requirement:
1 As for the building bui It on expensive rock and so日 I its foundation buried
depth. subsoil treatment. pile foundation design , overalllayout. architecture and struc-
ture mealiure. construction and maintenance , should accord with the requir巴rnents of the

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current national standard "Specification for Construction Technology in Expensive Rock
and soi l' s Areas~' GBl 112;
2 Grade 1 engineerîng's subgrade bearing capacity should be ascertaîned through
adopting soaking loading test Grade , 1I proje时 '5 should adopting soaking loading test;
Grade III pr叫 ect's cnn be calculated by adopt unconsolidated and un-drained trj'axial
shear test under saturated conditions or can be ascertained according to the existíng ex-
penences;
3 As for side slope and the project built on side slope , stability should be
checked I when checking , the chang已。[ water content io slope body should be consid
ered; for homogeneous soil friction circle arc slipping method can be adopted , for soil
containing expensive rock and 50il and weak interlay盯， the most d】的 advantageous s1i d-
,
ing surface should be cbecked expensive rock and soil's side slope with swe l1 ing con ,
tracting crack , and ground crack sbould be checking calculated along crack sliding

6. 8 Salined Rock & Soil

6.8.1 If soluble salt content is above O. 3% , and having engineering character such as
dis50lved collapsibílity , salted heaving , corrosion etc. • rock and soíl should be j udged
as salined rock and soi l.
6.8.2 Accordíng to main ingredient of mineral containing salt , salined rock can be di-
vìded into gypsum 阳 lined rock and mirabilite salined rock etc.. Accordîng to salt chemi
• 85 •
 cals and salt content , salined soi1 can be class凶 ed as Table 6. 8. 8-) and Table 6. 8. 2-2
TabJe 6.8.2-1 SaUned 501l 's Oassi自由 tlon as Per Sa lt Chemlcals
Zc(COJ~ )十c( HCO; )
Sa !illed soil'" name ￡击头 c(Cl- )+2 c( Sot-)
Chlorine salined 四，j[ >2
Chloritic salin时四il 2-1
SulHle ß !llined soil 1-0.3
Sulfate sa!ined 5oi! <0.3
Alkality 3alin田t 自由l >0.3
Note ，c{口) in the table Î" chlorine ion's rni!]i-眩 01 nl.l mber in the soil weighting 100g , other_~ is the same
Table 6. 8. 2-2 Sallned Soll'$ CJasslficatJ on as Per Salt Content
Evc rI 5alt content (~)
Salined soil' s name
Chlorate 皿.d chlorite sa ]t SuHllte 且nd Sulfile sol! Alkality SlI lt
Weak salined 皿，j[
0.3- 1. 0
Moderate 田lined 国.jl 1-5 。 .3-2.0 0.3- 1. 0
Strong salined lIoil 5-' 2-' 1-2
SuperslIlined ~oil >, >5 >2
6.8.3 The investigation in sa lL ned rock and soil areas sha l1 include the following con-

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tents:
1 Salined rock and soil>s origin , distributing and character;
2 Sa1iferous chemical components. sa1t content and its distributing ín the rock and
soil;
3 Corrosion hole's developing degree and dîstributîng;
4 To gather meteorological and hydro10gical information;
5 Underground water's type. b出ied conditions. water quality , water level and its
seasonal variety;
6 Plant growth conditíons;
7 Hydrated dept坦 of gypsum salined rock mainly containing gypsum , ground tem-
perature of salined rock containing more mirabilite at the section crossed by tunnel;
8 To investìgate local engineering experiences.
6.8.4 Exploratory test of salined rock and 30i1 should accord with the following re-
qUlrements;
1 Be5ides abiding by the requirements ìn Chapter 4 of the code , exploratory holes
layout should satisfy requirement to ascertain salined rock and soi l' s distributing fea-
ture;
2 Rock and 50îl sampling should be carried in the dry season , disturbed 50i1 sam-
p1ing used for measuring saliferous ion should accord with the requirements in T ab1e
6.8.4 ,
. 86 •
 Table 6. 8.4 Requiremen t9 or 8011 Samplng or Disturbed Salined Soil
Inlerval of soil Pereenlage of sampling hole in
lnve;，ligation 百 tage Depth
!I<I mpling proportîo口 tototal exploratory hole

Preliminary <5 1. 0 100

5-10 2.0 50
mve~tlgat lO n
>10 3.0-5.0 zo
<5 0.5 100
Oetni!ed i且vest!gatl口n 5-10 1. 0 50
>10 2, 0-3.0 30
Note ,The dcpth of shallow loundatioll'5 sarnp1i ng can be terminated al 10m.
3 H engineering needs. adverse capillary water elevatíng height should be meas-
ured;
4 On the basis of salined soil's lithology ch a. racter. proper in-situ test method
such as loading test should be selectecl; as for dissolved collapsibi!ity salined soil , soa-
king loading test should yet be c~rrjed to ascertain its dis罚。 lvirig coHapsibilit Yl
5 As for salt heaving salined 50il , its effective salt heaving thickness and total 5alt
heaving amounl should be measured in the site; iI sodium sulfate content in soil is not
above 1%. salt heaving can not be considered;

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6 Besides routine laboratory test. dissolved collapsibility test and chemical
ingredient's analysis should 时 i11 be carried; jf nec四 sary ， microstructure appraisal
should be done for rock and soil's structure ;
7 Dis501ved collapsibility index can be mea5ured by collap .s íb1e test method for
collapsible 50i1
6. 8. 5 Geotechnical engineering assessment for salined rock and 50íl should indude the
followíng contents:
1 Saliferous type io the rock and soil. salt content and impact of main saliferous
minerals on geotechnical engineering character i
2 Rock and soil'5 dissloved collapsibili 句， salt heaving , corrosion and 5uitability
for engineering constructio口，

3 Saline soi1 subgrade's bearing capa口 ty should be ascertained through loading

test , while adopting others in-situ test method , it should be io contrast with the result
of loading test;
4 Wh ile ascertaîning salined soi1 subgrade's bearing capacity , water-solubility's
impact of salined rock should be considered i
5 Salined rock's slope should be properly designed gentler than soft rockJs slope
gradient of nOηsalined rock , we c:.让 intercalated layer and fracture zone should be partly
and wholly protected;
6 The asseS5rnent for corrosivity of salined rock and 50il to con5truction materials
should be executed according to Chapter 12 io the code
• 87 •
 6.9 Weathered Rock and Residual Soil

6.9. 1 If rock 皿dergoes weatheri吨~ and Îts structure , ingredient 皿d property pro-
duce variation with different degree , the rock should l:J e named as weathered rock. If
rock ha5 completely weathered to 50il and h85 not been conveyed , it should be named as
residual 岛。 i l.

6.9.2 The investigation for weathered rock and residual soil should focus on ascertai-
ning the foHowing contents:
1 Parent rock's geoIogical age and rock name;
2 Classification of rock's weathering degree according to Table ~ O. 3 in the Ap
pendix A of the code;
3 Globular weathered bod y' s (solitary stone) distributing in dyke and weathered
gramte ,
4 Rock and soil's unifo 口nity ， fracture zone and weak interlay盯 's distributing;
5 Groundwater's buried conditions
6.9.3 Exploratory test of weathered rock and residual soil should accord with the fol
lowing requirements:

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1 Space between exploratory holes should take the smaller value specified in
Chapter 4 of the code;
2 There ought to be a certain number of exploratory wells;
3 It should to take sample in the exploratory well with dual pipe , tri-pipe. ann not
less than 3 groups in every weathered zone ,
4 In-situ test 8nd laboratory test should be simultaneously adopted , in-situ t国t
国n be cone dynamic penetration test. standard penetration t四 t ， and wave velocity t国t

and loading test;

5 Besides executing laboratory test in accordance with requirements in ChapLer 11
in the code , as for the rock mass equivalent to extremely soft rock and extremely frangi-
ble rock , the test can be executed according to the requirements of soil test; as for resid
ual soil. if nece，o;咀 ry ， collapsibilìty test and soaking test shall be done.
6.9.4 As for granite residual soil. natural water content Wf ? plastic limit w p and liquid
limit w J. of fin e-- grained soil shall be measured
6.9.5 To asc盯tain subgrade bearing capacîty and deformation 囚。 dulus of granite re
sidual soil , loading test should be carried. While having local mature experiences , as for
the engineering which design grade of foundation is grade Ó or grade C , that can be com-
prehensively ascertained by in-situ test results such es standard penetration test etc
combining with local experiences
6.9.6 Geotechnical engineering assessment of weathered rock and residual soil should
• 88 •
 be in accordance with the following requirements:
1 I-l ighly weathered and fully weathered rock with thick layers should be further
dìvided into fragment state , chipping state and soiled state combining with local experi
ences; thick layer r巳 sidual soil can be further divided ioto non-pJastic residual soìl and
plastic residual !ì o i1, yet into cl {l Y. sandy day and grave l1 y clay according to gravel con-
tent Qr sand contenl ,
2 The engineerìng buildings on interbedding of 50ft and hard layers or subgrade
with different weathering degr町， should analyze impact of uneven settlement on the en
gtneenng;
3 After the pit is dug , it should be timely checked , as for rocks easy to be weath-
凹时， foundation or other measures should be timely done to prevent weathering devel-
。p口lent;

4 As for dyke and globular weathered body (solatary ston的， the impact on sub-
grade (including pile foundation) 5ha11 be analyzed and assessed. and corr已写 ponding rec
ommendations shall be put forward

6.10 Contaminated Soil

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6.10.1 Due to the contaminating 5uhstance's invasion , the soil compo 创 t100S. struc
tures and properties 8re changed greatly , the 50il hereby .s hall be determined to be con
taminated soiL Naming of contarninated soil may add "contaminated" in front of the
original c1 as 旧 fication name.
6. 10. 2 This section is applicable to inv 国 tiga t.i on of industriùl contamÎnated 50i1 , taiJ
mgs contaminate d soil and waste landfill percolatîng water contaminated soil. but not
,

applicable to inve5tigation of nuclear contaminated soi l. Assessment of contaminated

soil On the environmental impact may be made according to the mission requirement.
6.10.3 Contaminated soil 时 te 日 and foundation may be classified into the following
types , and the investigation for sitc 吨。 r foundation in different types shall give promi-
mence to the key points:
1 The existing site and foundation contaminated;
2 The proposed site and foundation already being contaminated ,
3 The already existing site and foundation possible to be polluted ,
4 The proposed site and foundation possibte to be polluted.
6.10.4 The investig剧 ion of comaminated soil 5ite and foundarion shall adopt feasible
Investigarion mean5 according to the engineering ch旧 racteri5tÎcs and the design reQuire
ment. and it 5hall al50 meet the [o l1 owing requirements:
1 Based on the fÎeld investigation. contamination source. contamination history.
contamination pathway , çontamination composiÜons , affected level of the existed build
• 89 •
 IOg on the contaminating sÎtes and circumferentlal environment shall be put emphasis on
10r the industrial poUution. For tailings pollution. different mìneral species and chemi
cal c mpositions sha l1 be mainly investigated. 50 as to understand the technology , addi
<

tive and its chemical prop 盯 ty and compositÎons used íor mìneral separation. For the
waste landfill. the in飞 es tÎ gatÎon shall focus on the waste composition. daily capacity.
heaped capacily , service Iife , anti-seepage structure , deformation requirement and cir-
cumferential environment;
2 AdOpl drilling or pit exploring 50;1 :;ample , on-site observe the c010r. state ,
odor and appearance structure of the contaminated oil. and compared with the normal
,",

Soil , as well as find out the distribution and depth of the contaminated 80il;
3 Sampling equipment dircctly contacting with te .s t sampled shall be strictly kept ,
clean , after each sampling. the next sample may be adopted after clean water flushing;
for sample of unstable c町nponents like easily to be break down or volatile , the contac
ting time of the soil sampling and the aîr sha lI be reduced as far as possible! so as tO pre
vent running oIf of the volatile suhstance and preve泪 t oxidation; after soil sampling col
lection. proper preservation method should be adopted and then , tbe samrle shall be de
livered t.o the laboratory within the time specified;

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4 For the contamin;ned soil reQuires determination for the engine町 ing property of
tbe foundation so iJ, more means 目 ving priority to the in-situ testing should be ndopted;
wh c: n the bearing capacity 00 foundation of th 巳 contaminated soil requires determina
t lÜ n , \oad test should be made.
6.10.5 For the exploration and test of the contaminated soil. whcn contaminatio 丑陋

坠旦些坠旦坠旦an healfhfEEorrosive to machinery too15 and apparatus , n呵臼」旦旦主

tective measures shall be adopted.
6.10.6 The investigation of proposed site contaminated 50il should be classified into
two phases: preliminary in 飞 estigation and detail investigation. When the condition is
simple , detail invesrigation may be made directly
Freliminary invest 鸣 a t>冗 8hall give priority to field investigation. assorted with a
small I'1 mount of exp!oration and test , find out the nature of the contaminatωn source
and the contamination path , and preliminanly find QU t. the distribution and contamÎna-
tion degrec of thc contamination soi!; detailcd investigation shaH be targeted to lay out
thc investigatiorr workload , find out the distribution. contamination d 巳 gree ， ph可V' sical

rnechanics and chemical index of the contaminated soil and provide parameters Ior thc
Contaminated soil treatment on the basis of the prdiminary investigation combined wìth
the engineering characteristics and possibly adopted treatment measures.
6.10.7 The layout of the exploration and tes tÎ ng workload 5ha11 be combined wîth the
distribution of the contamination source and contamination path. The interva\ of explo-
• 90 •
 mtlon pOlnt 拍 near the contamination source sholdd be densified , while the intervd of the
exploralion pOinlS far away from the contaminn!ion ::;ource should be sparse. 寸。 find out
d1e depth of tbe di~tributive exploratüry hole of contaminated 50il. contaminated soil
shall be penetraled inl0. The interval of contamin8red soil sampling shall be detennined
cornprehensiv rJ y ac('ording to ìts thickncss and possibly adopted treatment measUI 臼 for
1h吨 detailed invcstigation. When determining the contarninated so i! and un ∞ ntammated
Soil boundary , the samp Ji ng soil intc!'val should not be greater than 1m
6.10.8 The exploratory hole with underground water shall adopt groundwater sam
d旦旦坠坐坐型丛_~p_t_Þ.. and find out the spatial distribution of the contnminant in rhc
underground water. When groundwater sampling with different depths are adoptecl in
the same drill , rigid isolation measures 衍 hall be adopted (0ρrev 巳 nt !he conclusion jud
gìng impacted by the adoption of mixed water 叫 mplin g- !evcl
6109 Ee111巾。 r test of conlaminat时削 1 flnd wat 盯 sh4卫生旦旦 e follo旦旦旦旦旦f
according 10 the pollute conditions and mis币 10n reCJ U1 rements:
1 Chemical cornpositions of comaminated soil and waterõ
2 Physical mcchAnic propertyof contaminated soil;
雪 生豆豆坐旦旦旦旦旦旦旦坐 lon of the constructional mater 巾 g

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f 生坐旦旦旦旦旦 on envlron旦旦旦旦旦旦
5 The mechanical testing iterns and test methods shall c005ider fully the spccial
feature of the contaminated soil and also make corresponding Le 时， like swelling. humid-
旦旦些旦旦旦出旦出坠己丘上i
6 Jf necessary. special experimental investigatjon shall be made
6.10. 10 Tbe contamin .'l ted soil ~hall h f' ass(::ssed 2. cc: onling to the mlSSlon requlrement ,
and the site and building foundaLion hall b 巳 asscsscd according 10 the following requi 囚一
,,:

n几 ents:

1 PoSltlon. composltlon. property. contamination bistory and circumIerential im-

pacl of th(' contamination source;
2 DistrÌbutivc plane scope and depth of the contaminated soil or the :-;patial scale
of the groundwater being contaminated;
3 Physical mechanic property of contaminatecl soil. asse 苍白 the contarninntion inci.-
dence to the soil engineering characteristics index;
4 When the engineering T 叫 U If啊. provide h 巳 aring capacily On founda 1i on and dis
t 盯 tlon parameten; , anticipate lhe fouodation ddormat:un characteristics;
5 COrrO i> 1venc-'的 s or \h 巳 contaminated soil and watcr to the cons 口 uctiooal mater> al;
6 JmpaCl o[ cO Tl l /-i mi 门1l 1cd soil and wntcr 0 川 thc cnvironment;
7 Analyzc rhc trend of contamination development;
8 Cornprehensive 8 :'í SCSgmcnt on the permC lO usnesso -I the already e坦 stmg proJecls
• 91 •
 or 丛 uitability of the proposed proje c: ts
6. 10. 11 CorrosÎon assessment of contamînated 50il and water to the constructional
materials and corrosivencss dassification shall comply with relevant requirements of
旦旦旦己主丛生is Code
6.10.12 Contamination incidence to the :>oÎ1 engineerÎng characteristics may be dassi
fjed according to Tablc 6. 1 且 12. Co mprehensive assessment with such engîneering
characteristics indexes as str叫巾. deformation an业旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦~旦旦坐pte豆 accord
in旦旦旦且 ysic 生 lrcumstances. of the engineerinι
Table 6.10. 12 Contamination Incid曲。e on the Soil E哑巴虫草 CharaNe 由"'"

Tncidence
Variable rat~ ot the engineering chara<::leristic index (%)

t\ ute: The v!l ri"b Jc ralC of rhe engineering characrerislir indtx (efers 10 the D- vaJue of engineering characterist比 inde孤

be_f or<: and after lhe contllminated tO the îndex uefor E: the contamination ratio,
6.10. 13 Contaminated soil and water to thc cnvironmental impact .s hall be assessed by
comhining with the specific requiremcnts of the engineeringl when no definite require-
ment5 18 available , it may be asscssed according to th f' current nation 8. 1 standard "Envi-
ronmental Quality Standard for So ils" GB 15618. óóQuality Standard for Ground Water"

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GB/T 14848 and "Environmentfll QuaHty Standards for Surface Waler" GB 3838.
6. 10.14 Treatment and restora1ion of the contaminated 50il shall be comprehensively
Considered according to contamination degree , distribution range , soil property , restc
ration standard , treatmen1 construc tÎ on period and processÌng ca .s t ,

• 92 •
 7 Underground Water

7.1 Investigatíon Requiremeots of Underground Water

7. 1. 1 10 tbe process of geotecbnical engineering inve时 igation. th 巳 fo l1 owing hydro-ge

ological conditîons should be mastered thro lJ gh collccting data and invcstigation work as
the projec1 demanded:
1 The \md 盯ground water type and Lr S existing state;
2 The 刮目 ribution disciplinc of main aquife凹，

3 Thc regional climatc data. including annual precipitatio丑. evaporallon çapa C: lly ,
its changes and their influence on underground water I 巳 vel;

4 The rech盯 ging and the drainage condition of undergrou Tl d water , th t' rcchar
ging and the draìnage reJationsbip betwecn underground water and surface water. and
its influence 00 underground water level;

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5 The underground water level during învestigation. thεhighest undcrground lev
eI in the previous. the highest underground lev(.'! în thc latest 3"-'5 ycars. the varíety
trend of wétter !evd and the matn affecting fac l'O rs ô
6 Whcther th盯 C 3re contllminated sources to the underground water and tbe sur
[a(:e wflter and thcir possiblc contaminated degree.
7. 1. 2 For the area short of monitoring data of underground water level , it is nece、咄 ry

to 问 t long tcrm observation holes to monitore the underground water inγelevant layers ,
during the prelíminary investigation stage of ta11 Luildings or împortant projects
7. 1. 3 For ta11 buîldings and important projects. jf l. be hydro-geological condition
greatly aHects the subsoil a~sessment ， the anti-buoyancy analy:-is of foundation and the
engineering dewatering ，叩 ecial hydr o- geologicaJ invcstigation should be carricd out
7. 1. 4 The special hydHγgeological investigution should accord with the following re
qmrements
1 To find out tl吨 ch盯 a<.:ters of aquifer and aqulfuge including buried condition.
the type , flow direction , watcr levcl and fluctuatÎon of underground wate r. 1[ tbere i罚

more than one aquiJcr of underground watcr aHecting the engineering. the undergrotlnd
watcr levcl should be measured in layers and thc recharging relatîon between them
只 hould bc found out too;
2 1'0 asccrlaÎll tbe influence of geological condltiOllB on the cxisting state Il nd 1he
seepage state o[ underground water. lf necessary. to estahlish thc observation holes or
bury the pore pressure ccll at different depth to measure t} w variance of hydraulic head
• 9il •
 pressure with the depth;
3 To obtain hydrogeological parameters SLJch as permeability coeffîcient 01 stra
TUm by the field test
7. 1. 5 The sampling and the tcSt of water 5ample should accord with the following re-
qUlrements~

1 The water samp!e shall represent the water quality in natural statej
2 The sampling and the t<:51 items of water should followed the requirements in
Chilpter 12;
3 The watcr sample should be tested in time. For clean water , the placement tim 巳

should not be more than 72 hours. For slightly contaminatcd waler , it should not be
morc than 48 nours. For the contaminated water , it shou!d not be more than 12 hours.

7. 2 Measurement of Hydro-geological Parameters

7.2.1 The measuring method for hydro-gcological parameter5 should accord with the
requirements in App巳 ndiX E.
7.2.2 Measurement for groundwater leveJ 曲all be in accordance with the following re-
qUlremen 缸，

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1 lt shall measure water Icvel when cncounter wîth groundwat理r;

2 (Tbis item is cancelled) ;

3 The water leveJ mcasurement fOT multilayer ac司 uifcr that influencing thc engine地r 一

些g shall adopl watcr- proof measures and 盟parate the heing measured aquifer from olhers.
7.2.3 Th 川 nitial wat~r leve! and the stabl<:' water level can b~ measured in borenoles.
exploratory wdls. and piez 时ηeters. The interval of stable time of the water level is de
termined by the permeability of stratum. For the sandy soil and the grave l1 y soi l, it
should n Ol be less than O. 5h. For the silt and the cohesive 50il. it should not be les f'.
than 8h_ The i> table wéiter level 5hould be measured éil $ilme time after the investigation
completed. The approximation of reading should be in centimeter and t. he d 凹 !at lO n

should nOl be more than 士 2cm

7.2.4 Geometry method mDy hc adopted to measure the C'l1T rcnt direction of under
ground water , and not JC$$ lhan 3 observation holeg distributed in triangl e- should be
laid. The space of observation points should be determined according 10 the properties
of rock and soi1 includìng permellbility! hydraulic gradient , and slope of landform. it
should be 50--...100m. The water level in each hole shall be mcasured simultaneously to
determine the flow direçl ion of underground water
The f1 0w velocity of underground water can be measured by indicator method or
"mige-a La-masse" method.
7.2.5 The pùmping tcst should accord with the following reg 飞llations
• 94 •
 1 The methods of pumping test can bc selected from T able 7.2.5;
2 In the water-pumpìng tcst , thc watcr lcvcl should be lowered three times n. nd
the maximu血 depth reduccd should be close to the water 1e vel needed for the d创 ign of
巴 ngmeenng;

3 Same method and the 抽 me apparatus 5ha l1 be adopted fOT measuring wat盯 lev
els. For the pumping bole , thc reading should be in centimeter. For thc observation
hole I the reading should be in millimeter;
4 When the curve about water yicld and time I and the curvc of dynamic watcr lcv-
el vs. time fluctuate at a certain of range and without going up or down continuously ,
the wat盯 level can be considered as stable;
5 The r巳 covered water level after the pumping shall bc measured
Table 7.2.5 Method and Appli皿tion of Pumping Te州

Tt: sl M时 hods AppliCill lOl1

E川 r~cting w，川盯别 mply frorn horcho 1c or To 附 timate th t' permeability cocfficicnl o( poor filluifers rough!y
exp!oralory wetl
P mp'ng withoul oh"crvatlon holc币
,.; To mC~~ lJ re ';he permωb:lity ∞ dficic 啊。 f aq lJ ifer preliminary
Pumping with obscrvation hole~ To m~asure 1111 kinJ~ ()f codfkkm o( 叫山 1" ∞"四川

7.2.6 The water permeation tcst and the water injectîon test cεn bc: mad c: in test pit or

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in bore hole. For sandy soil and silt , the test pit monocycle method can bc adopted. For
tbe cohesive soi l, the test pit forked loop mcthod can bc adopted. If the test depth is too
large. the drilling method can be adopted
7.2.7 10 water-pressure test. the test holes location shall be determined according to
the engineering requirement. combined with the data of engineering geological mapping
and drillingl the test units shall be divid巳 d on the basis of the permeabìlity of rock for-
mation; the initial pressu 时. the maximum pressure. and pressure incremen1s as re-
quired shall be determin 时; the curve of pressurc verse water amount pressed in timc
shall be mapped to calculate tbe water permeating rate , and to determinc the typc of p- Q
curve.
7.2.8 The measurement of pore water pressure should accord witb the following regu
lations:
1 Tbe measuring method can be established according to Table E. O. 2 in Appendix
F.飞

2 The measuring points should be laid out according to the geoJogìcal condition
fl. nd the demand o[ analy:>i问

3 The instflllation and ernb巳 ddìng of piezometer should accord with the relevant
installation technological regulations;
4 To analyze and c(Jordinate the test data timely. If th盯 e is abnormity , try to find
ou t the rea .'l on 盯td take corresponding measures
• 95 •
 7.3 Assessment of Underground Water Action

7.3.1 For the geotechnîcal engineering investigatio 缸， thεeffect and acrion of under
ground water should be assessed and prevention measures should be put forward
7. 3. 2 Assessment for mechanical action of groundwatcr 5hall incl ude the fo l1 owing
content;
1 For fundament , underground structure and retaining Yi all. it 5ha l1 consider
buoyancy of groundwatcr acting on thc structurcs under the most adverse combination
condition. For rock that the joint does not develop and clay soi l.> f there 8re local expe-
nence or measured data. thc float cffcct may be determincd according to cxper 四川 e ，

When seepage appears , the hydraulic head and the effect of groundwaler should an
alyze and a阳 ess by sccpagc calculationj
2 When checkout stability of side slope. Ît shall consider adverse impact of the
groundwater and its hydrodynamic pressure on the stability of slope;
3 Withîn the in fJ. uence s ∞ pe of groundwater level Jowered • ît shall consid凹 land

subsidence and its ìnfluence on engineering; when groundwater level rises again. it shall
consÎder the possible rebound and additional uplift force;

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4 When the wall back fillings are sil ty sand. silt or cohes川 e soil. and to check
calcularÎon stabi J. izarion of the bracing structures. Ît shall assess acti 吨 01 巴坐旦旦旦且
hydrostatìc pressure and dynamic water pressure 阳 bracing structures according to dif
feren t drainage conditions;
5 When the upwarcls seepage appear8 caused by the hydraulic head pressure
旦笠旦旦. it shall assess the possibility of potential erosion ，生生i旦ß sand soîl flow and
plpmgl
6 When excavate foundation pit or underground engineering under the groundwa-
ter level. it shall analyze and asse硝 feasibility of de咐 at盯 ing or water-proof measures as
well as analyze and assess its influcnce tO found盯 ion pit stabîlization and neighborhood
engme 町 ing according to permeability of rock and soíl and groundwater recharge condi
t lO 03

7.3.3 The assessment of physical and chemical ac t. ions of underground water should
include the following contents:
1 For the engineering :;tructure below the underground water level. the corrosîvi-
ty o( underground water to the concrete and thεmetals should be appraised. and the as
sessment method should accord with 1. hat în Chapter ] 2;
2 For the 30ft rock. strongly weathered rock. residual soi l. collapsible soi 1. ex
pansÎve rock and soiL and salined rock and soil. lhe harmful action 民 "hould be anessed.
• !}6 •
 such as softening , disintegration , co lJ apsibility , swelling and contraction. potential ero
sion etc. resulting from gathering and dis~;;î patîng of groundwater;
3 1n the frozen soil area , influence of underground water 00 the frost heaving and
the dissolved collapse of 50il should be assessed
7.3.4 The measures to lower the water level of underground water should accord with
the following regulations:
J During construction , tbe underground water level should be kept O. 5-- 1. 5m
below the bottom of foundation pit;
2 During dewatering , effective measures should be taken to avoid the loss of 30il;
3 '1' 0 avoid the surge caused by deep confined water. if necessary , measures
should be taken to reduce the confined head below the foundation pit
7.3.5 lf the cngineering dewatering is necessary. the suitable dewatering method shall
be selected according to the permeability of aquifer and the requirement of reducing wa-
ter depth. If several methods are relatively inter-comp[emented , they can be used as-
sembly

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• 97 •
 8 Engineering Geological Mapping and Investigation

8. O. 1 The engineering geoJo日 ical mapping and survey sbaJJ be carried out for the sites
with exposed stones and fairly complex land features and geologicnl conditlons. For the
sites with simple geological conditions. the engineering geologicaJ mapping can be re
pJaced wîth the geoLogical investigations.
8. O. 2 The engincering geological mapping and survey shouLd be donc during the feasi-
bility study or the preliminary ìnvestigation stage. When collectîng the data during the
feasibili!.y study 咀 age ， the interpretation Qutcome of aerial photographs and sate l1 ite
photographs should be in c! uded. During the detailed investigation slage , the supple-
mentary mvest 咀 ations may be ωnducted for some specla! geological problems
8. O. 3 The range of the enginccring geotcchnìcal mapping and survcy shall 伫 over thc
site and the adjaccnt section .s. Thc plotting scale and precision of the geotechnical map-
ping shall comply with the foUowing requirements:

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1 The plotting scale. for lhe leasible study investigation , shall be 1 5000---
1 ' 50 口 00. For prehminary inv田 tiga tion , it shall be 1 : 2000 --- 1 : 10000; and for the
detailed investigation. it shall be 1 500--1 2000. lf tI飞 e conditions are complex. the
plotting scale cän be amplì fI ed properly;
2 The geologic3! units that shall have gre"H impacts on lhe cngineering (5uch as
land slides , geological faults , 50ft and wcak lnterlayer !'ì, caves elc.) can be represented
with an ampJified 5calc;
3 The mapping precision for geologic bounclarîes and geological surveying spots
shall not be low盯 lhan 3mm
8. O. 4 The layou!. den::;ity and positions of geological surveying spots shall be in ac
cordance with the following requirements:
1 There 5hall be geological surveying spOts al the tectonic 1inc5. strata contact
1ines. lithologîc clemarcation lines , in standard strata and each geological unit;
2 The dcnsity of geological surveying spots shðll be determined according tO the
land features. geological cünditions of the sitc , the plotting scale and the cngineering re
q Ul remεnts ， etc. • and shall be representative;
3 The nalural or existing manual outcrops should be fully uúlized ff) r the geo\og
ical surveying 叩 ot5. lf the outcrops are rather few , a ccrtain amount 01 exploration pits
or cxploratory trenches shall be sel in accordance with the actual condltions;
4 For thc gcological survεying spots , proper methods 5hall 七 e adopt 巳d according
• 98 •
 10 the precision requÎrements. The special geological surveying spots such as he tectonÎc
lines , strata contact lines. lithologic demarcation lines. soft and weak interlayers. the
groundwater outcrops and adverse geological actions shall be positìoned with apparatu
ses.
8. O. 5 Thc engineering geological m !l pping and Învesligation shall include:
1 To fìnd out the features of landforrns and grouncl feature and their relatìonships
with the straLa. teclonîcs. unfavorable geological actians <l nd divide geomorphic units
2 The age. origin , propertie!> , thicknes~号 and distribution of rock and soìl strata ,
10 identify the weathering degree for the rock strata and 10 distinguish the newly sedi-
mentary 50il and other special soils f
3 To find out the 5tructure type of rock mass , the attitudes and properties of vari-
ous structural planes (凹 pecially soft and weak structuraI planes 丁. the characteristics of
rock &. 30il contact plane and thc 50ft and wcak intcrlayer and 50 on. the vestiges of ge
otectonic movemcnts flnd thcir relntionships with the seismic activities;
4 To find out the types. rech盯区 ing resources and drainage conditions of ground
water , the locations of wells and sprÎng::::. the rock characteristics. buried depth , water
table variations and contamination situations of aquifer and its relatÎonships wìth the

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surface water;
5 To co l1 ect such data as meteorology. hydrology. vegetation. standard frost
depth of soi l. To investigate the highest f1 ood , îts occurrence time and inundation
range;
6 To ascerlaÎn the formation. dis 盯 ibutìon. configuration. scale. development de
grcc of such adverse geo!ogÎcal aclions <l S karst. soil (::Ive , lands!ide. cboulement , debris
flow , ga l1 cy , land subsiùence. fracture. eanhquake disaster. ground crack , shore SCOll
ring and 80 00 and their in f1 ucnces on the engineering constructÎOll;
7 To investigate the influences of human activities on the stability of the construc-
tion site , including the manual cavi 们时， underground goaf. large-scale excavation and
filling , pumpîng and drainage , the induced earthquakes by the water reservoirs , etc. ;
8 The deformation of buildings alld engineering experiences
8. O. 6 1' he outcome data of the enginecring gcolúgical mapping and survey shall in
clude the actua! material drawings. comprehensive engineering geoJogical map , engi
nccring geulogical zoning maps. cúmprehensive geological 10g , engineering geolo白白l

pro fi! e. variou5 sk 巳 tch drawings. photographs. and text instruclions and :;.0 on
8. O. 7 When the engineering geological mapping is conducted through the illterpreta-
tion of remote sensing image data. in field cbec~ing geological surveyillg spots sha11 be
30 % to 50 % of the engineering geological surveying spots. The field work shall in
clude
1 Checking the intcrrclated marks;
• 99 •
 2 Verifying the ìnterrelated outcomes;
3 Checking the extrapolated results;
4 Field supplementing the data that cannot be gained through the indoor interpre
tatlon

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• 100 •
 9 Exploration and Sampling

9.1 General Provisions

9. 1. 1 If Ît Îs required to ascertain the distribution and properties of rock and so i!. 10

gain rock and soil samples or conduct in-5itu tes i.!-i, the dri l1 ing , we!1 and trcnch cxplora
tion , cnve exploration and geophysical exploration. etc. may be adopted. Tht, selection
of exploration methods shall comply with the exploratory purpo 问 and the characteristics
of rock and 50iL
9. 1. 2 10 arranging the exp]oratory holes. th{~ influences of thc exploration work 00
the natural environment shaJJ be taken i010 account to avoid destroying the underground
pipelines , underground engineering ,:m d natural cnvironments. Aflcr completion of the
drilling , well explor i1 tion , trench expJoration , cave cxploration , and the filling work
sball be done properly.
9. 1. 3 When the cone static penetration tC5t <I nd dynamic penetration test are aclopted

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as the exploration means t they sball 七 e combined matching with other exploration
means.
9. 1. 4 During the drillìng <lU Ò well. trcnch ancl cave exploration , rhe effective meas
tlres shall be adopted to ens \J γe the construction safety.

9.2 I>rilling

9.2. 1 Th ，、 drillìng methods m <l y be 时 lcctcd élccording to the rock ancl soil types and
exploflltory 1 叫 uirements a. s per Table 9.2. 1.
fable 9, 2, 1 Appli咽ble Scope of I)rilllng Methods
Drill"d ~lr"l lI Explora\j {l{l r呵 Ulremelll 冉
Drdling Identify it dir~ctly Jdentify i\ rjire ,", ly
口1日 th口(h Rock and gcl ur.d i.'i \urhed aml ge\ di 日 turhed
Sil y ，口11 I soil
~oil
salllples samples
Auger b口 flng ? + ，十 +十
'也。 N白 C口 rç dnlling 十十 十 t f- ..... 斗 + +
IMY f
仁Gre dnili 口E ~ 十 4 十一 + 十←} ++ ++
PHC It S揭l口n

Percu drilling 」一
+十 I
呐m H~mm~ring 十+ + , 十 4 」
++ +十
dn l1 inA
Víbm\ lOn 世 ;:!inll ++ 干才 十! + 十 ++
Wa~nboring + I + •+

NO\<l，十+: rel ，reSenl但 lh 1l 1 il i~ app 1i cab! <l'十 repr凹ent~ tbat il i~ rart!y Rppli<:llh!e; ;\n rl - , r.叩 rc~ C'nt~ thM íl i~

110 1' ~]J pjicab!e

• 101 •
 9.2.2 For the exploration for the shallow 50il layers , the following d口lI ing methods
can be adopted:
1 Drilling wîth the small-diametcr screw aug 盯 (or 50il lifted drî !l);
2 Drilling wîth the sma l1-diamet盯 bucket auger;
3 Dri l1 ing with driving pipe.
9.2.3 The dr i1ling caliber and specification 5ha 1l comply with the specifications of the
currenl national 5tandards. The caliber of fjnished holes 5hall satisfy the req 山 rements

of sampling , testìng and drilling technologies.

9.2.4 Drilling shall be in accordance with tbe following requirements~

1 The measurcment accuracy of drilling depth and stratjfica 1Ï on depth of rock and
soil shall be no lcs5 th80 土 5cm;

2 The advance of the discontÎnuous cor {Õ drilling per t l1 rn shall be strictly con-.
盯 olled to make the stratification prccision meet the requirements;
3 It shall make dry drilling for holes to identify the natural humidity of strata
above the groundwater level; when it is requiring to add water or uiS ing recy c1 ed f1 u 时. "

shall adopt double care barrel drilling;

4 The recovery ratio of the core drilling , for the ìntegral rock or secondly ìntegral

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rock , shall nOl be lower than 80%; for the secondly frangible and frangiblc rock mass ,
sha Jl not b吃 lower than 65%; for the places Csliding zones , 50ft and weak interlayer ,
and so on) that need to be ascertained imperia l1 y with much efforts , the cores shall be
gained continuously with double core barrel;
5 When if requites determìning rock quality designation RQD , it shall adopt doub
le core barrel (N-rype) with 75mm caliber and diamond drilling bít;
6 (This item is cancelled)
9.2.5 The detailed methods for the driUing opcratìon shall be implemented according
to the Technical Standard for "Geotechnical Boring of Building Engineering Geology"
JGJ 87.
9.2.6 Thεlog and documentation of bore hole shall be 1n accordance with lhe follow
mg reqmrements
1 The field record sha11 be r. onsigned LO the personnel with 5pecial professional
training; and the records shall be exact and timely , and shall be made according to the
driiling advance a turn; the post-recording are prohìbit;
2 1n the drilling site. the naked-eye îdentification and handy-feel methods can be
adopted: if available or with clear requirements for the investigation , the micro-pene
trometer or other quantitative and normalized means can be adopted;
3 The drilling outcome can be identified with the bore log or recordings in layersl
the rock and 50il core samples may be stored for a certain period or a long time according
• 102 •
 to lhe engineering requirernents; or the color photos Ior the rock cores nnd ~mil cores al
so can be added into the investigation outcome data

9.3 Well , Trench and Cave Ex币 loration

9.3. 1 When the dri l! ing methods cannot ascertain the underground situatiom; , the
well , trench and cave exploraζion means may be adopted for the investigation. In the in
vestigation of dam sites. underground engineering , large-scale sÎde sIopes. if it is re
quired to find out in detaîl the properties and structural character>s 1Ì cs of deep rock lay-
ers , the shart or adit maybe adopted.
9.3.2 The exploratory well sbould not be deeper than the groundwater table. The
depth , length and section of a shaft and adit should be determined according to the engi
neenng req Ul rements
9.3.3 The exploratory well , trench , cave should be not only described with texts and
recordings , the lithology. strata demarcatîon. tectonÎc feature , locations of sampling
and În-situ tests of the exploratory well , trench , but al50 the cave wa lJ and bottom
should be reflected through the geologic profiles and diagram and so on , accompanied by
the color photos for the representative places

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9. 4 Sampling of Rock & Soil

9.4.1 The quality of the soil samples can be divided into four grades according to tes
ting objective
Table 9.4. 1 Quality Grades (lf Soil SlI mplω

Grade Disturbance degree 丁e~1 c口 nlenl~

lJndi~ !U rbed NnminflTion 01 Wfllcr <:<l ntcnt , ，kll~ily ， slrength tesl , consoHda! 旧n
~hc ~o i\. !~sl

E Sligh t1 y di~turbl;ld Nominalion of thc 附↓l. w且 tet content . den~il~

E Mark~ùjy di ,;t "rbed Nomination 01 Ihe soil. wliter con!~n!
W Completely disturbed Nominatio口。f the sod

Note ,1 Cnd 川\， rbed relers to 刊 ch fact~ Ih?! altnough lhe ~Ires~ , la\US has changed. the conîiguration , den~ity and
waterωmem 01 soil change very 1 川 Je. which can meet Ihe vlinety of n~'luiremems of laboratory tests.

2 Except the ~ng川 eering whkh !h~ design gI"ade of s\lbgrade and fo\mdation is grade A. if it is alJ owable in ~n
gine~r ， ng tecl !l\ Qjogi~s. lbe ~oii 恼 nt l'Ie5 of lhe Grade J , 11 , J!J ' lV Clln [, e used für t[, e ~treng!h and consol-

itlarion Ic宵 t~ ， but thc "011 "pcr;mrfl.~ for id C"ntl阳 ng i!~ disturbed d"gT['~ 写r. oukl bc takcn ro j\l <lgr: thcir FCRsi
bílily for the lestl and Lh~ LCSl (J UL四 rne sr. oul t.l bc ULili 1.cd by cot:"l bm;og wllh lhc local 剧 penenc啊
9.4.2 The sampling toob and mcthods should bc sclected according to Table 9.4. 2
9.4.3 The technical spccifications of samplcr shall be implcmented according to that in
Appendix F of the code
9.4.4 During collecting the sand samples ()f Grade 1 and II in thc borc hole. thc un
disturbed sand sampler may be adopted. and the related current standards should be
implementcd
• }03 •
 Table 9.4.2 Sa mplinll Tools and Methods ror Samples or Di rferent Grades

Suit血 ble soil tyρQ

Quality Cohesive 50 ,! Sa ndy 50il Gravelly

grade sand
S~ l1l plinrs t∞I~ and meth oJs ang l.l lar
of ><0;1 Mcdi
samples FlDlaWstinit吕 50ft I_, I Hard 1" . I Sih 5i 1l y I Fine I ICoar且e gravelly
p p.』asuc Pl且stIEpISBUC Hard sand I sand I IJm I sand
s<l nd 5oil ,5o h
rock
Fixed piston +1 1 1 + , 4
Hydraulic Ilxed ++ +卡 十 + +
Thin w且 11
P'耳""
~amplcr
Fre~ 阳slu l\ + +卡 i +
Open + + 十 十

I Si ngle-actÎng 十 +卡 ++ + 斗 l 十一 + ++
ROI Cl ry triple tubes
S且rnpler Do ubl e- acring + 十+ ++ 十十 +
tripJe tubes
BI口，k 喃喃iJ sampJes [rom • h,
十+ ++ + + 十+ 十+ ++ 于十 ++ ++ 十 4 ++
exploration well (trench)
Hydr~ulic fixed 十+ 十 + • +
Thin waJJ
Pisto口 Free 十~ + +
sampler
Piston Open ++ + t- -t + +
Single-acting + + + + + + ++ ++ +十
E Rotary IrJ ple tubeH

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s/l mpJer 1 1Joubl~ac l! ng 十 ++ + + + + 叫r+

I ，叩ie tube吕
rhick矗 wall oþen sampler γ+ + + ++ , ~ + + + + +
Th ,,,k-wllll open 58mpJer 十+ 十+ ++ 4 • + - ++ 十十 十+ +卡 +
回
Sτandanl penetrometer +• ++ ++ +卡 _+ ~ ++ ++ +
rι
十十 ++
Sc rewed drdl bil 十十 ++ ++ ++ ?

Core drill bit +牛 一t + 才十 + + 一俨 + ++ 4 + 十 +

Standnrd pCn f' tr Cl mcter ++ ++ ++ + + 于十 ++十+ 十十 十斗 十+

N Sc\'ewed dd !li ng hil ++ + + ++ + + ++

Core drilhng bit 1 1 •• 由+ ++ + + 1+ -1 "+ 卡+ ++ ++
Nore :l +卡 repre忧nls IhaT il js 叩p!icahle i +: repre句 rn~ lhat it í~ partly 叩 p !i cable; and-: represents Ihol it 15

not appJjcable
2 The supplememaJ Yrneasures 10 l'i void Jo斟吨 the snmples shall be t..ken during the sam抖 ing of s~ndy ><Cl ils
3 Ií rher~ arc cxpcriences. the ringed- Ii n~ barrel sampler may be adopted instead of the Ihin-waH sanwler
9.4.5 Sampling the soil samples of Grade 1 and [ in the bore ho\e shall satisfy the
follo v.: îng requirem巳 nts:
1 1n the 50ft $oil and sandy $oil, the mud f1 uid should be adopted to protect the
hole walls; if the casing pip 四 are adopted. it should be a8~llred that the water table in
the pipe shall be equal to or slightly higher than the groundwater table and the sampling
position shall be thr时 times of hole diameter below the bottom of casing pipe;
2 If the washing. percllssion , vibrodrilling and other drilling means are adopted ,
it shall be altered with rotary drilling when the deptb i5 above 1 m from the sampling po
slt lO n;
• 104 •
 3 Before layin 日 down rhe sampler. it should clean the borehole carefully and get
rid of the disturbcd soil , wirh the thickncss of residual drift 50il of no greater than the
length of wastc soil section in the sampler (except the piston sampler);
4 It is advisable to adopt quick static-pres5ure continuous driving method during
the sampling;
5 The concrete operation methods 5ha11 be implemented according to the current
national standard , "Technology Standards for Sampling of Undisturbed Soil" JGJ 89.
9.4.6 The soil samples of Grade 1 . II and III sha11 be sealed pTOperly to prevenl lh 巳

changes of humidi 町， and the insolation and frost are not allowed. The v> bration duting
the rransporta tÏ on shall be avoided. and the retention time should 00 1. exceed three
weeks. For the soil samples that tcnd to be liquefied due to the vibration and be segrega-
ted from water , they should be tested in the nearest lab
9.4.7 The rock'samples can be made of the rock cores from the drilling or got from the
exploratory pit , trench. 5haft and adi t. The ~ize of the rough samples should rneet the
requirement5 of making test specimen. Under the sp巳 cial conditions , the 阳 mplc shapc ,
:-lze. direction should be determined according to !he design of rock mechanics tcsts.

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9.5 Geophysical Exploration

9.5. 1 In the geotechnical engineering inves !i g盯 ion. the geophysical exploration may
be adopted in the following areas:
1 Bcing the pioneer means of drilling mcthods. thc geophysical expJoration can be
used to find out the blind geologic boundaries. interfaces or abnormal spot:.q
2 Adding some geophysical cxploratioηspots between tbe boreholes. and the ba
sis for the înterpolation and eXlrapolation of drílting outcornc;
3 Tbe geophysical exploration means. as in-situ testing mean , can be used to
rneasure the wave velocity , dynarnic elastic modulus1 dynamic shearing modulus. prc
dominant period. resistivity , radioactive radietion parameters of rock and soil mass. the
corrosivity of soil 1" 0 metaJs and 50 on
9.5.2 While 叩 plying the geophysical exploration method5. the following cond 山 ons

shall be mct:
1 There are obvious phy~ical characterìstics differences between the objects to be
measured and the surrounding media;
2 The measured objects are of ccrtain buried depth and scale , nnd the geophysicaJ
abnormity i5 of certain intensitYI
3 It is possible to constrict the disturbance and diffcrentiate thc useful signals
from tbe interfering signals;
• lOS •
 4 The effective test for the means can be conducted in the rcpresentative sections
9.5.3 For the geophysical exploration. the effectivc methods should be adopted ac
cording to the buried depth. scale of measured object and thc physical differences be-
tween the object and the surrounding media
9.5.4 In the interpretation and judgîng of the outcome of geophysica! cxp!oration. the
multi-resolution should be taken into account , and thc useful sîgnals should be differen
tiated from the interfering signals. If necessary. the variety of methods shotlld be adopt-
ed for the prospecting to interpret and judge the geotcchnical conditions comprehensive-
ly. which should be verified with the known geophysical parameters or a certain amount
of bore holes

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• 106 •
 10 In-si tu Tests

10.1 Gcncral Provisions

10. 1. 1 The in :;.itu testing me! hods shall bc selected ac t' ording to gcotc c: hrilcal condi
tions and the rcquirements of design on paramcters , the local cxperiences. thc appiica
bility of the te t-> ting methods snd SO on
10. 1. 2 If th 巳 geotechnicaJ engineering characteristic parameters are estimated or the
geotechnical problems are assessed by utilizing the 10cal expericnces on the base of in~si­
tu test outcomc and the parameters and thc asscssment ou!come shall be compare 才 with

the laboratory tcst Qutcome to verify lhe rdiability.

10. 1. 3 Th(' ap~aratus and instr lJ m Eo'_l1 ls f()r in- situ te 只 15 5ha][ be 巳 xarnined rcgldarly <l nd
calibrated
10. 1. 4 When analyzing the outcome data of in-situ tests , altention Sh8 1l be paid to thc
tesl 吨

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influences of thc apparatuses and instrumenls , test conditions. te ô; t methods on the
and the abnormal data shaU be weeded out

10.2 Loading (Plate) Tests

10.2.1 Loading test may bc used tQ mea~ure bearing capacity and defürrnation modu
lus of rock and 5oí! under the lOöJing bearing pJale within dominating influence swpe of
the stress. Shallow plate lO?di Tl g !est 15 applicablc to ;:;hallow suhsoil; deer plate londing
tcst ìs appl 比 abJc to dcep 叩 bsoil (l nd larg吐旦旦旦 ilc cn坐旦~; scrcw platc loading
tC5t is appli r.: able to dcep subsoil or subsoil below grounrlwal 盯 leve l. Th f' t坐坐旦坠旦且

of the deep pJate loadîng tcst 5hall not be 1e ss than 5m

10.2.2 The loading te5t 5ha11 be conducted at the repτesenlative 5pot , and there arc 8t
leas t. three test spots in each sitc; if the rock and 50il in the site Is not unifon凹， the spots
shall he incrcascd prope r1 y. The shallow plate loading test shall b 巳 conduc r_ ed at the el f'
vation of foundation bottom
10.2.3 The technìcal requirements of lhe loading lest sh <l ll comply with t l1 e [ollowing
specifica t iO Tl s
1 Thc width or diamctcr of <1 test pit for l !ì c Sh8 1l ow pl t1 le loading test sh ,, 11 not be
le55 than threc limes of lh <l l (.l f thc loa c1lTl g bearing plllt 巳 The diam f! ter ()[ tlw (e日 t welJ
for thc dc(:'p plate loadmg te~t shall be cquóJ to that of the loading bc盯 ing platc. When
the diameter of tbe test well is greater lhéln that o( th(' loadlllg bc()ring platc , lhe hetght
of tbe soil close 阳 surrounding rhe loading bearing plale shall not be l f'恬 than the diam
107 .
 eter of the loadiog bearing plate;
2 To avoìd a disturbance to the rock and soil 8t the bo t.l om of the test pit or well
and keep its original configuuJ. tioo and n8tural humidìty. Level the surface of sand cush-
ion hy layer under the load bearing plate with 00 thìcker thao 20mm , insta l1 the test e-
qUlpment I!S 800n as po自由 le. When the bit of screw plate enters into the soil , the oper-
ation shall be done at a thread pitch per round to reduce the disturbances to the soil;
3 Round rigid loading bearing plate in the loading test and appropriate size for the
plate should be chosen according to the soil hardness or fracture density of rock mass
The area of the loading bearing plate for the shallow plate loading test shall not be less
than O. 25m2 • and for the soft .s oil or the fill with fairly larger gr缸 o size. the area shall
not be smaller thao O. 5m2 • The area of the loadîng bearing plate for the deep so i1 plate
loadîng test should be O. 5m2 • The area of the load bearing plate for the rock loadìng test
shall not be less than O. 07m 2 ;
4 The loading method in the loading test shall adopt the stepped maintained load
method wtth the relative stable settlcment (routine low method). If local experiences
are available. the stepped !oadîng with non-stable settlement method (quick method) or
the constant :s ettlement rate method ca. n be adopted. The loading steps should be 10 to

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12. ~md no less than 8 steps. The measure accuracy for the Load shall not be less than
士1% of the maximum load;
5 The settlement of the load bearing plate can be measured with a dÎal gauge or an
electrÎcal displace- meter with the accuracy of no less than :!:O. 01mm;
6 For the slow method. if the tested object is soil 皿 ass ， the settlement 5ha11 be
measurcd at the interval of 5 min. 5 min. 10 mìn. 10 min. 15 min and 15 min after cach
lnCreme时， and later on. the settlement shall be measured every 30 min. 1f the scttle-
ment per hour is less than O. 1mm in successive tWo hours. it is thought that the settle-
ment has reached the relative stable standard and the next increment can be loaded. If
the tested object is rock mass. the set t1 ement ::;h811 be measul.ed at the interval of 1 min.
2 min. 2 min and 5 min. and later on. the settlement 8ha11 be measured every 10 min. If
the readings difference in the continuous three times is less than or equal to O. 01mm. it
is tbought that the settlement has reached the relative stable standard and apply the next
mcrement;
7 If anyone of the followings is met. the test can be terminated:
1) The soil around the load bearing plate is markedly extruded to the ."jde.s; the
obvio Ll s heaving happens in the surrounding rock and soil or the radial fissure
develops continuously;
2) The 阳 ttlement more than under the load of this step is morc than 5 times that
of the forrner one , and there is a marked drop in the load-settlement CLl rvei
• 108 •
 3) Under the cerlain step of lond. the set t1 emcnt rat(' in theμhour 吕('， mnot

reach the relative stable stanuard ,

4) The ratio of the settlement ycrse the cliameter (or width) of the load bearing
p!ale exceeds 0 , 06
10.2.4 According to the out∞ me analysi5 requirements ()f the loadlng lest. the curve
of \oad (卢) vs. the ~et t1 ernent (5) shnll bc r1o t\" cd. lf necessary. lhe curve of lh c: se l. tle
ment under ('ach step of 10 <1 d V5. the lime (t) or the logarithm of ti111e (lgt) shall oe
plotted
According to yielding point of c Ll rve jrs. if nccessary. by combining tbe ch 盯 élCler
istics of s-Jgt. the linear litnlt pressurc and ultirnate pre5sure shall be determincd. If the
frs lakes on sJowly varying curve charac 飞 eriSlics ， the corresponding pressure of a cer-
tain relative SC111ement villue (that is ,\ /d , and d is thc diarneter ()[ Lhe \oad b 巳 anng
platc) shall be adoptcd to asses;.; thc Learing C8pηcity of the subsoil
10.2.5 Thc ddormation modulu~ of 叫 i l. ÌJa:;ed on the initial straight lînc ~， e t' lion of
ρ s curve. :;hall be calculated according to the eiasticity theory of thc homogencoll 岳阳o

tropic half-infi r: ite ela f; tic media

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The deformatio !l modulu 阿瓦 (MPa) from th 巳巾 allow plate loading test shall be cal
culated accorcling 10 the [ollowing formuh.l:

凡→。 (]μ'l 于 Cl O. 2. 5 1)

Tbe deformation modulus E" (MPa) from the de 叩 phlte loading test and the scrcw
p!ate loading tC f; t shall bc calculateJ according to the following {onnula
N丁

E
(]().2.S-2l

Where I Ij Shape faclor of rigid load bearing plate. f()r rhe round plate , it Ís O. 785.
and for thc rcctangular plate. it i5 0.886;
p Poisson's ratio of the 50il (for thc grHvelly soj l. it ISO. 27. For the sandy
出 oil. it îs 0 同 30. For thc silt , it is o. 35. For the silty clay. il is 0.38
For the day. it is ü , 12);
d --DiameLer Or side length of the load bearing plate (rn);
p--Pressurc uf lhe linellr sect>on of the p-.\ curve (kP 时，

SctlIC IrH': Tl t correspυnding withρ(rnm) ;

ω--.Coeifici(;'nt re!;:ltecl !o thc tes! depth and lhe soil types. which ciln be de
tcrmincd nccordillg to Table 10.2. S
10.2. 6 Th~ referencc beddmg c:o dficent 1<V, based on Ü1C plate loauing test with th!、

~jde length o[ the loaJ bearing plfitc of 3ücTll. shall be calculatcd according to thc follow
ing formula
• lC9
 K. 二且 00.2.6)
s
Tahle 10.2.5 Calculation CoefficienlωrOf the Deep Loading Test

\ <L Gmydly soil Sandy soil Si 1t Sil~y ctay Clay

0.30 口 .4 '11 0.489 0.49) 0.515 口 524

O. 2~ 0.469 口 .180 。4s2 。 .506 O,SH

0.20 。 .460 Ú. 47 J 。 .474 。 .497 0.505
O. 15 。 .H4 O. ...骂4 。 .457 O. ~79 0.487
O. 10 0.4:>5 O. 446 。.448 白.470 口 478

白 .05 口 .427 O. 437 0.439 0.461 口'"

。‘ 01 。咱 ~18 。， 429 0.431 日 .45Z 口 .459

NOI(>:Jjz 15 lhe r~tio of the diame!(~r of lhe loall bean n.ß pJnte 10 rhc deprh of lhe load hea rJ可 pllllC honom surfacc

10.3 Cone Static Penetration Test

10.3.1 The cone :;tatic penetration test is applicable to the ~o[t soil , the cornmon clay.
the silt. thc sandy süil and the soil with small amaunt of grave l1 y 穷 8i 1. The cone static
penctrauon te 时! based on the engineeríng requirements. can adopt the sÎngle bridge

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probe , double bridge probe or the single and double bridge probεwith measuring appa
ratuses for the pore-water pressure , and bc úsed to measure the penetration resistance
(户.;). the cOlle resistance (q<) , the skin friction (1.) and the pore water pressure (u) in
the course of the penetra tÎon
10.3_ 2 The technical requirements of the CQnc static penctration test shall comply with
the following specifications:
1 The cross section ar 巳a of the probe cone shall be 10cm 2 or 15cm z. The side wall
height of the single bridge probe sha !l be 57mm or 70mm. and the side walJ area of the
double bridge probe shall be 150 to 300cm z ; and the cone angle of the ('()ne top shnll be
0
60 ;

2 The probe shall be driven Into the $oil at a constant speed , and the penetration
speed shall be 1. 2m/min;
3 The probe force transducert together with the apparatus and the cable , 8ha 1l be
calibrated regularly. In probe calibrating indoors. the nonlinear error. repetitive error ,
lag error. temperature drift and return-to-zerO 町 ror o[ the force lransducer shall be les .s
than 1% FS. and the return-to-zero error in theò field test Sh~l l1 be less than 3%. and the
insulation re 5i istance shall not be less than 500MQ;
4 The 盯 ror oí depth recordings ~hall not be greater than 工 1 % of the penetration
depth;
5 Whcn the penetratìon depth exceeds 30m. or the probe enters into the hard soil
110 •
 [ayer after paii l> ing through the thick soft soil layers. some measures shall be adopted to
preven1 from crooking of hole or the rod breaking , also the inc1 inometry probe can be
used 10 measure the oblique angle of the pene1ration hole and to calibrate the depth of
tbe so i[ [ayer boundary line;
6 Before the pore pressure probe penetrates ioto the soil. it is required to a8sure
that the 5train cavity in the probe where the air bubbles are exduded io doors 8hall be
saturated with the [iquid , Some measures shall be taken in the site to maintain thc probe
saturated until the probe enters into 8ubsoil below the underground water table. The
prohe shall not be lifted throughout press proccssion of the test
7 When the por巳 pressure dissipating test is conducted at thc preructed dcpth. the
pore pressure with time after penetration terminatcd shall be measured , and the time in
terva[ shall be controlled rationally from dense 10 dispcrsc. During thc testing process ,
the probe rod shall not be loosened
10.3.3 The analysis of the conc static pcnetration test outcome 3hall in r.; lude the fol
lowing contents:
1 Plotting various kinds of penctration curves. For the single bridge and douLle
bridge probc , thc 孔 -z cllrve. qc-z curve. f , -z curve , Rr-z curve sha l1 be plotted. For

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the pore pressllre probe , the Ui-Z curve , q ,-z curve. f ,-z curve , B'I-z curve and pore
pressure dissipaling curve , u ,-Igt curve shall be plotted:
Wbere Rí 一一-Ratio of [riction to resistance;
'U, ----.Pore water pressure measured when the pore pressure probe enters into
th 巳 soil (that is the initial pore pressure) i

q ， 一-True cone resistance (corrected by the pore pressurc);

j ,--True skin friction (corrected by the porc pr巳 ssure) i

u.-u 民

B,, --Pore pressure coeffici 时】 1 for thc cone stati r.; penetration , B q =?一-二二;
q， 一仇。

U" -一-Static water pressure a1 the testing depth (kPa);

σ町 T otal overburdened pr f! 1写 sure at the testing depth (kPa);
u ,--Pore wa!er pressure at thc time of t during lhe pore pressure dissipa-
t 1O g.

2 According 10 the characteristics of lhe penetration curve and combining the adja
cent drilling data and [oca[ experiences. divide the 50illayers and identify the 50il types
After calculate the average of the related test data of each layer from the cone static pen
etratlon testii or count lO g aηd analyzing the data , and provlde the spacc variation disci
pline of the data from the static cone penetration test.
10.3.4 According to the data from the cone static penetration te5t and utilizing t: he 10-
cat expe rÎ ences. 10 dìvide the 50il layers based on ilS mechanical properties , to estimalc
the plastic state or the compacted degree , the strength , the comprcssibility , tbe bearing
• 111 •
 capacity of subgrade , the bearing capacity of single pile , the driving pile resistancc and
to judge of lìquefactìon. The coeHicient of consolidatîon and permeability coefficient can
be estimated according to the pore pressure dissipating curve

10.4 Cone Dynamic Penetration Test

10.4.1 The cone dynamic penetra tÏ on tests can be classified Înto light duty , heavy du
ty and super heavy duty of , and the specifications and suitable 50il types shall accord
witb the specification in Table 10.4. 1.
T.III ble 1(1 .4. I Type of Cone Dynamic Penetrallon Test
Type Li ght duty Hel'!\l y duty Super he且\l Y duty
MIISS of the hamm盯
口 r 叮3 10 6且 .5 120
(kg)
hammer Drop dislance (cm) 50 76 100
Diflm~t盯 (mm) 40 74 74
Probe
C口 ne angle (") 60 60 60

口ramel 凹 of probe md (mm) 25 42 50-60

Reading with 30cm Re n.ding witll lOcm Reading with 10cm
Illd"x
penelratioll N lt prnetration N，归岳 pf. n~tr"tion Nl~

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Sß ndysoil , moclerately Dense and very dense
Sh" l1 ow fill. ，唱 ndy
Main IIpplic~ble r∞ k & sOl I gravelly SOl! Bnd
de !l ~e gravelly so:l , 80ft rock ,
叫址， silt , cohe~ive soil
thc eXlrcmely 80ft r口， k extrcmely soft rock

10.4.2 The technical requirements of cone dynamic penetration test shall comply with
the following specifications
1 Adopting the automatic drop hammer set;
2 The maximum skewness of the probe rod shall not exceed 2% , and the ham
mering penetration shall be driven continuously. Meanwhile , it should to prevent the
eccentric hammering and probe rod inclining or latera! swashîng and to maintain the ver
ticality of drilling rod. The hammering rate shaJl be 15 to 30 blows per minute;
3 The probe rod should be turned one and a half round per 1m deptb penetrated
and tum round the prohe rod once every 20cm deptb penetrated while the total penetra-
1ed depth Îs over 10m;
4 For the light dynamic penetration test , when N IO > 100 0 1" the blows within
15cm depth penetrated exceeds 5 口， the test may be terminated. For the heavy dynamic
penetration te5t. wnen Nω5>50 for threé continuou$ times. the te5t can be determined
or replaced with the wp 町 heavy dynamic penetration test
10.4.3 The analysis of the lest olltcome from the cone dynamic penetTation tpst shall
include the [ollowÎng contents ‘
1 For lhe singl e- hole conrinuous cone dynam .i c penetratlon tcst , the curve of the
112
 blows ver .s e the penetration dcpth 5hall be plotted ,
2 In calculating average value of the pcnetration index of single hole in layer. the
values wÎthin the critical depth and the abnormal values within the leading and lagging
influence range shall be weeded Qut;
3 The average véllue and the variation coefficient of the penetration inde x: in stra-
turns for the site shall be calculated with the thickness weighted me~m method. accord-
ing to average value of the penetration index in layen; oI each holc
10.4.4 According to the cone dynamic penetration l' e5t indcxes and local experiences.
divide the soil1ayers based on Ìt s mechanical properties. assess the uniformity and phys-
ical properties (the state or the compacted degree) of the soil. the 50il strength. the 50i1
deformation parameters , the bearing capacity of subgrade. the bearing capacity of 5ingle
pile. find out the soil caves. sliding surfaces. the interface of the 50ft and hard soillayer
1l nd check the sub .s oil treatment effect. When making use o[ the te.s t outcome , whether
the test oulcome have to be coγrected or how to correct shall be determined according to
the concrete sìtuation in estabtishing the 5tatistìcs relationship

10.5 Standard Penetration Test

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10.5.1 Thc standard penetration test shall be applicable to the sand soi 1, silt and com-
mon cohe 创刊 soil
10. S. 2 Equipment of standard pene口 atioll test shall comply with the τeq U1 rernents
specified in Teble 10.5.2
Table 10.5.2 Specifications of EquipIm nt for Standard Penetration Tes(
Maf\~ \11 ha. mmer (kg) 63.5
Drop hammcr
Drop Jis\ 日 nce (çm) 7s

I.<ò ngth (mm) >50;)

Splìt (h";1 Ext盯 ~.~I rl'amcl 叮 (mm) 51

Internal diamClcr (mm) 3巧

Pt: m,!rH\Or
LCll!{lh (mm) 50.-16
Pille ~h口e "'且de angle (勺 18-20
Thkknc:<" of bJ阳k (mm) 1.6

Diame!cr (mm) 12
Dri !l s\em
Rdalive uendin且 <1/1000

10.5.3 The 吐出 nical requirement5 of the standard penetration test shall comply with
the fo lI owing specìfications:
1 The standard penetration test hole shall be driven wîth the rotary drilling meth
od; and the water table in the hole shall be kept a little higher than the groundwater ta
ble. II the borehole wH Il is not stable. it can be protected with lhe mud []uid. When the
l13 .
 borehole bottom is 15cm above the pre-test e1 evation , it should to clcar away the residu
al soil at the hole bottom and then carry out the tests;
2 Hammering with the self-relcasing free bammer and reduce the friction resist
ance between thc guidc rod and the hammer. Tbe eccentricity and lateral swing during
the hammering shall bc avoided. The verticality of the penetrator , the probe rod and the
guide rod aft 巳 r I' he connection shall he kept , and the hammering rate shall be less 1han
30 blows/min;
3 After the penetrator enters into the soil15cm. the blow numher per 10cm depth
penetrated sha 1l be recorded. The blow number of accumulated 30cm depth penetrated is
Lhe blow number N o[ the standard penetration test. When blow number has reached
町， hu1 lhe peoetration depth has not reached 30cm. the actual penetrated depth of 50
blows should be recorded. which 5hall be converted into the blow equivalent to the blow
number of the standard pene盯 ation test in the penetrated depth of 30cm with the follow
ing formula. and the test should be terminated:
50
N~30X 00.5.3)
Ll S
Where Ll S--Pcnctration depth of 50 blows (crn)
10.5.4 The outcome of the standllrd pcnetration test cao be directly marked on the en

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ginecring gcological profile , or the curve of the blow number N of the standard penetra-
tÎon test verse thc dcpth of single bole 0γlhe histogram can also be plotted. During
countîng the 8verage value of the blow numher of the standard penetration test. the ab
nornud value .s 8ha 1l be weeded out
10. S. 5 Based 00 the bJow number N of the stand盯 d penetration l.est , the physical
characteristic5 of the sandy 50il. silt , c1 ay , the soil strength. the deformation parame
teτs ， the subgrade bearing capacity , the bearing capacity of single pile , the liquefaction
of sandy soil and silt , and the possibility of pile-driving can be assessed. 1n using the
test outcome , whether the test outcome have to be corrected or how to correct them
sha l1 be determined according to the concrete situation after establishing the statis tÎ cs
relationship.

10.6 Vane Shear Test

10.6.1 The vane shear test can be used to measure the undrainεd shear strcngth and
sensitivîty of rhe saturated soft clay 与岛。) .

10.6.2 For thc layout of the vane shear test spots. the vertical interval may be 1m for
lhe homogeneous soi l. For the non-homogeneous 50ft cohesive soil OT the soft cohesÎve
soil with thin silty and fine sand layers , Lhe cone static penetration te;>Ï should be carried
out firstly , and t, hen consiJeratioI工 of the vari 8. tion of the soil ll'l yers to choose the proper
80ft c1 ay for the test
• 114 •
 10.6.3 The mai 盯 technical requircmcnt3 of the vanc shcar tcst shall comply with the
following specifications
1 The shape of the vane plate bit should be rectangular with the ratio of diameter
to hígh of 1 : 2 and the plate tbickness of 2 to 3mm;
2 The depth of the vane plate bìt into the borehole bottom shall not be less than 3
to 5 times of the diameler of the borehole or the casing tube;
3 Wben the vane Îs advanced the test depth. it should rest for 2 to 3 min and then
start the t白 t ，

4 凹陀 torsion shear rate sha lJ be 门。~扩 )/105 ， and after the peak strength has
bc巳 n measured , the re l'l dings sball 5ti11 be recorded for .1 mÎn;
5 After the mea 日 urement of the peak strength or the stable value completed , the
vane sha l1 turn six rounds in the direction of the torsion to measure the un-drained
shearing strength of the remolded so叶，

6 For the open-steel-ring vane shear apparatus , the influence of the friction re5i!:lt
ance between the rod and the 50il shall be revÎsed
10.6.4 寸 he test outcome analysìs of the vane 5hear test shall include the iollowing
contents:

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1 To calculate the un-drained 5hear peak strength and residual strength of the
soi 1. the strength of the remolded soil and the sensitivity at each testing spotl
2 To plot the curve of the un-drained shear peak strength , the residual strength ,
Ihe strcngth of the remoldcd soil and thc scnsitivity verse lhe d 叩 fh of the soil in singlc-
hole vane shear tεsting. 1f nccessary. plot the curve of the shear strength verse the tor-
sion angle;
3 According to the 50il condit lO lls and the local experiences. 10 modify lhe meas-
ured vane un-drained shear strength.
10.6.5 The outcome of the vane shear test. according to the local experience. can be
used to determine the subgrade bearing capacìty , the bearing capacity of single pîle , t。

calculate the stability of tbe sÎde slope and to judge the consolidation history of the 50ft
clay

10.7 Pr回suremeter Test

] O. 7. 1 The pressuremf~t盯 test is applicahle to the ∞ hesive RO i1，时 lt. sandy soi l. grav-
elly soi l, residual soi l, extremely 50ft rock. soft rock and SO on
10. 7.2 The pressuremct盯 test sha11 be conducted al the r叩 resentativc plac巳 and the
depth. 皿 d the mea5urìng cbambcr of press t1 remeter sha lJ be in the samc soillaycr. The
vertical interval of the test spot shall be determined according to the strata conditions
and the engineering requirements. and not be less than 1m; the distance from the test
• 115 •
 hole to the existing borehole shall not bc less than 1. m
10.7.3 The technical requirements of the pressuremet盯 test 5ha11 comply with the fo1
lowing specifications:
1 For thc prebored type pressuremeter test , the hole quality shall be guaranteed.
and the diamet盯 of the borehole should be well matched with that of the pressuremeter
to prevent rhe co lJ apse of the hole wall; the self-drilling drill bit , the rotary speed , rota-
ry rate , the blade distance. the mud fluìd pressure , the flow and 50 on for the self-drill
ing pressuremeter test sha l1 comply with the related specifications;
2 The loading increment shall be 1/5 to 1/7 of the predìcted critical plastic pres •
sure , and loading increment at the initial stage can be the minimum value; if necessary ,
the unloading and re-loading test can be conducted to measure the lateral pressure modu
lus;
3 The pressure of each increment shall maîntain 1. min to 2 min , and then the next
increment sha11 be applied and maintain for 1. min; the deformation amount shall be read
at the intervals of 15s , 30s and 60s aftcr applying each increment; a[ter the pressure has
lasted 2 min , thc dcformation 5ha 1l be read at the intervals of 15s , 30s , 60s and 1205
after applying the încrement;
When the expanded volumc of thc measuring chamber is equivalent to the inh 盯

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4
ent volume of the measuring chamber or tbe pressure have reached the maximum allowa-
ble pressure of the apparatus , the tesl 5ha 1l be terminated
10.7.4 The OU 1. come analysis of the pressuremeter test shall include the following con-
tents
1 The pressures of all steps of and the corresponding expanded volume (or con
verted into the radius increment) shall be corrected wîth the constraining force and the
volume. and the pressure vs. the volume curve shall be plotted; jf necessary , the creep
curve can be plotted;
2 According to curve of the pressure vs. the volume curve and combining with the
creep curve , the initial pressure , the critical plastic pressure and the ultimate preS5ure
shall be determined;
3 According to the gradient of the straight linc on the p-V curve , the \at f' ral pr田­

sure modu\us shall be calculated according to the fo l.l owing formula

V一 +V， 、 Aρ
~2 (l +俨\
/v.
E.,
m • , +-'-'-;←~
1-<) (V, ' 2 i:'':r
ILl V (1 0.7.4)

Where Em--Lateral pressure modulus CkPa);

ρ一一-Poisson's ratio. whicb shall be determined accorrung to formula 10. 2. 5;
Vεlnitial inherent volume of the measuring chamber in the pressuremeter
(cm 3 ) ;

Vo--Volume corresponding with the initial pressure po(cm勺，

• 116 •
 ,
V --Volume corresponding with the critical plastic pressure Pf(Cm斗，
Aρ/ð. V--Gradient of the straight line on the ]ateral pressure curve CkPa/cmη ，

10.7.5 According to the initiaJ pressure , critîcal plastic pressure , ultîmate pressure
and the lateral pressure modulus. and combining with th巳 local experiences. the sub
grade bearing capacity and the deformation parameters 5hall be assessed. Ba sed on the
lateral pressure curve of the se 1f-drilling pressuremet 盯 test ， the in-situ horizontal
stress , the static lateral pressure coefficient. the undrained shear strength and so on
5hall be obtained.

10.8 Dilatorneter Test

10.8.1 The dila t. ometer test Îs applicable to the soft soi l. common cobesive 30i 1. 5i]t ,
Joess and loose to moderately dense sandy soi l.
10.8.2 The technical reqllirements of the dilatometer tcst sha11 comply with the fol
lowing spccificatìon:=;
1 The probe for the dilatometer test is Z30mm to 240mm in length , 94mm to
96mm io width , and 14mm to 16mm in thickness. The front blade angte of the probe is
1 矿，
0
12 to and the lateral steel diaphragm of the probe is 60mm in diameterõ

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2 The probe calibration shall be done before and after the lest in each hole , and
the average value of before and after the test 5hall be adopted as the correction value
The qualified standard for the diaphragm is:
During the calibration , when the I> teel diaphragm is expanded to O. 05mm , the
measured air pressure ,1A =5 r_. 25kPa.
During the calibratio l1. when the steel dîaphragm is cxpanded to 1. 10mm. the
meesured air pres 刊 re bB~ 1O ~110kPa

3 During the test , the probe shall peneuate the soil at a constant speed under the
statìc pressure. with the penetratlon speed of 2cm/s; the vertical Înterval of the testing
spots shall be 20cm to 50cm;
4 When the probe has reach the pre-determined depth , increase and reduce the
pressure at constant speed to measure th巳 pressure of A , B and C corresponding to the
pressure of the dìaphragm expanding to O. 05 口口刀. 1. 10mm and constrict to O. 05mm
5 1、 he dilatometer dissipating test shall be conducted at the test depth I the time
interval for readings shall be 1 min. 2 min. 4 min. 8 min. 15 mín , 30 min , 90 min;and
later on , the readings sball he observed every 90 min untiI the dissipating phenomenon
havεdisappeared

10.8.3 The test outcome analysis of the dìlatometer t. est shall include the followîng
contents
1 To cυrrect the m l".asured data for the rigîdity of t. he diaphragm from the test:
• 117 •
 户。~ 1. 05(A - Zm +LIA) -0. 05( 日 Zm -Ll B) 00.8.3-1)
Pl= B.-z m - .ð B (\0.8.3-2)
p ， ~C-zm+ Ll A (10.8.3-3)
Where p。一一-Contact pressure before the diaphragm expanding into thc soil (kPa) J

ρ1 一一-Pressure when the diaphragm expands to 1. lOmm (kPa);

p， 一一-Pre:;;.sure when the diaphragm returns to O. 05mm (kPa) 1
Zm 一一-Readings of the pressure gauge before zeroing (kPa) ‘
2 According toρ。， PI and ρ2' calculate the following indexes:
Ef) =34.7( 户:户。〉 00.8.3-4)
Ko=(Po-uo)f。咱 00.8. 3-5)
I ， ~(p ， - Po l!(þo -u,) 00.8. H)
Uo~(p ，-u，)!( 户。 "0 ) 00.8.3-7)
Where En--Dilatometric modulus (kPa);
K ,, --Dilatornettic horizontal .s tress index of dilatometer test;
I , --Dilatometric soil property index;
U"←一-Pore pressure index of dilatometer t巳时，

u。一一-Hydrostatic pressur at the test depth CkPa);

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σ屯。一一-Effective overlying pressure of the 50i1 at the test depth CkPa) ,
3 To plot the curve of EI)'儿， Kn and U D V. s the depth
10.8.4 According to the dilatometer test indexes and the 10 l.: al experience , to identify
the soil typcs and determine the s l: ate of the day , the static tateral pressure index , the
horizontal bedding coefficient and so on.

10.9 Field Uirect Shear Te!刊

10.9.1 1' he field direct shcar test can be applicabte to the sbear tests for the rock and
so iJ mass , the 50ft and weak structural plane of the rock and 50il mass or the contact
planes wi由 other materials. Thεdirect sbear test can be classified into three types , the
shear test th8t the rock and 5011 mass get failure along the shearing surface under the ac-
tiOllS of the normal s1ress , 1he shear t('st (the hiction test) lhat the rock and soil mass
5ha11 be sheared along the shearing plane continuously after i1 is sheared a. nd the shear
test that 1he rock and soil mass is under th(' action of the normal stress of zero
10.9.2 The field direct 5hear test can be conducted in the test cave , test pit , trench Or
big-calib盯 borehole. If the shearing :l urface is horizontal or approximately horÎzontat ,
the horizontal pushing or Înclined pushing method can be adopted. lf 1he shearing sur-
face is rather steep , the wedge pU 1'I hing method can be adopted.
The rock properties of rock and soil in the same group test sha l1 be basicalty the
LIB •
 same. The test stre 咄 state shall be close to the actual one in engineer>ng.
10.9. 3 In the fie1d direct shear test. every group rock mash shall at 1east have 5 test
blocks. with the shearing area of no \ess than O. 25m2 • The minimum side leogth of each
test block sha11 oot be 1css than 50cm. and thc height shall not be Icss than O. 5 timcs of
the minimum sidc length. The distance between the lest blocks 3ha11 be greater than 1. 5
times of tbe minimum sÎde I 巳 ngth

Every group of 30i1 tes1 sha l1 have al least 3 test blocks. The shea l" ing are8 :;hall not
be less 1hao O. 3m 2 • and the height sha 1l not be less thao 20cm 0 1" be <1 to 8 times of the
maximum particle diameter. The open slot of the shearing surface shall be 1/ 3 to 1/ 4 of
the minimum particle diameter
10.9.4 The technîcal requirements of thc field direct shear te5t 5ha11 comply with the
following specifications
1 During the excavation of the te5t pil! a dls t' urbaoce to the test block and a
marked chang町 of the water content shall be avoided. H th 巳 test is conducted below the
groundwa1er table. the in Il uence of the water pressure and the seepage f1 0w on the te~t
sha l1 be avoided;
2 The applied normal load and shearing load shall be set at the center of the shear

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ing surface 0 1' the shearing split; or the combined force of the normalload and the shear
ing load shall pass through the centcr of the sbearing s t1 rface and rcmain the norrnal
force unchaoged j
3 The maximum normal load shall be greater than !h巳 d 凹 igned Joad , anrl h f' di-
vided into several ~teps io conSlanl incremen t. T h. e load aceuracy sha l1 be 土 2% of the
maximum load;
4 The normal load on each test block can be divided into 4 to 5 steps to apply.
Wheo the normal deformation reacbes to a relatively stable state. the sbearing load can
be applied then;
5 Each step of sbearing \oad sha l1 be applied at the constant increment of 8% to
10% ()f the preùicled maxitn \l m Joad 0 1"川 the constant Încrement of 5 % to 10 % of lhe
normal load in <;tep~. EllCh step o[ shearing load shall be applìed every 5 rnin to 10 min
for the rock mass flod every 30::> for the soil mass;
6 When the shear deformation increases sharply or reaches to 1/10 of the test
block size. the test can be termÎnated;
7 The residual shear strength tnay be determined according to thc test outcome
thal the shear dìsplacement is greater than 10mm. Tf necess 盯 y. the friction t 巳 5t can be
COI吐 u C' ted along the shearing surface conlinually
JO. 9. 5 Th f: analysis of the field direct shear outcome shall in c1 ude the following con-
teot8:
1 To plot the eurv 已。[ the sh 巳 aring stress vs. tbe shearing displacement , and the
119 •
 curve of the shearing stress vs. the vcrtical displacemcnt. and to determinc thc propor•
tional strength , the y国 ld strength I the peak strcngth I the shear swe l1ing point and the
shear swelling strength;
2 To plot the curve of the normal stress vs. the proportional strength. the yield
strength , the peak strength , and the resiclual strength , and to determine the corre
sponding strength parameters

10.10 Wave Velocity Test

10. 10. 1 The wave velocity teiit is applicable for measuring the velocity of the compres
sive wave , and shear wave or ray!eigh wave in variou!' rock and so i1 mass. According to
the project requircmc 时. the sìngle hole rnethod I the cross-hole me1hod and the surface
wave method can be adopted
10. 10.2 The technical requirements of single-hole wave velocîty testing shall comply
with the following specifications
1 The test hole shall be vertical;
2 The three-component detector sha lI be fixed at the designed depth in the hole
and close!y touching the hole walll

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3 The shock can be excited 00 the ground or in the hole;
4 The measuring spots shall be 5et combining with the 50il layers distribution ,
and the vertical intcrval of the measuring points sball be 1 103m. When stratum changes
greatly. the measuring points shall be densified 8t varying section. and the measuring
shall be dor> e point by point from down to up.
10.10.3 The technîcal requirements of cross-hole wave velocity test shall comply with
the following specifications:
1 Tbe vibration source holes and the test hole 5ba11 be set at the same 1i ne õ
2 1n the soillayer. the distance between the test hoJes sha 1l be 2 to 5m and in the
rock mass i1 sha l1 be 8 to 15m. The vertical interval of the measuring poînts shall be 1 to
2m. The measuring point near the ground sudace shall be set at the depth of o. 4 ti 皿es
of rhe borehole distance. The vibration source and the detector shall be set in the same
stratum and 80t the same elevation;
3 When the test depth is greater than 15m , the inclination angle and the inclina
t100 Orl巳nta tÎ on of the exciting hole and the test hole shall be measured ，飞Ni th 1m inter
val of the measuring points
10.10.4 Durîng measuring the wave velocity with the surface wave means , the transi
ent method or the steady-state method can be adopted. The low-frequency detector
should be adopted. and the track pitch may be determîned through the trial test accord
ing to the site conditions
120
 10.10.5 The analysis of the wave velocìty test outcome shaU include the following
contents:
1 To identify the initial arrival time of the compressive wave and the shear wave
from the waveform recording;
2 To calculate the distance [rom the :::hock SOUIce to the measuring pointi
3 To determine the wave velocity according to the propagation time and di~tance

of the wave õ
4 To calculate the dynamic elastic modulus. the dynamic shear moduJu .s and the
dynamic Pois .so n's ratio of the small strain of the rock and soil

10.11 [归自 situ 出re四 T回t of Rock Mass

10.11.1 Thc rock mass stress test is applicable to the anhydrous. integral or secondly
integral rock mass. The hole-wall strain method. the aperture deformation method and
the hole-bo tt. om 5traio method can be adopted to measure the space stress and the plane
slress of the rock ma飞机

10.11.2 During measuring the original stress of the rock mass. the depth of the meas
uring point shllll be beyond 1be influence range of the stress dìlìturbance. When testing

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in the underground chamher. 1hat is the depth of the measuring point shal! exceed lwa
times of the cbambcr diameter
10.11.3 The technical requirements of the rock mass stress testing shall comply with
the foltowing specifìcatìons:
1 1n the te5t section oJ the measuring point. the Jithology 5hali be uniform and in
tact;
2 The wali and bottom of the test hole sha l1 be smooth. Il at and dry;
3 丁 he stability criterion 15 that the difference within the three continual readings
(readings every 10 min) does not exceed :5με+

4 The measuring n'!ading~ in the stlrne borehole shall be ob~erved n1 leas1 3 times.
10.11.4 The coηfining pressure tesl shall be C'onducted in 24 hours afte :r t. he slre .s s 0口

thc core have been relieved. The pressure shaU b巳 divicled into 5 to 10 steps and the
maximum pressure sha l1 be greater than Ihe pre-esrimated principal stress of the rock
口lass

10.11: 5 The processing of the measured outcome sha l1 meet th巳 fo l1 owíng req 山 re

ments:
1 To calculate the plane stress and space stress of the rock mass according to the
testing outcome. and the calculation methods shall comply with the specifications of the
natìonal current standard ;;Standards for Test Method of Engineering Rock Massas"
GB/T 5026 币，
• 121 •
 2 To plot the curve of the relieve process according to the relieved stress value and
the relieved depth I
3 To plot the curve of the stress v. s the strain , and to calculate the elastic con-
stant of rock according to the confining pressure test data.

10. 12 Shock Exci阳tion Test

10. 12. 1 The shock excitation test is applicable for deterrnining the dynarnic character-
istics of the natural subgrade and the artificial subgrade tO offer the subgrade rigidity ,
the damping ratio and the mass of vibration for the design of the founda !Ìons of the dy二

namic machines
10.12.2 In the shock excitation test. the forced vibratÎon means sha11 be adopted. If
possible. the two measuring mea时， that is the forced vibration method and the free vi
bration method shall be adopted simultaneously
10.12.3 Before the shock excitation 四川. 5uch data as the performance of the ma
chine. the type of thc foundation. that Îs the elevation of the foundatîon base , the prop
erty and uniformity of the subsoil , the underground structures and the disturbance vi
bration source and so on sha11 be co l1 ected

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10.12.4 The technical requirements of the shock excitation test sha_l l comply with the
following specifications:
1 The minimum working frequency of the mechanical shock excitation equipment
shall he 3 to 5Hz. and the maximum frequency should be greater than 60Hz , The dis
turbance force o[ the electromagnetic excitation equipment should not be less than
600N ,
2 The dimensîon o[ the block founclation should be 2. OmX 1. 5mX l. Om, 1n the
same stratum. the contrast test should be conducted on two block foundations wÎth the
same bottom area , and the hcight of 1. Om and 1. 5m respecti飞rely. The pile foundation
test sha l1 be done for two piles , and the pìle span 5hall be the design span. The distance
from the edge of the pile cap to the p î1 e axis may be 1 月。 f the pile spacing. and the
length-width ratio of the pile cap shall be 2 : 1 , and the height of the pile cap shall not
be less than 1. 13m. When the pile number in the contrast test is diffcrent , the pile num-
ber and the area of pile cap shall be increased. The concrete strength grade of test foun-
datìon shall not be lower than C15;
3 The tested foundation 5ha11 be set near the designed foundation and in the soil
layer with similar propel'tYi and the elevation of the bottom surface shall be the same as
that of designed foundat ion;
4 The tests shall be conducted in tWQ situationst that is , the open setting and the
buried setting; and the fill for the buried [oundarion ::;hall be compacted layer by layer;
122 •
 5 The accuracy. installation. testiog method and requÎrernent and so 00 of 1he
equipment shall accord with the specifications of the currenl national "Code for Meas-
urement Method of Dynamic Properties of 5ubsoil" G I3 /T 50269
10. 12.5 Tbe analysis of the shock excitation test outcome shall include lhe followings:
1 For the forced vibration test , the Iollowing amplitude frequency responsc curves
shall be plotted:
1) For the vertical vibration. the amplitude frequency response cnrve of the vcr
tical amplitude varying with the frequency (the A.-fcurve) I
2) For the horizontal rotary coupled vibration. the amplitude frequency response
curve (the A 抗叼'f- f curve) of the horizontal ampμlit 飞ude va盯ry
归】 ng Wlt
川
t让h the frequen-
C叩y and the 盯
am
羽】 pμlitude frequency response curve (the A
cal ampμli川tude va
盯rymg Wl川川
th the frequencYI
3) For the torsion vibration , the amplitude fre吗 u 巳 ncy response curve (the
A 叼 fcurve)of the horizontal amplitude varying with the frequency und 盯 thc
lorsion disturbance moment
2 For the free vibration test , the io !l owìng oscillogram shall be plotted ,
们 The oscillogram of the vertical free vibration I

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2) The oscillogram of the hO r( zontal rotary coupled vibration
3 Ba:;ed on the amplitude frequency response curve of the forced vibration tesl and
the oscìllogram of the frce vibration test. the rigidity coeficient of the subgrade , damp-
ing ratio and the mass of vibration shal1 be calculated according to the current national.
"Code Ior Measurement Method of Dynamic Properties of 5ubsoil" GB/T 50269

• 12.1 •
 11 Laboratory Tests

11. 1 General Provisio囚S

1 1. 1. 1 The test item and method of the iaboratory tests for rùck and soil properties
.s hould comply wÎth the specîficarions in this chapter oí lbe code , and the concrete oper
ations and test instruments for thc tests should comply with the specificatlons in the cur
rent national "Standards for Soil Test Method" GBjT :)0123 and the nalional "Standard
fOf Test Metbocls of Engineering Rock Mas 哺 5" GB/T 50266. The pararneters value se
\ected for the geotechnical engineering assessment should be deterruined after corrected
througb comparison with the outcome from the corresponding in-situ tcsts ar the out
come from the back analysis of the pro!otype observatio们

11.1. 2 The te8t items êlnd methods should be determined according to !he engineering
requirements and the characteristics of rock and soil propenies. If il is necessary. the
in-situ stress field and the stress history of the rock and soil mass. the nεw st l' ess fjeld.

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the new boundary conditions re511Lting from the engineering activíties shouLd be consid-
ered to make the test conditions c1 0se to the actual situation as possible; the non-uni-
formity. the anisotropism and the discontinuity and the corresponding differe.nces in en
gineering property between the rock and soil rnaS5 and thc rock and soil samples should
be paid attention to
11. 1. 3 For the specifîc te5t item , the special te5t scheme shall be established
11. 1. 4 Prior to preparing the test specim巳 n ， the important properties of thc rock and
5011 mass with nakεd ey e. s shall bc identified and descτibed briefly

1 1. 2 Tests for the Physical Properties of the Soil

11.2.1 The {ollowing 50i1 classification índex~s and the physical prop 盯 ly indexes for
all sOrts of engin巳 ering should bc measured;
Sandy 50tl: Grain size distribution. specific gravity , natural water contenl , natura1
density. the maxirnurn and minimum density;
Silt: Grain size distribution , liquid limÎt. plastic Limit. specific gravîty. natllral wa-
t巳 r content , natural density and organic content;
Clay , L叫 uid limit , plastic limit. specific gravity , natllnd water contem. natural
density and organic content;
Nu!e; 1 For ~a"dy 叫 if ;1 i" hllrd 10 gt'( ， he 拙 I sample~ of Grilde J , 0 ~nd m' il I~ allowabh~ only 10 perform
gUln 到 te dlsuibulion tesl 号

2 If Ihere I.~ r. o Or自 am~ matter n lhe soil Ihr<.>ugh nijked'eye~ identiltc山 on ， the organ:c conlent {C~t can be
>

rtegl~cted.

• 124 •
 J 1. 2. 2 For measuring liquid limÌt , the test methods specified in the current national
"Standard 10r Te .s t Methods of So il" GB/T 50123 shall be selected based on thc classifi
cation and asscssm凹\l ，叫 uiremen1S ， whìch sha l1 bc noted i 口 the te:'i t report. 10 the area.s
with abundant experiences. l'he specific gravity may be det 町 minecl according to the ex…
pertences
11.2.3 As r呵 uired 由 e scepage f1 0w analysis is neccssary 10 be conduct f' ß '-0 provide
water permeability parameters 01 the soil for the design uf lowcring groundwater tnble
for the founda tlon p 此. the permeability test may be carried ou t. The constant water
head t(:st is applicablc to sandy soil and gravelly soil; the variable water head te .s t is ap
plicab!e to silt and cohesive soil; for 50ft soil with very low permeability , consolidation
coeffic旧时. and volume compre臼 ive coefficient may be determlned accordìng to 1h 巳 con

solidalion test; and then thc permeability coefficient can bc calculated. The value of sod
p 巳 rmeability coefficient shall be det盯 míned a(ter being compared with tbe outcome from
field water-pumping te<;t or water寸 njectlon le51.
1 1. 2. 4 Backfi Jl so!! rnaS8 alld the qualily of f il1 ing engineeri Tl g i5 required tυbe con-
trolled , the compaction 飞 est sha Jl bc done to detcrmine the relation of the clry dcnsity to

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the water cOntent , the maximum dry density and thc optimum water content

11.3 Compression and Consolidation Test of Soil

1 1. 3. 1 When compression moduì 山 is adopted 10 calculate thc settlement , the maxi

mum prcssure of con~olidatìon tcst 由 ould be greater thaI> the sum of effective self-
weight presSure and additional pressure: and the tes 飞 outcome can be represent~d by e- þ
curve; the calculation (l f compres:;ion cocfficient and cornpression modu\us should be
conespondíng to the pressur(' scction frO tT1 02ffectiv t2 seJF-weight pτessure of .s oil to the
sum of effective self weíght pressure and additional pressurc. When thc influence o( !oaù
release due to pit excavation and reloading have to been takcn into accounl , thc rehound
test shall b巳 taken ， and the loading of the pressurc should be sirnilar 10 the actual lOêld-
ing and unloading state
11.3.2 When calculating 1he settlement with consideration of the 叫 ress hj~tory ， the
lest outcome can bc repre 川:-nted by the 铲 Igp curve to determine the pre-consolidation
P' 已 ssure and 10 calculate the compression indexes and the rebound ind 巳 x. Thc maximum
applied pressure shoulù satisfy drawing lhe complete e-[gp curve. In order to determine
the rebound ind 巳 x. after rcaching the estìmated pre-consolidation pressure , perform the
unloading rebound , and then 10ðding continually until finish the prεdicted th 已 last stcp
of the loading
11.3.3 lf it is required tO analyze the rclationship of thc scttlement duration. some soil
samples under total pressure of effectivc sclf'weight pγessurc and additional pressure
• 125
 shall bc selectcd. and detailed consoJidat lO n duration recordings shall be made to ciilcu
larc consolidatíon coefficient
1 l. 3.4 For the engineering built on thick bigh-compressibility 50ft soìl. i{ necessary.
a ce口 ain amount o{ soil samples should bc adopted to measure coefficient of secondary
consolidation that can be used to dct盯 minc the relation between seçondary consolidation
settlement and duration
1 1. 3. 5 If it is required to analyze the relation betwcen strcss and strain of the soi1 and
10 offer parametcrs for norγlinear elastic. elastic and plastic model , tri-axial compres-
sion test can be takeu 町 which should rneet thεfollowing requirements
1 To adopt three or more different constant confining pressure to make samples
consolidated separately , and thcn to increase axial pressure step by step until the sample
ha::; been destroyed; during the te~吭， each sample {or the confining pressure test should
be let rebo lJ ud one to three time~乌. and the test outcome should he formed the rela!ion-
ships curve of the axial stress corresponding lo various constant confining pressure v. s
the axial strain;
2 To carry out equal-pressure consolidation te5t with same confîning prcssure and
aXLal pressure , apply load step by step to gct the rclationships curvc of the confinìng

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pressure v. 5 the volume strain.

11.4 Shear T国t of the Soil

11.4.1 Th 巳 test methods for tri-axial shear test shaH be determined according to the
following requirements:
1 For saturated clay. if loading speed is rather quick. the unconsolidated and und-
rained tcst (UU) should be adopted; for saturated soft soi 1. thc soil samples should bc
pre-coosotidated under 1he eHecllve self-weight pressurej and thcn used in the te5t;
2 For lhe pre-rreated subgrade. the subgrade wiLh good drainage conditions. the
project with Low 10adÎng ra时. the project with rather high loading rate but rather high
over-consolidatìotl subsoil and the project that requires [û chcck the stability of soil slope
when water table drops quickly , consolidated-undrained test (CU) can be adopted;
when it is required to offer shear strength index of the effective stress , consolidated un-
drained test (CU) measuring pore water pressure sba !l be adopled.
11.4.2 The test methods for the dircct shear test shaU be determined according to the
!oad types , loading rate and thc ùrainage conditions of the subgrade 5oi!. For 50ft c! ay
witb the internal friction angle ofψ句。. unconfined compres .s ion test wîth the soil sam
ples of Grade 1 may be. conducted
11.4.3 In measuring thc shear strength of such already eXlst shear fracture surfaccs as
lands!ide zone , the residual strength test should be taken. The calculation parameters
126
 should be determined after comparing with the outcome from back analysis of the field
ohservation
1 1. 4. 4 When the geotechnical engine巳 ring assessment has special requirement5 , the
Ko consolida!.ed un-drained test and the Ko consolidated un-drained te5t measuring pore
watcr pressure test , the 叩 ecial :-;tress ratio r.onsolidated un-drained test , the plane
stram compr四川on tesl. the pJane straÎn tension lest and 50 on sbould be taken

11.5 Tesls for the Dynamic Characieristics of the Soil

11.5.1 When the engineering design rcquires to test Lbe dynar丁、 ic characteristlcs of the
50il , the dynamic tri axìal test or dynamîc shear test or the resonant C" olumn test can be
adopted. In selecting the test methods and instruments , application 5cope of the dynam
lC 5tτain it sball be paid attention to
11.5.2 The dynamic tri-ax国 1 and dynamic shear test can be used to measure the f01
Jow • ng dynarnic characteris.t ics of tbe 50il;
1 The dynamic e!astic modulus) dynamic damping ratio and their relationships to
thc dynami 巳 stram ，

2 The relationships of the dynamic stress Lo l. h l;' dynamic strain under the specified

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cydic load;
3 The relationship .s of the liqueficd she<lr stress 10 the dynamic stres:; of .s aturaled
soil under cvcle numbers.
1 1. S. 3 The resonant column te3t can be used tO deterrnine the dynamic elastic modu
lus and the dynamic damping ratio at the 3mall dynamìc strain

11. 6 Rock Test

1 1. 6. 1 The tests fOT the components and physical properties of the rock may adopt the
following t' esL ltems according to 1he engineering demand;
1 Identifyîng the min巳 rals;

2 Grain dcnsity and Bl ock density te 叫 s

3 Water absorption and saturatcd water absorp Li on test;

4 Disintegration resÎ !ì tance tcstj
5 Swelling test;
6 Freezing-thawing te 盯e

11.6.2 The uni-axial compressive strength t('5t shall respecti 飞lely measure tb 巳 strength

under dry state and saturated state , and offer ultimate compressive strength and soften
ing coefficier>t. Tbe elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of rock sbould be measured ac
cording to uniaxial compression deformation test. For the markedly anisotropic rock.
the strengtbs. parallel to bedding plane and perpendicular to the bedding plane. shall be
• 127 •
 respectiv eL y measured.
1 1. 6. 3 For rock rri-axial compression test. to select four confining pressures and to
provide the relationships of the principal stress diffcrencc to thc axial strain under the
conditìon of different confining prcssures , the shear strength envelope curve and the val
ue of strength parameters , c ， 伊 according to its stress state
11.6.4 The rock direct shear test can mcasure the shear strength of rock and such dis-
cominuity planes as the joint planes. sliding planes , fault planes or rock stratum planes ,
and provìde the val ue oI c ， ψ. the curve of the shear stress v, s the displacement under
the various normal stresses.
11. 6. 5 For rock tensile strength tcst , to apply a pair of linear load on the diameter di-
rection of test samples to destroy the test samples along the diameter and to measure
tensile strength of the rock indirectly
11. 6. 6 When detcnnining the strength and modulus of rock indirectly , the poi J\ t load-
ing tcst or the sound wave velocîty test can be adopted

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• 128 •
 12 Appraisal of Corrosivity of 飞lVater and Soil

12. J Sampling and Test

12. 1. 1 When d > ere are adequate 口 periences of sufficient data to confi 口丁1 that Roi! or
water (groundw"ter ar surface warer) of engioeering síte and its s旧 roundings have no
corrosiveness to constructional materi时， sample tbe soil and water to 臼 sess their corro
sivity is not neccssary. Otherwise , it is required to sample water OI 50i1 to mak 巳 an test
and assess their corrosÎveness to constructionaI ffiaterial according to thLS chaptcr
The assessment of the 80il to the steel structural CQrrQ到 veness may be made accord-
ing to the mission requiremι寸115

12.1.2 Sampling water and soil shall comply with the following requirements
1 When concrete structure is above groundwater level , soil sample shall be taken
to make 1he corrosion test of soi1 ,

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2 When concrete 5tructure is in the underground water or surface water , water
sample shall be taken to make corrosion tes 飞 o[ waler;
3 When concrete structure is above the underground water level and parts is under
the underground wat 盯 leve l， soil sample and water sample shall be taken respectìvely to
make corrosion test;
4 Water and 50i1 sample 电 shall be taken from the concrete structure .located ,

坐旦且， and their sampling number shall be 00 less thao 旦旦旦旦旦时出ch site. 立坠些
the sa1t composition and content in the 50il are distributed une川venly. sampling 5ha11 be
m ade by zoning and in Iayers. and that sha l1 be 110 \es岛 than lwo pieces fOT each zone and
each layer
12. J. 3 11erns and test method for c orrosivity tesl water and soi1 shall comply with the
b lI owing requiremeots ,
1 Test irems of water corrosivity on rhe concrete structure include: pH value ,
ca'- • Mg h . , CI- • SC咒哩 HC()， ，以巧. Aggressiveness CO 2 • Iree CO 2 • NH/ , OJ-I
and the total mioeralîzed degree.
2 T 四川 !ems of soil corrosivity on the concrcte structure include: aoalysis 00 pH
vaJue. Ca H
• Mg'!i". Cl- , SO~- ， lI C01 , eutectic salt of CO旷( soil-tcγwat 町 ra t! o 1::;
1 ,5) ,
3 Test iterns 01 soil corrc 创 vity on the steel structure include ‘ pH va\ue. redox
• 12g •
 potential , polarization current density , resi5tivity and mass 105s;

4 The te 目 method of the corrosivity test items shall be in accordance with those

specifjed in T able 12. 1. 3.

Table 12. 1. 3 Corrosivity Test Mcthod

No Test items Test method

pH va! lI e Potentia! method or tap哩 r electrode method
Ca~~
EDTA Volumetric method
Mg~.
EDT A Volumetric method
CI Mohr'.<; method
50l 一 EDT A Volumetric method or m~阳 method
HCOj Acidimetriç method
co; Addimetrit method
Aggressiveness COt G町le method

Free CO. Alka !imetric meth口d

10 NHt N白白leriza tÎon

11 OH Acidimetr1c method
12 Total 抽 linity Calculation method
13 Re_dox 归tential Platinum electrode method
14 Polari臼tion current density In.situ polarizaUon rnethod
15 Resistivity Quaclrupole method
lG Mass lo ",s Tube and pot mcth口d

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12. 1. 4 The corrosivity of water and soil on the constructional materials may be classÍ-
fied into {our grades: micro , weak , moderate and strong , and they may be assessed ac
cording to Section 12.2 of this code.

12. 2 Appraisal of Corrosivity

12.2.1 Affected by environmental type corrosivity of water and soil on concrete struc-
ture shall comply with those specified in Table 12. 2. 1; the classificatÎon of environmen
t81 type shall be implemented according to Appendix G of this code.
Table 12.2. I Coπosivity Appralsal of Water and Soil on
Concrete Slructure According 10 Environmental Type

Environmental type
臼r Conosive media
E 皿

Micro <200 〈之 300 〈乙 500

Sulfate Content
、WCllk 200.......500 300-1500 500~3000
雪夜)，千
Moderate 500~1500 1.，) 00~3000 3000-6000
<mgiLJ
Smmg >1500 主>3000 >6∞。

M口。 <1000 <2000 <3000

Magne!;ium salt Co ntent
Weak 1000-2000 2000.....3000 3000-4000
Mg"
民lIoderate 2口 00-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000
(mg/U
StrOnR >3000 >4000 >.';ûOO

• 130 •
 Table 12.2. I {contilllled)

Eovir <.l nmcntal lyp E.>

C臼nOSl口n gr~de Corrosive media
I E 阳

~icr。 <100 <50C <800

^mmonium 咽 it C口口 te~t
Weak 100-500 500-800 自 00-1000
NHt
Moclerate 5 口。 ~!!OO 800~100口 1000-]500
(mg!L)
Slr,:mg >800 >1000 >1500

Micro <35000 <43000 <57000

Caustir aJkali conlenl
W"川k 3500()-43000 43000-57000 5 7::)1] 0-70000
()H
Moderatc 43000ι57000 57000-70000 70000-100000
(mg/ J.)
Strong >57口 00 >70000 >100000

Micro <1 日 000 <20000 <50000

Weak TOla) "'lJl ""calizal!口盯 100ou'-20000 20000-50000 50000-60000
Modera!c (mg/U 20000- .5 0000 50000-60000 600QO-7日 000

Strong >50000 >60000 >70000

Nore: 1 VaJue~ lisled in lable are appJic仙 1" la drcum3tance af I\ ltel'n剖 ion "f w~rting ~nd drying; i: without ahernatioo
llf wetti叫; and arying [0J a::d n environment type. 但\l lf"，巳 contenl S时 li.<ted in t~bk shall hc m111tiplied by
1. 3;

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2 (This nole 险 cancelled) ;
~ Va\ued li~lcd in mblc <l r(> ~pplirnble 10 corros川 !yapprlll拥 I Qf warcr; lor corros川 ty appnli~~l 0: 但阳 1 ， rhey shnll
lJ e lIl uhiplied by L 5; umt ~hall b(! (!xpr(!s ，号。J in mg/kg l
4 The (0日) conlent In ca 时 tic alkali (mg/l.J ~S li l< led in lhe lahle .~hall be lh,,()]i- CUJ) I~n( (mg/LJ in NaOH
and KOH

12.2.2 Corrosivity appraisal of water and soil on concret巳 structure affec t. ed by th巳

per田 eability of stralum ~ball comply wi t. h lhose specified in Table 12.2.2.

Table 12. 2. 2 Corrosivity Appraisal of Water and Soil 011

COßcrete str咀cture According to Penetrability of stratum

p lJ va)lle Corr口 sivity C(h (mg/ Ll HC01' (mmol/U

COTr(l slo口'"叫E
A B A 日 A

Micω >6.5 >5.0 <15 <3C >1. 0

Weak 。 5-5.0 S. o-~. 0 15'-30 30-60 l.fJ -0.5
Moderale 5电 0-4. 。 ιO~3.0 30-60 60-100 〈白 .5

Srto吨 <4.0 <3. 且 >60

Note:~ A refcrs 10 dircc !l y faci 吨响阳 the groundwlllcr in MrOn!!; permcable laycr; B rclcr~ 10 groundwater in wcak
permeal,le lay t: f 1 th~ "trong D盯白白<lbl~ layet rd"c"ω -'l raψe["对 1 aoJ Si!!lJy "oil: the weak ρermeable hlYer re
fers 10 si !t y soil mld ÇOhCS1VC so:!;
2 日C 丁;' contcnt refer~ 10 Ihe corro~ivity of fOT Ihe soft watcr whirh (kgrec nf mincrahwtion is lowcr lh~n

O.lg/川

Corros:νlly aψprai~~l of oil only

.,< con"iJerρ !-l index when asse~s it 格 corro~iv"ne~s. A refen 10 ~t:ong 阳 m"able

soi! l~yer; B refers (0 呗 eak llermeRble 到oillavet

12.2.3 If the corrosion grÐdes :Jr e not the same with each 。由 er according to Table

:;:11
 12.2.1 and Tab!e 12.2.2 , we should assess them synthetically eccording to the follow
ing regulatÎons
1 In the corrosion grades. if t 七 ere is onJy weak corrosion and no rnoderate corro-
sìon Or 5trong corrosion , we shou!d appraise it as the weak corrosion synthetically;
2 ln the corrosion grades , if there is no strong corrosion and the highest grade Îs
moderate corrosion , we ShOllld appraise it as the moderate corrosion synthetically;
3 In the corrosion grades , if there are one or more than one strong corrosions. we
should appraise it as the strong corrosion synthetícally
12.2.4 Corrosivity appraisal oI watec and 80íl to ceinfocced steel bar in reinforced con
crete strllctuTc shall comply with those specified in Table 12.2.4
Table 12. 2. 4 Corrosivity Appraîsal of Reln(o['('fng Steel 8ar in Reinforc，涩d Co ncrete Structure
CI- ∞，ntcnt 10 W盯时 (rng/L) CI- content in soil (mg/kg)
Conosion grade
L口 ng-term soaking Alternal\on of welting an.d drying A 8
M比 m <IOGOO <100 <400 <250
飞ileak 10000-20000 100-500 400~150 250-500
Moderate 500-5000 750-7500 500-5000
Srtong >5 口口。 >1500 >5000
p 。τe ， A rd~rs [0 ~rnvel ~oil. sandy soiJ , hard and harcl plastic cohesive !lOlJ aboveτbe un 町ground water level; B ,efers

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!!2..!坠 wet. extrernely w创 siltv 50;1 , plas只 ic. 50ft plastic and fI ~plastic ∞h 由 ve 50il
12.2.5 Corrosivity appraisal of soil on steel structure shall comply with those specified
in Table 12.2.5
Table 12.2.5 Corr咽 ivily Apprisal of SoU 00 steel Stnlcture

Oxida rion" reduction Apparcnt n:sistivity cunent

Polarizati白 n
Corro剖口 n grade pH MaSR 1055 (g)
pOlential (m V) 〈口 "m) density (mA/cm l )
Micro >5.5 >400 >100 <0.02 <1
W巳， k 5.5-4 , 5 400-200 100-50 0.02-0.05 1-2
M，αlllm ι5-3.5 200"" 100 50-20 0.05-0.20 2-3
Snong <:~. 5 <100 < 20 〉日 .20 >3
NOle:Corro 归ity appvisal ofωiI on the steel structure lakes the hi p: hest one aη00 11. all of the corrosion R. rades ,
12.2.6 The protection from the corrosivity of wat盯 and soil to the building mat町 ìal
should accord with the reglllations in the current natîonal uCode for Anticorrosîon De
sign of lndustrial Constructions" GB 50046

• 132 •
 13 In-situ Inspection and Monitoring

13. 1 GeneraJ Provisions

13. 1. 1 In-sÎtu in 吨 ection and monitoring sbould be conducted during the engineering
construction period. For projects with special requirernents. the ne 巳 essary items should
be determìned in terms o[ the enginecring feature 凡 and carried out during thc applicfltion
period
]3. 1. 2 All of the records , data and drawings for in-situ inspection and monitoring
should be kept w 巳 U. and should be worked up and analyzed in terms of engineering re-
qUlrements
13. 1. 3 Documents for in-situ inspection and monitoring should be submitted to the
relavant units promptly. If the monitored data approach the crÎtical value that endan
gers the project , it is required to monitor the engineering more frequently and reporl
limeJy

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13. 1. 4. When the in-sit l1 in 叩 ection and monîtoring are compl 旧时. resu!t reports
should bc submitted. Monitoring curv四 and drawings shou J. d be attached to reports ,
ana!ysis and assessment should be done and recommendations should be made ,

13. 2 lnspection and Monitorlng for Subsoil and Foundation

13.2.1 When the foundation pÌt of natural foundation is excavated. it is required 10

check whether tbe geotechnical conditions are in accordance with the investigation re-
ports. If anomaly is found. treatment measures or recommendatio m: 00 modifying de-
sign should be pllt forward , If great discrepancy is found , i 贝 ve鸣 tigation during construc-
tion shall be recommended. The inspection sha11 include the fo Jl owing contents
1 Distribution and pr叩 erties of rock and soil;
2 ünderground watcr status;
3 The soiled foundation may be ìnspected by means of ligbt cone dynamic penetra
tion tcst or othεr machines and tools
13.2.2 For the pile foundation engineering , whether the rock and soit conditions are in
accordance with investigation reports shall be inspected through trlal dri l1 ing or trìal
driving. 1f anomaly i5 found. treatm巳 nt measures shaU be put forward. If great discrep
ancy is found. investigation during construction shall be recommended. The bearing ca
pacity of single pile shalt be inspected by mean t> of the cornbim, tion the static loading l.<:st
and the non-destruction dy巳 amic te t>t. For lhe large-diameter manual dug piles. th 巳归 le
• 133 •
 toc size and rock and $oi1 conditÎons of tbe pÎles 8hall be inspected one by one.
13.2.3 The foundation treatment effects a1so can be tested through the cone static
penetration , conc dynamic penetration , standard penetration test , pressuremeter test
and wave velocity test etc. , besides statìc loading test. which should be performed as
per Chapter 10 of this code.
13.2.4 The monitoring scheme of foundation excavation engineering should be deter
mined according to the site conditions and thc ∞ nstruction design of supportive struc-
tures , which should include the followings:
1 Deformation of bracing structures;
2 Deformation of ground surrounding the {oundation pit;
3 Deformation of neighboring engîneering and underground facilities;
4 Groundwater level.
5 Leakage , surge. washolll and piping etc..
13.2.5 Settlernent observation should be carried out for the following projects:
1 Buildings with Grade A foundation design ,
2 Grade B buildings with uneven subgrade or 50ft subgrade;
3 Projects including floors-adding. constructîon. excavation and Joading in neigh-

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boring areas that cause ground stress to change obviously;
4 Projects causes underground water level to change dramatically due to water
suction and other factors;
5 Projects need observation settlement according to other relevant regulations
13.2.6 Settlement observation should be performed in terms of the current standard
"Code for Deformation Measurement of ßuildings and Structurs" JGJ 8.
13.2.7 U necessary , the following monítoring of rock and soils would be conducted:
1 巳 onvergcnce measurement of cavity or side slopes of rock;
2 Rebound measurement for deep founda l' ion pit excavation ,
3 Measurement of earth pressure or rock stress

13.3 Monîtoring for Adverse Geol咱 ical Actions and GeologicaL Disasters

13.3. 1 MonÎtoring for adverse geological actions and geological disasters should bc
carried out in the following case.'ì
1 Adverse geological actions Or geological disasters exist in the sites and neighbor
ing areas , which 1i kely endanger the 5afety or normal uses of projects I
2 Engineerîng eonstruction and op 盯 ation which likely accelerate the development
of adverse gcological actions 。γinCLlr geologlcal disasters;
3 Project construction and operation likely produce substantial adverse impacts on
the neighboring environment.
131 .
 13.3.2 For thc Il) onitoring o( adverse geological actíons and geological dlsasters. mo
nitoring outlines sha !l be workcd out ba>;cd on the geologicaJ conditions and the actual
engineering requircments of thc sites and neîghboring areas; and the monitoring shall be
processed in line with the olltlines , The outline includes: moni l. oring objectives and rc
quiremcnts , monitoring items. dîstribution of monitoring points , time int盯 va! and ob
servation period. observation instrument , monitoring method and precision , da 1.<'I and
drawings to be submitted. Suggestions on disaster fore c: ast and cone!>ponding measures
should bc provided rimely
13.3.3 Monitoring of kMst cavily flnd .'lùil cave should place monitorÎng emphasis on
the following contcnls
1 Ground cl c{ormation;
2 Dynamic changes of groundW8!er level;
3 Water pumping of the sites and neighboring areas ö
4 lmpacts of grounclw <l ter 1 巳 vel change .s on soil holes development and collapse oc
currence
13.3.4 Land::;lide monitoring should include the following cúntents

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1 Displacement of landslip mass;
2 Location anJ di~locati()n of sìiding plane;
3 Occurrencc IInd development of landslide crack;
4 '[、 he groundwatcr levd , f1 0w dire<.'tio口， How ratc of spring watcr and sliding
zone pore water prcssurc inside ;t nd o Ll tside the sliding m e. SSj
5 Occurrence an rJ development 0:1" di~p l.，lcement ， deformation , and cracks of ret 1:l i
ning stru Cl ures and other engineering facilitics.
13.3.5 When the ~t<jb i! ity of collapse disintegrated mass and crags needs to be judged ,
the tensile cracks should be monitored. Thc coHap5c which likcly cause serious hazard
shall be systematically monitorcd. and i15 occurring time. scale , collapsing Jirections
and access. 3nd impacted 日 copes ùf collapse likely took place shail be forecasted accord •
ing to thc monitoring resulls
13.3.6 For the existing goaf. the ground displacement and building o l" formation shall
be observcd in atcordance with thc [o l1 owing requiremcnt ,s:
1 Thc observa l' Îon lines ...hould b f.' parallcl and pcrpendJcu!ar to mining beds
strike. 盯 ]{i its length shall beyond thc scope 只 of moving basins;
2 The interval of observation points may be d 町 crmined according to the exploita-
1. 100 depth and equal proximately;
3 The observation period shall be determined according the ground deforming rate
and exploitation depth.
13.3.7 For regional ground subsidence cnused by watcr-pumping in cities or industri ,d
135
 zones. regional ground subsìdence should bc observed; the monitoring requirements and
methods should bc in accordance with r eL evant standards

13.4 Monitoring of Groundwater

13.4. 1 Monitoring of groundwater should be conducted in the foUowing cases:

1 When the fluctuation of groundwater level has influence on the stability oI rock
and soiL5;
2 When the buoyancy force generaled by the ascending of groundwater level has
great impacts on the mois1ure-proo f. water proof and stability of basements or under-
ground structures;
3 When dewatering during construction creates great impacts on the projects to
be-built or neighboring projects;
4 When the variation in porc wat盯 pressure and groundwater pressure caused by
the construction or environmental conditions changing has great impacts on the engì
neering design or construction;
5 When the descending of groundwater level causes regional ground sedimenl ,
6 When the fluctuation of groundwater level makes rock and 50ils to 5oftened ,

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∞ llapsed or swelled and shrunk;
7 When the ìmpacts on the environment from the contarninant transportation need
to be appraised
13.4.2 The monitoring work should be designed according to the monitoring purpo-
ses , site conditions , enginecrìng requirements and hydrological and geological condi
tlQnS
13.4.3 The monitoring method of groundwater should comply with the following re
qUlrements:
1 Thc groundwater level may be monitored by mean of setting up specìal observa
tion holes of groundwater level , or by using water well and groundwater natural out
crops;
2 Pore water pressure and groundwater pressure can be monitored wÎth pore wa
ter piezomete and piezometer!
3 When adopting chemical analysis method for the monitoring of water quality ,
the sampling should be not less than four times each ycar for the analysis of relevant
ltems
13.4.4 Monitoring time should satisfy with the following requirements:
1 The dynamic monÎtoring time should be not less than one hydrological year;
2 When the changes in pore wat盯 pressure likely impacts the engineering safety ,
the monitoring should not stop until the pore water pressure drops to the safety value ,
• 136 .
 3 For projects influenced by groundwater buoyancy force. monitoring of ground-
water pressure should continue untiJ the engineering load is larger than buoyancy force

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• 137 •
 14 Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Assessment
and Invesitigation Report

14. 1 General Provisions

14. 1. 1 Geotechnîcal engineering analysis and assessment should be conducted on the

basis of engineering geological mapping , exploration. testing and collected existing doc-
uments , and combinÎng with project features and requirements. Analysis and assess-
ment of various projects. adverse geological actions. geological disaster and special rock
and soils should be in accordance with the requirements in Chapter 4. 5 and 6 respectivc-
lyφ

14. 1. 2 Geotechnical engineering analysis and assessment should comply with the fol-
lowing requirements:
1 To completely acquaim with 巾 e styles , features. loads conditions and deforma
lion control require町1ents of engineering structures;
2 To master the site's ge 丁 logical background , consider the nonunÎform prûperty ,

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anisotropism and changes with time of rock and soil materials. To appraise the unc盯­
tainness of rock and soil parameters and determine the optimum estìmated valne;
3 To take local experiences and those of similar works into full consideration
4 To for geotechniancal prob Ic: ms without sufficient theoretícal basis and much
practical experiments. the analysis and assessmcnt can be carried out bj! in• sítu model
experiment or fu l1 scale test to gain actual dalð;
5 To if necessary , it is suggested to adjust design and construction programme by
constructlon 口lOnttonng.

14. 1. 3 In geotechnical eng皿eering analysis and assessment , quantitative analysis

should be conducted on the basis of qualitative analysis. Deformation , strength and sta
bility of rock and soils should be analyzed in a quantitative way. The suitability of the
site and lhe stability of the site geological conditions can be only analyzed in a qualitative
way
14. 1. 4 Geotechniancal engineering calculations should comply wìth the following re-
q Ul rements:
1 Calculation based on limited status of bearing capacity may be used to appraise
the bearing c/l. pacity of rock and 50il subgrade and the stability of side slope , retaÎned
wall and stability of foundation according to th巳 requirement of related design codes ,
with calculation method of the sub-item coefficient Or tot81 safety coefficient methocls. If
experiences are available. the allowable value of resistance with implicit safety coeffi
cient can be used in calculation;
• 138 •
 2 Verification based on th 巳 requircmenlS of limited status under normal uses may
be used to appraise the deforming , dynamic reaction. water permeability and wat町 yield

of rock and soils and 50 00

14. 1.5 Geotechnical engineering analysis and asse ,<; sment should accord with geotech
nical engineering investigation grades. For Grade C cngineering , the g巳 otechnical engi
neering investigation can be conducted according to the neighboring engineering experi
ences , combining with the datum from penetration test. drilling , sampling and testing
For grade B engineering , the geotechnical engineering investigation should be based on
detailed exploration and testing work. combining with neigbboring engiτleenng expen
ences. and provide the slrength and defonr> ing index of rock and soi1s. For grade A en
F 巳 eering ， hesides tbe requirements for Grade R engineering , loading test results should
a1so be providcd. If necessary , specia1 researcb should be conducted for some sophisti
cated problems and the assessment should be verified con c1 usions should be verified
combining with monitoring datum
14. 1. 6 H required. according to measuring results of rock and 80il properties from the
engineering prototypes or based on flJ ll s <:a l f! te时. the geotechnicnl parmneters may be

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delermined Lhrough dw T('vers(' <lw :l ysis me t'llO d , and thc design calculation can be veri
fied , and cnginecring effccts or <I ccidcnt reasüns can be checked

14.2 Determination of Geotechnical Parameters

14.2.1 The rock and 50il parameters should be se!ected based on the engineering fea
tures and geologic l conditions , whose
,<'J reliabil 川 y élnd applicability should be assessed in
according to the {ollowing contents:
1 The influencc of sampling mcthods and other factors on the testing results;
2 The test methods adopted and va1ue determination standards;
3 Ana1ysis and comparison of resu[t f> from \i' arious test melhod 盯

4 The discrete degree of test results!

5 The matching of the testing method wlth rhc used calculiltion model
14.2.2 The statistics of geotcchnical parameters should comply with tbe following re
q Ul rements
1 Statistics shou1d be made for the pl> ysical and mechanical index of rock and soils
separately in terms of sÎte's engineering geo1ogical ll !l its and löyers re叩 ectively;

2 The averflge value. :-<tandard tolerance and coeHicient of variation should bc ca(
culaled in tcrms of thc fo lJ owing {ormu[a

~~
m n (1 4. Z. 2-1)

• 139 •
 ftp?-1年l (1 4.2.2-2)

8σI
Z 一 04.2.2-3)
仇
Where 'Þm 一一-Average value of rock and 50il parameters;
σ， --Standard tolerancc of rock and soil parameters;
J--Coe Hi cìent of variation of rock and soil parameters.
3 To analyze the di~;t ribution of the dat8 and illustrate standards of data accepted
or rej ected.
14.2.3 Curves of rnaior parame1ers v‘ s depth sbould be made and di飞， ided into relative
type and irrelative type according to th 1'2 varialion features. If necessary , the variation
discipline of parameters in the horÎzontal should be analyzed
Combìning with the experimental relations of rock and soil parameters with depth ,
the remaining slnndard I: olerance of relative-type parameters can be determined accord
ing to the following formu!a , and the coeffìcient of variation can be determìned by the
remainìng standard tolerance

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"，~"， ./1- ,-' (1 2.2.3- 1)

8~ 去 02. 2. 3-2)

Where σv ←一- Remaining standard tolerance I

γ 一一-Rclative coefficicnt; r=O for the irrelative type.
14.2.4 The standard value 轧 of rock and soil parameters would be determíned accord
ing to the following method
点 =γ，<þ"， (1 4.2.4- 1)
,1. 704 ， 4.678 、
γ.，~ l:!: I 一-严?十一亏了一 1 04.2.4-2)
l ‘ ηI

Where y‘ Correctíon coefficíeot of statistics

Note ,The positive or minu 售'"山铲 formu\a should be selccted Wilh coneidemtio n. of the e.dve(se combination. [01 ex-
ample , 1he correction co r. ffir. ient of 8nti-shear stre咄 th index should l>e minus ,
Thεcorrectíon coefficient of statisticsγ盟 also can be selected according to experi
ences based 00 the type and impor1ance geotechnical engineeríng. variation of parame
ters and numher of statistics data
14.2. 5 The geotechnical engineering investigation reports should provide rock and soil
parameter value according to different sítuations as fo l1 owings
1 10 genera 1. geotechnícal parameters such as the average value , staodard toler-
ance , cocfficient of variation. distribution scope of data and the number of data should
be provided I
140 •
 2 The st ê. odard value of rock and soîl parameters for the calculation of !imited
statεbearing capacity shaJl be determined by formula (1 4.2.4. 1). Unlcss there is spe
cial dctermination method of standard value specified in r e! aled norms

14.3 8asic Rc呵 uirements of R 四 ult Reports

14.3.1 The original documents. on which geo!.echncial inve~ ('j gation reports are based ,
should be complied. checkcd , and analyzed and II can be used only after it is confirmed
that therc is 00 crrors
14.3. 2 GeotechnicaJ engine盯 mg In vcstt 阳 tion reporls sha 1l be with compl 巳 ted infor-
mation. true and accurate data wnhout faults , rlear tables and figurcs , reliablc conclu~
创 or屿. reasonabJe recommcndations. and convenient for usc and long.tcrm preservation.
lt shouJd accord with actual conditi0oS. hlgh~ligbt key point 丛 and has definite engineer
ing obJective
14.3.3τhe compilation of geotechnical cngine川ering investigation rcports shall comply
with task I'equirements , investigation stag田 I project features and gcological condit抽血­

and shaU include the following conten t.s:

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1 lnvestigalion purposes , t..sk rcquirements and lechnical standards referred to;
2 General de耐 ription of lhe projects t o- bc- built;
3 Investigation mcthods and investigation work amount;
" Topography , ground feature I stratum , geological configuralil阳， rock and soil
properties and uniformity of the síte;
5 Index of rock and soil proper1i凹 I the recommcnded '1 atue of strcngth parameters ,
deformation paramcters and subsoil b 阳 ring capacity i
6 Thc embedded condition. types I watcr level and fluctuation of the underground
water;
7 Corrosíon of soil and watcr to buiJding malerials;
8 Description of ad 'l erse geological actions which possibly has influence on the ellgi~

neering stability and assessmellt its hazard deg..ee to the projects;

9 Asscssment 0 1' stabilily and suitability of the site
14.3. 4 The geotechnical cnginecring investtgation r 盯旧 rts sha l\ analyzc and demon
strat 巳 lhe utilization , trcatment and renovatio 巳 methods of rock and soils and provide
rccommendations. prt~Jict geotecbnical problems that may probably occurrcd during
construction and using perioJ , and put forward recommcnoalions on monitoring and
precautlon rnCfl!mreS
14.3.5 The following figures shall be attachcd to thc gcotcchnical cngineering lTl ves\i
gatlon repürts
1 Thc layout o[ expl\)ration poin 1. s;
. 141 .
 2 The engineering g巳 ological log;
3 The engineering geoLogical profile;
4 Figure and table of in-situ tests results;
5 Figure and table of !aboratory tests results.
Note , H ne<:essll. ry , such figures Il. nd rohles as c心mprehensive engineering geologi cø. l flgure罢， comprehem拙ve geologlcal
10醉，川derground water leve_l wnwur map. sketch , piclures , comprehensive analysis figures >l nd lables , relnt

ed figures amJ tables of rock Jnd soll ulil • Z/lt! on. lrellτm('ßl 1; nd renovation , rock and suil engln~ering calculation
diagram5 and Cßlcul 叫 on rC$ult figurc8 and table lS may be attached
14.3.6 For the proposaJs to the utilization. treatment and renovations of rock and
soils , technical and economical demonstration of various methods should be conducted ,
and recommendations on design , construction and in-situ monitoring requirements
should be provided
14.3.7 The following speciul reports may be submitted if required:
1 Geotechnical engineering >nspection and testing reports;
2 Geotechnical engineering testing or monitoring reportsj
3 Investigation and analysis reports of geotechnical engineeríng accident;
4 Rock and soil utilization , treatment or renovation reports;
5 Technical consultation reports of special geotechnical engineering problems

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14.3.8 The wordings. terminology. notation5. symbols. digits , metric units and
punctuation marks in inv巳 stigation reports should comply with the requirements of relat
ed oational standards.
14.3. 9 The geotechnicaJ enginccring investigation report .s for Grade C engineering
may be properly simplified , and primarily in dwgram丛 and charts wi1h necessary literal
explanation. For the geotechnical engineering inVèstigation reports for Grade A engi-
n四川 ng ， besides the requirements of this section , specìal test reports , research reports
or monitoring reports aiming at special geotechnical problems may be submitted ,

• 142 •
 Appendix A Classificalion and Idenlificalion of Rock and SoiI

A. O. 1 Tbe hardncs~ degrec of rocks can be qualitativeJy c1 essificd in lerms of τablc

A.O.l
I'able A. O. 1 Qualitative Classlficatlon of Rock Hardness

Han.l ne~岛且 rmle Qualjt~tlve desçripti口 ns R叩 rc"cnta!ivc mck~

Nün-Wealh(!r~d 口 r slightly 、，~.~adH' rtd grllll;le ,

Sil~ery kn口 cki口吕窍。 und. rchouadcd. hand
diori!e , d口 leriL~ ， uasa l!.且 "d岱 SllC. 自"四~S ， qUH-
Hllrd rock '"口 ckcd ， hsul tO he crush~d. b，， ~i【唱 liy 口。
tzite. 'l ua r1J. gri\S lO ne. silicic ~onglcmHHle. 岳iI
wn~~r ab :<o rhing rC l! ction
\eOll jitne~t 口ne
Stiff
rock
Relll!ivdy si! very kπ口 cking sound , l< ma :l SliRlnly wCilthercd hard rocks ,
'"、口 mlly I r..boundcd ，日l ，ghtly hand shocked. [101 easy 2 Non-wealher~d Or slillhdy wea-thererl mar-

hard rock I 10 be cru~hed. shghl w~\'er 启 bsorbing n,'I! C' hlc. i;l lll~ ， llmcstonc. dolomlTc rock , c~lcium

l lO n g Cl t~tone

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Soft
rock
Second\y
30ft ~ock
NüL
d~d.
~cratchcJ
~il\'cry knockill且且口 und.
rt\ali 、， dy
no\ reLoun
ea., y to be o-ushcd. 仨 an hc
by f;ngcr吨 aÎter d;pped in water

M 咄咄 knocking ~OU 叫. no~ rcb口 ""d时，

Modcrntdy w口盯 hcr eO OT highly wC3T hcT~d
hl, rd roc且挡。『日ccondly hard rock匀'
2 Non-w <, athcred ors \t gh Ll y wen-th~~Cl.l tu日，
phylite , m?rlite.~andy mud~lonc

l 日 ighly w<' ，，-， h町盯I hur r! rocks 口 r sc""ndly

hHd rocks;
Soft rock 号 a~yLú bc cn; ，电hcd ， moy b(' hroken 口 ff with 2 Modemt e! y wer.t her<~d or higbly weutbered
lingers aftcr dipp~d i" walcr soft ruck百 E
3 Non- wellth "，r~d or ~[ightly w旧'"巳 red ~hllle

Mutin自 knocking ~ound. nm rch口'lIl dd.

w;th d;m moy h(' pindwd:o hr":tk hy hltnd~. I V川i口 us ["Uy we~lh~rrd rock叫
EXlrcmcly so(t r口，k
anrl mny be m~dc Rgglomcrali()11 by hnndH 2 V~rtOIJS h o.][ lormcd rccks
a[ter dippoo ;n WIII盯

A. O. 2 The intcgrality d 巳 grce of rock mass can be qualitativcly dassi 日 ed in terms of

Table A. O. 2
Table A. O. 2 Qualitalive C阳sification of Rock Jntegrality Uegrce

Dcvclopmcm dcgn~
of ，'冉truClur~!ν!~nc lntcgratinr, degree
lntcgrality 丁 ypeH 01 t1I BJ()1 Corr"'H]JOlldin且
。! m~jor
degree structural plall" stn.巳\uraJ :ype~
N o.: mher Qf Averagc ~n\CrVaIM .~trllctur，， 1 planc
g nJ up~ (m)

Wcll 0 1' common!y Fissurc , beddi r. g MO l1 oiithic 0 1' huge

lnlcgra\ '-2 >0.
integr~led ]J lanc thick !aycr 旧 rUCl lJ r巳

143
 Table A. O. 2 飞 conUnued)

Dev..lopment degre"
口f struclural plane
Integrating degree
IntegraJity Types of major Corresp口 nding
。f mdjOr
degree Number of Average inlerVll]:; 51ructural plane 耳lructllra[ types
stn.l ctural pl且"'
grou~涌 (m)
Poorly Chunk or thick layer
)-2 >1. 0 Fis~ure.
s.，ιondly integrat"d strueture
beddin l!
imegral Well or commonly
2 、 3 1. 0-0. 4 ，1且"' Chunk structure
integtated
Cracked chunk Ot mod
2-3 1.日 --0.4 Poody integrat~d erately thick layer struc-
tun:
s"口 ndly Fis5ur号. beddin月
fnmglble Well imegnHed plane. smsII fall lL lnlaid Ír acture struclllre
二ç， 3 口 .4-口 .2
Moderately IhlCk or Ihin
Communly imegrated
layer sIruclure
Cracked Chllflk
0.4 户-0.2 Poorly inlegraled Va l' ious
strucllne
Frangihle 主主 3 ~lruClural
Cummonly or
~O. 2 pLan~ Fracture 皿 ructure
poo r! y mte草raled
艺xtremely
OUI of order Very poorly integrllred Fragmenlaryalruclure
fre. ngible

Note: Average interval refers tO the average va1 1.l e 吃 f ime 叫II!S hetw~n mBjor structural ~ettions (]- 2 grollps)

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A. O. 3 Weathering degree of rocks can be classified in terms of Table A. O. 3.

Table A. O. 3 Weathering Dcgrec Class Jrication or Rocks

lndices 01 四 eatherin自
Weathermg degree paramelcr!>
Field ch白 raClcrs
degree Wave velocily Weatherin Jl:
r"tio K. coefficient Kr

Non-weathered Fre~h leXl 1.I re , weatherin自 lr~çe occa剧。nally seetl 。 .9- 1. 0 0, 9-1.0

Slightly StIUclure baslc且 lly kepl unchang时， only color s 1ightly changed <lI
。.8~0.9 。，且 -0.9
weathered joim plane 电 smali AffiOunt (}f weathered fissures

Struçture partially de~troyed 、 secondary miner且l自由 ppe~red along

Moderately
joinl plancs. weathered fissures dev..loped , rock ma~s is CUl into 0 , 6-0.8 O. {-o. 8
weather~d
cbunks. h 3T d 10 Le clllg hy shovel. Carl ue J , illed wilhωre ciriller

Majority 01 structural plam.'且 de:;t royed ， millcral comp口 ncnts

Highly weathered ， h且 ngedobviously. wcathercd fisslire well developcd , rock ma~~ 0.4-0. 1) <0.4
crashcd. m扭 y be dllg by shovel. l\ard 10 he drilled ìn dry condition

Slrllcture basica !ly destroy时. bul stdl being r e<: ogni2abLe , residll-
Fu !l y ‘weathered al structursl ..trenglh 1:'xisti吨， may be dug by shovel. and drilled in 0.2--0, 4
dry c口 ndition
卜一一一-
Slructure !uJl y destroy时. wcathered 1050il毡. easi! y dllg by shov-
Residual 50il <0.2
cl. easily dr i1l cd in dry condition. with pl~stici!y

Note , I Wave veloα'yγ"'ωn K , i5 the ratio of compres割 ng wave rates of wea l. hered rocks and fre5h rocks i
2 Wealhered coeffidem K( is Ihe riltio of ~atllrllt~d "n;~xial compresωve "lreng巾。f wealhered rocks and frωh
rocks;
3 Wealhering degree of rocks can be das~ificd açcording to the local experiences bcsîd 削】 11 tcnm of the 1i eld
• 14. 4 •
 eharllCler and inclices IiS!ed ilO the tabie
'-luen!i!ativ~
4 Grani号。 type rocks can be classified in terms of 吨tandard pcnctration tcs:. highly wCfltbercd in cllse ()f
,
N;;:;'SO. fully weathered in ca忧。f 50>N>30 and rðidual ~oils in Cll蛇 of N<30 ,
;, Half formed rocks may r: m be divided in tenns o( wealhering degree
A. 0.4 Rock mass can be classified in terms of structural types shown ín Tabte A. O. 4
l'able A. O. 4 Rock Mass Classificalion in Term币。f Slruclural Types

I. ikcly rock 8nd

Structural Rock and 50il
Geologi四 1 type~ Shapes 口f 口evelopment 口 I S口il geotechnical
types engmeenng
of rock mas~ slrUc!ur巳 S 目 tructural sectlon engmeenn 吕
。f rocks propertles
problems occurred

Primary in jo:n! of
bedding plane ，口 riginal
Huge chunk and Slructum: jointH.
Stabk rock mass.
magma rocb ?nd which mOMiy in dos俨d
Monolit l1 ic nlHY be regardeù as
r:le\am口 rphic H"g巳 chunk Iype , with 1 口 tervallar"
~n Ll ç Tl lre homogc r. eOIl R. eIHRlir
rocks. hug" thick ger Ihan l. 5m. Gener
anù anl雪白 !roplC mass
sedimentary rû(k ally OliC \0 fWO gro <.1 p在
eXl~b 坠 with no dan Loca Jl y shde or
fl':!T OUS struç!ures ∞llapse ，
eboulemenl
Th~N are few of d~eply
E口γered c3vities
1111erpenct rl\ 11Ve Jomt Inter-re&trllincd
Thick layer
fis刊"目. interval (l f omong rhc str \l ct \lT Ðl
$cdimclO lary
plane~ ， which is

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~t <uctu ， al ~ections is
Chunk rocks. Chunk Chunk and
0.7-1 咽 5口1， Ih O!I e Lm，审 ically s\abl己 rock
~lruclure H回 "m~ r 口 cks column type
gener自Il y Me :wo 10 mnss is cLo问 '0
and metamof-
rhr t' c groups. and 01矶stìc and
phic rocks
few disÎntq:n生 led alllS 口 '"0 口
p'cπlass

n: a~s 草 xlstmg

Def口rma\'口口 anrl
Mulri-rhylhm
Ihin layer. mc Ther C' nrc bcrldlngs. 刑 rength conlrolled l1 y Slidir> g collapscJ
bedding ~\.I rf~(坦 may 罚 l白 ng ,; ;n:ctural
La minaled dially lhick Jay La ye l' and SChl~l口 ~ly ， J Ql nl~. I~y- b~- ~~-~:nied咱 as IImso 口l 内 !:e ， ~of! rocb
~truc\un; cr /l cdimcntary pla!e !ype er di ， localÎünωmmon
rocks and mcla- 1)1 happencd I Iropic. el自 stic I' la 骂，，， likdy cn:arc
maS5. wiül I旧时也" pla~tjc deformMion
morphi(' focb
bllily

F~u 1t. jo!nt. ~chi~-

tosty. bedding .lt re de LHgC"~çlllc rock

Cracked Low wholc strcngl h
vclo Jl <:d. Întcrval 01 mas~ in~labjJj ly
r口cky layer~ control:~d hy s口 ft ~nd
Cracked Crackcd ~tructur~t ~ections j~ easil ,\' happeaed.
with 盹 riously WCJk slruc!ural p;am: ,
strUClllrc chunk 0. 2' 5-0. 阴阳， geu\'r ,mdcrground water
H口 pilcted Ly elas lI c and plastic.
ally 口 vcr thrc~ group日， inten~jii田 the in'
conligllra口。n wÎth puor sHl bili甲
and m刮目 y dlsinte，阳 aled ~!ab;lity

口'"月 s eXIst5

~nse ~lrUC!Ura: and

weathered fbsur峙， Rock stabili ,>'
Frac l' ure R口 phi日 ticlltcri
st Tl Wl<L rnl JnH:grlllity .， ..ri口 u~Jy failurc casilv :ook
Fragmenlary Z口 ne oí [ault , plane. íully iilled wnh d口 .tr口 yed. 阳。r ~tabil plllce in large scale.
Fragmcnt
struçturc hi且 hly or fu l1 y adhe~iv~ 丘。ils. Jl y. dose to loos~ U口 dcrllrouml waler
wcathcrcd 7, one out-of-ordcr qmoll medin lntenSl刮目 :he
chunks and instahility
Iragments íormen

• 145 •
 A. O. 5 So il can be classificd in terms of organic matter contents shown in Tablc

气 0.5
Tab!e A. O. 5 Soil ClassiHcation in Terms or Organic Matter Contents
Org且 ruc m~ttcT content
Calegory ln-situ ldentifyitl l< character Illterpretation
W..( 归〕

Inorgllnic
W u<5%
soiL

1 If it can be identlfiec on the spot 01

Da ,.k gray , [u"trOL'S. 口d口 r ， con矗
r~g' 口 nlll
experience.'l il Te aVllilahle. it 1.'1 no
tllining .'I ome not completeJy de
need to men5ure the content .'l 01 organic
com阴阳d ðnimoJ ilnd pllmt bodi臼
Organiç 口lancr;
5% 唱;;:wu 'Õ二 10% bcside5 humU3. nir bubble 8p-
soil
pearcd at the w自t巳 r l\urfllc~ after
2 It is ca !led sJedged 30i! when w>w.. ,
l. 0"ζ ，<1 ‘ 5，
immersed in waler , volume "hrank
3 h is called sludge when 四 >Wl.'
altcr dned.
e二Õ'l. 5

Dark gray or black , úshy odor ,

0"' 口口mpletely decomposed planl Wu ran be undivided in fenns of rcgional
~truclurc~ found , volume swe J1 ed char8clers and demands I
Pealy soil 10 Y. ~W，，~ 日 ù% when dipped in w l\ ter. easUy disin- Wcak p~aty .'I oi1 (lú%ζ W"~25%);
t~grA. ted. pl白白 t residues {l o l\ tecl in Medmm 阳aty soil (25KI;;;;W"';;;;4口%)，
water. obvious shrinking 1I Iter Strong peflty S口 il (40 }ií运 W"~60%)
dnerl

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Havmg the "h 1l r 1lclcr .'l oi peaty
il. loose SITucture旱. hght soil
.'!O
Peat W.>6D 到
weight , dark. no lu .'l ter , cxtreme
Jy obviou~ shrinkiog after rlried

:-.J ore: Th.. organiç matt <:, r cOntent W" ,s determined in terms {)1 weight lQsse~ by buming

A. O. 6 Field identification of compactness of gravelly soil can be performed in te口币 S of

Table A. O. 6

fable A. O. 6 Field IdentifìcatîoD of Compactness for Gravelly Soil

Conten!~ ~nd arrangemcnt of
Compactness D l.I g possibility Dri lI ed pnssibilily
skeLeton particles

M，ιS of skeleton p且 rticles ]ess Mo.y be dug by ~hov剖， well

Ihal> 60.% 01 the total ，在Ji sordereù wulls "asily co Ll llpse , well waJb Easily drilled , drill rod slightly
LQose
distribut lOl"l., majority 01 col! aps <:, as 臼on ~S big partides shaken , hoJ ", waJl s 国sily co Jl aps ",
lhem wilh口口I conlact o-; are taken oul

Mass 口( skelelan panides May hc Ùllg by 吕 hovel ， Lhere Rclalively hard 10 be drilled ,
Medium equll[ 10 60% 口 r the total. i5 chunk5 Illll from weU wa !l s. drill rod and hoisted hammer
densc crossbcding di~TributilJ n ， major- Well wa l1.'1 keep concave ~hapeR hopped not drllmatically. bole
ity of Ihem with conlacts when big parlicles an' taken Ol! t wfllls Hkely ~ol1 apse

Mass oí 且keleton partidel\

Hard to be du~ by shoveJ. Hald to be dri l! ed , drill rod ~nd
gr~.ater!h!l n 70 % of The total)
Ðense l口ose且，"口 nly by cr口 wbar ， we Jl hoi~led h2. mmer hopped dramatic-
crossbeding di古trihution ， con-
wall relatively 5table al\y , hole wa l1 relativeJy stab[~
tlnuQus conlaCl

i\' ote: Compactnc吨 s should bc delermined by wmpreh~n刷 ve[ y considering 1\ 11 !hc char a. cter" Ii.'l ted in lhe rahle

• 146 •
 Appendix B Correction of Blows of Cone Dynamic Penetration

B. O. 1 When the heavy cone dynamic penetration test is employed to determinc thc
densily of gr8ve Jl y 1$oi l, the biow .s of Nω5 shall be corrected accord > ng to the following
formula ,
N IiJ • 5α ，. N 气u (B.O.I)
飞IVh盯 e N S3 . 5 一一-The corrected blow number of heavy cone dynamìc penetration;
a , --The correctioo coefficient. which 5hall be selected from Table B. 0.1
below;
N'Z3.S 一一-ß1 ow number of cane dynamic penetration test recorded
Table B. O. 1 Co rrection Coe [ficient for Heavy Cone Dynamíc Penetration Tests

三\二 5 10 15 由 25 .10 35 40 ø50

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4
6
8
10
1.00
0.95
。 .03

0.90
0.88
1. 00

0.95
0, 90
O. !i{i
0.83
1. 00

0.88
C.83
C.79
03
1. 00

0.92
0.85
0.80
O. 7S
1.00
。 .90

0.83
0.77
。‘ 12
1.00
0.89
0.81
0.75
0.69
1.

。 .81

0.79
0.73
且自 7
01) 1.

Q.86
。 .18

0.71
O. G4
O()
。 .84

。 .75

0.67
。‘自 l

12 。 .85 0.79 巳 .75 0.70 0.57 0.64 U.Ol 队" O. 55

14 0.82 0.76 。 11 0.66 0.62 0.58 。王 6 。 .53 0.50
16 。‘ 19 Q. n C.61 0.62 0.57 。 54 0.51 0.48 Ù.45
l' 。 .11 0.7白 。 币2 0.57 。咱 53 0.49 1) .46 0.43 0.40
2。 0.15 。 .61 。 .59 0.53 0.18 0.44 。咱<l 。 .39 。. ~fi

NOle , 11I lhc lable. ~ L" is thc len i<、 h of wcl

B. O. 2 When super-heavy cane dynamic penetration test is employed in determinîng
the density of gravelly s。且. the blo飞'" number of N lZO sha l! be corrected according to the
following formula
N 12Q =α2' N J2η
1
(ß. o. 2)
Where N 12Q 一一-The corrected bJow number of super-beavy dynamic cone penetratio !l;
α， --The correction coefficieut , which shall bc selccted from Table B. O. 2
bc1 0Wi
N'120--B1ow number of cone dynamic penetration test recorded

• 117 •
 Table B. O. 2 Correction Coefficient f(l r S.upe俨囚曲vy Cone Dyn缸nkPe耻tration 1笛"

〉之:JL 1 3 5 7 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1 1. 00 L 00 1. 00 L 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 L 00 L 00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00

。‘"
2 0.96 0.92 0.90 。咱 90 。 .90 Q.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88
3 。.S4 0.88 。 .86 I 0.85 0.84 口 .84 。.8< 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81
5 。咱 92 0.82 0.79 0.78 。 77 。 .77 口 .76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
7 Q.73 Q.72 0.67
。 .90
。." 。. 75 0.74 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.66
9 。 .88 。 .75 口 .72 。 70 0.69 。 .68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62
l• 0.87 口 .73 0.69 0.67 0.056 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60 Q.59 0.58
]3 口 .86 Q.11 。 .67 0.65 0.61 。 .63 。 .61 Q.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 Q.55
15 。 .86 。 .69 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.61 。.5O u.58 0.56 0.55 0.54 。 .53

17 日 .85 0.68 I 0.63 I 0.61 i 0.60 I 0.60 I 0.57 I O. !i 6 I 0.54 I 0.53 I 0.52 0.50
19 。 .84 口 .66Io.621~60Io.5810.S810.5610.5410.5210.5110.~ 。 .48

Notc ,ln the table. ~ L" i~ thc length of rod

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• 148 •
 Appendix C Engineering Classification of Debris Flow

C. O. 1 Engineering classification of debris flow shall be performed according to the fol

!owing Table C. O. 1

Table C. O. 1 Featuf四 and Engineer唱 ng Classlficati蛐I)f D l! bris F1l) w

Cove~age Flu~h am口 0 "，

Sob 引 ow Dumpin且
Cate Features of Features oí debtis Sedo. of on~\'
of
ω'eg ，mo飞'"' area
gory debris flow Il owarc-? 口 snc界5 f! ow area 町 lid mllledal
(m占/叫 (km')
0" (km Z ) (XIO'm 3 )

Debris i1 0ws
almm;t O<: Cut every Most!y I 口 Slfún日(，
1, 飞rery >5 〉臼 >lOC 三>1
year. Landslide aod e1 evaling area Ro<;k
‘

coilapse from tne layers are cruhhed

Va !l eys valley are lh(.' main and "，p. ri口 usly
with !IO urce of s c!, d 飞'''eatheted and
h 咆h malerlß l. Storm moun~am body bas

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fre (j LLe nT inten~ity j~ wel1 ker bild ~t f， bility咽 Dehri~ 1~5 1~.5 3 日，飞.100
1, Medium <(
。 ~cur IMn Z~4 mm/l0mirl is. ncwly clumped with
rence Beside:; rocky facto r!" no vegetal \D ns or only
01 !arge-，司 calc ~ticky spar问 weeJs， F'or
de l> ris debris f! ow always vi~cous d"bris f1 ow ,
f! ow 口囚 U[~ in "a l1 ey~ wilh lhe bed ~Iope {)f
""ÚO l: S slide and th ., middle a且d lower
仨oìlap~e. O l' her w;se ,
I 在 Slighl <• <1 <30
"吕 ches ;~ larg o;> r
\he fLow is LIsURlly thlln 4 纠
thin and smail

Deb ,-i s flows gcneraUy Mounla; 1l buuy is

OCCut 1",,3 lhan 口"" relalively ~Iabie
every 10 years with n口 I目 rg...srale 11 , V"ry >10 >5 >10C >(
Valley bec is l' he main aClive slide or
Valle;:日
sourcc of solid matcrial collapse. l.自 rge gr8vcls
witb
Whcn flow OCClirs , arc dbtrihuted H f(lU 口d
low
啻 hcre is appnrenl lhc va.lI ey !J cd and fÐn
frcqu
phenomeno r. o[ ~bed 冉"自 P[ants cover the
""'
OULlrr
sC'J uring". Shallow groond wdl with Jense
11 , Medio !ll l~lO 1~5 30~10日 <(
~lide on slope画 durlll日 bo~hes 口n bed. F~.n
ence
st口 rms i~ the main "回 l~ m口st1y devdop"cl
。{
Ulstlgahon 口 f debw, i口 to IIgricuhural ~iles
dcbris
ílow，旦 SIOrm instigat口r Fçr sticky debris H"w ,
flow
\s strong hncl of !arge the bed ~lopt' of the
~Cille ， U罚 ua:ly slr口 ngc rl middlc and lowcr
ll , Slight 〈二 1 <1 <JG
than 4mm/1 口 mm reaches is ~maller
Sticky or thin rhan 4%

Note ,l ln thc r;, rù , rhe flow é. mO'Jnl for high freq 四川 de !Jns c:
ilow va l1 cy r ers 10 the maximum Il mou n! once en-
countered within 100 year~ ， for low frequent debris ßow. it is the large ，、 1 amO l1 nt recorcl eJ in the previo <l~;

Z Engi r. ecring da~sifkl\ tion of debris fI们 w shouJd hc conduned by comhinntion of fie!d features with quantilied
imlic币 '.ors ， and onl;: one indicntor 的lCcessary \() be sll lÌs [i ed
• 1-1. 9 •
 Appendix 0 Preliminary Determination of Expansive Soil

D. 0.1 80i1 with the fo lJ owing feéitures can be preliminarily determined as expansive
50i1:
1 Mostly distributed in the second 01" higher terrace , hilJs in front of mountaíns
and verge of basins;
2 Even topography with no apparent naturally-formed escarp;
3 Frequency appearance of shallow slides and ground crack. Collapses 8re easy to
occur ln nεwly excavated road cuts , slopes and trench ,
4 Fissures is developed in irregular directions. frequently with smooth faces and
scratch , and are usually filled with gray or pale green c1 aYI
5 Hard when dry , softencd when met wîth water , and when in natural condition ,
usually appears hard or non-plastic;

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6 Free swelling rate generally larger than 40 %;
7 U且 treated building structures are destroyed in group , and of which low-rîsc
buildings more serÎously than multi-story ones and rigid ones than flexible ones;
8 Crevice of bu i! dings occurs usua l1 y in dry seasons and the width of the crevices
changes with season

150 •
 Appendix E Determination Method for Hydrogeological

Parameters

E. O. 1 Hydrogeological parameters can be determined by means specified in Table

E. O. 1
Table E. O. 1 DeterminstioD Method for Hydrogeological Parameter宫

Pa Tft me~er~ Method~

Ohsetved hy mean:<ηf driiling ，巳xploTR刀 ry well. or pei~ometer Per

Waler Jevel
meab iJ ity c白 effic Îl..nt
Water-pumping test , wa , cr injection te吭， water-pressing test , and
C口efficient of ç口 nduc\i v l1y
lab petmeabi!l ty '''5\
巳oelfident of yield SingJe-hole water-pumpi 口g le;;I. unsteady flow wate r- pu rr: pmg te时，

Coeffi口ent Qf storas巴 ground waler leve: lon g- term monit口口口恒， laboratory te51

Ron-ovcr ~ 口 effident ， leakage fac , or Muh俨 hole water-pumping le5\ (steady-flow or unsteady-flow)

Unit w在 ter absorption mte We. ter injection teM. 削1盯 -preS51口 g leSL

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Capillary ele 'l在1Ion Tes \Í ng )J ;t moniwrin且， la. buralory leSI

Notc: Except for wa!cr JeveJ , when there are not 100 many restric~ω肘。 ""ωraçy ， cm)Jiric~l J~!a ，~n be empJoyed

E. O. 2 Por e- water pressure can be observed by methods specified in Table E , O. 2.

Table E. O. 2 Pore• Water Pressure Ohservation Method aod Appli凶 bility

lnslrument~ Type Apphcability Observat lO ll Methods

Suitllble f口... aquifer
wi!h lI ni[orm pO ..o~ily
Drtv~ ~ p!ezometrlc pipe Wlth fi 1t er 111 \0 the
S lImd õ' ipe piewmeter ~ml i~s permeability
gwund and Qb~(l rve it direc t\ y ;nside lhe pipe
cocffident largcr
!ha~. lO-- l cm/ 旦

'"革口 il layel'~ wlth low

p~rmeabiJily ~!ficient. 8y a sma lJ pie目ometer pr口 be installcd 口" the
口 bserve the rres~ure WB I1 c! the hole , the gro !l nd wate... pressure can
Hyrlrulic piewmeter
cI， ~nges :a 1J ~ed
by he ob~erved. which I~ ronducted 10 mercury mc
Type of tidal r:uclua\'ion !PT hy plastir du~'
ple 7. 0meler ijnd ~)[cav~tion
The pore water I' r~s~ lI re conduçtC <1 thr口 ugh
Electrical pielOm~t~r (re porO l1 S ~!One 1 口 diaphTagn~ ca l1 se deflection
slstan口 e strain !ype &. stecl V ~r ， ous soiJ jayers changes anc ('hen induce changes in rcsistnnce
chord slrain type) piffd Or sleel d lO rd) , ar",! l11en delected by re
celver
Keep Ih <2 pressures constantly by 2 al r-\l X-
hall~too tubes. The condut;too pore pressure
Pneumatic plezomeler Various 问il Illyer气
cau自，，~ press叶 te difference on hydraulic valvc ",
P口 rOIJS elemcnl , whiçh is 10 be meas Ll red

Jnslall pO rom Ilervious filler and pr阳 sure

Static penetrome:er of pO H: prcssure V盯iOU5 soil layers 问 n~or on pcnelromelcr prob巴 aml m~asllrin且
during penetration

• 151 •
 Appendix F Technical Standards for Soil Sampler

F. O. 1 P.a rameters of soil sampler should conform to regulations in Table F. O. 1

below.
Table F. O. I Parl'lmeters of Soil Sampler

Thin-wall 50il samplcr

Sampler Parameters Thick-wa l! süi! sampler
Free op~n pbton w ……|
lixed pistO Il
Fixed piston

A，…"口可
nE-fnE x100 〈灿 13--20 .;;;; 10 10-13

Intemal interspac白 s ratlo

0.5- 1. 5 。 0.5- 1. 0
-「Lt-tn」 X IOO <%>

Outside inteI~paces ra lÌo

。 -2.0 。
一门古-?n」- X IUU{% >

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Blade angle a (') < 10 5-10

SandY sol!, (5-1日) D.

Length L (mm) 100 ‘ 500
Coh~siv~ soil , 00-15) D.

üuter d,ameter D, (mm) 75- 阻， 108 75. 100

Whole rounding Of
盹 mi-dosure pipe ,
No Jl ner pipe. Ringed-line barrel san\pler. liner pipe
Li ner 阳 P' pJastic and phenolic
is lhe 皿 me as the !elt <.me.
laminatoo paper or
galvanized sheet Ifon

NOIe: 1 The inner wall 01 sampling pipe and Ii ner 阳 pe must be smoo\h. round and intac!;
2 10 speóal tircumstances , lhE αiamel f".I oí sampler can be enlarged 10 150-250mm;
3 Tn the tab!tl
D.--The illlemal diameter of 由e blade 01 sampler I
D, --The intemal diameter Qf sampling 阴阳， or inlern <l l dîam 肘 er of lin肘 P' 严 wheo I川创阴 pe IS em
ployed ,
D,--The out~ide diameter of Sl\ mpling pipe;
D. 一~The OUlside diameler of the 9唯mpler shoe. for thin..wa!led pipes , Dw=D,

• 152
 Appendix G Site Environement Type

G. O. 1 The site environment classification shall meet the requirements of Table

G.O.I
Table G. O. 1 Envlronment CI凰SSI臼cation

Environmenr
Gcologio, j c口 ndition o/Ihe 且'"曾nVlronmcnt
dassifkati口n

Hign cold re i，l io口. dry region dirccfly rac~ waler; ;he undergrolllld WIII盯 [n thc slrong permeable
I
~!raIH of high ('01口 regio口， dry region

The underground waler in thc poor penneable Mrata o[ high coJd rcgio口. dry region
H Humid regio且 directly {ace watc l'l the undergwllnd water in the str Ollß permeable ~tr~tll 01 the hu
型业旦旦

Slight-w\:l "oor p~nnC<l ble slrala of climatic are~~; strong permeable stralil 8l>{}\'~ underground
M W剖 er lcvel of dimadc arc lIs

,1 ref町 red the 百四'11 i~ gr~lI t 何 than

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1'\ 0t" The high colcl re (o: ion i.' to whose .<e a level equal 10 or JOOOm. lIr. d thç dry rc
g.an i" [eferred t :;l the ~reR ~OOOm )ower than cxhmlllfion nnd index of addily i!'l equalωor grealcr than L 5;
thc humid re;:ion IS rdcrreJ (o the srea whichωdoχ01 aridily K vslue i" 怡，同【 h~n 1.5
2 "1 hc Slronll: permeable suata reFer.~ωu叫 ~oil and 酬 dv soil; rhe 阳r perm e.1blc 叩旦旦旦旦旦坐旦旦!

3:1(!ωk划 ve ~O:);

3 50il layeu with WlI lcr contentω"骑自 lhan ~%ω 1I be laken ~S Jry layers with [\0 co ,", o"jve 10 the surwunding队

2主 When the concrete 飞 tructure hs~ One side contacl the 叫 rfilCC of u 甘电:ç:~{l'-:l~.(l wr.tcr. and another side c~e(J~
巴生旦旦 r. WI! \crmaybee 刚刚叫山 rouuι旦旦坐己坦国坠旦旦阳 in \1,,, C J<阳时目，.山 enVIronmenr
ty 阳 01 ∞""毛lC SLr~Clllre shall be das~iíied 附卜I.:: vcl ~
4 When there "" ilny locill cxpedcnre. :he cnvirnnn忧 nl type CSil be CI~HÛficd <l ccording tQ Ih~ locaJ 四 penencel

when t he slImc 叫 te has two diffcre n! environment ry l'时. it ~ha !l b" das~ified a~corcli [1 g Lo 骂 P' 口 fi" circum
2旨"阳队

G. O. 2 (This dau .s c i .s cancell c; d)

G. O. 3 (This clau .s e i .s cancelled)

• 153 •
 Appendix H Explanation of Wording in This Code

H. O. 1 In order to treat different situatìons according to their individual conditions dur

iog the implementation of this code , Words denoting the dìfferent degrees of strictness
of demands are explained as follows:
1 Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
"Must" is used for affirmatioll; "Must oot" is used for negation
2 Words denoting a strict requirement under normal condi t.ions:
"Sha l1" is used for affirrr飞 atîoo; "Shall oot" is uscd íor negation
3 Words denoting a permission of slight choice or an indication of the most suit
able choice when conditions al1 ow:
OIShould" or "may" are used for affirmatioo õ "Should not" is used for negation
H. O. 2 "Be in accordance with be or in compliance with" are used to indicate that it is
necessary to implement items ln this code according to other relative standards and stip-

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ulations.

• 154 •
 中华人民共和国国家标准

岩士工程勘察规范

Code for Investiga. tion of Geotechnical Engineerîng

GB 50021-2001

(2009 母版〉

主编部门中华人民共和国建设部
批准部门 z 中华人民共和国建设部
施行 H 期， 2 0 0 2 年 3 月 1 日

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 关于发布国家标准《岩土工程勘察规范》
局部修订的公告

第 314 号

现批准《岩土工程勘察规范 )GB50021-2001 局部修订的条文.自 2009 年 7 月 1 日起实

施 a 其中， 1. Q. 3 、 4. ]. 18 (1、 2 ， :1 ， 1) ， 4. 1. 20 (l， 2 、 3) 、 4.8.5 、 5.7.2 、 7.2.2 条(款〕为强制性
条文，必须严格执行回经此次修改的原文条同时废止。
局部修订的条文及具体内容，将在近期出版的《工程建设标准化》刊物上登载。

中华 λ 民共和国住房和城乡建设部

2009 年 5 月 19 日

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 关于发布国家标准
《岩土工程勘察规范》的通知

建标 [2∞ 2~7 号

根据我部《关于印发一九九八年工程建设国家标准制订、修订计主(第二批〉的通知识建
标[1 998J244 号)的要求，由建设部会同有关部门共同修订的《岩土工程勘察规范))，经有关
部门会审，批准为国家标准.编号为 GB 50021 - 20 口]，自 2002 年 3 月]日起施行。其中，
1. O. 3 、 4. 1. 11 、 4. 1. 17 、 4. 1. 18 、 4. 1. 20 、 4.8.5 、 4. 9. 1 、 5. 1. 1 、 5. 2. 1 、 S. 3. 1 、 5. '4. 1 、 5.7 ， 2 、

5.7.8 、 5.7. 10 、 7.2.2 、 14.3.3 为强制性条文，必须严格执行。原 4 岩上 t 程勘察规范 >>GB

50021-94 于 2002 年 12 月 31 日废止国
本规泡 l书建设部负责管理和对强制性条立的解释，建设部综合勘察研究设计院负责具
体技术内容的解释，建设部标准定额研究所组织中圈建筑工业出版社出版发行。

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中华人民共和国建设部

2002 年 1 月 10 日
 占百
前

本规范是根据建设部建标 [1998J244 号文的要求，对 1994 年发布的国标《岩土工程

勘察规范》的修订。在修订过程中，主编单位建设部综合勘察研究设计院会同有关勘察、
设计、科研、教学单位组成编制组，在全国范围内广泛征卓意见，重点修改的部分编写了
专题报告.并与正在实施和正在修订的有关国家标准进行了协调，经多次讨论，反复修
改，先后形成了《初稿>>-<<征求意见稿》、《送审稿 1 ，经申'查，报批定稿。
本规范基本上保持了 1994 年发布的4 规范》的适用范围、总体框架和主要内容，作了
局部调整。现分为 14 章，1.总则， 2. 术语和符号， 3 勘察分级和岩土分类， 4 各类工程的
勘察基本要求， 5 不良地质作用和地质灾害， 6. 特殊性岩士， 7 地下*， 8 工程地质测绘
和调查 β 勘探和取样 ;10 原位测试; 1 1.室内试验; 12 水和土腐蚀性的评价; 13. 现场检
验和监测，1 4 岩土工程分析评价和成果报告。
本次修订的主要内容有， 1 适用范围增加了"核电厂"的勘察， 2 增加了"术语和符
号'章， :l 增加了岩石坚硬程度分类、完整程度分类和岩体基本质旦分级， 4 修订了"房屋

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建筑和构筑物"以及"桩基础"勘察的要求， 5 修订了"地 F 洞室"、"岸边工程"、"基坑土
程"和"地基处理"勘察的规定， 6 将"尾矿坝和贮灰坝"节改为"废弃物处理工程"的勘察 3
7 将"场地稳定性"章名改为"不良地质作用和地质灾害" ;8. 将"强震区的场地和地基"、
"地震液化"告为一节，取名"场地与地基的地震效应" ;9. 对特殊性土中的"湿陷性土"和
"红粘土"作了修订; 10 加强 f 对"地下水"勘察的要求，11.增加了"深层载荷试验"和"扁
铲侧胀试验"等.同时照缩了篇幅，突出勘察工作必须遵守的技术规则，以利作为工程质
量检查的执法依据。
本规范将来可能进行局部修订，有关局部修汀的信息和条文内容将刊登在《工程建
设标准化》杂志 L
本规范以黑体字标志的条文为强制性条文曰必须严格执行，
为了提高规范质量，请各单位在执行过程中，注意总结经验，积累资料。随时将有关
意见反馈给建设部综合勘察研究设计院(北京东直门内大街 177 号，邮编 10000 竹，以供
今后修订时参考。
参加本次修订的单位和人员名单如下
主编单位建设部综合勘癖研究设计院
参编单位.北京市勘察设计研究院
上海市岩土工程勘察设计研究院
中南勘察设计院
国家电力公司电力规划设计总院
机械工业部勘察研究院
161 •
 中国兵器工业勘察设计研究院
同济大学
主要起草人·顾索和 高大 ~IJ( 以下以姓氏笔画为序)

医画李受祉李耀刚项勃张在明
张苏民周红莫群欢戴联络
参与审阔的专家委员会成员有:林在贯(以下以姓氏笔画为序)
王铠王顺寓主惠昌市昭庆李荣强
邓安榻苏贻冰张旷成周亮臣周炳源
周锡元林颂恩钟亮高岱翁鹿年
黄志仑傅世法樊颂华魏章和

建设部
2001 年 10 月

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• 162 •
 目次

1 且贝~ ..........………...,…'‘…………..…."... .…………"…... -,_... (167)

2 本语和符号 川… ..................................................… (68)

2. 1 术语 … … ......................, (168)
2.2 喃号 … … … ι . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••• . . . . . . (169)

3 勘察分级和岩土分类 … .............,..................... (171)

3. 1 若土工程勘察分级 " ‘ •... ..•.....•... ... ..• .•. ..•.....••.....•.. .•. ...•.. (17 1)

3.2 岩石的分类和鉴定 ........".......,..."..........................,......,.............. (172)

3.3 土的分韭和鉴定 • … … ... (1 73)

4 各类工程的勘察基本要求 e 叮 叮 • ." •• … (177)
t. , 1 房屋建艇和掏!.1\物… .................. 牛 ,,'.. ...', '.. '.'... ..' ... ... (177)

!", 2 地 F 洞室 … … · … (181 )
4.3 岸边工程 … … … . ...... (1 83)

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4.4 管道和架空线盹工程 … .... ... .,.... ..,... ..,... ". -,. ... ....., ...... ......... (184)

1. 5 应弃物扯理 T 程 .................................................. … ( 187)

4.6 ~电厂 … … … 〈凹的

4.7 边放工程 • …… … … . (193)

4.8 笔坑工程 " … ........ ... ... ..................... ...... ... (194)
4.9 被基础.......牛 ......................... … . . . . . . . . . . ............... (196)

4. 10 地基处理 … … ......................... (197)

4. 11 既有建 m 韧的增羁和惺护 … ..... … ( 199)

5 不良地质作用和地质灾害… … … ..... (20 1)
5. > 告湾 .. "........" "....... "....."... "......................... ... ............... (201)

5.2 情被 … .................,.............................. (203)

5.3 危岩和崩塌 … ... ... ... ... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ... ......... ... (20 的

5.4 泥石班 ......… .... ...... ......... ..................... (205)

5.5 3在空15\: … … ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... .,. ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ". (206)

5.6 地面沉降 … ... ... ... ... ... (207)

5. 7 塌地和地基的地震效应 · … ............... (208)

5.8 话动断裂 ........ ...... ....,.... '.. .••..•.•. .•.•.. .•.•.. .•.•.• .•.•.. (209)

6 特殊性岩土 ……............ … … ... {2 山

6.1 温陷性土 … · … (2ll )

6.2 组粘土 … … (212)

• 163
 6. 3 钦土 … …..................…..……………… ...... ... ... ... (214)
6.4 由台土 ..................……............... …川川… .. ...... (215)
6.5 且土 ................................ … … 坠 ,- (215)

6.6 多年冻土……· ‘............................................,.............. (216)

6.7 酷胀岩土… …......................................................... … . (218)
6.8 盐描岩土 .............."..".... …… …… …. (目的

6.9 风化岩和残租土 … ............................,..... … ,. ... ... (22 1)

6. 10 肯染土 ……-… … … ... ... .., ... ... ... ... (222)
7 地下水……………………… …… … ...............白白〉

7. 1 地下水的勘察要求................ … ……… … ………… (225)

7.2 水立地质盎散的测定............. …….........….......‘…….. (225)
7.3 地下水作用的评价…........................ … ... ... ... ... ... ... (226)
8 工程地质测绘和调查……..町.... … … ............... 国 ……..".. (228)
9 勘探和取样….....................自………………..……..………………......…〈目的

9. 1 般规定 … … … …....…·…...………... (白的

9.2 钻酶.................................................................………………..町 〈口的

9.3 井探槽挥和制探 …......................................国……………..... (臼 υ

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9.4 岩土试样的果取...... ………·………………………...........町...……. (231)

9, 5 地睡物理勘扭 · ……...,…...........,.....… ……· …… .. (233)

10 原位测试 .. ………………………..………… (234)
10.1 般规jË' ………… … …………… …….. ... ... ... ... ... ... (231)
E I 4

10.2 羁荷试验 … ………..………………..…… … E ……... (234)

10.3 静力触挥试验 ...... "……….....,.......,..........., …,............... (236)
10.1 圃锥动力触罪证验 …… ·町 ..............… ................ (237)
10.5 标准贯入世瞌 … ....... … … (238)
10.6 十字扭曲切酣睡 ………….......,.....,.........,.....,.. … (239)
10. 7 旁压试验 ......"..... 钮 ".....,................................................... (239)
10.8 扁铲 mlj 胀试验 … … … ..... .............".................. (240)
]0.9 圃场直接国切国脸 … … … … … (241 )
10. 10 世速测试 … … E ……… · ….... (242)
10.11 者体罩住应力测试 ..…... '... ....... .............................. .................. (243)
10. 12 撒振法 1则试 .....…....……… ... … . . . . . . . … … (243)
II 室内试验 … …‘ ......................,.......... … ... (245)
11. 1 一般规定 ..................… ……… ….........,..... (243)
1 1. 2 土的物理性质试验 ‘............................................. …… (245)

1 1. 3 士的压缩 团结试验…… t … 4 … ........................................ … (245)

1 1. 4 土的抗剪强庄试验 …... ...".......…… … .. …………. (Z4(:;)

164 •
 1 1. 5 土的动力性质试验 … .............…. "…..……...… ,..,.... (246)
11. 6 岩石出瞌 … ......,........................'....... 电...，.................... (2tl7)

12 革和士腐蚀性的评价 …… …...... … . . ' ......... ...... (248)

12.1 取样和酬试.........................，........…-…......….....…...... … (248)
12.2 腐蛐性评价 .......'............................. … .......".........., (249)

13 现场检验和监测 … ....... … ‘ ….......... (25 1)

13. 1 一般).l!)Ë ....."...."........................................."....… ……….... I (25 1)

13 , 2 地葱葱础的检验和监四...… …"… …, .. .. . ... .. . ... . ，川 (251)

13.3 不良地质作用和地质灾害的监视1 … ....... … (252)

13.4 地 F 水的监削......".."......，.......……… …"目'…….....，.........川...... (253)
14 岩土工程分析评价和成果报告 .."........、..................，.....，..…· …( 254)
14. 1 般规定……......………" .… ., ... ... ..' .,. ... ... .., ... ." ..' .,. ... ... ... ... (254)
14 , 2 岩土参酷的分析和在定 …… … … ........,...,... (254)
14.3 成果报告的基本要求.....................................................…·川…·… (256)

附录 A 岩土分类和鉴定 . . . . . . . ,. ..' . .. . .. . .. ... . .. . .. ..' . , . ,.. . . . ... .. . , .. . … (258)

附录 B 圆锥动力触探锤击数修正 … … ........... ..".. (262)

附录 C 泥石流的工程分类..............，..................………… -……...... (264)

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附录 D 膨胀上初判方法 … .........，........，.............'...町，........ … (265)

附录 E 水文地质参数测定方法 …· … ...,.................. (266)

附录 F 取土器技术标准 ..............… … ω …… (267)

附录 G 场地环境类型 ........ ……., ....."..… …......... (268)

附录 H 规范用词说明 ..,..".............................................. … . (269)

• 165 •
 1 总则

1. 0.1 为了在岩士工程勘察中贯彻执行国家有关的技术经济政策，做到技术先进，经济

合理，确保工程质量.提高投资效益，制定本规范。
1. O. 2 本规范适用于除水利工程、铁路、公路和桥隧工程以外的工程建设岩土工程勘

察。
1. O. 3 备项建设工程在设计和施工之前，必须按基本建设程序进行岩土工程勘察。
1. O. 3A 岩土工程勘察应按工程建设各勘察阶段的要求，正确反映工程地质条件，查明
不良地质作用和地质灾害，精心勘察、精心分析，提出资料完整、评价正确的勘察报告 U
1. O. 4 岩士工程勘察，除应符合本规范的规定外，尚成符合国家现行有关标准、规范的
规定，

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• 167 •
 2 术语和符号

2.1 术语

2. 1. 1 岩土工程勘察 geotechnical investigation

根据建设工程的要求，查明、分析、评价建设场地的地质、环境特征和岩土工程条件，
编制勘察文件的活动。
2.1.2 工程地质测绘 engineering geological mapping
采用搜集资料、调查访闭、地质测量、遥感解译等方法.查明场地的工程地质要素，并
绘制相应的工程地质图件。
2. 1. 3 岩土工程勘探 geotechnical exploration
岩土工程勘察的一种手段，包括钻探、井探、槽探、坑探、洞探以及物探
2.1
且 .4 原位测试 10-15
叫 i川tu 回
t es
剖ts

在岩土体所处的位置.基本保持岩土原来的结构、湿度和应力状态，对岩土体进行的
测试。

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2. 1. 5 岩土工程勘察报告 geotechnical investigation report
在原始资料的基础上进行整理、统计、归纳、分析、评价，提出工程建议，形成系统的
为工程建设服务的勘察技术文件.
2.1.6 现场检验 tn-sltu mspect lO n
在现场采用 定手段，对勘察成果或设计、施下措施的效果进行核查。
2. 1. 7 现场监捆 m-sltu mO Ol tonng
在现场对岩土性状和地 F 水的变化，岩土体和结构物的应力、位移进行系统监视和
观测。

2.1.8 岩石质量指标 (RQD) rock quality designation

用直径为 75mm 的金刚石钻头和双层岩 4、管在岩石中钻进，连续取芯，固次钻进所
取岩芯中，长度大于 lOcm 的岩芯段长度之和与该四次进尺的比值，以百分数表示。
2. 1. 9 土试样质量等级 quality c1 assification of soiJ samples
按士试样受扰动程度不同划分的等级。
2. 1. 10 不良地质作用 adverse geologic actions
由地球内力或外力产生的对工程可能造成危害的地质作用。
2.1.11 地质灾害 geological disaster
由不良地质作用引发的，危及人身、财产、工程或环境安全的事件。
2. 1. 12 地面沉降 ground subsidence.land subsidence
大面积区域性的地面下沉，一般由地下水过量抽吸产生区域性降落漏斗引起.大面
积地下采空和黄土自重湿陷也可 11 起地面沉降。
168
 2. 1. 13 岩土参数标准值 standard value of a geotechnical parameter
岩土参数的基本代表值，通常取概率分布的 0.05 分位数。

2.2 符号

2.2.1 岩土物理性质和颗粒组成
r一一孔隙比 z

h 一一液性指数;
Ie --塑性指数 g
n一一孔隙度，孔隙率，
5，一一饱和度，
四 背水量，含水率;
四1 液限;

We 塑限 p
W ，，- 有机质含量

y 重力密度(重度) ,
p 质量密度(密度) ,

PÒ 干密度.

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2.2 , 2 岩土变形参数
a一←压缩系数，
c 压缩指数 z
c-再压缩指数:
C‘一一回弹指数，
'. 水平自1 团结系数;
'.一一垂直向固结Jl\数 g
E, 变形模量 s
E[)--j田 l 胀模量 z

E- 旁斥模量 s

瓦 压缩模量$
〔主一一剪切模量 s
p, 先期固结压力。
2.2.3 岩士强度参数
c 粘聚力，

户。 载荷试验比例界限压力，旁压试验初始压力，
如 旁压试验临塑压力，
p, 旁压试验极限压力;
P. 载荷试验极限压力 E
q.. 元 jm~ 限抗压强度，
• 169 •
 r 抗剪强度:
f一一内摩擦角。
2.2.4 触探及标准贯人试验指标
R, 静力触探摩阻比 p
J，-静力触探侧阻力;
N→一标准贯人试验锤击数 p
N" 轻型圆锥动力触探锤击数 s
Nn . 5 重型因锥动力触探锤击敏;
N I20 超重型圆锥动力触探锤击数 s
p, 静力触探比贯人阻力，
q， 一一静力触探锥头阻力，
2.2.5 水文地质参数
E 越流系数;
是 穆透系数，
Q 流量，涌水量 g
R 影响半径 s
S 释水系数，

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T一一导水系数;
U一一于L 隙水压力.
2.2.6 其他符号

F, 边坡稳定罩数;
1 D 一一-侧胀土性指数 s
KD 侧胀水平应 )J 指数 s
L一一膨胀力，
U D - 侧胀孔压指数，
L1 F , 附加湿陷量，
s 基础沉降量，载荷试验沉降量，
S飞←一灵敏度 s

Ow 一一红粘土的吉水比号
叫 压缩披波速 s
V， 一一剪切波波速，
占一一变异系数;
L1, 总温陷量;
μ I自松比;
σ 一一标准差。

• 170 •
 3 勘察分级和岩土分类

3.1 岩土工程勘黯分级

3. 1. 1 根据工程的规模和特征，以及由于岩土工程问题造成工程破坏或影响正常使用
的后果，司分为三个工程重要性等级，
1 一级工程重要工程，后果很严重 5
2 三级工程般工程，后果严重;
3 三级工程·次要工程，后果不严重。
3. 1. 2 根据场地的复杂程度，可接下列规定分为三个场地等级
1 符合下列条件之一者为一级场地(复杂场地)
1)对建筑抗震危险的地段;
2) 不良地质作用强烈发育;
3) 地质环境已经或可能受到强烈破坏;
的地形地貌复杂 s

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5) 有影响工程的多层地下水、岩溶裂隙水或其他水文地质条件复杂，需专门研究
的场地。
2 符合下列条件之 者为二级场地(中等复杂场地) ,
lJ对建筑抗震不利的地段，
2) 不良地质作用 般发育，
3) 地质环境巳经或可能受到 般破坏，
的地形地貌较复杂，
5) 基础位于地下水位以下的场地。
3 符合下列条件者为三级场地(简单场地) ,
1)抗震设防烈度等于或小于 6 度，或对建筑抗震有利的地段.
2) 不良地质作 m 不发育;
3) 地质环境基本未受破坏$
4) 地彤地貌简单 z
5) 地下水对工程无影响。
怪， l 从 级汗楠，向二剧院、三级*'" .以做先满足的为准，第 3. 1.3 条亦战斗A 方法确定地基吗?级 2

2 M 建筑抗震有利 J、利和危险地段的划分，!!ii.锚剧行国家标准《建筑抗足政计魏在 HGß ~OOll) 的规定确定，

3. 1. 3 根据地基的复杂程度，可按下列规定分为三个地基等级 z
1 符合下列条件之一者为一级地基(复杂地基 h
1)岩丰种类多，很不均匀，性质变化大，需特殊处理:
2) 严重湿陷、膨胀、盐溃、污染的特殊性岩土，以及其他情况复杂，需作专门处理
的岩土。
• 171 •
 Z 符合下列条件之一者为二级地基(中等复杂地基 h
1) 岩土种类较多，不均匀，性质变化较大;
2) 除本条第 1 款规定以外的特殊性岩土-
3 符合下列条件者为三级地基(简单地基) ,
l)岩土种类单一.均匀，性质变化不大
2) 无特殊性告土，
3.1.4 根据工程重要性等级、场地复杂程度等级和地基复杂程度等级，可按下列条件剧
分岩土工程勘察等级囚
甲级 在工程重要性、场地复杂程度和地基复杂程度等级中，有 项或多项为 级5
乙级 除勘察等级为甲级和丙级以外的勘察项目，
丙级 工程重要性、场地复杂程度和地基复杂程度等级均为三级。
注毯筑在岩质地地上的 级工甜，当场地复杂程度等级和地基复杂程度等级均为主级时岩土工程勘察练银可定为

己级。

3.2 岩石的分类和鉴定

3.2.1 在进行岩土工程勘察时，应鉴定岩石的地质名称和风化程度，并进行岩石坚硬程
度、岩体完整程度和岩体基本质量等级的划分。
岩石坚硬程度、岩体完在程度和岩体基本质量等级的划分，应分别按表

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3. Z. 2
3.2.2~1- 表 3. 2. 2~3 执行。
表 3.2.2-1 岩石坚砸程度分类

坚侵程皮 银软也

饱相尊输机压
f. 运 5
~H[(MPa)

注白无法取得饱相华轴杭压 t纯度数据时町 RJI.'J，f'f 就试验强 II!换货换剪方法按现行国家标Ift~工程岩体分级饭

准 HGß 51)2 1 [1)执行，

2 当岩体完擎租 I~ 为极防部 a ，t ， TIf不址行坚回事电度分贫

表 3.2.2-2 岩体完整程度分韭

完整程度 但被辩

完极性指标 <0.15

注1 完自隆性指数为右体 [f 缩说ìM度与岩土朵压缩被 i:ß l夏之比的早方，选定若你和岩块测定波速时.!&: 注意其代表性 e

表 3.2.2-3 岩体基本质量等级分类

;孟±1 完幡 较完虫在 校破碎 阪碎 极磁隙

竖硬岩 n E W V
较硕岩 11 阻 W lV V
较软岩 m N lV V V
卡一一
收省 N N V V V
极软岩 V V V V V

• 172 •
 3.2.3 当缺乏有关试验数据时，可按本规泡附最 A 表 A. O. 1 和表 A.O.2 划分岩
石的坚硬程度和岩体的完整程度。岩石风化程度的划分可按本规施附录 A 表 A.
0.3 执行。
3.2.4 当软化革数等于或小于 O. 75 时，应定为软化岩石，当岩石具有特殊成分、特殊结
构或特殊性质时‘应定为特殊性击苟，如昂榕性岩石、膨胀性岩石、崩解性岩石、盐渍化岩
石等.
3.2.5 岩石的描述应包括地质年代、地质名称、风化程度、颜色、主要矿物、结构、构造和
岩石质量指标 RQD. 对沉积岩应着重描述沉积物的颗垃大小、形状.胶绪物成分和胶结
程度.别岩浆岩和变质岩 JJi 着重描述矿物结晶大小和结晶程度.
根据岩石质量指标 RQD ，可分为好的(RQD> 90λ 较好的 (RQD~75-90) 、较差的
<R QD=50-75) 、差的 (RQD~25-50) 和极差的 (RQD<25) 。

3.2.6 岩体的描述应包括结掏画、结构体、岩层厚度和结构类型，并宜符合下列规
定
I 结构面的描述包括类型、性质、产状、组 fr 形式、发育程度、延展情况、闭合程度、
粗糙程度、充填情况和充填物性质以及充血性质等;
Z 结构体的描述包括类型、形状、大小和结构体在国岩中的受力情况等-
3 岩层厚度分类应按表 3.2.6 执行，

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表 3.2.6 岩层厚启蒙分类

层甲分类 E和居民E 度 h(m) 层厚分炎 单t)p;l Jì h(m)

巨以Jl ">ì. O 中 iÇl. J灵 o. ', ;:">0.1

厚居 1. Opl,>O. 5 峰层 /，'"主 O. 1

3.2.7 对地下洞军和边坡工程，尚应确定岩体的结构类础.岩体结构类型的划分成按
丰规1'1!.附录 A 表A. O. 4 执行 a
3.2.8 对岩体基本质址等级为 lV 级和 V 级的岩{卒，鉴定和描述除按本规范第 3.2.5 条~
第 .1. 2. 7 条执行外，尚应付合下列规定，
1 对软者和极软岩，应注意是否具有可软化性、膨胀性、崩解性等特殊性质，
Z 对极破碎岩体，应说明破碎的原因，如断层、全风化等
3 开挖后是否有进二步风化的特性。

3.3 土的分类和鉴定

3.3.1 晚更新世 Q且及其以前沉积的士，应定为主沉积土。第四纪全新世巾近期沉积的

土，应定为新近沉积土.根据地质成因，可划分为残职士、城积土、洪积土、冲积土、淤积
土、冰积土和风积上等 η 七根据有机质吉量分类，应按本规也附录 A 表 A. O. 5 执
行.
3.3.2 粒径大于 2mm 的颗扭质量超过总质量 50% 的士，应)Ë名为碎石士，并按表
3. 3. 2 进一步分类。
• 173 •
 表 3.3.2 碎石丰分韭

卡乎?|
颗啦后应 黯位级配

圆形及lE凶}在为主
粗径大于 200mm 的颗肘，质 Jib国过总朋量 50 ，%
槌角形为主

卵石 圃 JIH:. :>I'.圆形为主
也在大于 20mm 的颗粒质 i过超过总质量 50%
棱角形为主
" fi
回砾| 圆形及"1ll1形为主
收往大于 2mm 的服撞质量超过总质量 50%
角砾| 钱角形为宅

注:应名 M.JE. 根据赖缸级配囱大到小以J!l先符合者确定

3.3.3 位径大于 2mr汩的颗粒质量不超过总质量的.5 0%. 粒径大于 O.075mm 的颗粒质

量超过总质量， 50% 的士，应定名为砂土，并按表 3.3.3 进 步分类.
表 3.3.3 砂土分类

土的街称 颗税额配

粒径大于 2mrn 的赖位质血占总质业 25 !1o ~50%

粗缸 位径大 f O. 5mm (l(J 颗粒质 E越边总 mnt50%

中砂 租径大号。 25mrn 的顺黯质黯越过息质脏 50%

细砂 魁径大于 O. (l 75mm 的顺粮质拯越过，{;j.).ru h185%

粉砂 粗径大于 0.075mm 的颗粒质:Iil:越过总质:1u 50%

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拉足名时应很摒颗院级配山大到j 小以地先符合者确定.

3.3.4 粒径大于 O. Q75mm 的颗粒质量不超过总质量的 50%. 且塑性指数等于或小于

10 的士，应定名为粉士。
3.3.5 塑性指数大于 10 的土应定名为帖性土巴
粘性土应根据塑性指数分为粉底粘土和柏土。塑性指数大于 10. 且小于或等于 17
的士，应定名为粉质粘土;塑性指数大于 17 的土应定名为粘土.
注『哩!件指敝应由相应于'"因锥仪沉入土中深度为 IOmm 时 lii定的被限计算而得.

3.3.6 除按颗粒级配或理性指数定名外，土的综合定名应符合 F 列规定 2

l 对特殊成因和年代的土类应综合具成国和年代特征定名，
2 对特殊性土，应结合颗粒级配或塑性指数定名，
3 对 1m 合上，应冠以主要古有的土类定名，
4 对同一土层中相间呈韵律沉积，当薄层与}~!.层的厚度比大于 1/3 时，宜定为"互

层"，厚度比为 1/10-1/3 时，宜定为"夹层..厚度比小于 1/1 口的土层，且多次出现时.宜

定为"夹薄层";
5 当土层厚度大于口 5m 时，宜单独分层。
3.3.7 土的鉴定应在现场描述的基础上，结合室内试验的开土记录和试验结果综合确
定。士的描述应符合下列规定
1 碎石土宜描述颗粒级配、颗粒形状、颗粒排列、母岩成分、风化程度、充填物的性
质和充填程度、密实度等;
2 砂土宜描述颜色、矿物组成、颗粒级配、颗粒形状、细校古董、温度、密实度等，
174
 3 粉土宜描述颜色、包吉物、湿度、密实度等;
4 粘性土宜描述颜色、状态、包含物、土的结构等，
5 特殊性土除应描述上述相应土类规定的内容外，尚应描述其特殊成分和特殊性
质，如对淤泥尚应描述嗅昧，对填土尚应描述物质成分、堆积年代、密实度和均匀性等;
6 对具有互层、夹层、夹薄层特征的士，尚应描述各层的厚度和层理特征:
7 需要时， pJ 用目力鉴别描述土的光泽反应、摇振反应、干强度和韧性，按表 3.3.7
区分粉士和粘性士。
表 3.3.7 目为鉴别盼士和桔性士

鉴别项 EI 绍保反应 光得反应 !强度 倒 .rl

粉土 迅速、中等 元先洋反应 盹 低

帖位 1二 元 告光得、梢街 Jt得 间、中等 市、中等

3.3.8 碎石土的密实度可根据圆锥动力触探锤击数按表，. 3. 8-1 或表 3.3.8-2 确定，表

中的 N 61 S 和 N l?1~应按本规范附录 B 修正。定性描述可按本规 i包附录 A 表 A. o. 6 的规

定执行 ω
时一叫一口

表 3.3.IH 碎石土宙 lt 度按 N M .• 分类

:重型动力触探锤击数 Nωs ".型功力灿探键 J旨数 N~l" 也奇实皮

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Nω ，~豆 5 !O<N". ,, ";;;ZO 中密

5<N ó u"二 10 N ‘ ,>20

J. 警实

位?本表适用于早均轮径等于或小子 50mm 且最大粒径小子 IOOmrr. 的阵石土. x.j 于玉昆均槌径;人;于 50mm 或放大

机役大于 100nan 的碎<i土，叮用炮、~G: !I"~动刀触探琼州野外观察接别

表 3.3.8-2 碎石土密实度按 N u • 分lI!

超豆型琪I 力 1$. 如愤击鼓 N:~" 密实度 相.ill: ~t'l 动力触探锤.u数 N ， z，) 密实皮

N\t凸 ζ3 松散 lJ<N!!~~14 常实

3<NIIO<':二E 捎带 N" ,, >14 很密

6<N m :;;;11 '1' ~寄

3.3.9 砂土的密实度应根据标准贯人试验锤击数实测值 N 划分为密实、中密、稍密罪u

松散，并应符合表 3.3 日的规定。当用静力触探探头阻力划分砂土密实度时，可根据当
地经验确定。
表 3.3.9 砂土啻实庭分类

你准贯人锤丑行数 N 密实皮 标准挝人锦市数 N

N运二 10 松散 ， 5<N运3c

1O <N";;;15 硝黯 N> ，~C

3.3.10 粉土的密实度应根据孔隙比 e 划分为密实、中密和稍密;其温度应根据古水量

四( %l 划分为稍湿、湿、很湿。密实度和湿度的划分应分别符合表 3.3. 10-1 和表
3.3.10-2 的规定。

• 175 •
 表 3.3.10卡' 粉土由买度分类

孔隙比 e

e<O , 75
0.75 毛主 eζ0.90

e>0.9

注 2 当有经验时，也可用原位测试或其他方法划分粉土的密实度.

表 3.3 ， 10-2 酣主温度分类

合水j，j w 幅度

w <20 稍湿
20";;;w';;二 30 醒
w>30 很湿

3.3.11 粘性土的状态应根据液性指数[，划分为坚硬、硬塑、可塑料、软塑和流塑，并应

符合表 3.3.11 的规定。

表 3.3.11 精性士拉态分类

被性循费支 状态 液性指歉 状态

h~O 坚硬 0.75<h";;;;1 软塑
。 <h~O.25 硬纽 I~>l 流塑
口. 25< lt. ';;;;0. 75 可塑

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• 176 •
 4 各类工程的勘察基本要求

4.1 房屋建筑和构筑物

4. 1. 1 房屋建筑和构筑物(以下简称建筑物)的岩土工程勘察，应在搜集建筑物上部荷

裁、功能特点、结构类型、基础形式、域建深度和变形限制等方面资料的基础」二进行 a 其
主要工作内容应符合下列规定‘
1 查明场地和地基的稳定性、地层结构、持力层和下卧层的工程特性、土的应力历
史和地 f ;j(条件以及不良地质作用等;
2 提供满足设计、施工所需的岩士参数，确定地某承载力，预测地基变形性状，

3 提出地基基础、基坑支护、工程降水和地基处理设计与施工方案的建议，
4 提出对建筑物有影响的不良地质作用的防治方案建议;
5 对于抗震设防烈度等于或大牙 6 度的场地，进行场地与地基的地震效应评价。
4. 1. 2 建筑物的岩土工程勘察宜分阶段进行，可行性研究勘察院符合选择场址方案的

要求 z 初步勘察应符合初步设计的要求 s 详细勘察应符合施工图设计的要求:场地条件复

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杂或有特殊要求的工程，宜进行施 t 勘察。
场地较小且无特殊要求的工程可合并勘察阶段。当建筑物平回布置已经确定，且场
地或其附近已有岩土工程资料时，可根据实际情况，宣接进行详细勘察。
4. 1. 3 可行性研究勘察，应对拟建场地的稳定性和适宜性做出评价，并应符合下 jirJ 要
求z
1 搜集区域地质、地形地貌、地震、矿产、当地的工程地质、岩土工程和建筑经验等
资料 8
2 在充分搜集和分析已有资料的基础上，通过踏勘了解场地的地层、构造、岩性、不
良地质作用和地下水等工程地质条件，
3 当拟建场地工程地质条件复杂，已有资料不能满足要求时，应根据具体情况进行
工程地质测绘和必要的勘探工作 ι
4 当有两个或两个以 k 拟选场地时，应进行比选分析叶
4. 1. 4 初步勘察应对场地内拟建建筑地段的稳定性做出评价，并进行下列主要工作=
I 搜集拟建工程的有关文件、工程地质和岩土工程资料以及工程场地范围的地形
图3
2 初步查明地质掏造、地层结构、岩土工程特性、地下水理藏条件;
3 查明场地不良地质作用的成因、分布规模、发展简势，并对场地的稳定性做出评

价1
4 对抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度的场地，应对场地和地基的地震效应做出初步

评价 s
• 117 •
 5 季节性冻土地区，应调查场地土的标准冻结深度;
6 初步判定水和土对建筑材料的腐蚀性 p
7 高层建筑初步勘察时，应对可能采取的地基基础类型、基坑开挖与支护、工程降
水方案进行初步分析评价。
4. 1. 5 初步勘察的勘探工作应符合下列要求 2
l 勘探线应垂直地貌单元、地质构造和地层界线布置，
2 每个地貌单元均应布置勘探点，在地貌单元交接部位和地层变化较大的地段，勘
探点应予加密;
3 在地形平坦地区，可按闷格布置勘探点 3

4 对岩质地基，勘探线和勘探点的布置，勘探孔的深度，应根据地质构造、岩体特
性、风化情况等，按地方标准或当地经验确定;对土质地基，应符合本节第 4. 1. 6 条~第
4. 1. 10 条的规定.
4.1.6 初步勘察勘探线、勘探点间距可按表 4. 1. 6 确定，局部异常地段应于加密。
袋 4.1.6 相步勘察勘辑线、勘据点间JlIi lm)

地幸在复杂程度等级 勘锁线问JlIi 拗探点间距

级〈复杂〉 50-100 30-50

二级〈中等复杂〉 75-150 40'-"100
=级〈简单〉 150-300 75-200

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注 1 表中间距不远用于地球物型勘探，

2 控制性勘探点宜占勘探点，e. 傲的 1/5-1/3 ，且每个地貌单元均应有控制性勘探点.

4‘1. 7 初步勘察勘探孔的探度可按表 4. 1. 7 确定。

表 4. 1. 7 初步勘嚣勘探孔深度 1m)

工程重要性等级 般性秽J 捺孔 控制性勘保孔

-级〈重要工程〉 ;主 )5 主主 30

二级〈一般工程〉 10-15 15-30

三级〈次要工穆〉 6-10 10~20

法 i 输部孔包括钻礼探井和原位洲战孔等;

2 特殊用途的钻孔除外，

4.1.8 当遇下列情形之 时，应适当增减勘探孔探度 z

1 当勘探孔的地面标高可预计整平地面标高相差较大时，应按其差值调整勘探孔
深度;
Z 在预定深度内遇基岩时，除控制性勘探孔仍应钻人基岩适当深度外，其他勘探孔
达到确认的基岩后即可终止钻进，
3 在预定深度内有厚度较大，且分布均匀的坚实土层(如碎石土、密实砂、老沉积士
等)时，除控制性勘探孔应达到规定深度外，一般性勘探孔的深度可适当减小，
4 当预定深度内有软弱土层时，勘探孔深度应适当增加，部分控制性勘探孔应穿透
软弱土层或达到预计控制深度;
5 对熏型工业建筑应根据结构特点和荷载条件适当增加勘探孔深度。
4. 1. 9 初步勘察采取土试样和进行原位测试应符合下列要求-
• 178 •
 1 采取土试样和进行原位测试的勘探点应结合地貌单元、地层结构和士的主和件
质布置，其数量可占勘探点总数的1/.1-1/2 ，
2 采取土试样的数量和孔内原位测试的竖向间距，应按地层特点和上的均匀程度
确定?每层士均应采取土试样或进行原位测试.其数量不宜少于 6 个。
4.1.10 初步勘察应进行下列水文地质工作 z
1 调查含水层的埋藏条件，地 τ 水类型、补给排泄条件，各层地 r 7.K位，调查其交化
幅度，必要时应设置长期观测孔，监测水位变化;
2 当需绘制地 FJj( 等水位线图时，应根据地下水的埋藏条件和层位，统一量测地下
水 1Jz;
3 当地下水可能浸湿基础时，应采取水试祥进行腐蚀性评价。
4. 1. 11 详细勘察应按单体建筑物或建筑群提出详细的岩土工程资料和设计、施工所需
的岩土参数;对建筑地基做出岩土工程评价，并对地基类型、基础形式、地基处理、基抗支
护、工程降水和不良地质作用的防治等提出建议。主要应进行下列工作·
1 搜集附高坐标和地形的建筑忌平面圈.场区的地面整平标高，建筑物的性质、规
模、荷载、结构特点，基础形式、埋置深度，地基允许变形等资料，
Z 查明不良地质作用的类型、成因、分布范围、发展趋势和危害程度，提出整治方案
的建议，

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3 查明建筑范围内岩土层的类型、深度、分布、工程特性。分析和评价地基的稳定
性、均匀性和承毅力;
4 对需进行沉降计算的建筑物，提供他基变形计算参数，预测建筑物的变形特征，
5 查明埋肃的河道、沟滨、墓穴、防空洞、孤石等对工程不利的埋藏物，
6 查明地下水的埋藏条件，提供地下水位及其变化幅度，
7 在季节性冻土地区，提供场地土的标准冻结深度，
8 判定水和土对建筑材料的腐蚀性。
4. 1. 12 对抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度的场地，勘察工作应按本规范第 5. 7 节执行 s
当建筑物采用桩基础时，应按本规范第 4.9 节执行;当需进行基坑开挖、支护和降水设计
时，应按本规范第 4 ， 8 节执行。
ι 1. 13 详细勘察应论证地下水在地二[J11j朗对工程和环境的起堕巳对情况复杂的重要
工程，需论证使用期间水位变化和甫提出抗浮设防水位时，应进行专门研究目
4. 1. 14 详细勘察勘挥点布置和勘探孔深度，应根据建筑物特性和岩 t 工程条件确定。
对岩质地基，应根据地质构造、岩体特性、风化情况等，结合建筑物对地基的要求.按地为
标准或当地经验确定:对土质地基，应符合本节第 11-.1. 15 条~第 4 ， 1. 19 条的规定。
4. 1. 15 详细勘察勘探点的问距可按表 4. 1. 1;) 确定。
表 4. 1. 15 详细勘嚣勘探点的间 S， (m)

地主基纽约￥程度等级 勘探点间的i 地站立买卖程度等级 勘探点问~~

级(复杂) lO~15
三级(俯单〉 30~50
二银川』结r; u 杂〉 15ι30

4,1. 16 详细勘察的勘探点布置，应符合 F 列规定

• 179 .
 l 勘探点宜按建筑物周边线和角点布置，对无特殊要求的其他建筑物可按建筑物
或建筑群的范围布置 3
2 同一建筑市围内的主要受力层或有影响的下卧层起伏较大时，应加密勘探点，查

明其变化;
3 重大设备基础应单独布置勘探点;重大的动力机器基础和高耸构筑物，勘探点不
宜少于 3 个 p

4 勘探手段宣采用钻探与触探相配合，在复杂地质条件、温陷性士、膨胀岩土、风化
岩和残积土地区，宣布置适量探井。
4.1.17 详细勘察的单栋高层建筑勘探点的布置.应满足对地基均匀性评价的要求，且
不应少于 4 个:对密集的高层建筑群，勘探点可适当减少，但每栋建筑物至少应有 1 个控
制性勘探点。
4.1.18 详细勘察的勘探深度自基础底商算起，应符合下列规定:
1 勘探孔深度应能控制地基主要受力层，当基础底面宽度不大于 5m 时，勘探孔的
深度对条形基础不应小于基础底面宽度的 3 倍，对单独柱基不应小于1. 5 倍.且不应小
于 5mj

2 对高层建筑和需性变形计算的地基，控制性勘探孔的深度应超过地基变形计算
深度;高层建筑的-般性勘探孔应达到基底下 0.5- 1. 0 倍的基础宽度，并深入稳定分布

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的地层;
3 对仅有地下辜的建筑或高层建筑的精房，当不能满足抗浮设计要求，需设置抗浮

桩或锚杆肘，勘探孔深度应满足抗拔承载力评价的要求，
4 当有大面积地面堆载或软弱下卧层时，应适当加深撞制性勘探孔的深度;
5 在上述规定深度内当遇基岩或厚层碎石土等稳定地层时，勘探孔深度可适当
调整。
4. 1. 19 详细勘察的勘探孔深度，除应符合 4. 1. 18 条的要求外，尚应符合下列规定 2
l 地基变形计算深度，对中、低压缩性土可取附加压等等于上覆土层有效自重压
力 20% 的深度;对于高压缩性土层可取附加压力等于上覆土层有效自重压力 10% 的
深度;
Z 建筑总平面内的裙房或仅有地下室部分(或当基底附加压力户。运。时)的控制性
勘探孔的深度可适当减小，但应深入稳定分布地层，且根据荷载和土质条件不宜少于基
底下口 .5-]. 口倍基础宽度 s
3 当需进行地基整体稳定性验算时，控制性勘探孔深度应根据具体条件满足验算
要求，
4 当需确定场地抗震类另而邻近无可靠的覆盖层厚度资料时.应布置搅速测试
孔，其深度应满足确定覆盖层厚度的要求;
5 大型设备基础勘探孔深度不宜小于基础底面宽度的 2 倍 3
6 当需迸行地基处理时，勘探孔的深度应满足地基处理设计与施工要求，当采用
桩基耐，勘探孔的深度应满足本规范第 4.9 节的要求。
180 .
 4. I. 20 详细勘寨采取士试样和进行原位测试应满足岩土工程评价要求，并符合下列
要求
1 采取土试样和进行原位测试的勘探孔的披量，应根据地层结构、地基土的均匀
性和工程特点确定，且不应少于勘探孔总数的 1/2 ，钻探取士孔的数量不应少于勘探孔总
数的 1/3;

Z 每个场地每一主要土层的原状土试样或原位测试蚊据不应少于 6 件(组)，当采
用连续记录的静力触探或动力触探为主要勘察手段时，每个场地不应少于 3 个字L;
3 在地基主要受力层内，对厚度大于 O.5m 的夹层或远镜体，应采取士试样或进行
原位测试;
4 当土层性质不均匀时，应增加取土试样或原位测试数量。
4. I. 21 基坑或基槽开挖后，岩土条件与勘察资料不符或发现必须杳明的异常情况时，
应进行施工勘察;在工程施工或使用期间，当地基土、边坡体、地下水等发生未曾估计到
的变化时，应进行监测，并对士程和环境的影响进行分析评价。
4. I. 22 室内土工试验应符合本规范第 JJ 章的规定，为基坑工程设计进行的土的抗剪
强度试验，应满足本规范第 4.8.4 条的规定组
4.1.23 地基变形计算应按现行国家标准 4 建筑地基基础设计规范 HGB 50007) 或其他

有关标准的规定执行。

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4. I. 24 地基承载力应结合地区经验按有关标准综合确定，有不良地质作用的场地，建
在坡上或坡顶的建筑物，以及基础侧旁开吃的建筑物.应评价其稳定性。

4.2 地下洞室

4.2.1 本节适用于人 E 开挖的无压地下泪室的岩土工程勘察 a

4.2.2 地下洞室勘察的围岩分级方法应与地下洞室设计采用的标准 致。
4.2.3 可行性研究勘察院通过搜集区域地质资料，现场踏勘和调查，了解拟选方案的地
形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、工程地质、水文地质和环境条件，做出可行性评价，选择合
适的洞址和洞口，
4.2.4 初步勘察应采用工程地质测绘、勘探和测试等方法，初步查明选定方案的地质条
件和环境条件，初步确定岩体质量等级(国岩类别) ，对制址和洞口的稳定性做出评价，为
初步设计提供依据。
4.2.5 初步勘察时，工程地质测绘和调查应初步盒明下列问题.
1 地貌形态和成因类型，
Z 地层岩性、产状、厚度、风化程度，
3 断裂和主要裂隙的性质、产状、充填、胶结、贯通及组合关系$
4 不良地质作用的类型、规模和分布:
5 地震地质背景 3
6 地应力的最大主应力作用方向 s
7 地 F 水类型、埋藏条件、补给、排泄和动态变化，
. 181 •
 8 地表J):.体的分布及其与地下水的关系，淤积物的特征;
9 洞室穿越地面建筑物、地下构筑物、管道等既有工程时的相互影响。
4.2.6 初步勘察时，勘探与测试应符合下列要求 2
1 采用浅层地震剖面法或其他有效方法固定隐伏断裂、构造破碎带，查明基岩埋
深、划分风化带 1
2 勘探点宜沿洞室外侧交叉布置，勘探点间距宜为 100~ 20口 m. 采取试样和原位测
试勘探孔不宜少于勘探孔总数的 2/3 ， 控制性勘探孔深度，对岩体基本质量等级为 I 级
和 E 级的岩体宵钻入洞底设计标高下 1---3mj 对田级岩体宜钻入 3----5m.X才 N 级、 V 级的
岩体和土层，勘探孔深度应根据实际情况确定:
3 每 主要岩层和土层均应采取试样，当有地下水时应采取水试样?当洞区存在
有害气体或地温异常时，应进行有害气体成分、吉量或地温测定;对高地应力地区，应进
行地应力量恻 4
4 必要时，可进行钻孔弹性波或声波测试，钻孔地震 CT 或钻孔电磁波 CT 测试;

5 室内岩石试验和土工试验项目，应按本规范第 II 章的规定执行，
4.2.7 详细勘察应采用钻探、钻孔物探和测试为主的勘察方法，必要时可结合施士导洞
布置汩探，详细查明洞址、洞口、洞室穿越线路的工程地质和水文地质条件，分段划分岩

体质量等级(罔岩类别) ，评价桐体和国岩的稳定性，为设计支护结构和确定施工方案提

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供资料。
4.2.8 详细勘察应进行下列工作 z
1 查明地层岩性及其分布，划分岩组和风化程度，进行岩石物理力学性质试验，

Z 查明断裂构造和破碎带的位置、规模、产状和力学属性，划分岩体结构类型$
3 查明不良地质作用的类型、性质、分布，并提出防治措施的建议;
4 查明主要吉水层的分布、厚度、埋深，地下水的类型、水位、补给排泄条件.预测开
挖期间出水状态、漏水量和水质的腐蚀性;
5 城市地下洞军需降水施工时，应分段提出工程降水方案和有关参数;
6 查明洞室所在位置及邻近地段的地面建筑和地下构筑物、管线状况，预测洞室
开挖可能产生的影响，提出防护措施。
4.2.9 详细勘察可采用浅层地震勘探和孔间地震 CT 或孔阐电磁疲 CT 测试等方法，
详细查明基岩埋深、岩石风化程度，熄伏体(如洛湘、破碎带等)的位置，在钻孔中进行弹
性波波速测试，为确定岩体质量等级(围岩类型1]) .评价岩体完整性，计算动力参数提供
资料。
4.2.10 详细勘察时，勘探点宜在洞室中线外侧 ß---8m 交叉布置，山区地下桐室按地质
掏造布置，且勘探点闯距不应大于 50m; 城市地下洞室的勘探点间距，岩土变化复杂的场
地宜小于 25m ，中等复杂的宜为 25~40m ，简单的宜为 40~80m 。

采集试样和原位测试勘探孔数量不应少于勘探孔总数的 1/2 ，
4.2.11 详细勘察时，第四革中的控制性勘探孔深度应根据工程地质、水文地质条件、润
室埋深、防护设计等需要确定; 般性勘探孔可钻至基底设计标高下 6~lOm ，控制性勘
182
 探孔深度，可按本节第 4.2.6 条第 2 款的规定执行。
4.2.12 详细勘察的室内试验和原位测试，除应满足初步勘察的要求外，对城市地下洞
室尚应根据设，j'要求进行 τ 列试验
1 采用承压板边长为 30cm 的载荷试验测求地基基床罩数 B
Z 采用面热源法或热线比较法进行热物理指标试验，计算热物理参数 2 导温系数、
导热票数和比热容，
3 当需提供动力参数时，可用压缩波波速川和剪切波波速叫计算求得，必要时，
可采用宫内动 jJ 性质试验，提供动力参数。
4.2.13 施工勘察应配合导!.或毛洞开挖进行，当发现与勘察资料有较大出入时，应提

出修改设计和施工方案的建议。
4.2.14 地下洞室围岩的稳定性评价可采用工程地质分析与理论计算相结合的方法.可
采用数值法或弹性有限元图谱法计算，
4.2.15 当涧室可能产生偏压、膨胀压力、岩爆和其他特殊情况时，应进行专门研究.
4.2.16 详细勘察阶段地下洞室岩土工程勘察报告，除按本规范第 14 章的要求执行外，

尚应包拍下列内容
1 划分围岩类别$
2 提出洞址、洞口、洞轴线位置的建议$

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3 对洞口、洞体的稳定性进行评价，

4 提出支护方案和施工方法的建议 z
5 对地面变形刷既有建筑的影响进行评价。

4.3 岸边工程

4.3.1 丰节适用于港口工程、造船和修船水 t 建筑物以及取水构筑物的岩土工程勘察。

4.3.2 岸边工程勘察应着重查明下列内容
I 地貌特证和地貌单元交界处的复杂地层 s
2 高灵敏软土、层状构造土、 1昆合士等特殊土和基本质量等级为 V 级岩体的分布
和工程特性;
3 岸边滑坡、崩塌、冲刷、淤积、潜蚀 2 沙丘等不良地质作用。
4.3.3 可行性研究勘察时，应进行工程地质测绘或踏勘调查，内容包括地层分布、构造
特点、地貌特征、岸坡形态、冲刷龄积、水位升降、岸滩变迁、淹没范围等情况和发展趋势。
必要时应布置一定数量的勘探工作，并应对岸坡的稳定性和场址的适宜性做出评价，提
出最优场址方案的建议囚
4.3.4 初步设计阶段勘察应符合下列规定:
1 工程地质测绘，应调查岸线变迁和动力地质作用对岸线变迁的影响，埋藏问、湖、
向谷的分布及其对工程的影响 s 潜蚀、抄丘等不直地质作用的成因、分布、发展趋势必其
对场地稳定性的影响，
2 勘探线宜垂直岸向布置，勘探线和拗探点的间距，应根据工程要求、地貌特征、岩
. 183 .
 土分布、不良地质作用等确定，岸坡地段和岩石与土层组合地段宣适当加密，
3 勘探扎的深度应根据工程规模、设计要求和岩土条件确定，
4 水域地段可采用浅层地震剖商或其他物探方法，

5 对场地的稳定性应做出进一步评价，并对总平面布置、结构和基础形式、施工方
法和不良地质作用的防治提出建议。
4.3. S 施工图设计阶段勘察时，勘探线和勘探点应结合地貌特征和地质条件，根据工程
总平面布置确定，复杂地基地段应于加密。勘探孔深度应根据工程规模、设计要求和岩
土条件确定，除建筑物和结构物特点与荷载外，应考虑岸坡稳定性、坡体开挖、支护结构、
桩基等的分析计算需要。
根据勘察结果，庇对地基基础的设计和施工及不良地质作用的防治提出建议。
4.3.6 原位测试除应'符合本规范第 10 章的要求外，软土中可用静力触探或静力触探与
旁压试验相结合，进行分层，测定土的模量、强度和地基承载力等;用十字极剪切试验，测
定土的不排水抗剪强度。
4.3.7 测定土的抗剪强度选用剪切试验方法时.应考虑下列因素.
1 非饱和士在施工期间和竣工以后受水浸成为饱和士的可能性;
2 土的固结状态在施工和竣工后的变化，
3 挖方卸荷或填方增荷对土性的影响。

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4.3.8 备勘察阶段勘探线和勘探点的问距、勘探孔的深度、原位测试和室内试验的数量
等的具体要求.应符合现行有关标准的规定。

4.3.9 评价岸坡和地基稳定性时，应考虑下列因素.
1 正确选用设计水位 s
2 出现较大水头差和水位骤降的可能性$

3 施工时的临时超载 5
4 较陡的挖方边坡，
5 波浪作用;
6 打桩影响，

7 不良地质作用的影响。
4.3.10 岸边工程岩土工程勘察报告除应遵守本规范第 14 章的规定外，尚应根据相肮
勘察阶段的要求，包括下列内容 τ
1 分析评价岸坡稳定性和地基稳定性 s
Z 提出地基基础与支护设汁方案的建议 1
3 提出防治不良地质作用的建议，
4 提出岸边工程监测的建议。

4.4 管道和架空线路工程

C l)营造工程

4.4.1 本节适用于长输油、气管道线路及其大型穿、跨越工程的岩土工程勘察。
. 184 .
 4.4.2 长输油、气管道工程可分选线勘察、初步勘察和详细勘察三个阶段。对岩土工程
条件简单或有工程经验的地区，口J 适当简化勘察阶段 a

4.4.3 选线勘察应通过搜集资料、测绘与调查，掌握各方案的主要岩土工程问题，对拟
选穿、跨越凋段的稳定性和适宜性做出评价，并应符合下列要求:

1 调查沿线地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性、水文地质等条件，推荐线路越岭方案 1
2 调查各方案通过地区的特殊性岩土和不良地质作用.评价其对修建管道的危害
程度;

3 调查控制线路主案词流的河床和岸坡的稳定程度，提出穿、跨越方案比选的
建议;
4 调查沿线水库的分布情况.近期和远期规划，水库水位、回水漫没和拥岸的范围
及其对线路方案的影响，
5 调查沿线矿产、文物的分布概况;
6 调查沿线地震动参数或抗震设防烈度。
4.4.4 穿越和跨越河流的位置应选择河段顺直，河床与岸坡稳定，水流平缀 .M 床断国
大致对称，河床岩土构成比较单一，两岸有足够施工场地等有利河段。宜避开下列河段 z
1 河道异常弯曲，主流不同定，经常改道;
2 阿床为粉细liI'组成，冲淤变幅大;

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3 岸坡岩土松软，不良地质作用发育，对工程稳定性有直接影响或潜在威胁，
4 断层河谷或发震断裂。
4.4.5 初步勘察应包括下列的容

l 划分沿线的地貌单元;
Z 初步查明管道埋设深度内岩土的成囚、类型、厚度和工程特性;
3 调查对管道有影响的断裂的性质和分布;

4 调查沿线各种不直地质作用的分布、性质、发展趋势放其对管道的影响 3
5 调查沿线井、泉的分布和地下水位情况 a
6 调查沿线矿藏分布及开采和采空情况 3
7 初步查明拟穿、跨越河流的洪水淹没范围，评价岸坡稳定性。
4.4.6 初步勘察应以搜集资料和调查为主。管道通过河流、冲沟等地段宜进行物探。
地质条件复杂的大中型河流，应进行钻探.每个穿、跨越占案宜布置勘探点 1~3 个:勘
探孔深度应按本节第 4.4.8 条的规定执行。
4.4.7 详细勘察应查明沿线的岩土工程条件和在、土对金属管道的腐蚀性，提出工程设
计所需要的岩土特 tl 参数目穿、跨越地段的勘察应符合下列规定.

1 穿越地段应查明地层结构、士的颗粒组成和特性:查明河床冲刷和稳定程度川平
价岸坡稳定性，提出护坡建议;
Z 跨越地段的勘探工作应按本节第 4.4.15 条和第 4.4.16 条的规定执行。
4.4.8 详细勘察勘探点的布置，应满足下列要求
1 对管道线路工程.勘探在间 N~ 视地质提件复杂程度而定，且为 200~1000m. 包括
• 185 •
 地质点及原位测试点，井应根据地形、地质条件复杂程度适当增减;勘探孔深度宜为管
道埋设深度以下 1-3m ，
2 对管道穿越工程，勘探点应布置在穿越管道的中线上，偏离中线不应大于 3m. 渤
探点间距宜为 30--._.lOOm ，并不应少于 3 个 z 当采用沟埋敷设方式穿越时，勘探孔深度宜
钻至河床最大冲刷深度以下 3-5m ，当采用顶管或定向钻方式穿越时，勘探孔探度应根
据设计要求确定。
4.4.9 抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度地区的管道工程，勘察工作应满足本规范第 5.7
节的要求，
4.4.10 岩土工程勘察报告应包括 τ 列内容.
1 选线勘察阶段，应简要说明线路各方案的岩土工程条件，提出各方案的比选推
荐建议 s
Z 初步勘察阶段，应论述各方案的岩土工程条件，并推荐最优线路方案;对穿、跨越
工程尚应评价河床及岸坡的稳定性，提出穿、跨越方案的建议:
3 详细勘察阶段，应分段评价岩土工程条件，提出岩士工程设计参数和设计、施工
方案的建议，对穿越工程尚应论述河床和岸坡的稳定性哩提出护岸措施的建议。

( II )架空盘路工程
4.4.11 本节适用于大型架空线路工程，包括 220kV 及其以上的高压架空送电线路、大

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型架空索道等的岩士工程勘察。
4.4.12 大型架空线路工程可分初步设计勘察和施工图设计勘察两阶段;小型架空线路
可合并勘察阶段。
4.4.13 初步设计勘察应符合下列要求 ι
1 调查沿线地形地貌、地质树造、地层岩性和特殊性岩士的分布、地下水及不良地
质作用，并分段进行分析评价 3
2 调查沿线矿藏分布、开发计划与开来情况，线路宜避开可采矿层 a 对已开来区，应
对采空区的稳定性进行评价;
3 对大跨越地段，应查明工程地质条件，进行岩土工程评价，推荐最优跨越方案。
4.4.14 初步设计勘察应以搜集和利用航测资料为主，大跨越地段成做详细的调查或
工程地质测绘，必要时，辅以少量的助探、测试 E作。
4.4.15 施工图设计勘察应符合下列要求
1 平原地区应查明塔基土层的分布、埋藏条件、物理力学性质，水文地质条件及环
填水对混凝土和金属材料的腐蚀性;
Z 丘陵和山区除盒明本条第 1 款的内容外唱尚应查明塔基近处的各种不良地质作
用，提出防治措施建议 s
3 大跨越地段尚应查明跨越河段的地形地貌，塔基范围内地层岩性、风化破碎程
度、软弱夹层及其物理力学性质;查明对塔基有影响的不良地质作用、并提出防治措施
建议，
4 对特殊设计的塔基和大跨越塔基，当抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度时，勘察工作
186 •
 应满足本规范第 5.7 节的要求。
4.4.16 施工图设计勘察阶段，对架空线路工程的转角塔、耐张培、终端塔、大跨越塔等
重要塔基和地质条件复杂地段，应逐个进行塔基勘探。直线塔基地段宜每 3~4 个塔基
布置一个勘探点:深度应根据杆塔受力性质和地质条件确定。
4.4.17 架空线路岩士工程勘察报告应包括下列内容
1 初步设计勘察阶段，应论述沿线岩土工程条件和跨越主要河流地段的岸披稳定
性.选择最优线路方案 3
2 施 i 图设计勘察阶段，应提出塔位明细表，论述塔位的岩土条件和稳定性.并提
出设计参数和幕础方案以及工程措施等建议.

4.5 废弃物处理工程

(1)一般规定

4.5.1 本节适用于工业废渣堆场、垃圾填埋场等罔体废弃物处理 L程的岩土工程勘察盼

核废料处理场地的勘察尚应满足有关规范的要求。
4.5.2 废弃物处理 L 程的岩土工程勘察.应着重查明下列内容.
I 地形地貌特征和气象水丈条件;
地质构造、岩土分布和不良地质作用 1

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2
3 岩土的物理力宇性质;
4 水文地质条件、岩土和废弃物的渗透性 3
5 场地、地基和边坡的稳定性，
6 f5 染物的运移，对水源和岩土的污染，对环境的影响;
7 筑坝材料和防渗覆盖用粘土的调查;
8 全新活动断裂、场地地基和堆积体的地~效应。
4.5.3 废弃物处理工程勘察的范围，应包括堆填场(库区人初期坝、相关的管线、隧洞等
构筑物和建筑物，以及邻近相关地段，并应进行地方建筑材料的勘察。
4.5.4 废弃物处理工程的勘察应配合 t 程建设分阶段进行。可分为可行性研究勘察、
初$'勘察和详细拗察.井应符合有关标准的规寇。
可行性研究勘察应主直采用踏勘调查，必要时辅以少量勘探工作 .M 拟Q!;场地的稳
定性和适宜性做出评价。
初步勘察成以工程地质测绘为主，辅以勘探、原位测试、室内试验，对拟建工程的总
平面布置、场地的稳定性、废弃物对环境的影响等进行初步评价，并提出建议。
详细|勘察应采用勘探、原位测试和室内试验等予段进行，地质条件复杂地段应进行
工程地质测绘，获取上程设讨所帘的参数，提出设计施工和监测工作的建议，并对不稳
定地段和环境影响进行评价，提出治理建议。
4.5.5 废弃物处理工程勘察前，应搜集下列技术资料 z
1 废弃物的成分、粒度、物理和化学性质，废弃物的日处理苗、输送和排放方式$
2 堆场或填埋场的且容量、有效容量和使用年限$
. 187
 3 山谷型堆填场的流域面积、降水量、径流量、多年←遇洪峰流量，
4 初期坝的坝长和坝顶标高，加高坝的最终坝顶标高，
5 活动断裂和抗震设防烈度;

6 邻近的水源地保护带、水源开采情况和环境保护要求。
4.5.6 废弃物处理工程的工程地质测绘应包括场地的全部范围及其邻近有关地段，其
比例尺，初步勘察直为 l' 2000-1 , 50日 O. 详细勘察的复杂地段不应小于 l' 1000 ，除应
按本规范第 8 章的要求执行外，尚应着重归查下列内容.
1 地貌形态、地形条件和居民区的分布;
2 洪水、滑坡、泥石流、岩熔、断裂等与场地稳定性有关的不良地质作用，
3 有价值的自然景观、文物和矿产的分布，矿产的开采和采空情况:
4 与渗漏有关的水文地质问题;
5 生态环境。

4.5.7 废弃物处理工程应按本规 'ffi 第 7 章的要求，进行专门的水文地质勘察。

4.5.8 在可溶岩分布区，应着重查明岩溶发育条件，溶洞、土洞、塌陷的分布，岩海水的
通道相流向，岩溶造成地下水和渗出液的渗漏，岩溶对工程稳定性的影响。
4.5.9 初期坝的筑坝材料勘察及防掺和覆盖用粘士材料的勘察，应包括材料的产地、储
量、性能指标、开采和运输条件。可行性勘察时应确定产地，初步勘察时应基本完成。

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( II )工业废渣堆场

4.5.10 工业废渣堆场详细勘察时，勘探工作应符合下列规定 z
1 勘探线宜平行于堆填场、坝、隧洞、管线等掏筑物的轴线布置，勘探点间距应根据
地质条件复杂程度确定 z
2 对初期坝，勘探孔的深度应能满足分析稳定、变形和渗漏的要求;

3 与稳定、渗漏有关的关键性地段，应加密加深勘探孔或专门布置勘探工作;
4 可采用有效的物探方法辅助钻探和井探 s
5 隧洞勘察应符合本规范第 4.2 节的规定。
4.5.11 废渣材料加高坝的勘察，应采用勘探、原位测试和室内试验的方法进行，并应着
重查明下列内容，
1 已有堆积体的成分、颗粒组成、密实程度、堆积规律$
2 雄事材料的工程特性和化学性质 s
3 堆积体内浸润线位置及其变化规律;
4 已运行坝体的稳定性，继续堆积至设计高度的适宜性和稳定性;
5 废渣堆积坝在地震作用下的稳定性和废渣材料的地震液化可能性 3
6 加高坝运行可能产生的环境影响。
4.5.12 胶捷材料加高明的勘察，可按堆积规模垂直坝轴线布设不少于三条勘探钱，勘
探点问距在堆场内可适当增大 i 一般勘探孔深度应进入自然地面以下一定深度，控制性
勘探孔深度应能查明可能存在的软弱层。
4.5.13 工业废渣堆场的岩土工程评价应包括下列内容:
188 •
 1 洪水‘滑坡、泥石流、岩溶、断裂等不良地质作用对 t 程的影响，
Z 坝基、坝肩刷库岸的稳定性，地震对稳定性的影响;
3 坝址和库区的渗漏及建库对环境的影响 i
4 对地方建筑材料的质量、储量、开来和运输条件，进行技术经济分析。
4.5.14 工业废渣堆场的勘察报告，除应符合丰规范第 11 章的规定外，尚应满足下列
要求?
1 按本节第， .5. 13 ;量的要求，进行岩 t 工程分析评价，并提出防治措施的建议 z
2 对废渣加高坝的勘察，应分析评价现状和达到最终高度时的稳定性，提出堆积
方式和庇采取措施的建议，
3 提出边坡稳定、地下水位、库区渗漏等方面监测工作的建议 e
(皿)垃辄填埋场

4.5.15 垃圾填埋场勘察前搜集资料时，除应遵守丰节第 4. 5. 5 条的规定外，尚应包括

F 列内容
1 垃圾的种类、成分和主要特性以及填埋的卫生要求$
2 填埋方式和填埋程序以及防渗衬层肩l 封盖层的结构，渗出被集排系统的布置，

3 防渗衬层、封盖层和渗出液集排系统对地基和废弃物的容许变形要求，

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4 截污坝、污水池、排7]< fj 、输被输气管道和其他相关构筑物情况.

4.5.16 垃圾填埋扬的勘探测试，除 J1J. 遵守本节第'1. 5, 10 条的规定外，尚应符合下列

要求

1 需进行变形分析的地段 i 其勘探深度应满足变形分析的要求，
2 岩土和似土废弃物的测试.可按丰规范第 1() 章和第 11 革的规定执行.非士废弃
物的测试.应根据其种挠和特性采用告适的方砖，并可根据现场监测资料.用反分析方
法获取设计参数，
3 测定垃圾渗出液的化学成分.必要时进行专门试验，研究污染物的运移规律。
4.5.17 垃圾填埋场勘察的岩 t 工程评价除应按本节第 4.5.13 条的规定执行外，尚宜
包括 τ 列内容
1 工程场地的整体稳定性以及废弃物堆积体的变形和稳也性?
Z 地基和废弃物变形，导致防渗衬层 .H 茸层及其他设施'k效的 "I 能性 3
3 坝基、坝肩、库区和其他有关部位的惨漏，
4 预测水位变化及具影响;

5 污染物的~移及其对水源、农业、岩土相生态环境的影响。

4.5.18 垃圾填埋场的岩士工程勘察报告，除应利合本规范第 14 章的规定外，尚 Jii. 符合

下列规定 z
1 按本节第 4. 5. 17 条的要求进行右士工程分析评价 2
2 提出保证稳定、减少变形、防止渗捕和保护环境措施的建议;
3 提出筑坝材料、防潘和纽盖用帖士等地方材料的产地及相关事项的建议:
4 提山有关稳定、变形、水位、读漏、水上和在要出液化学性质监视j 工作的建议。
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 4.6 核电厂

4.6.1 本节适用于各种核反应堆型的陆地固定式商用核电厂的岩土工程勘察.核电厂

勘察除按本节执行外.尚应符合有关核安全法规、导则和有关国家标准、行业标准的
规定。
4.6.2 核电厂岩土工程勘察的安全分类，可分为与核安全有关建筑和常规建筑两类。
4.6.3 核电厂岩士工程勘察 jjj 划分为初步可行性研究、可行性研究、初步设计、施工图
设计和工程建造等五个勘察阶段。

4.6.4 初步可行性研究勘察也以搜集资料为主，对各拟选厂拙的区域地质、厂 tl 工程地

质和水立地质、地震功参数区划、历史地震泣历史地震的影响烈度以及近期地震活动等
方面资料加以研究分析，对厂址的场地稳定性、地基条件、环境班主地质和环境地质做
出初步评价，提出建厂的适宜性意见。
4.6.5 初步可行性研究勘察 .r 址工程地质测绘的比例尺应选用 1 • 10000-
1• 25000 ，也围应包括厂址及其周边地区.面积不宜小于此 m? 0

4.6.6 初步可行性研究勘察，应通过必要的勘探和测试，提出 J 址的主要工程地震分

层，提供岩土初步的物理力学性质指标，了解预选核岛区附近的岩土分布特征，并应符

合下列要求-

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1 每个rJJI:勘探孔不宜少于两个，深皮应为预计设计地坪标高以下 30-60m ，
2 应全断面连续取芯，回次岩芯采取卒对一般岩石应大于 85%. 对破碎岩石院大
于 70%;
3 每一主要岩土层应采取 3 组以上试样，勘探孔内间隔 2---3m 应作标准贯入试验
次，直至连续的中等风化以 J 岩体为止，当钻进至岩石全风化层时，应增加标准贯人
试验频次，试验间隔不成大于 0 ， 5m;

4 岩石试验项目应包括密度、弹性模 fit 、泊松比、抗压强度、软化革数、抗剪强度和

压缩波速度等，土的试验项目应包括颗粒分析、天然吉水量、密度、比重、塑限、液限、压缩

系数、压缩模量和抗剪强 fl!'等。
4.6.7 初步可行性研究勘察对岩土工程条件复杂的 f 址，可选用物探辅助勘察，了解

橙盖层的组成、厚度和基岩丽的埋藏特征，了解隐伏岩体的梅造特征，了解是否存在洞
穴和隐伏的软弱带.

在河海岸坡和山丘边破地区，应对岸坡和边坡的稳足性进行调查，并做出初步分析
评价。

4.6.8 评价厂址适宜性应考虑下列网萃
I 有元能动断层，是否对厂址稳定性构成影响 3
2 是否存在影响厂址稳定的全新世火山活动，
3 是否处于地震设防烈度大 f8 度的地区，是否存在与地震有关的潜在地质灾富，
4 厂址区及其附近奇元 ùJ 开采矿藏.有无影响地基稳定的人类 I力史活动、地下工
程、采空区、涧穴等，
. ]90 .
 5 是否存在可造成地而塌陷、沉阵、隆起和开裂等 j]<. 久变形的地下洞穴、特殊地质
体、不稳定边坡和岸坡、泥石流及其他不良地质作用，
6 有元可供核岛布置的场地和地基，并具有足够的承载力 5
7 是否危及供水7](惊或对环境地质构成严重影响 g
4.6.9 可行性研究勘察内容应符合下列规运
1 查明广址地区的地形地貌、地质构造、断裂的展布及其特征 s
2 查明 n址范围内地层成因、时代、分布和各岩层的风化特征.提供初步的动静物
理力学参数川J 地基类型、地基处理方案进行论证，提出建议;
3 查明危害厂址的不良地质作用及其对场地稳定性的影响，对河岸、海岸边坡稳
定性做出初步评价，并提出初步的治理方案，
4 判断抗震设 H 场地类别，划分对建筑物有利、不利和危险地段，判断地震液化的
可能惜，

5 查明水文地质基*条件和环境水立地质的基本特征。
4.6.10 可行性研究勘察应进行工程地质测绘，测绘范围应包招厂址及其周边地区.测
绘地形图比例尺为 l' 1000-1 '2000 ，测绘要求按本规范第且由和其他有关规定执行.
本阶段厂址区的岩士工程勘察 1亩以钻探和工程物探相结合的方式，查明基岩和覆
盖层的组成、厚度和土程特性 5 基岩埋深、风化特征、风化层厚度等，并应查明工程区存在

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的隐伏软弱带、洞穴和重要的地质构造， X~ Jj(域应结合水工建筑物布置方案，查明海(湖)
积地层分布、特征和基岩面起伏状况。

4.6.11 可行性研究阶段的勘探和测试成符合下列规定 I
1 厂区的勘探应结合地形、地质条件采用网格状布置，勘探点间距宜为 150m ，控
制性勘探点应结合建筑物和地质条件布置，数量不宜少于勘探 Æí.单数的 \/3 ， 沿核岛和
常规岛中轴线应布置勘探线，勘探点问距宜适当加密，并应满足主体工程布置要求，保
证每个核岛和常规岛不少于 1 个，
Z 勘探孔探度，对基岩场地宜进入基础l 底面以下基本质量等级为 I 级、 H 级的岩
体不少于 10m; 对第四纪地层场地宜达到设计地坪标高以下 40m ，或进入 I 级、日级岩体
不少于 3m; 核岛区控制性勘探孔深度，宜达到基础 j民亩以下 2 倍反应堆厂房直径:常规
岛隘控制性勘探孔深度，不宜小于地基变形计算深度，或进入基础底国以卡 I 级、fI级、
四级岩体 3m , Ji'I水工建筑物应结合水下地形布置，并考虑河岸、海岸的类型和最大冲刷
深度;
3 岩石钻孔应全断面取 J 匹，每回次岩;匹采取率对一般岩石应大于 85% ，对破碎岩

石应大于 70% ，并统计 RQD 、节理条数和倾角 s 每一主要岩层应采取 3 组以上的岩样，

4 根据岩土条件，选用适当的原位测试方法，测定岩土的特性指标，并可用声波测
试 h 法，评价岩体的完整程度和划分风化等级 g
5 在核岛位置，宜选 \-2 个勘探孔，采用单孔法或跨孔法.测定岩土的压缩汲速和
剪切波速，计算岩土的动力参数 1
6 岩士室内试验项目除庇符告本节第 4. 6 白条的要求外，增加每个岩体(层)代表
. 191 •
 试样的动弹性模量、动泊松比和动阻尼比等动态参数测试。
4.6.12 可行性研究阶段的地下水调查和评价应符合下列规定=
1 结合区域水文地质条件，查明厂区地下水类型，吉水层特征，吉水层数量、现探、
动态变化规律及其与周围水体的水力联系和地下水化学成分 s
2 结合工程地质钻探对主要地层分别进行注水、抽水或压水试验，测求地层的渗
透系数和单位吸水卒，初步评价岩体的完整性和水文地质条件:
3 必要时，布置适当的长期观测孔，定期观测和记录水位，每季度定时取本样一次
作水质分析，观测周期不应少于 个水立年。
4.6.13 可行性研究阶段应根据岩土工程条件和工程需要，进行边坡勘察、土石方工程
和建筑材料的调查和勘察 e 具体要求按本规范第 4.7 节和有关标准执行.
4.6.14 初步设计勘察庇分核岛.常规岛、附属建筑和水工建筑四个地段进行，并应符合
下列要求，

1 查明各建筑地段的岩土成因、类别、物理性质和力学参数，并提出地基处理方案;
2 进一步查明勘察区内断层分布、性质及其对场地稳定性的影响，提出治理方案
的建议;
3 对工程建设有影响的边坡进行勘察，并进行稳定性分析和评价，提出边坡设计
参数和治理方案的建议;

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4 查明建筑地段的水文地质条件 g

5 查明对建筑物有影响的本良地质作用噜并提出治理方案的建议。
4.6.15 初步设计核岛地段勘察院满足设计和施工的需要，勘探孔的布置、数量和深度

应符合下列规定。
1 应布置在反应堆厂房周边和中部，当场地岩土工程条件较复杂时，可沿十字交
叉线加密或扩大范围.勘探点间距宜为1O ~30m;
Z 勘探点数量应能控制核岛地段地层岩性分布，并能满足原位测试的要求。每个
核岛勘探点总数不应少于 10 个，其中反应堆厂房不应少于 5 个，控制性勘探点不应少于
勘探点总数的 1/2;
3 控制性勘探孔深度宜达到基础底面以节 2 倍反应堆厂房直径， 般性勘探孔深
度宜进入基础底面以下 1 • TI 级岩体不少于 10m 。波速测试孔深度不JÎ'1l.小于控制性勘探
孔深度。
4.6.16 初步设计常规岛地段勘察，除 j丰符合本规范第 4. 1 节的规定外，尚应符合下列
要求.

1 勘探点应措建筑物轮廓线、轴线或主要桂列线布置，每个常规岛勘探点总数不
应少于 10 个，其中控制悻勘探点不宜少于勘探点且数的 1/4 ;
2 控制性勘探孔深度对岩质地基应进入基础底面下 I 级、 E 级岩体不少于 3m. 对
土质地基应钻至压缩层以下1O ~20m; 一般性勘探孔深度，岩质地基应进入中等风化层
3--5m ，土质地基应达到压缩层底部。
4.6.17 初步设计阶段水工建筑的勘察应符合下列规定
. 192 .
 1 泵房地段钻探工作应结合地层岩性特点和基础埋琶深度.每个泵房勘报点数量
不应少于 2 个，一般性勘探孔应达到基础底面以下 ]'-2m. 控制性勘探子L 应进入中等风
化岩-ú-1. 5~3.0m; 土质地基中控制性勘探孔深度应边到压缩层以下;;-- 10m;
2 位于土质场地的进水管线，勘探点间距末宜大于 30m. 般性勘探孔深度应达到
管线底标高以下 501. 控制性勘探孔应进入中等风化岩石1. 5.--...3. ûmj
3 与核安全有关的海堤、防波堤，钻探工作应钊到底地段所处的特殊地质环境布
置，查明岩土物理力学性质和不良地质作用，勘探点Ïl:泊堤轴线布置， 般性勘探孔深
度应达到堤底设计标高以下 10m ，指制性勘探孔应穿透 Hi 缩层或进入中等风化岩石1. 5
.........3. Om~

4.6.18 初步设 tl 阶段勘察的测试，除应满足本规范第 4. 1 节、第 10 章和第 II 章的要

求外，尚应符合 flílJ 规定
1 根据岩土性质和工程需要，选痒合适的原位测试方法，包括波速测试、动力触探
试验、抽水试验、浊水试验、压水试验和岩体静载荷试验等 S 并对核反庇培厂房地基进行
跨孔法波速测试和钻孔弹模测试，测求核反应堆厂房地基波速和岩局的应力应变特性;
2 室内试验除 i丘行常规试验外，尚应测定岩士的动静弹性模量、动静泊松比、动阻
尼 tG 、动静剪切模址、动抗剪强度、设速等指标 3
4.6.19 施工圈设计阶段应完成附属建筑的勘察和l 主要水工建筑以外其他水工建筑的

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勘察，并根据需要进行核岛、常规岛和主要水工建筑的补克勘察。勘察内容和要求可按

初步设计阶段有关规定执行，每个与核安全有关的附属建筑物不应少 T 个控制性勘
探孔。
4.6.20 工程建造阶段勘察主要是现场检验和监测，其内容和要求按本规范第 13 章和
有关规定执行国

4.6.21 核电厂的液化判别应按现行国家标准 4 核吧厂抗震设下|规也)) (GB 5026 7)

执行.

4.7 边坡工程

4.7.1 边坡工程勘察应杏明卡列内容

1 地貌形态，可存在滑坡、 flt 岩和崩塌、泥石流等不良地质作用时，成符合本规范第

5 章的要求$
2 岩土的类!~~、成因、工程特性，覆盖层厚度，基省面的形态和城度 z
3 岩体主要结构面的类型、产状、延展情况阳l 合程度、充填状况充点状况力学属

性和组合关系.主要结构而吁 l脑空[阳关系，是否存在外倾结构面;
4 地下水的类型、水位，*压 .7J(jlJ:、补给和动态变化，古土的透;j(相和地下水的州
露情况.
5 地区气象条件(特别是雨期、暴雨强度) .百水面积坡面植被，地表在对坡血i 岐
脚的冲刷情况:
6 岩土的物理力学性质和软弱结构丽的抗剪强度。
• 193 .
 4.7.2 大型边坡勘察宜分阶段进行，各阶段应符合下列要求:
l 初步勘察应搜集地质资料，进行工程地质测绘和少量的勘探和室内试验，初步
评价边坡的稳定性 a
Z 详细勘察应对可能失稳的边坡及相邻地段进行工程地质测绘、勘探、试验、观测
和分析计算，做出稳定性评价，对人工边坡提山最优开挖坡角 5 对可能失辑、的边坡提出
防护处理措施的建议 3
3 施工勘察应配合施工开挖进行地质编录，核对、补充前阶段的勘察资料，必要时，
进行施工安全预报，提出修改设计的建议。
4.7.3 边坡工程地质测绘除应符合本规范第 8 章的要求外，尚应着重查明天然边坡的
形态和坡角，软弱结构面的产状和性质。测绘范围应包括可能对边坡稳定有影响的

地段。

4.7.4 勘探线应垂直边坡走向布置，勘探点间距应根据地质条件确定。当遇有软弱夹
层或不利结构西时，应适当加密。勘探孔深度应穿过潜在滑动面并深入稳定层 2~5m 。
除常规钻探外，可根据需要，采用探洞、探槽、探井和斜孔 a
4.7.5 主要岩土层和软弱层应采取试样。每层的试样对土层不应少于 6 件，对岩层不
应少于 9 件，软弱层宜连续取样 e

4.7.6 三轴剪切试验的最高围压和直剪试脆的最大法向压力的选择，应与试样在坡体

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中的实际受力情况相近。对控制边坡稳定的软弱结构面，宜进行原位剪切试验。对大型
边坡，必要时可进行岩体应力测试、波速测试、动力测试、孔隙水压力测试和模型试验。
抗剪强度指标，应根据实测结果结合当地经验确定，并宜采用反分析方法验证。对
永久性边坡，尚应考虑强度可能随时间降低的效应。
4.7.7 边坡的稳定性评价，应在确定边坡破坏模式的基础上进行，可采用工程地质类比
法、图解分析法、极限平衡法、自限单元法进行综合评价。各区段条件不一致时，应分区
段分析 e
边坡稳定系数 F，的取值，对新设计的边坡、重要工程宜取1. 30~ 1. 50 ，一般工程宜
取1. 15~1. 30 ，次要工程宜取1. 05~ 1. 15. 采用峰值强度时取大值，采取残余强度时取
小值。验算己有边坡稳定时， .F，取1. 10~ 1. 25.
4.7.8 大型边坡应进行监测，监测内容根据具体情况可包括边坡变形、地下水动态和易
风化岩体的风化速度等。
4.7.9 边坡岩土工程勘察报告除应符合丰规范第 14 章的规定外，尚应论述下列内容·
1 且坡的工程地质条件和岩士工程计算参数;
2 分析边坡和建在坡顶、坡上建筑物的稳定性.对坡下建筑物的影响，
3 提出最优坡形和披角的建议 1
4 提出不稳定边坡整治措施和监测方案的建议。

4.8 摹坑工程

4.8.1 丰节主要适用于土质基坑的勘察。对岩质摹坑，应根据场地的地质掏适、岩体特
• 194
 征、风化情况、基坑开挖深度等.按~地标准或当地经验进行勘察。
4.8.2 吉普进行基坑设计的工程，勘察时应包括基坑工程勘察的内容。在初步勘察阶段，
应根据岩土工程条件，初步判定开挖可能发生的问题和需要采取的支护措施 6 在详细勘
察阶段，应针对基坑工程设计的要求进行勘察;在施工阶段，必要时尚应进行补充勘察-
4.8.3 基坑工程勘察的范围和深度应根据场地条件和设计要求确定。勘察深度宜为开
挖深度的 2-3 倍，在此深度内遇到坚硬柑性土、碎石土和岩层，可根据岩土类别和支护
设计要求减少深度。勘察的平面Iß圈宜超出开挖边界外开挖深度的 2-3 倍。在深厚软
土氏，勘察深度和范围尚应运当扩大。在开挖边界外，勘察手段以调查研究、搜集已有资
料为主，复杂场地和斜坡场地应布置适量的勘探点回
4.8.4 在受基坑开挖影响和可能设置支护结构的范围内，应查明岩土分布，分层提供支
护设计所需的抗剪强度指标。土的抗剪强度试验方法，应与基坑工程设}j要求一致，符
合设计采用的标准，并成在勘察报告中说明。
4.8.5 当场地水文地质条件复杂，在基坑开挖过程中需要对地下水进行控制(降水或隔
潘) ，且已有资料不能满足要求时，应进行专门的水文地质勘察。
4.8.6 当基坑开挖可能产生流砂、流土、管涌等惨透性破坏时，应有针对性地进行勘察，
分析评价其产生的可能性及对工程的影响 q 当基坑开拉过程中有主要流时.地 f 7.l<的惨
流作用宜通过渗流计算确定。

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4.8.7 基坑工程勘察.应进行环境状况的调查，查明邻近建筑物和地下设施的现状、结
梅特点以及对开挖变形的原受能力。在城市地下管网密集分布区.可通过地理信息系
统或其他档案资料 r 解管线的类别、平面位置、理深和规模，必要时应采用有效方法进
行地下管线探测。
4.8.8 在特殊性岩土分布区进行基坑工程勘察时，可根据本规范第 6 章的规定进行勘
察，对软土的蠕变和长期强度，软岩和极软岩的失水崩解，膨胀土的膨胀性和裂隙性以
及非饱和土增理软化等对稳坑的影响进行分析评价。
4.8.9 基坑工程勘察，应根据开挖深度、岩土和地下水条件以及环境要求，对基坑边坡
的处理方式提出建议。
4.8.10 基坑工程勘察应针对以下内容进行分析，提供高关计算参数和建议:
1 边坡的局部稳定性、整体稳定性和坑底抗隆起稳定性;
2 坑底和侧壁的渗透稳定性 z
3 1"1 土结的和边坡可能发生的变形;
4 降水效果和降水对环境的影响 s
5 开挖和降在对邻近建筑物和地 F 设施的影响.
4.8.11 岩士工程勘察报告中与基坑工程有关的部分应包括下列内容$
1 与基坑开挖有关的场地条件、土质条件和工程条件;
2 提出处理方式、计算参数和支护结构选型的建议;
3 提出地下水控制方法、计算参数和施工控制的建议，
4 提出施工方法和施工中叮能遇到的问题的防治措施的建议:
• ]95 •
 5 对施工阶段的环境保护和监测工作的建议。

4.9 桩基础

4.9.1 桩基岩土工程勘察应包括下列内容:
1 查明场地各层岩土的类型、深度、分布、工程特性和变化规律:
Z 当采用基岩伟为桩的持力层肘，应查明基岩的岩性、构造、岩面变化、风化程度，
确定其坚硬程度、完整程度和基本质量等级，判定有无 jFaj六、临壁丽、被碎岩体或软弱
岩层;
3 查明水文地质条件，评价地下水对推基设计和施工的影响，判定水质对建筑材
料的腐蚀性，
4 查明不良地质作用，可波化土层和特殊性岩土的分布及其对桩基的危害程度，
并提出防治措施的建议;
5 评价成桩可能性，论证桩的施工条件及其对环境的影响。
4.9.2 土质地基勘探点间距应符合下列规定:
1 对端承桩宜为 12---24m. 相邻勘探孔揭露的持力层层面高差宜控制为 1.-....2m;
Z 对摩擦桩宜为 20 ，-.... 35mj 当地层条件复杂，影响成桩或设计有特殊要求时，勘探
点应适当加密;

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3 复杂地基的一柱一桩工程，宜每柱设置勘探点。
4.9.3 桩基岩土工程勘察宜采用钻探和触探以 J是其他原位测试相结合的方式进行，对
软士、帖性土、粉土和砂土的测试手段，宜采用静力触探和标准贯人试验 3 对碎石士宜采
用重型或超重型圆锥动力触探.
4.9.4 勘探孔的深度应符合下列规定
1 般性勘探孔的深度应达到预计桩长以下 3-5d(d 为桩径) .且不得小子 3m;
对大直径桩，不得小于 5m ，
2 控制性勘探孔深度应满足节卧层验算要求 s 对需验算沉降的桩基，应超过地基
变形计算 i深度;
3 钻至预计深度遇软弱层时，应于加深;在预计勘探孔深度内遇稳定坚实岩土时，
可适当减小，
4 对嵌岩桩，应钻入预i↑嵌岩面以 τ 3----5d ， 并穿过溶泪、破碎带，到达稳定地层-
5 对可能有多种桩长方案时，应根据最长桩方案确定。
4.9.5 岩土室内试验应满足下列要求
1 当需估算桩的侧阻力、端阻力和验算下卧层强度时，宜进行兰轴剪切试验或元
侧限抗压强度试验;三轴剪切试验的受力条件应模拟工程的实际情况;
2 对需估算沉降的桩基工程，应进行压缩试验，试验最大压力应大于上覆自重压
力与附加压力之和;
3 当桩端持力层为基岩时，应采取岩样进行饱和单轴抗压强度试验，必要时尚应
进行软化试验，对软岩和极软岩.可进行天然温度的单夺目l 抗压强度试验。对元法取样的
1. 96
 破碎和极破碎的岩石，宜进行原位测试。
4.9.6 单桩竖 It] 和水平承载力，应根据工程等级、岩土性质和原位测试成果并结合当地
经验确定。对地基基础设 ìl 等级为甲级的建筑物和缺乏经验的地区，应建议做静载荷
试验。试验数量不宜少于工程桩数的 1% ，且每个场地不少于 3 个。对承受较大水平荷
载的桩，应建议进行桩的水平载荷试验，对承受上拔力的桩-应建议进行抗拔试验。勘察
报告应提出估算的有关岩土的基桩伺l 阻力和端阻力，必要时提出估算的竖向和水平承
载力和抗拔承载力。
4.9.7 对需要进行沉降讨算的桩基工程，应提供计算所需的各层岩土的变形参数，并宜
根据任务要求，进行沉降估算付
4.9.8 桩基工程的岩土工程勘察报告除应符合本规范第 11 章的要求，并按第 4.9.6
条、第 r+. 9. 7 条提供承载力和变形参数外，尚店包括下列内容 g
1 提供可选的桩基类型和桩端持力层;提出桩长、桂径方案的建议:
Z 当有软弱 F 卧层时，验算软弱下卧层强度$
3 对欠团结土和有大而积堆载的士程，应分析桩侧产生负摩阻力的可能性及其对

桩基承载力的影响，并提供负摩阻力系数和减少负摩阻力措施的建议 s
4 分析成桩的可能性，成桩和挤士效应的影响，并提出保护措施的建议;
5 持力层为倾斜地层，基岩面凹凸不平或岩土中有洞穴时，应评价桩的稳定性，并

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提出处理措施的建议。

4.10 地基处理

4.10.1 地基处理的岩土工程勘察应满足下列要求 z
1 针对可能采用的地基处理方案，提供地基处理设计和施工所需的岩土特性参数 5
2 预测所选地基处理方法对环搅和邻近建筑物的影响;
3 提出跑基处理方案的建议;
4 当场地条件复杂且缺乏成功经验时，应在施工现场对拟选方案进行试验或对比
试验，检验方案的设计参数和处理效果;
5 在地基处理施工期间，应进行施工质量和施工对周围环境和邻近工程设施影响
的监测。
4. ]0. 2 换填垫层法的岩土工程勘察宜包括 F 列内容 g
1 查明待换填的不良土层的分布范围和埋深:
2 测定换填材料的最优含水量、最大干密度;
3 评定垫层以下软弱下卧层的承载力和抗滑稳定性，估算建筑物的沉降$
4 评定换填材料对地下水的吓境影响;
5 对换填施工过程庇在意的事项提出建议;
6 对换填垫层的质量进行检验成现场试验回
4.10.3 预压法的岩土工程勘察宜包括下列内容，
1 查明土的成层条件，在平和垂直方问的分布，排水层和夹砂层的埋深和厚度，地
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 f ;j(的补给和排泄条件等 z

Z 提供待处理软土的先期固结压力、压缩性参数、团结特性参数和抗剪强度指标、
软土在预压过程中强度的增长规律 z
3 预估预庄街载的分级和大小、加荷速率、预压时间、强度的可能增长和可能的沉降 3
4 对重要工程，建议选择代表性试验区进行预压试验;罪用室内试验、原位测试、变
形和孔庄的现场监测等手段，推算软土的固结系数、团结度与时间的关系和最终沉降
量，为预压处理的设计施工提供可靠依据:
5 检验预压处理放果.必要时进行现场载荷试验。
4.10.4 强劳法的岩土工程勘察宜包括下列内容.
1 查明强穷影响深度范围内土层的组成、分布、强度、压缩性、透水性和地下水
条件，
2 查明施工场地和周围受影响范围内的地于管线和构筑物的位置、标高，查明有
元对振动敏感的设施，是否需在强王子施工期阐进行监测，
3 根据强穷设叶，选择代表性试验区进行试穷，采用室内试验、原位测试、现场监测
等手段，查明强弈有效力日回深度，劳击能量、劳击遍数与穷沉量的关系，芳坑周围地丽的

振动和l 地面隆起，土中孔隙水压力的增民和消散规律。
4.10.5 植土复奇地基的岩土工程勘壤宽包括下列内容=

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1 查明暗塘、暗泯、暗沟、洞穴等的分布和理深:
2 查明士的组成、分布和物理力学性质，软弱士的厚度和理深， 1:11 作为桩基持力层
的相对硬层的埋深 a
3 预估成桩施工可能性(有无地 F 障碍、地下洞穴、地下管线、电缆等〉相成桩 I 艺
对周围土体、邻近建筑、工程设施和环境的影响(喋熙、振动、侧向挤土、地面沉陷或隆起

等 h 桩体与水土间的相互作用(地下*'对桩材的腐蚀性，桩材丑，t 周围水土环境的污染
等) ,
4 评定桩间土承载力，预估单桩承载力和复合炮基承载力 5

5 评定桩闽土、桩身、复舍地基、桩端以下变形讨算深度范围内土层的压缩性，任务
需要时估算复合地基的沉降璧$
6 对需验算重舍地基稳定性的工程.提供桩问士、桩身的抗剪强度，
7 任务需要时应根据桩土复合地基的设计，进行桩间土、单桩和复舍地基载荷试
验，检验复合地基承载力。
4.10.6 注浆法的岩土工程勘察宜包括下列内容

1 查明士的级配、孔隙性或岩石的裂隙宽度和分布规律，岩土渗透性，地下水埋深、
流向和流速，岩土的化学成分和有机质古量:岩土的渗透性宜通过现场试验测定:
2 根据岩土性质和工程要求选择浆液和注浆方法(渗透注浆、劈裂注浆、压密 ff 浆
等) ，根据地区经验:SX 通过现场试验确定浆被浓度、粘度、压力、凝结时间、有效加固半径
或植围，评定烟囱后地基的承载力、压缩性、稳定性或抗惨性;
3 在加罔施工过程中对地雨、既高建筑物和地下管线等进行跟踪变形观测，以控
 制灌注顺序、 f午 1胆压力、注浆速率等 s
4 通过开挖、室内试验、动力触探或其他原位测试，对注浆加固效果进行检验 s
5 注浆加固后，应对建筑物或构筑物进行沉降观测，直至沉降稳定为止，观测时间
不宜少于半年@

4.11 既有建筑物的增载和保护

4.11. I 既有建筑物的增载和保护的岩土士程勘察应符合下列要求
1 搜集建筑物的街裁、结构特点、功能特点和完好程度资料，基础类型、埋深、平面
位置，基底压力和变形观测资料，场地及其所在地区的地下革开采历史，水位降深、降速，
地面沉降、形变，地裂缝的发生、发展等资料，
Z 评价建筑物的增层、增载和邻近场地大面积封l' 载对建筑物的影响时，应查明地
摹士的承载力，增载后可能产生的附加沉降和沉降差:对建造在斜坡上的建筑物尚应进
行稳定性验算:
3 对建筑物接建或在其紧邻新建建筑物，应分析新建建筑物在既有建筑物地某土

中引起的应力状态改变及其影响$
4 评价地下 J1< 抽降对建筑物的影响时，应分析抽降引起地基土的固结作用和地面
下沉、倾斜、挠曲或破裂对既有建筑物的影响，并预测其发展趋势，

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5 评价基坑开挖对邻近既有建筑物的影响时，府分析开挖卸载导致的基坑底部剪

切隆起，因坑内外水头差引发管涌，坑壁上体的变形与位移、失稳等危险 5 同时还应分析
基坑降水引起的地面不均匀沉降的不良环境效应;
6 评价地下工程施工对既有建筑物的影响时，应分析伴随岩土体内的应力量分布
出现的地而下沉、挠曲等变形或破裂，施工降水的环境效应.过大的围岩变形或钥塌等
对既有建筑物的影响.
4.11.2 建筑物的增层、增裁和邻近场地大面积推载的岩土工程勘察应包括下列内容
1 分析地基士的实际受荷程度刷既有建筑物结构、材料状况及其适应新增荷载和
附加沉降的能力;
2 勘探点应紧靠基础l 外侧布置，有条件时宜在基础中心线布置，每栋单独建筑物
的勘探点不宜少于 3 个;在基础外侧适当距离处，宜叶1 置 寇数量勘探点 p
3 勘探方法除钻探外，宜包括探井和静力触探或旁压试验 s 取土和旁压民验的间
距，在基底以下 情基宽的深度范围内宜为 O.5m ，超过该深度时可为 1m; 必要时，应专
门布置探井查明基础i 类型、尺寸、材料和地基处理等情况，
4 压缩试验成果中应有 e-lg 户曲线，并提供先期回结压力、压缩指数、回弹指数和
与增荷后土中垂直有效压力相应的圃结系数，以及二轴不团结不排水剪切试验成果;当
拟增层数较多或增载量较大时，庇作载荷试验，提供主要受力层的比例界限荷载、极限
荷载、变形模量和困弹模量;
5 岩土工程勘察报告 J}:i着重对增载后的地基土承载力进行分析评价，预测可能的
附 jm 沉附和差异沉降，提出关于设， 1 方案、施工措施和变形监测的建议。
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 4.1 1. 3 建筑物接建、邻建的岩土工程勘察应符合下列要求
l 除应符合本规范第 4.1 1. 2 条第 1 款的要求外.尚应评价建筑物的结的和材料适

应局部挠曲的能力;
2 除按本规也第 4. 1 节的有关要求对新建建筑物布置勘探点外，尚应为研究接建、
邻建部位的地基土、基础结构和材料现状布置勘探点，其中应有探井或静力触探孔，其
数量不宜少于 3 个，取土间 Hê 宜为 1m;
3 压缩试验成果中应有 e-lgp 曲线，并提供先期圈结压力、压缩指数、回弹指数和
与增荷后士中垂直有效压力相 l茸的团结系数，以及三轴不固结不排水剪切试验成果;

4 岩土工程勘察报告应评价由新建部分的荷载在既有建筑物地基士中引起的新
的压缩和相应的沉降差;评价新基坑的开挖、降水、设桩等对既有建筑物的影响，提出设
计方案、施工措施和变形监测的建议。
4.11.4 评价地下水抽降影响的岩土工程勘察应符合下列要求=
1 研究地下水抽降与吉在层埋藏条件、可压缩土层厚度、土的压缩性和应力历史
等的关系，做出评价和预测;
2 勘探孔深度应超过可压缩地层的下限，并应取土试验或进行原位测试:
3 压缩试验成果中应有 e-lgp 曲线，并提供先期团结压力、压缩指数、回弹指数和
与增荷后土中垂直有效压力相应的团结系数，以及兰袖不团结不排水剪切试验成果 t

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4 岩土工程勘察报告应分析预测场地可能产生地面沉降、形变、破裂及其影响，提
出保护既有建筑物的措施。
4.11.5 评价基坑开挖对邻近建筑物影响的岩土工程勘察应符合下列要求
1 搜集分析既有建筑物适应附加沉降和差异沉降的能力，与拟挖基坑在平面与深
度上的位置关系和可能采用的降水、开挖与支护措施等资料 5
2 查明降水、开挖等影响所及范围内的地层结构，吉7](层的性质、水位和渗透系数，
土的抗剪强度、变形参数等工程特性，
3 岩土工程勘察报告除应符舍本规范第 4.8 节的要求外，尚应着重分析预测坑底
和坑外地丽的卸荷固弹，坑周士体的变形位移和坑底发生剪切隆起或管涌的危险，分析
施工降水导致的地面沉降的幅度、范围和对邻近建筑物的影响，并就安全合理的开挖、
支护、降水方案和监测工作提出建议。
4.1 1. 6 评价地下开挖对建筑物影响的岩土工程勘察应符合下列要求·
1 分析已有勘察资料，必要时应做补充勘探测试工作;
2 分析沿地节工程主轴线出现槽形地面沉降和在其两侧或四周的地面倾斜、挠曲
的可能性及其对两侧既有建筑物的影响，并就安全合理的施工方案和保护既有建筑物
的措施提出建议 z
3 提出对施工过程中地面变形、固岩应力状态、阁岩或建筑物地基失稳的前兆现
象等进行监测的建议.

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 5 不良地质作用和地质灾害

5. 1 岩溶

5.1.1 拟建工程场地或其附近存在对工程安全有影响的岩溶时，应进行岩溶勘察。

5.1.2 岩陪勘察宜采用巳科地质测绘和调查、物探、钻探等多种手段结合的方法进行，
并 Jii 符合下功l 要求
1 可行性研究勘察应查明岩熔洞隙、士洞的发育条件，并对其危害程度和发展也
势作出判断.对场地的稳定性和工程建设的适宜性做出初步评价 5
2 初步勘察应查明岩榕洞隙及其伴生土洞、塌陷的分布、发育程度和发育规律，并
按场地的稳定性和适宜性进行分区。
3 详细勘察应查明拟建 1 理范围及有影响地段的各种岩将洞隙和 t 洞的位置、规
模、埋深.岩济堆填物性状和地下7)<.恃征，对地基基础的设计和岩溶的治理提出建议，
4 施工勘察应针对某一地段或尚待查明的专门问题进行补充勘察。当采用大直
径锻岩恍时，尚应进行专门的桩基勘察。

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5.1.3 岩溶场地的工程地质训l 虫在和调查，除应遵守本规范第 8 章的规定外，尚应调查下

列内容·
1 岩溶润隙的分布、形态和发育规律，
Z 岩面起伏、形态和覆盖层厚度，
3 地下水赋存条件、7.k (Ij 变化和运动规律，

4 岩梅发育与地貌、构迫"岩性、地下只J<.的关系 3
5 土洞嗣!l描陷的分布、形态和发育规律，
6 士洞和塌陷的成因足足发展趋势，

7 当地治理岩洛、士洞和塌陷的经验.
5.1.4 可行性研究和初步勘察宜采用工程地质削绘和综合物探为主，勘探点的问距不

应大于本规范第 4 章的规定.岩情发育地段应予加密。捕l 给和物探发现的异常地段 .1.年

选择有代表性的部位布置验证性钻孔。控制性勘探孔的深度应穿过表层岩榕发育带。
5. 1.5 详细勘察的勘探工竹成符合卡列规定:
1 勘探线 JlUi}建筑物轴线布置，勘撮点问距不胆大于本规范第 4 章的规定，条件复
杂时每个独立基础均应布置勘探点;
2 勘捺孔深度除应符合本规范第 4 章的规定外，当基础底面下的土层厚度不符合
本节第 5. 1. 10 条第 1 款的条件时.叹有部分成全部勘探孔钻入基岩 s
3 当预 Æ 深度内有洞体布在 1 日口rJ ~~影响地基稳定时，应钻入洞底慕岩面下不少
于 2m. 必要时应陶定洞体范围;
4 对毛柱 桃的基础，宜逐拉布置勘探孔，
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 5 在士制和塌陷发育地段，可采用静力触探、轻型动力触探、小 υ 径钻探等手段，详

细查明其分布;
6 当需查明断层、岩组分界、洞隙和土洞形态、塌陷等情况时，应布置适当的探槽或
探井;

7 物探应根据物性条件采用有效方法，对异常点应采用钻探验证，当发现或可能
存在危害 I 程的洞体时，应加密勘探点，
8 凡人员可以进入的洞体，均应人洞勘查，人员不能进入的洞体，宜用井下电视等
手段探测.
5. 1. 6 施工勘察工作量应根据岩搭地基设计和施工要求布置。在土洞、塌陷地段，可在
已开挖的基槽内布置触探或轩探 e 对重要或荷载较大的工程，可在槽底采用小口径钻
探，进行检测。对大直径嵌岩桩，勘探点应逐桩布置.勘探深度应不小于底面以 F 桩径的

3 倍并不小子 5m ，当相邻桩底的基岩面起伏较大时应适当加深。
5. 1. 7 岩溶发育地区的下歹'1 部位宜查明土洞相土柄群的位置
1 土层较薄、土中裂隙及其 F 岩体洞隙监育部位.
Z 岩丽张开裂隙发育 .7i 芽或夕i 露的岩体与土体交接部位，
3 两组构造裂隙交汇处和宽大裂隙带;
4 隐伏溶沟、溶槽、漏斗等，其上有软弱土分布的负岩面地段;

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5 地下7/(强烈活动于岩土交界面的地段和大幅度人工降7]<地段$

6 低撞地段和地表在体近旁。
5. 1. 8 岩溶勘察的测试和观测宜符合下列要求
1 当追索隐伏涧隙的联系时，可进行连通试验，
2 评价洞隙稳定性时.可采取洞体顶板岩样和充填物士样作物理力学性质试验.
必要时可进行现场顶板岩体的载荷试验，
3 当需查明土的性状与土洞形成的关系时，可进行湿化、胀缩、可溶性和剪切试验$
4 当需查明地下水功力条件、带蚀作用，地表水与地下点联罩，预测土洞和塌陷的
发生、发展时，可进行流速、流向测定和水位.7]<质的*期观测。
5. J. 9 当场地存在下列情况之一时咱可判定为未经处理不宜作为她基的不利地段 2
1 浅层洞{丰或溶洞群，洞径大，且不稳定的地段;

Z 埋藏的漏斗、槽谷等.井覆盖布软弱 t 体的地段 3
3 士洞或塌陷成群发育地段$

4 岩溶7]<排 1世不畅，可能暂时掩没的地段。
5. J. 10 当地基属 F 列条件之 时，对二级和兰级工程可不考虑岩榕稳定性的不利

影响:
1 基础底面以下土层厚度大于独立基础11 宽度的 3 倍或条形基础宽度的 6 倍，且不
具备形成土洲或其他地面变形的条件 z
2 基础底而与洞体顶板 l司岩士厚度虽小于本条第 1 款的规定.伺符合下列条刊之
时，

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 1)洞隙或岩溶漏斗被密实的沉积物填满且元被7]<.冲蚀的可能 z
2) 涧体为基本质量等级为 1 级或 H 级岩体，顶破岩石厚度大于-'lli;等于洞跨 3
3) 洞体较小，基础底面大于洞的平而尺寸，并有足够的立承长度;
4) 宽度或直径小 T 1. 0m 的坚向洞隙、落水洞近旁地段。
5. l. 11 当不符合本规范第 5. 1. 10 条的条件时，应进行洞体地基稳定性分析，并符合下
列规定
1 顶板不稳定，但涧内为密实堆积物充填且无流水活动时，可认为堆填物受力，按
不均匀地基进行评价;
2 当能取得计算参数时，可将洞体顶板视为结构自承重体系进行力学分析$
3 有工程经验的地区，可按类比法进行稳定性评价，
4 在基础近旁有洞隙和临空面时，股验算向 l阳空面倾覆或沿裂面滑移的可能;
5 吁地基为石膏、岩盐等易溶岩时 J立考虑溶蚀继续作用的不利影响，
6 对不稳定的岩熔洞隙可建议采用地基处理或桩基础咽
5. 1. 12 岩榕勘察报告除应符合本规范第 14 章的规定外，尚应包括下列内容
1 岩溶发育的地质背景和形成条件;

Z 洞隙、土洞、榻陷的形态、平面位置和顶 l国标离，
3 岩洛稳定性分析，

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4 岩溶治理和监测的建议。

5.2 滑坡

5.2. 1 拟建工程场地或其附近存在对工程安全有影响的滑坡或有滑坡可能时，应进行

专门的滑坡勘察。
5.2.2 滑坡勘察应注行工程地质测绘和调查，调查 ffi 阳应包括滑坡及其邻近地段。比
例尺可选用 1 ' 200~1 ' IOC 口。用于整治设计时.比例尺应选用 j , 200~ 1 ' 5C 口。
5.2.3 滑坡区的工程地质测绘和调查.除应遵守本规范第 8 章的规定外，尚应调查下列

内容 z
E 搜集地质、点文、气象、地震和人类活动等相关资料，
2 滑坡的形态要索和演化过程，周定滑坡周界，
3 地表水、地下水、泉和涩地等的分布;
4 树木的异态、工程设施的变形等 z
5 当地治理滑坡的经验。

对滑坡的重点部 I;L 应摄影或录像。

5.2.4 勘探线和勘探点的布置应根据工程地质条件、地下水情况和滑坡形态确定，除
沿主滑方向应布置勘探钱外，在其两侧滑坡体外也应布置←定数量勘探线。勘探点问
距不宜大于 40m ，在滑坡体转折处和预计采取工程措施的地段，也应布置勘探点。
勘探方法除钻探和触探外，应有一定数量的探井.
5.2.5 勘探孔的深度应穿过最下一层滑雨，进入稳定地层，控制性勘探孔应深入稳定地
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 层定深度，满足滑坡治理需要。
5.2.6 滑坡勘察应进钉下列工作
1 啻明各层滑披面(带〕的位置;

2 查明各层地下水的位置、流向和性质 4
3 在滑坡体、滑坡面(带)和稳定地层中采取土试样进行试验。
5.2.7 滑坡勘察时，土的强度试验宜符合下列要求.
1 采用室内、野外滑面重合剪，滑带宜作重塑土或原状士多次剪试验，并求出多次
剪和残余剪的抗剪强度，
2 采用与滑动受 j} 条件相似的方法;
3 采用反分析方法检验滑动丽的抗剪强度指标。
5.2.8 滑坡的稳定性计算应符合下列要求=
1 .iE确选择有代表性的分析断面，正确划分牵引段、主滑段和抗滑段，
Z 正确选用强度指标，宜根据测试成果、反分析和当地经验综合确定 5
3 有地下水时，应计人浮托力和水压力;
4 根据滑面(滑带〕条件.按平面、阔弧或折线，选用正确的计算模型$

5 当有局部滑动可能时，除验算整体稳定外，尚应验算局部稳定，
6 当有地震、冲刷、人类活动等影响因素时，应 tl 及这些因素对稳定的影响。

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5.2.9 滑坡稳定性的综合评价，应根据滑坡的规模、主导因素、滑坡前兆、滑坡区的工程
地质和水文地质条件，以及稳定性验算结果选行，并应分析发展趋势和危害程度，提出
治理方案的建议。
5.2.10 滑坡勘察报告除应符合本规泡第 14 章的规定外，尚应包括下列内容·
1 滑坡的地质背景和形成条件;
Z 滑坡的形态要素、性质和演化;
3 提供滑坡的平面图、剖面图和岩土工程特性指标 s
4 滑坡稳定分析:
5 滑坡防治和监棚的建议。

5.3 危岩和崩塌

5.3.1 拟建工程场地或其附近存在对工程安全有影响的危岩画立崩塌时.应进行危岩和

崩塌勘察。
5.3.2 危岩和崩塌勘察宜在可行性研究或初步勘察阶段进行，应查明产生崩塌的条件
及其规模、类型、范围，并对工程建设适宜性进行评价，提出防治方案的建议。
5.3.3 危岩和崩塌地区工程地质测绘的比例尺宜采用 1 ' SOO-1 ' 100口，崩扇方向主
剖面的比例尺宜采用 1 ' 200 ，除应符合本规范第 8 章的规定外.尚应查明下列内容
1 地形地貌且崩塌类型、规模、范围，崩塌体的大小和崩藩方向，
2 岩体基本质量等级、岩性特征和风化程度$
3 地质构造，岩体结构类型，结构面的产状、组合关罩、闭合程度、力学属性、延展及
. 204 •
 贯穿情况 3
4 气象(重点是大气降水〉、水文、地箴和地下水的活动，

5 崩塌前的迹象和崩 Jfl 原因:

6 当地防治崩塌的经验。
5.3.4 当需判定危岩的稳定性时，立对张裂缝进行!监测.对有较大危害的大明危岩，应
结合监测结果，对可能发生崩塌的时间、规模、波洛方向、建径、危害范围等做出预报。
5.3.5 各类危 i击和崩榻的岩土工程评价应符合 H'I 规定=
I 规模大，破坏后果很严重，难于治理的，不宜作为工程场地，线路应绕避 s

2 规模较大.破坏后果严重的.应对可能产生崩塌的危岩进行加罔处理，线路应采
取防护措施 5
3 规模小，破坏后果不严重的，可作为工程场地，但应对不稳定危岩采取治理措施-
5.3.6 危岩和崩塌厌的岩 ιt 程勘察报竹除应遵守本规范第 14 章的规定外，尚应阐明
危岩和崩塌区的范围、类型，作为工程场地的适宜性、井提出防治方案的建议。

5.4 泥石流

5.4.1 拟建工程场地或其附近有发生泥石流的条件并对工程安全有影晌肘，应进行专

门的泥石流勘察。

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5.4.2 泥石流勘察应在可行性研究或初步勘察阶段进行，应查明泥石流的形成条件和
泥石流的类型、规模、发育阶段、活动规律，并对工程场地做出适宜性评价.提出防治方案
的建议。
5.4.3 泥石流勘察应以工程地质测绘和调金为主。测绘范围应包括沟谷至分水岭的全
部地段和可能受泥 E 疏影响的地段。测绘比例尺，对全流域宜'采用 1 50000; 对中下游
吁呆用 1 ' 2000~ 1 ' 1ωm 除rN符合丰规范第 8 章的规定外，尚 J也调杏 F 列内容
I 冰雪融化和暴雨强)J1'、一次最大降雨量，平且J& 最大流量，地下水活动等情况，
2 地形地貌特征，包括拘谷的发育程度、切割情况.坡度、弯曲、粗随程度 4 井划分泥
石流的形成臣、流通区和堆积区，圈绘整个沟谷的汇水面积，
3 形成区的根源类型、水量、 ìf. 水条件‘山坡坡度，岩层性质阳风化程度;资明断裂、
滑坡、崩塌、右堆等不良地质作用的发育情况及可能形成泥石流网体物质的分布范围、
储挝;
4 流通区的沟床纵横坡度、肤在、急湾等特征，在明沟床两侧山坡坡度、植定程度.
沟床的冲淤变化和把石流的痕迹:

5 堆积区的堆积扇分布范闸，表面形态，纵坡，相被，沟道变迁和冲淤情况;查明堆
积物的性质、层次、厚度、一般校径和最大粒径;步'1 定堆积区的形成历史、堆积速度，估算
一次最大堆积 Ub
6 泥石流沟谷的历史，历次泥有流的发生时间、频数、规模、形成过程、暴发前的降
雨情况和暴发后产生的灾寄情况，

7 开矿井淄、修路切坡、砍伐森林、陡坡开荒和过度放牧等人类活动情况，
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 8 当地防治泥石流的经验。
5.4.4 当需要对泥石流采取防治措施时，应进行勘探测试，进一步查明泥石流堆积物的
性质、结柿、厚度，圈体物质含量、最大校径，流速、流量，冲出量和淤积量 e

5.4.5 泥石流的工程分类，宜遵守本规范附录巳的规定.
5.4.6 泥石流地区工程建设适宜性的评价，应符合下列要求 t
1 1 ，类和 ß ，类泥石流沟谷不应作为工程场地，各类线路宜避开 g

2 1 ，类和 L 类泥石流沟谷不宜作为工程场地，当必须利用时应采取泊理措施:
线路应避免丘穿堆积扇，可在沟口设桥(墩〕通过 3
3 1 ，类和 II ，类泥在流沟谷可利用其堆积区作为工程场地，但应避开拘口;线路
可在堆积扇通过，可分段设桥和采取排洪、导流措施，不宜改沟、并沟;
4 当上游大量弃渣或进行工程建设，改变了原有供排平衡条件时，应重新判定产
生新的泥石流的可能性。
5.4.7 泥石流岩土工程勘察报告，除应遵守本规范第 11 章的规定外，尚应包括下列
内容:
l 泥石流的地质背景和形成条件 g
2 形成区、流通区、堆积区的分布和特征，绘制专门工程地质图 3
3 划分泥石流类型，评价其对工程建设的适宜性，

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4 泥石流防治和监测的建议。

5.5 采空区

5.5.1 本节适用于老采空区、现采空区和未来采空阪的岩土工程勘察。采空区勘察应
查明老采空区上覆岩层的稳定性，预测现采空区和未来采空区的地表移动、变形的特征
和规律性 t 判定其作为工程场地的适宜性。
5.5.2 采空区的勘察宜以搜集资料、调查访问为主，并应膏明下列内容.
1 矿层的分布、层数、厚度、深度、埋藏特征和上覆岩层的岩性、构造等，
Z 矿层开来的范围、深度、厚度、时间、方法和顶板管理皂采空区的垠落、密实程度、
空隙和积水等 z
3 地表变形特征和分布，包括地表陷坑、台阶、裂缝的位置、形状、太小、深度、延伸
方向及其与地质构造、开来边界、工作丽推进方向等的关系;
4 地表移动盆地的特征，划分中间区、内边缘区和外边缘区，确定地表移动和变形
的特征值 3
5 采空区附近的抽水和排水情况及其对果空 l豆稳定的影响;
6 搜集建筑物变形和防治措施的经验。
5.5.3 对老采空区和现采空区，当工程地政调查不能查明采空区的特征时，即进行物探
和钻探.
5.5.4 对现果空区和未来采空区，应通过讨算预测地表移动和变形的特征值，计算万法
可按现行标准《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规程 B 执行。
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 5.5.5 采空区宜根据开采情况，地表移动盆地特征和变形大小，划分为不宜建筑的场地
和相对稳定的场地，并宜符合下列规定
1 下列地段不宜作为建筑场地，
1) 在开采过程中可能出现非连续变形的地段 3
2) 地表移动活跃的地段;
3) 特厚矿层和倾角大于 55 。的厚矿层露头地段，

的由于地表移动和变形引起边坡失稳和山崖崩塌的地段，
5) 地表倾斜大于lO mm/m. 地表曲率大于 O.6mm/口"或地表在平变形大于
6mm/m 自由地段。
Z 下列地段作为建筑场地时，应评价其适宜性:

1) 采空区采深采厚比小于 2 日的地段，
2) 采深小，上被岩层极坚硬，并采用非正规开采方法的地段:
3) 地表倾斜为 3..-...-10mm!m ，地表曲率为 O. 2----0. 6mm/m z 或地表 ;j(平变形为 2
........6mm/ 阳的地段。

5.5.6 采探小、地表变形剧烈且为非连续变形的小窑采空区，应通过搜集资料、调查、物
探和钻探等工作，查明采空区和巷道的位置、大小、埋藏探皮、开采时间、开采方式、回填
塌落和充水等情况，并查明地表裂缝、陷坑的位置、形状、大小、深度、延伸方向及其与采

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空区的关系，
5.5.7 小窑采空区的建筑物应避开地表裂缝和陷坑地段。对次要建筑且采空区采深采
JI1比大于 30 ，地表已经稳定时可不进行稳定性评价，当采深采厚比小子 30 时，可根据建
筑物的基底压力、采空区的埋深、范围和上夜岩层的性质等评价地基的稳定性，并根据
矿区经验提出处理措施的建议。

5.6 地面沉降

5.6.1 本节适用于抽吸地下水引起7)(位或7)(压下降而造成大面积地面沉降的岩土工程
勘察。
5.6.2 对己发生地而沉降的地区，地面沉降勘察应查明其原因和现状，并预测其发展趋
势，提出控制和治理方案。
对可能发生地面沉降的地区，应预测发生的可能性，并对可能的沉降层位做出估
计，对沉降量近行估算，提出预防和控制地面沉降的建议，
5.6.3 对地面沉降原因，应调查下列内容

I 场地的地貌和微地貌;
Z 第四纪堆积物的年代、成因、厚度、埋藏条件和土性特征，硬土层和软弱压缩层的
分布$
3 地下水位以下可压缩层的团结状态和变形参数，
4 含水层和隔水层的埋藏条件和承压性质，官水层的渗遥系数、单位精水量等在
文地质参数;
• 207 •
 5 地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件.吉水层间或地下在与地面水的水力联系;
6 历年地下水位、水头的变化幅度和速率，
7 历年地下水的开采量和回灌量.开采或因耀的层段 s
8 地 τ 水位下降漏斗及国灌时地下水反漏斗的形成和发展过程。
5.6.4 对地面沉降现状的调杏，用符合节列要求:
1 按精密水准测量要求进行长期观测，并按不同的结构单元设置高程基准标、地
面沉降标和分层沉降标，
2 对地 f Jj(的水位升降，开采量和回灌堡，化学成分，污染情况和孔隙水压力消散、
增长情况进行观测;
3 调查地商沉降对建筑物的影响，包括建筑物的沉降、倾斜、裂缝及其发生时间和
发展过程;
4 绘制不同时间的地面沉降等值线图，并分析地面沉降中心与地下水位下降漏斗
的关系及地面回弹与地下水位反漏斗的关系;
5 绘制以地面沉降为特征的工程地质分区图。
5.6.5 对已发生地面沉降的地区，可根据工程地质和水j(地质条件，建议采取下列控制

和治理方案.
1 减少地下水开来量和水位降深，调整开采层次，合理开发，当地固沉降发展剧烈

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时，应暂时停止开采地下水 g
2 对地下水进行人工补给，回灌时应控制国灌水源的水质标准，以防止地下水被

污染;
3 限制工程建设中的人工降低地下水位。
5.6.6 对可能发生地面沉降的地区应预测地面沉降的可能性和估算沉降量，并可采取
下列预测和防治措施
1 根据场地工程地质、水文地质条件.预测町压缩层的分布;
Z 根据抽水压密试验、渗透试验、先期团结压力试验、流变试验、载荷试验等的测试
成果和沉降观测资料，计算分析地面沉降量和发展趋势，
3 提出合理开来地下水资源，限制人工降低地下水位放在地面沉降区南进行工程
建设应采取措施的建议。

5.7 场地和地基的地震效应

5.7.1 抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度的地区，应进行场地和地慕地震效应的岩土工程

勘察，并应根据国家批准的地震动参数区划和有关的规范，提出勘察场地的抗震设防烈
度、设计基本地震加速度和设计地震分组。
5.7.2 在抗震设防烈度等于或大于 6 度的地区进行勘察时，应确定场地类别。当场地
位于抗震危险地段时.应根据现行国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范 >>GB 50011 的要求，提
出专门研究的建议。
5.7.3 对需要采用时程分析的工程，应根据设计要求，提供士层剖面、覆盖层厚度和剪
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 切波速度等有关参数。任务需要时，可进行地震安全性评估或抗震设防区划。
5.7.4 为划分场地类知l 布置的勘探孔，当缺乏资料耐，其深度应大 f 覆盖层厚度。当覆
盖层厚度大于 30m 时，勘探孔深度应大于 80m ，并分层测定剪切波邃 o 10 层和高度 30m

以下的丙类和丁类建筑，无实视l 剪切波速 Ilt. 可按现行同家标准《建筑抗震设计规范》

(GB 500111 的规定，按土的名称和性状估计土的剪切波速否
5.7.5 抗震设防烈度为 6 度时，可不幸虑液化的影响，但对沉陷敏感的乙类建筑， IJI 按
7 度进行液化判别。叩类建筑应进行专门的液化勘察 u
5.7.6 场地地震液化判别应先 i韭行初步判别，当初步判另 j 认为有液化可能时，应再作进
步判别 q 液化的判别宜采用多种方法.综合判定液化可能性和液化等级。
5.7.7 液化初步判别除按现行国家有关抗震规范进行外，尚宜包括下列内容进行综合

判别，
1 分析场地地形、地貌、地层、地下水等与液化有关的场地条件:
2 当场地及其附近在在历史地震液化遗迹时，宜分析液化重复发生的可能性 g
3 倾斜场地或液化层倾向水面或临空而时，应评价液化引起土体滑移的可能性。

5.7.8 地震液化的进 步判别应在地面以下 15m 的范围内进行;对于桩基和基础理深

大于 5m 的天然地基，判别深度应加深至 20m o 对判 ~U 耀化而布置的勘探点不应少于 3
个，勘探孔深度应大于液化判别深度。

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5.7.9 地震液化的进一步判别，除应按现行国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范 )(GB 5001])
的规定执行外，尚可采川其他成熟方法进行综合判别，
当采用标准贯人试验判别被化时，应按每个试验孔的实测市数进行 E 在需作判定
的土层中，试验点的竖向间距宜为1. 0....... 1. 5m ，每层上的试验点数不宜少于 6 个团
5.7.10 凡判别为可液化的场地、应按现行国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范)) (Gß 50011 )
的规定确定其液化指数和液化等级。
勘察报告除应阐明可液化的土层、各孔的液化指数外，尚应根据各孔液化指数综合

确定场地灌化等级。
5.7.11 抗震设防烈度等于或大于 7 度的厚层软士分布区，宜 )'JJ 别软土震陷的可能性和
估算震陷击 e
5.7. 1Z 场地或场地附近有滑坡、精移、崩局、周陷、泥石流、来宅区等不良地质作用时，
应进行专门勘察，分析评价在地震作用时的稳定性。

5.8 活动断裂

5.8.1 抗震设防烈度等于或大于 7 度的重大工程场地应进行活动断裂〔以下简称断裂)

勘察。断裂勘察应查明断裂的位置和类型，分析其活动性和地震效应，评价断裂对工程

建设可能产生的影响，并提出处理方案。
对核电厂的断裂勘察.应按核安全法规和导则进行专门研究。
5.8.2 断裂的地震工程分类府符合 F 列规定
1 全新活动断裂为在全新地质时期(一万年)内有过地震活动或近期正在活动，在
• 209
 今后一百年可能维续活动的断裂，全新活动断裂中、近期(近 5四年来〉发生过地震震级
114;;约级的断裂，或在今后 100 年内，可能发生 M关 5 级的断裂，可定为发震断裂
Z 非全新活动断裂一万军以前活动过，一万年以来没有发生过活动的断裂-
5.8.3 全新活动断裂可按表 5.8.3 分级。
表 5.8.3 金新活动断型分组

ι7飞飞j标 活功供
平均活动速率 u
(mm! lI)
历史地能
震级 (M)

中毗更新世以来有活动，全新
强烈全新"功断裂 1υ>) M2日
世隔动强烈

中晚支边K 世以来有活动，金新
E 中等全新活动"贷银 I 二呈"注 O. ) 7>M注 E
世揭动较强烈

皿 微弱全新活动断裂 全新世有微弱 f肾功 '(.1 <0.1 M<5

5.8.4 断裂勘察，应搜集和分析有关文献檀案资料，包括卫厦航空相片，区域构造地质，
强震震中分布，地应力和地形变，历史和近期地震等。
5.8.5 断裂勘察工程地质测绘，除应符合本规范第 8 章的要求外，尚应包括下列内容的

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调查.
1 地形地貌特征:山区或高原不断上升剥蚀或有民距离的平滑分界线;非岩性影
响的陡坡、峭壁，深切的直线形河谷， 系列滑坡、崩塌和Lil 前叠置的洪积扇;}È向断续线
形分布的残丘、津地、沼泽、芦苇地、盐碱地、湖泊、跌卑、泉、温泉等，水系定向展 4i 或同向
扭曲错动等也
2 地质特征 z 近期断裂活动留下的第四系错动，地下水和植被的特征，断层带的破
碎和胶结特征等 s 深色物质宜采用放射性碳 14(C" )法，非深色物质宜采用热释光法或铀
系法，测定已错断层位和未错断层位的地质年龄，并确定断裂活动的最新时限。
3 地震特征 z 与地震有关的断层、地裂缝、崩塌、滑坡、地震湖、河流改道和砂土液
化等。
5.8.6 大型工业建设场地，在可行性研究勘察时，应建议避让全新活动断裂和发震断
裂。避让距离应根据断裂的等级、规模、性质、覆盖层厚度、地震烈度等因素，按有关标准
综合确定团非全新活动断裂可不采取避让惜施，但当慌埋且破碎带发育时，可按不均匀
地基处理。

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 6 特殊性岩士

6.1 湿陷性土

6. 1. 1 本节适用于干旱和半干旱地区除黄土以外的湿陷性碎石土、湿陷性砂士和其他
温陷性土的椅上工程勘察。对湿陷性黄土的勘察应按现行国家标准《湿陷性黄土地区
建筑规范 HGB 50025) 执行.
6. 1. 2 当不能取试样做室内 iR 陷性试验时，应采用现场载荷试验确定i1í!陷性。在
ZOokPa 压力下浸水载荷试验的附加温陷量与承 ffi 板宽度之比等于或大于 O. 023 的土，
应判定为湿陷性土 q
6. 1. 3 温陷性士场地勘察，除应遵守本规范第 4 章的规定外，尚应符合下列要求
1 勘探点的问距应按本规范第 4 章的规定取小值.对温陷性士分布极不均匀的场
地应加密勘探点;
2 控制性勘探 iL 深度应穿透湿陷性土层 z
3 应查明湿陷性士的年代、成因、分布和其中的夹层、包含物、股结物的成分和

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性质;
4 湿陷性碎石土和砂土，宜采用动力触探试验和标准贯人试验确定力学特性$
5 不扰动土试样应在探井中采取.
6 不扰动土试样除测定一般物理力学性质外，尚应作士的湿陷性和程化试验;
7 对不能取得不扰动土试样的温陷性上，应在探井中采用大体积法测定密度和含
水量 3
8 对于厚度超过 2m 的温陷性土，应在不同深度处分别进行漫水载荷民验，并应末
受相邻试验的浸水影响。
6. 1. 4 温陷性士的岩土工程评价应符合下列规定-
1 湿陷性土的湿陷程度划分应符合表 6. 1. 4 的规定;
Z 根阳性士的地基承载力宜采用载荷试验或其他原位测试确定;
3 对湿陷件士边坡，当授在因素引起被陷性土本身或其与 F 伏地层接触面的强度
降低时，应进行稳定性评价。
6. 1. 5 湿陷性土地基受水漫湿至下沉稳定为止的总混陷量~， (cm) ，成按下式计算=

LI~ 立μF，h ， (6. 1. 5)

式中 Ll F" 第 2 层上搜水载荷试验的附加湿陷量 (cm) ;
h ， 一一第 t 层士的厚度 (cm) ，从基础底面(初步勘察时自地面下1. 5m) 算起，
Ll F..lb<口 .023 的不计人 s
F一一修正军数 (cm- 1 ) 。承压板面积为 O. 50m2 时，卢 ~O. 014 ，承压板面积为
O. 25m~ 时， β~O. 020 ,
• 211 •
 表 6. 1. 4 理陪程度分盎

ι?〈?
附加湿陆盘 Ll. F， (cm)
承压板面军~ O. 50m2 承压 l& õí积 O.25m 2

轻微 飞.电 <Ll. F，'王二 z ‘ 2 1. 1<4P地 "';;2.3

中得 3. 2< .ðF."';;7. 4 2.3<ð.F比 "';;5 ， 3

强烈 .F毒 >7.4 .11<'.>5.3

注员才能用取立都取得不扰动试样的温陷性粉砂，其试验方法和评定标而庭按现行国家标准《湿陷位黄土地区建筑规

范 HGB 5002 日执行。

6. 1. 6 湿陷性土地基的湿陷等级应按表 6. 1. 6 判定，
6.1.7 泪陷性土地基的处理应根据土质特征、温陷等级和当地建筑经验等因素综合
确定。
表 6.1.6 温阳性土地革的温陷等组

总盟陷ID;.ð.， (cm) 酷的性 t 总厚度 (m) 湿赂等簸

>3
5<.11, ";;;30
<;3
E
>3
30<..ð啕乓 60

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ζ3
E
>3
.1 .>60
运3 !I

6.2 红粘土

6.2.1 本节适用于红粘士(吉原生与次生红粘士〉的岩士工程勘察.颜色为棕红或褐
黄，覆盖于碳酸盐岩罩之上，其液限大于或等于 50% 的高塑性帖土，应判定为原生红粘
土.原生红枯土经搬运、 i沉积后仍保留其基丰持征，且其液限大于-1 5.% 的粘土，可判定
为次生红柑土。
6.2.2 红袖土地区的岩土工程勘察，应着重查明其状态分布、裂隙发育特征及地基的均
匀性。
1 红帖土的状态除按液性指数判定外，尚可按表 6. 2. 2-1 判定 s
亵 6.2.2-1 缸粘土的状击分类

状 态 含水比..

坚硬 a ，， "';;O. 臼
硬塑 口• 55<a ,, ';;;;0. 70
可塑 口，而 <..ζ口 .85

软塑 口 .85<Dw"主1. 0口
流盟 ",,>1. 00
注 ， aw= 飞"!WI.'

Z 红帖土的结构可根据其裂隙发育特征按表 6.2.2-2 分类，

3 红粘土的复浸水特性可按表 6.2.2-3 分类;
• 212
 4 红粘土的地基均匀性可按表 0.2.2-4 分类 a
表 6.2.2-2 红柿土的结构分盎

主体结掏 裂隙发了可特征

敌密状的 偶见裂隙(<(条 !m)

巨块状的 彼多裂隙(J --2 条 /π 》

碎决状的 2 裂隙 (>5 条 1m)

表 6.2.2-3 红粘土的草草水性分类

1 ，与 l' ，关系 生足混水特性

1 ，二剖 收缩后!!授水膨胀 p 能恢主到 IJj(位

1, ( ,', 收捕后草眨水膨胀!不能恢 II 剑原位

注 1 ， ~w， Jwl" [',- 1.4 十 fl_ 0066凹，

表 6.2.2-4 红拈土的地基均匀性分类

地桔均匀性 地基压缩层币庄园内岩上组成

均匀地基 全部由红柿丰组成

不均匀地基 囱红帖土和岩石组成

6.2.3 红粘土地区的工程地质测绘和调查应按本规范第 8 章的规定进行，并着重查明

下列内容，

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1 不同地貌单元红粘土的分布、厚度、物质组成、土性等特征及其差异，
2 下伏基岩岩性、岩溶发育特征及其与红粘士士性 J乎度变化的关系§
3 地裂分布、发育特征及其成因，土体结构特征，土体中裂隙的密度、深度、延展方
向及其发育规律;
4 地表水体和地下水的分布、动态及其与红粘立状态垂向分带的关革;
5 现有建筑物开裂原因分析，当地勘察、设叶、施工经验等。
6.2 , 4 红粘土地区勘探点的布置，应取较密的间距，查明红粘土厚度和状态的变化。初
步勘察勘探点问距宜取 30""""5ûmj 详细勘察勘探点问距，对均匀地基宜取 12........Z4m ，对不
均匀地基宜取 6.......12m 。厚度和状态变化大的地段，勘探点问距还可加密@各阶段勘探
孔的深度可按本规范第 4. 1 节的有关规定执行。对不均匀地基，勘探孔深度应达到
基岩。
对不均匀地基、有土洞发育或采用岩丽端承桩时，宜进行施工勘察，其勘探在间距
和勘探孔深度根据需要确定。
6.2.5 当岩土工程评价需要详细了解地下水埋藏条件、运动规律和季节变化时，应在测
绘调查的基础上补充进行地下水的勘察、试验和观测工作。有关要求按本规也第 7 章的
规定执行回
6.2.6 红粘士的室内试验除庇满足本规范第 11 章的规定卦，对裂隙发育的红帖土应进
行三轴剪切试验或元侧限抗压强度试验。必要时咱可进行收缩试验和复漫 JJ<. 试验。当前
评价边坡稳定性时，宜进行重复剪切试验。
6.2.7 红粘上的地基承载力应披本规范第 4. 1. 24 条的规定确定。当基础浅埋、外侧地
面倾斜、面临空面豆豆承受较大水平荷载时，应结合以下因素综合考虑确定红粘上的承
• 213 •
 载力 3
1 土体结构和裂隙对承载力的影响;
2 开挖面长时间暴露，裂隙发展和复浸水对土质的影响-
6.2.8 红粘土的岩土 I 程评价应符合下列要求=
1 建筑物应避免跨越地裂密集带或深长地裂地段;
Z 轻型建筑物的基础埋深应大于大气影响急剧层的深度;炉窑等高温设备的基础
应考虑地基土的不均匀收缩变形;开挖明渠时应考虑土体干捏循环的影响;在否芽出露
的地段，应考虑地表水下渗形成的地面变形 s
3 选择适宜的持力层和基础形式，在满足本条第 2 款要求的前提下，基础宜浅埋，
利用浅部硬壳层.并进行下卧层承载力的验算:不能满足承载力和变形要求时，应建议
进行地基处理或采用桩基础 z
4 基坑开撞时宜采取保湿措施，边坡应及时维护，防止失水干缩。

6.3 软土

6.3.1 夭然孔隙比大于或等于1. 0 ，且天然吉水量大于被限的细粒土应判定为软土，包

括淤泥、淤泥质士、泥炭、泥炭质士等。
6.3.2 软土勘察除应符合常规要求外，尚应查明下列内容.

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1 成因类型、成层条件、分布规律、层理特征、水平向和垂直向的均匀性 1
2 地表硬壳层的分布与厚度、下伏硬土层或基岩的埋深和起伏 z
3 团结历史、应力水平和结构破坏对强度和变形的影响，

4 傲地貌形态和晴埋的塘、洪、沟、坑 J飞的分布、理深及其填士的情况:
5 开挖、回填、支护、工程降水、打桩、沉井等对软土应力状态、强度和压缩性的
影响，
6 当地的工程经验。
6.3.3 软土地区勘察宜采用钻探取样与静力触探结合的手段。勘探点布置成根据士的
成因类型和地基复杂程度确定。当土层变化较大或有暗埋的塘、洪、沟、坑、穴时应于
加密。
6.3.4 软土取祥应采用薄壁取土器，其规格应符合本规范第 9 章的要求。
6.3.5 软土原位测试宜来用静力触探试验、旁压试验、十字板剪切试验、扁铲侧胀试验
和螺旋板载荷试验。
6.3.6 软土的力学参数宜采用室内试验、原位测试，结合当地经验确定。有条件时，可
根据堆载试验、原型监测反分析确定。抗剪强度指标室内宜采用三轴试验，原位测试宜
采用十字板剪切试验。
压缩革数、先期固结压力、压缩指数、回弹指数、同结系数，可分别采用常规固结试
验、高压固结试验等方法确定.
6.3.7 软土的岩土工程评价应包括下列内容
1 判定地基产生失稳和不均匀变形的可能性，当工程位于池塘 J可岸、边坡附近时，
. 214 .
 应验算其稳定性:
2 软土地基承载力应根据室内试验、且在位测试和当地经验，并结合下列因素综合
确定 z
1)软土成层条件、应力历史、结构性、灵敏度等力学特性和排水条件，
2) 上部结怕的类型、刚皮、荷载性质租分布，对不均匀沉降的敏感性$
3) 基础的类型、尺寸、地探和刚度等，
1) 施工方法和程序。
3 当建筑物相邻高低层荷载相差较大时，应分析其变形差异和相互影响;当地面

有大面积堆载时，应分析对相邻建筑物的不利影响;
4 地基沉降计算可采 HJ 分层总和法或土的应力历史法.并应根据当地经验进行修
iE.必要时，应考虑软士的次团结效应 s
5 提出基础形式和持力层的建议;对于上为硬层，下为软士的双层土地基应进行
F 卧层验算。

6.4 混合土

6.4.1 由细粒土和粗粒士混杂且缺乏中间舷径的士应定名为混合土。

当碎石土中位径小于 O.075mm 的细粒土质量超过总质量的 25% 时，应运名为粗糙

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温告士 ;当粉土或粘性土中校径大于 2mm 的粗粒土质量超过总质量的 25% 对，应定名
为细粒泪告土。
6.4.2 混合上的勘察应符合下列要求
1 查明地形和地貌特证，混合土的成因、分布，下卧土层或基岩的埋藏条件 1
2 查明说合土的组成、均匀性及其在水平方向和垂直方向上的变化规律;
3 勘探点的问距和勘探孔的深度除庇满足本规范第 4 章的要求外，尚应适当加密
加深 z
4 应有 定数量的探井，并应采取大体积土试样近行颗粒分析和物理力学性质
测定 z
5 对粗位混合土宜采用动力触探试验，并应有一定数量的钻孔或探井检验，
6 现场载荷试验的承压板直径和现场直剪试验的剪切丽直径都应大于试验土层
最大粒径的 5 倍，载荷试验的承压板面积不应小 T O. 5m'. 直剪试验的剪切面面积不宜
小于 O. 25m 2 a
6.4.3 泪合土的岩土工程评价应包捕下列内容
1 混合土的承载力应采用载荷试验、动力触探试验并结合当地经验确定，
2 混合土边坡的容许肢度值可根据现场调查和当地经验确定。对重要工程应进
行专门试验研究 q

6.5 填土

6.5.1 填土根据物质组成和堆填方式，可分为下列四类·
• 215 •
 1 素填土 z 由碎石土、砂土、粉土和粘性土等一种或几种材料组成，不吉杂物或吉杂
物很少 3
Z 杂填土=吉有大量建筑垃圾、工业废料或生活垃圾等杂物 1
3 冲填土由水力冲填泥砂形成;
4 压实填土:按一定标准控制材料成分、密度、吉水量，分层握实或劳实而成-
6.5.2 填土勘察应包括下列内容
1 搜集资料，调查地形和地物的变迁，填士的来源、堆积年限和堆积方式;
2 查明填士的分布、厚度、物质成分、颗粒级配、均匀性、密实性、压缩性和湿陷性 g
3 判定地下水对建筑材料的腐蚀性 e
6.5.3 填士勘察应在本规范第 4 章规定的基础上加密勘探点，确定暗埋的塘、侠、坑的
范围。勘探孔的深度应穿透填土层，
勘探方法应根据填土性质确定。对由粉土或粘性上组成的素填土，可采用钻探取
祥、轻型钻具与原位测试相综合的方法;对古较多粗位成分的素填土和杂填土直采用动
力触探、钻探，并应有一定数量的探井。
6.5.4 填土的工程特性指标宜采用下列测试方法确定:
1 填土的均匀性和密实度宜采用触探法，并辅以室内试验;
Z 填土的压缩性、湿陷性宜采用室内阁结试验或现场载荷试验 5

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3 杂填土的密度试验宜采用大容积法;
4 对压实填土，在压实前应测定填料的最优吉水量和最大干密度，压实后应测定
其干密度，计算压实系数。
6.5.5 填土的岩土工程评价应符合下列要求，
1 阐明填土的成分、分布和堆积年代，判定地基的均匀性、压缩性和密实度:必要时
应按厚度、强度和变形特性分层或分区评价 g
Z 对堆枫年限较长的素填土、冲填土和由建筑垃圾或性能稳定的工业废料组成的
杂填土，当较均匀和较密实时可作为天然地基，由有机质含量较高的生活垃圾和对基础
;由腐蚀性的工业废料组成的杂填土，不宜作为天然地基:
3 填土地基承载力应按本规范第 4. 1. 24 条的规定综合确定;
4 当填土底面的天然坡度大于 20% 时，应验算其稳定性。
6.5.6 填土地基基坑开挖后应进行施工验槽。处理后的填土地ilIi应进行质量盘弟王若仨二=二
复合地基，宜进行大面积载荷试验.

6.6 事年冻土

6.6.1 啻有回态水，且冻结状态持续二年或二年以上的土，应判定为多年冻土。
6.6.2 根据融化下沉系数品的大小，多年味士可分为不融沉、弱融沉、融沉、强融沉和
融陷五级，并应符合表 6.6.2 的规定。冻土的平均融化下沉系数 E。可按下式计算
h , -h l ι 一 e.
。~ _"_'-旦=::::..!.一一三 X 10 0(%) (6.6.2)
h, 1 十 e】

式中 h， 、 e， 冻土试样融化前的高度 (mm) 和孔隙比 5

. 216 .
 h ， 、 e， 畸i 士试样融化后的高度 (mm) 和孔隙比。
表 6.6.2 多年冻土的融 mt生分嚣

士的名称
总含水 flt I 平均础沉 融沉
自也沉类别 况i 主类型
1的(%) I 系舷 δ。 等级

碎石士，硕、粗、中砂〈挝径小子 盹 <lll I ,, <1 不融沉

。 Q75mm 的Iiì粒含 1" 不大
于 15%)
咕10 I 1<叩 4喝陆虽沉

叫 <12 ð，J~l 不 111沉

碎石土，哪租、中 ψ :2 豆豆 w~<15 1<也 <3 H 弱融沉 多冰冻土

(粒径小于 θ 1) 75mm 的颗粒

含挝火于 15 Yo) 1 问 <25 叫 ";:;10 皿 用眼沉 回冰冻土

陆2:[1 !叫由 R 强融沉 饱冰冻土

…|时】 不融沉 少冰冻土

K%<18 1<&0 副 11 弱融祝 多冰 I'{{; 士

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粉砂细砂
眼叫 <28 叫.ç l0 阳 融沉

叶28 I 1叫~Z5 j\" 强融沉 饱冰冻土

叫 <11 I ð'~~l 1 不融沉 少冰的"土

lk 咄咄 I 1<80 白 H 弱融沉 多冰陈工

粉土
叫 <32 3<ð'~>(;IO 阻 融沉 "冰冻土

ω~~32 1 0<仇运~" 强 it'l 沉 他冰陈士

z，，<问， ζl
" 不融 jl~ 少冰硝土

M问〈川 I 1<叩 H 弱础 VL 多冰冻土

粘性上
叫村如何十 15 1 叫 ~IQ 四 融沉 I ，可冰冻土
陆 -v
沉一

也一含

川队〈盹十 35 1 I 叫吼
冰一士
冻一冰
土居

nm
w
一融

←一 叫 +35 1 叫
l

含士怵层 V

注 1 总俞水 M 响包未冰刷未1fIiJ.K l

Z 本表不包括盐 Vl 化协土你鸟ll 泥点是化土刷殖立向组讪帖土，

6.6.3 多年冻土勘察应根据多年冻土的设计原则、多年冻土的类型和特征进行，并应查
明下列内容

• 217 •
 1 多年冻土的分布范围及上限深度;
2 多年冻土的类型、厚度、总肯水量、构造特征、物理力学和热学性质;

3 多年冻土层上水、层间水利层下水的赋存形式、相互关系及其对工程的影响;
4 多年冻土的融沉性分级和季节融化层土的冻胀性分级;
5 厚层地下冰、M<椎、冰丘、冻土沼泽、热融滑塌、热融湖塘、融冻泥流等不良地质作
用的形态特征、形成条件、分布范围、发生发展规律及其对工程的危害程度.
6.6.4 多年冻土地区勘探点的 l可距，除应满足本规范第 4 章的要求外，尚应适当加密。
勘探孔的深度应满足下列要求
1 对保持冻结状态设计的地基，不应小于基底以下 2 倍基础宽度，对桩基应超过桩
端以下 3--5m;
Z 对逐渐融化状态和预先融化状态设计的地基，应符合非冻土地基的要求$
3 无论何种设计原则，勘探孔的深度均宜超过多年冻土上限深度的1. 5 倍;
4 在多年冻土的不稳定地带，应查明多年冻土下限深度;当地基为饱冰冻土或吉
土冰层时，应穿透该层。
6.6.5 多年冻上的勘探测试应满足下列要求.
1 多年冻土地区钻探宜缩短施工时间.宜采用大口径低速钻进，终孔直径不宜小

于 108mm ，必要时可采用低温泥浆，并避免在钻孔周围造成人工融区或孔内冻结

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Z 应分层测定地下水位，
3 保持冻结状态设计地段的钻孔，孔内白l 温工作结束后应及时回填;
4 取样的竖向|司隔，除应满足本规范第 4 章的要求外，在季节融化层应适当加密，

试样在采取、搬运、贮存、试验过程中应避免融化;
5 试验项目除按常规要求外，尚应根据需要，进行总含在量、体积吉冰量、相对古冰
量、未冻7)(吉量、猪、结温度、导热系数、冻胀量、融化压缩等项目的试验 3 对盐渍化多年冻
土和泥炭化多年冻土，尚应分别测定易溶盐吉量和有机质古量$
6 工程需要时.可建立地温观测点，进行地温观测;
7 当需查明与冻士融化有关的不良地质作用时，调查工作宜在二月至五月份进
行，多年冻上上限深度的勘察时间宜在九、十月份。
6.6.6 多年冻土的岩土工程评价应符合下列要求。

1 多年冻土的地基承载力，应区别保持冻结地基和容许融化地基，结合当地经验
用载荷试验或其他蝉、位测试方法综合确定，对次要建筑物可根据邻近工程经验确定，
Z 除次要工程夕，建筑物宣遍开饱冰冻土、吉土冰层地段和冰椎、冰丘、热融湖、厚
层地下冰，融区与多年冻土区之间的过渡带，宜选择坚硬岩层、少冰冻土和多冰冻土地
段以及地下水位或冻土层上;](位低的地段和地形平缓的高地.

6.7 膨胀岩土

6.7.1 吉布大量亲水矿物. iJ>度变化时有较大体积变化，变形受约束时产生较大内应力

的岩土，应判定为膨胀岩士。膨胀士的初判应符合本规池附录 D 的规定;终判应在初判
218 •
 的基础 t 按本节第 6.1.1 条进行。
6.7.2 膨胀岩土场地，按地形地貌条件可分为平坦场地和坡地场地。符合下列条件之
一者应划为平坦场地，
1 地形坡度小于 5' ，且同一建筑物范围内局部商差不超过 1m;
地形坡度大于 5。小于 14 • 与披肩水平距离大于 10m 的坡顶地带 s
0
Z

不符合以上条件的应划为坡地场地。
6.7.3 膨胀岩士地区的工程地质测绘和调查应包括下列内容
I 查明膨胀岩土的岩性、地质年代、成圆、产状、分布以及颜色、节理、裂缝等外观
特征 z
Z 划分地貌单元和场地类型，查明有无浅层滑坡、地裂、冲沟以及傲地貌形态和植
被情况;
3 调查地表水的排泄和积聚情况以及地下水类型、水位和变化规律，
4 搜集当地降水量、蒸发力、气疆、地温、干湿季节、干旱持续时间等气象资料，查明
大气影响深度;
5 调查当地建筑经验。
6.7.4 膨胀岩土的勘察应遵守下列规定.
勘探点宜结合地貌单元和傲地貌形态布置.其数量应比非膨胀岩土地民适当增

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1
加，其中采取试样的勘探点不应少于全部勘探点的l/ 2 ，
2 勘探孔的深度，除应满足基础理深和附加 Jil. 力的影响深度外，尚应超过大气影

响深度，控制性勘探孔不应小于 8m.- 般性勘探孔不应小于 5m;

3 在大气影响深度内，每个控制性勘探孔均应采取 I 、日级土试样，取样|可距不应
大于1. Om ，在大气影响深度以 f ，取样闯距可为1. 5--2. Om~ 般性勘探孔从地表下 1m
开始至 5m 深度内，可取皿级土试样，测定天然吉水量。
6.7.5 ß事胀岩上的室内试验，除应遵守本规范第 11 章的规定外，尚应测定下列指标 s
1 自由膨胀率;
2 _.定压力 F 的膨胀率 3

3 收缩系数 s
4 膨胀力。
6.7.6 重要的和有特殊要求的工程场地，立进行现场浸血载荷试验、剪切试验或旁底试
验@对膨胀岩应进行柑士矿物成分、体膨胀量和元侧限抗压强度试验。对各向异性的膨
胀岩土，应测定其不|司方向的膨胀率、膨胀力和收缩系数.
6.7.7 对初判为膨胀土的地区，应计算士的膨胀变形盘、收缩变形量和胀缩变形嚣，并
划分胀缩等级。计算和划分方法应符合现行国家标准《膨胀土地区建筑技术规范 ))(GBJ
112) 的规定。有地区经验时，亦口J 根据地区经验分级。
当拟建场地或其邻近有膨胀岩土损坏的 E 程时，应判定为膨胀岩土，并进行详细阅
查，分析膨胀岩土对工程的破坏机制，估计膨胀力的大小和胀缩等级，
6.7.8 膨胀岩土的岩士工程评价应符合下列规定
• 219 •
 1 对建在膨胀岩土上的建筑物，其基础理深、地基处理、桩基设汁、总平面布置、建
筑和结构措施、施工和维护，应符合现行国家标准《膨胀土地区建筑技术规范 1 CCBJ
112) 的规定 g

2 一级工程的地基承载力应采用浸水载荷试验方法确定，二级工程宜采用浸在载
荷试验，三级工程可采用饱和状态J'平团结不排水三轴剪切试验计算或根据已有经验
确定;
3 对边坡及位于边坡上的工程，应进行稳定性验算 5 验算时应考虑坡体内吉水量

变化的影响;均质士可采用圆弧滑动法，有软弱夹层及层状膨胀岩土应按最不利的滑动
面验算，具有胀缩裂缝和地裂缝的膨胀土边坡，应进行沿裂缝滑动的验算。

6.8 盐渍岩土

6.8.1 岩土中易溶盐吉量大于 0 ， 3% ，并具有榕陷、盐胀、腐蚀等工程恃性时，应判定为

盐溃岩土。
6.8.2 盐渍岩按主要吉盐矿物成分可分为石膏盐渍岩、芒硝盐溃岩等 a 盐琐土根据其
古盐化学成分和吉盐置可按表 6.8.2-1 和 6.8. Z-Z 分类。
袭 6.8.2-1 瞌理土铺含盐化学成分份提

,(CI-) 2c(('Á)!- )十 c(HC(X)

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盐础土名称
2ι"号《飞'j- ) c(CI-) +'2d 5Ol •}

氯拴泼士 >2
Ut 盐甜+ 2-1
亚硫酸娃祯土 1-0.3
硫假盐谈车 <0.3
碱性盐波士 >0.3

作表中， (CI- )为氯鸡萨在 100g 士中所含毫雁嗷 ι 其他离子同。

装 6.8.2-2 盐溃土披含盐量分昌隆

平均含盐盘(%)
位精土名称
辄及亚氧盐 税lIlI及亚硫酸缸 眼性If.

0.3-1 口
剧盐明土

巾盐?由土 1-5 O. 3~2. 0 0, 3~ 1. 0

强盐渍土 2-5 1-2
5-'
应盆琐土
>8 >S >2

6.8.3 盐渍岩土地区的调查工作，应包指下列内容·

1 盐渍岩土的成四、分布和特点 s
2 吉盐化学成分、含盐量及其在岩土中的分布:
3 溶蚀洞穴发育程度和分布;
4 搜集气象和在文资料，
5 地 f1卓
k 的类型、埋藏条件、/血
k质
6 植物生 t长王状况，
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 7 吉面肯为主的盐波岩右膏的;j(f.七深度，古芒硝较多的盐渍岩，在隧道通过地段
的地温情况;
8 调查吁地工程经验。
6.8.4 盐渍岩土的勘银川 i式应符合下歹1) 规定:
1 除应遵守丰规范第 4 章规定外，勘探点布置尚应满足查明盐榄岩土分布特征的

要求，
Z 采取岩土试样宜在干旱季节进行.对用于测定吉盐离子的扰动土取样，宣:符合
表 6.8.4 的规定，
表 (;.8.4 瞌渍土扰动土出将取样要求

ω土工」…
取样孔占陆探子L.L，\奴

的百分散( %)
l00
相步勘察 2咽。 50

I 详细蜘 | 30~50
O. 5
1. 0
却)

100
50
2.0-3.0 30

tH是基取样深度到 10m I!II 可.

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3 工程需要时，应自由l 定有害毛细水 t 升的高度 s
4 应根据盐渍土的居性特征，应用载荷试验等适宜的原位测试方法，对于游陷性
盐愤土尚应进行浸水载荷试验确定其溶陷性，
5 对盐胀性盐溃土宜现场 iliti 定有玫盐胀厚度和总盐胀量，当士中硫酸，~含量不超

过 1% 时.可不考虑、盐胀性 a
6 除进行常规室内试验外，尚 1年进行熔陷性试验和化学成分分析，必要时可对岩
上的结构进行显微结构些定:
7 溶陷件指标的测定可按湿陷性土的由主陷试验方法进行。
6.8. 雪 盐渍岩土的岩土工程评价 %l 包括 τ 列内容
1 岩土中吉盐类型、吉盐量且主要吉盐矿物对岩土工程特性的影响，
Z 岩土的溶陷性、盐胀性、腐蚀性和场地工程建设的适宜性，
3 盐溃 t 地基的承载力宜采用载荷试验确定，当采用其他原 iJz 1;11 试方法时，应与

载荷试验结果进行对比 8
4 确定盐渍岩地慕的承载力时，应考虑盐溃岩的水梅性影响 s
5 盐溃岩边坡的坡度宜比非盐演岩的软质岩石边坡适当放缀，对软弱夹层、破碎
带应部分或全部加以防护，
6 盐愤岩土对建筑材料的腐蚀性讲价 J且按本规范第 12 章执行.

6.9 风化岩和残积土

6.9.1 岩石在风化营力作用下，其结构、成分和性质己产生不同程度的变异，应定名为
风化岩，已完全风化成士而未经搬运的应定名为残积士。
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 6.9.2 风化右一和残军R 士的勘察应着重查明下列内容:
1 母岩地质年代和岩石名称;
2 按本规范附录 A 表 A. O. 3 划分岩石的风化程度，
3 岩脉和风化花岗岩中球状风化体(孤石)的分布 g
4 岩士的均匀性、破碎带和软弱夹层的分布，
5 地 f ;j(赋存条件.
6.9.3 风化岩和残积土的』勘探测试应符合下列要求
1 勘撒点问距应取本规范第 4 章规定的小值，
Z 应有一定数量的探井:
3 直在探井中或用双重管、三重管采取试样，每一风化带不应少于 3 组，
4 宜*用 rl':位测试与室内试验相结合，原位测试可采用圆锥动力触探、标准贯入
试验、波速削试和载荷试验.
5 室内试验除应按本规 llL 第 11 章的规定执行外，对相当于极软岩和被破碎的岩
体，可按土.1..试验要求进行，对残积土.必要时应进行湿陷性和湿化试验.

6.9.4 对花岗岩残积土，应测定其中细粒土的天然含水量叫、塑限叫、液限四.. •

6.9.5 花岗岩类残积士的地基承载力和变形模量庇采用载荷试验确定。有成熟地方经
验时，对于地基基础设计等级为乙级、丙级的工程，可根据标准贯人试验等原位测试资

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料，结合当地经验综合确定。
6.9.6 风化岩和残积土的岩土工程评价应符合下列要求 2
1 对于厚层的强风化相全风化岩石，宜结合当地经验进一步划分为碎块状、碎屑
状和土状;厚层残积土可进一步划分为硬塑残积士和可塑残积上，也可根据古砾或吉砂
盘划分为粘性土、彤、质粘性土和砾质粘性士，
2 建在软硬 E 层或风化程度不同地基仁的工程，应分析不均匀沉降对工程的影响 5
5 基坑开挖后应及时检验、对于易风化的岩类，应及时砌筑基础或采取其他措施，

防止风化发展，
4 对岩脉和1 球状风化体(孤石) ，)丰分析评价其对地基(包括桩基)的影响，并提出相

应的建议.

6. 10 污染土

ι些. 1 由于致污物质的侵人，使土的成分、结构和性质发生了显著变异的土，应判定
为污染土。污染土的定名可在原分类名称前冠以"污染"二字@
也 10.2 本节适用于工业污染土、尾矿污染士和垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染士的勘察，不适
用于核污染士的勘察。污染上对环挽影响的的评价可根据任务要求进行。

6儿 10.3 污染士场地和地基可分为下列类型，不同类型场地和地基勘察应突出重点 2
1 已受污染的已建场地和地基，

4 旦豆豆坐旦旦主主要组 tw坐差，
3 可能受污染的已建场地和地基$
222
 4 可能受污染的拟建场地和地基 c
6.10.4 污染士场地和地基的勘察，应根据工程特点和设计要求选择适宜的勘察于段，

并应符合下列要求.
1 以现场调查为主，对工业污染应着重调查污染源、污染史、污染途径、污染物成
分 .ì'5 染场地己有建筑物受影响程度、周边环境等。对尾矿污染应重点调查不同的矿物
种类和化学成分，了解选矿所采用工艺、添加剂及其化学性质和成分等。对垃圾填埋场
应着重调查垃圾成分、日处理盘、堆积容量使用年限、防渗结构、变形要求且周边环

境等;
Z 采用钻探或坑探采取土试样，现场观察污染土颜色、状态、气昧和外观结构等，并

与ïE常土比较，查明污染土分布范围和深度;
3 直接接触面;验样品的取样设备肮严格保持清洁，每次取梓后均应用清宿水冲洗
后再进行下一个样品的采取 a 对易分解或易挥发等不稳定组分的样品.装样时应尽量减

少土样与空气的接触时间，防止挥发性物质流失并防止发生氧化$土样采集后宜采取适

宫的保存方法并在规定时间内运送实验室;
4 对需要确定地基土工程性能的污染士，宜采用以 l单位测试为主的多种子段;当
需要确定污染土地基承载力时，宜进行载荷试验。

6.10.5 对污染土的勘探测试，当污染物对人体健康有害或对机具仪器有腐蚀性时，应

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翠堕坐墅些应更重蓝二
6.10.6 拟建场地污染土勘察宜分为初步勘察和详细勘察两个阶段。条件简单时，叮直

辈革主主组盟窒二
初步勘察应以现场调查为主，配合少量勘探测试，查明污染源性质、污染途径，并初
芝主堕1主染土分布和污染程度;详细勘察应在初步勘察的基础上.结合 L 程特点、可能
采用的处理措施，有针对性地布置勘察工作量，奇明污染土的分布范围、污染程度、物理
力学和化学指标，为污染土处理提供参数。
6.10.7 勘探测出工作量的布置应结合污染源和污染途径的分布进行，近污染摞处勘探
点问距宜密，远污染源处勘探点问距宜疏。为查明污染土分布的勘探孔深度应穿透污
染士。详细勘察时，采取污染士试样的问距应根据其厚度及司能采取的处理措施等综
合确定。确定污染土与非污染士界限时，收十间距不宜大于 l m o
6.10.8 有地节水的勘探孔应采取不同深度地下水试样，查明污染物在地下水中的空间
分布。同 钻孔内采取不同深度的地下水试样时，应采用严格的隔离措施，防止因采取
混合水样面而影响判刑结论"
6.10.9 污染土和水的室内试验，应根据污染情况和任务求进行下列试验:

1 污染士和水的化学成分;
2 ì7 染土的物理力学性质 1
3 对建筑材料腐蚀性的评价指标 5
4 对环境影响的评价指标:
5 力学试验项目和民验方法 J主充分考虑污染士的特殊性质，进行相应的试验，如
• 223 •
 膨胀、湿化、湿陷性试验等;
6 必要时进行专门的试验研究。
6. 10.10 污染土评价应根据任务要求进行，对场地和建筑物地基的评价应符合下列

室主i
1 污染源的位置、成分、性质、污染史及对周边的影响;
2 污染土分布的平面范围和深度、地下水受污染的空间范围;

3 污染士的物理力学性质，评价污染对土的工程特性指标的影响程度 5
4 工程需要时，提供地基承载 )J 和变形参数，预测地基变形特征 s
5 污 lP! 土和水对建筑材料的腐蚀性;
6 污染土和水对环境的影响 s

7 分析污染发展趋势 s
8 对已建项目的危富性或拟建项目适宜性的综合评价.
6.10.11 污染土和水对建筑材料的腐蚀性评价和腐蚀性等级的划分，应符合本规范第
12 章的有关规定 3
6. 10. 12 污染对士的工程特性的影响程度可按表 6.1ι12 划分，根据工程具体情况，
可采用强度、变形、渗透等工程特性指标进行综合评价。
表 6.10.12 污染对土的工程特性的影响程度

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彬 l响手电度 轻微 中等 大

工程特性指标安化率{%> <]0 10-30 >30

注 z 工程特性指标是化率是指污染前后工程特监指标的差值与得当Il! JÌtr 指标之比.

6. 10. 13 污染士和水对环境影响的评价应结合工程具体要求进行，无明确要求时可按
现行国家标准《土壤环境质量标准 IGB15618 、《地下水质量标准 ))GB/T14848 和《地表水
环撞质量标准 ))GB3838 进行评价。

6.10.14 污染土的处置与修复应根据污染程度、分布范围、土的性质、修复标准、处理工
期和处理成本等综合考虑。

• 224 •
 7 :l也下水

7. 1 地下水的勘察要求

7. 1. 1 岩士丁程勘票f\[根据工程要求，通过搜集资料和勘察工作.掌握下列水文地质
条件:
I 地下水的类型和赋存状态，
2 主要吉;j(层的分布规律;
3 区域性气候资料，如年降点量、蒸发量及其变化和对地下水位的影响 8
4 地下水的补给排泄条件、地表水与地 F 水的补排关系及其对地下水价的影响;

5 勘察时的地下7)<:位、历史居高地下水位、近 3~5 年最高地下水位、水位变化趋势

和主要影响因素，
6 是否存在对地 F 点和地表水的污染掘及其可能的污染程度.
7. 1. 2 对缺正常年地 F 水位监测资料的地区，在高层建筑或重大工程的初步勘察时，宜
设置民期观测孔，对有关层位的地下水迸行长期观测。

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7. 1. 3 对高层建筑或重大工程.当水文地质条件对地基评价、基础抗浮和工程降卓有重
大影响时，宜 i业行专门的/J<.文地质勘察。
7. 1. 4 专门的水文地质勘察应符合下列要求，
I 查明古;J<层和隔水层的埋藏条件，地下水类型、流向.7)<:位及其变化幅度.当场地
有多层对工程有影响的地下水时，应分层量测地 r JJ<位，并查明互相之阐的补给关系，
2 查明场地地质条件对地下点赋存和渗 îlfi:状态的影响，必要时应设置观测孔.或
在不同深度处埋设孔隙水Fli 力计，量i1l 'J 压力水头随深度的变化，
3 通过现场试验.测定地层渗透系数等水文地质参数。
7. 1. 5 水试样的采取和试验应符古下列规定
I JJ<试梓应能代表夭然条件下的/J<.质情况，
2 水试样的采取和试验项目应符合本规范第 12 章的规定，
3 水试样应及时试验，清洁水放置时间不立超过 72 小时，稍受污染的水不宜超过
48 小时，受{';染的水不宣超过 12 小时.

7.2 水文地质参敏的测定

7.2.1 JJ<土地质参数的测定方法应符合本规范附录 E 的规定，

7.2.2 地 F 水值的量测应符合下列规定回
1 遇地下水时应量 jiilJ 水位，

2 (此款取消}
3 对工程有影响的事层官水层的水位量测，应采取止水措施，将被加l 吉水层与其
• 225
 他吉水层陆卉。
7.2.3 初见在位和稳定水位可在钻孔、捺井或测压管内革接量测，稳定水位的间隔时间
按地层的渗透性确定，对砂土和碎石土不得少于 O.5h ，对粉土和粘性土不得少于梳，并
宜在勘察结束后统-量测稳定水位。量训读数至厘米，精度不得低于士 2cm 。
7.2.4 测定地下水流向可用几何法，量测点不应少于量三角形分布的 3 个测孔(井)。
测点问距按岩土的渗透性、水力梯度和地形坡度确定.宜为 50.-...100m o 应同时量测各孔
(井〕内水位，确定地 τ 水的流向。
地下水流速的 ìjN 定可采用指示JjIJ 法或充电法。
7.2.5 抽水试验应符合下列规定:
1 抽水试验方法可按表 7.2.5 选用，
2 抽血试验宜三次降深，最大降深应接近工程设计所需的地 F 水位降深的标高$
3 I且位盘测应采用阿一方法和仪器. i韭数对抽水孔为厘米，对观测孔为毫米 t
4 当涌水量与时间关系曲线和动7]<位与时间的关系曲线，在一定范围内波动.而
没有待续上升和下降时.可认为已经稳定，
5 抽在结束后应量测恢复J]<. {!L
表 7.2.5 蛐木试验方法和应用范围

民验方法 应用范围

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钻孔戚部并简易袖水 阻碍估算树远水层的渗透系到段
不带观调孔抽水 例步满足含水层的渗透住多做
带观 ~m 抽水 较准确洲定含水层的各种参数

7.2.6 渗7]<试验和注水试捡可在试坑或钻孔中进行。对砂土和粉土.可采用试坑单环
法:对粘性上面f 采用试坑双环法:试验深度较大时可采用钻孔法.
7.2.7 压在试验应根据工程要求.结合工程地质测绘和钻探资料噜确定试验孔位，按岩

层的渗透特性划分试验段，按需要确定试验的起始压力、最大压力和 1主力级数，及时绘
制压力与坠入水量的关革曲线.计算试段的透草率，确定 P-Q 曲线的类型.
7.2.8 孔隙水压力的测定应符合下列规定:
l 洲定占法可按本规范附录 E 表 E. O. 2 确定 5
2 测试点成根据地质条件和分析需要布置;
3 训压计的安装和埋设应符合有关安装技术规定 p
4 i~H式数据应及时分析整理，出现异常时应分析原因，并采取相应措施。

7.3 地下水伟用的评价

7.3.1 岩土工程勘察应评价地下水的作用和影响，并提出预防措施的建议。
7.3.2 地下水力学作用的评价应包括下列内容
1 对基础、地下结构物和挡土墙，应考虑在最不利组合情况下，地下水对结构物的
上浮作用 1 对节理-f'发育的岩石和粘士且有地方经验或实测数据时，可根据经验确定，
有渗流时.地下水的7]<头和作用宜通过渗流计算进行分析评价，
2 验算边坡稳定时·应堂皇坐王;J< j(.I 边坡稳定的不利影响，
. 225 •
 3 在地下水位下降的影响范围内，应考虑地面沉降及其对工程的影响，当地 F ;J(
位回升时，应考虑可能引起的回弹和附加的浮托力;
4 当墙背填土为粉砂、粉土或粘性土，验算支挡结构物的稳定时，应根据不同排水
条件评价地 F 水压力对立挡结构物的作用;

5 因7]<头压差而产生自下向仁的渗流时，应评价产生潜蚀、流士、管洒的可能性 s
6 在地下水位下开挖基坑或地下工程时，应根据岩土的渗透性、地 τ 水补给条件，
分析评价降水或隔水措施的可行性及其对基坑稳定和邻近工程的影响。
7.3.3 地下水的物理、化学作用的评价应包括下列内容

1 对地下水位以下的工程结构，应评价地下水对混凝土、金属材料的腐蚀性，评价
方法按本规范第 12 章执行;
Z 对软质岩石、强风化岩石、残和!士、湿隐性土、膨胀岩土和盐渍岩土，应评价地下
水的聚集和散失所产生的软化、崩解、提陷、胀缩和潜蚀等有害作用 s
3 在冻土地区，应评价地下水对十的冻胀和融陷的影响。
7.3.4 对地 τ 水采取降低水位措施时，应符合下列规定
1 施工中地下在位应保持在基坑底而以下 0.5-- 1. 5m;
2 降水过程中 J.!ÎI采取有效措施，防止土颗位的流失§
3 防止深层承压水引起的突漏，必要时应采取措施降低基坑下的承压血头，

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7.3.5 当需要进行工程降水时，应根据古水层渗透性和降深要求，选用适当的降低水位
方法。当几种方法有互补性时，亦可组合使用。

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 8 工程地质测绘和调查

8. O. 1 岩石出露或地貌、地质条件较复杂的场地应进行工程地质测绘。对地质备件简
单的场地，可用调查代替工程地质测绘。
8.0.2 工程地质测绘和调查宜在可行性研究或初步勘察阶段进行。在可行性研究阶段
搜集资料时，宜包括航空相片、卫星相片的解译结果。在详细勘察阶段可对某些专门地
质问题作补充调查。
8.0.3 工程地质测绘和调查的范围，应包括场地及其附近地段。测绘的比例尺和精度
应符合下列要求:
1 测绘的比例尺，可行性研究勘察可选用 1 5000~ 1 ' 5000口，初步勘察可选用
1 ' 2000~ 1 ' 10000 ，详细勘察可选用 l' 500-1 ' 2000; 条件复杂时，比例尺可适当
放大 g
2 对工程有重要影响的地质单元体〈滑坡、断层、软弱夹层、洞穴等) ，可采用扩大比
例尺表示与

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3 地质界线和地质M\测点的测绘精度，在图上不应低于 3 mm o
8, 0.4 地质观测点的布置、密度和定位应满足下列要求 2
1 在地质构造线、地层接触线、岩性分界线、标准层位和每个地质单元体应有地质
观测点.
Z 地质观测点的密度应根据场地的地貌、地质条件、成图比例尺和工程要求等确
定，并应具代表性;
3 地质观测点应充分利用天然和已有的人工露头，当露头少时，应根据具体情况
布置一定数量的探吭或探槽;

4 地质观测点的定位应根据精度要求选用适当方法，地质构造线、地层接触线、岩
性分界线、软弱夹层、地下水露头和不良地质作用等特殊地质观测点，宜用仪器定位.
8.0.5 I 程地质测绘和调查.宜包括下列内容
1 查明地形、地貌特征及其与地层、构造、不良地质作用的关系，划分地貌单元 5
2 岩土的年代、成因、性质厚度和分布，对岩层应鉴定其风化程度，对土层应区分
新近沉积土、各种特殊性土;
3 查明岩体结构类型，各类结构面(尤其是软弱结胸面〉的产状和性质，岩、土接触
面和软弱夹层的特性等，新构造活动的形迹及其与地震活动的关系;

4 查明地下水的类型、补给来源、排泄条件'井泉位置，吉Z
水j(层的岩性特征、埋藏深
度
5 搜集气象、/准
k 文、植被、土的标准冻结深度等资料 3 调查最高洪水 f位直及其发 4生
k时
问、淹没范围 z
 6 查明岩榕、土洞、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、冲沟、地面沉降、断裂、地震震害、地裂缝、岸
边冲刷等不良地质作用的形成、分有1 、形态、规模、发育程度及其对工程建设的影响;
7 调查人类活动对场地稳定性的影响，包括人工洞穴、地下采空、大挖大填、抽水排
水和水库诱发地震等;
8 建筑物的变形和工程经验。
8.0.6 工程地质测绘和调查的成果资料宜包括实际材料团、综合工程地质图、工程地质
分区图、综合地质柱状图、工程地质剖面图以及各种素描图、照片和文字说明等。
8.0.7 利用遥感影像资料解译进行工程地质测绘时，现场检验地质观测点数宜为工程
地质测绘点数的 30%--...50% 。野外工作应包括下列内容=
1 检查解译标志，
Z 检查解译结果，
3 检查外推结果:
4 对室内解译难以获得的资料进行野外补充。

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 9 勘探和取样

9.1 -般规定

9. 1. 1 当需查明岩土的性质和分布，采取岩土试样或进行原位测试时，可采用钻探、井
探、槽探、洞探和地球物理勘探等。
勘探方法的选取应符合勘察目的和岩土的特性。
9. 1. 2 布置勘探工作时应考虑勘探对工程自然环境的影响，防止对地下管线、地下工程
和自然环境的破坏。钻孔、探井和探槽完工后应妥善因填.

9. 1. 3 静力触探、动力触探作为勘探手段时 .%l 与钻探等其他勘探方法配合使用。

9. 1. 4 进行钻探、井探、槽探和洞探时，应采取有效措施，确保施工安全。

9.2 锚探

9.2.1 钻探方法可根据岩土类别和勘察要求按表 9.2.1 选用。

表 9.2.1 钻据方法的适用范围

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钻迭地层 勘察要求

钻探方法
直接鉴别、采取 直接鉴别、采取 |
精性士 精士 砂土 府石士 岩石
不扰动斌样 扰动试样

螺旋钻摞 ++ + + i 十 一t I
国转 元岩芯钻探 ++ ++ ++ + 斗十
岩芯钻据 +十 ++ ++ + 十十 +• 十+

冲击
冲击钻探 + ++ ++
悸峦钻摞 ++ 十宁
++ + ++ +••

振动钻探 + ~ ++ + -• 十 宁十

冲洗钻探 + ++ ++
注， ++，适用。+部分适用自 :不适用.

9.2.2 勘探浅部土层可采用节目l 钻探方法:

1 小口径麻花钻(或提土钻〉钻进;
Z 小口径勺形钻钻进 s
3 洛阳铲钻进，
9.2.3 钻探口径和钻具规格成符合现行国家标准的规定。成孔口径应满足取样、测试
和钻进工艺的要求@
9.2.4 钻探应符合下列规定=
1 钻进深度和岩士分层深度的量测精度，不应低于士 5cml
Z 应严格控制非连续取 z钻进的回次进尺，使分层精度符合要求 8
230
 3 对鉴别地层天然湿度的钻孔，在地下水位以上应进行干钻，当必须加水或使用
循环液时，应采用双层岩芯管钻进;
4 岩芯钻探的岩芯采取率，对完整和较完整岩体不应低于 80% ，较破碎和破碎岩
体不应低于 65%; 对需重点查明的部位〔滑动带、软弱夹层等〉应采用双层岩岛、管连续取

芯s
5 当需确定岩石质量指标 RQD 时，应采用 75mm 口径 CN 型〉双层岩芯管和金回 J

石钻头，
6 (此款取消〉
9.2.5 钻探操作的具体方法，应按现行标准《建筑工程地质钻探技术标准 ICJGJ 87)
执行。
9.2.6 钻孔的记录和编录J豆符合下列要求 z
1 野外记录应由经过专业J训练的人员承担;记录应真实及时，按钻进回次逐段填
写，严禁事后追记，
2 钻探现场可采用肉眼鉴别和于触方法，有条件或勘察工作有明确要求时，可采
用微型贯人仪等定量化、标准化的方法，
3 钻探成果可用钻孔野外桂状图或分层记录表示，岩土芯样可根据工程要求保存
一定期限或长期保存，亦可拍摄岩芯、土芯彩照纳入勘察成果资料，

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9.3.1
9.3 井探、懵探和洞探

当钻探方法难以准确查明地下情况时，可采用探井、探槽进行勘探。在坝址、地
节工程、大型边坡等勘察中，当需详细查明深部岩层性质、构造特征时，可采用竖井或

平洞。
9.3.2 探井的探度不宜超过地下水位。竖井和平洞的深度、长度、断面按工程要求
确定@
9.3.3 对探井、探槽和探洞除文字描述记录外，尚应以剖面图、展示图等反映井、楠、洞
壁和底部的岩性、地层分界、构造特征、取祥和原位试验位置，并辅以代表性部位的影色
照片。

9.4 岩土试样的采取

9.4.1 土试样质量应根据'试验目的按表 9.4. 1 分为四个等级。

表 9.4.1 土试样匮量等辑

级别 优动程度 试验内容

不扰动 土类定名含水!il、密度强度 i式验、西1 睛说验

E 轻微搅动 土提定名、吉址t 挝、密度

皿 显著犹动 土类定名、食水缸

~ 完全优i')j 才u位定名

注， 1 :::r-优础是指原位磁力收态虽已改变，但土的结俯、密度和l 含水 I过变化很小，街满足室内试验各项要求 i
2 除 l也恭恭附设计等级为用级的 4程外在 ι 程技术要求允许的.tfJ况下可用 E 级土试样进行强皮署;11 固结试验，

• 231 .
 但宣先对土阳也将受也草动程度作抽样鉴定，判足用于试验的适宜性 1 并结合地区经验似用试验成果，

9.4.2 试样采取的工具和方法可按表 9.4.2 选择。

表 9.4.2 不同等组士前样的取样工具和方法

运用土类
土
试
粘性士 砂 t
样
取样工具
质 砾砂
和方法 粉土
量 碎5..i:
流塑 软驳 可鹦 硬鹦 跟硬 粉砂 细砂 中砂 租砂
等 软草
级

固定活率 ++ ++ + + +
水压固定括，. ++ +十 + + +
你~
取土辗
自仙桥鑫 + ++ 十 +
自在口 + 十 + 十

回转 单矿'J= 童节 + ++ 斗+ ++ + ~ ++
取土器 %(i;/j三重管 斗 十++ +~ ++ +

部井 t 槽)中
刻取块状主样
十十 十- ++ ++ ++ 十+ 十+ ++ ++ ++ ++

1障壁
水压阳定活率 +十 + + 」ι 十
自由活塞 + ~+ 十十 + +
取主器
做口 十个 ++ ++ 十 +

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H 回转 单功立E 管 + 十 γ ++ + T+ +十 十+
取土掘 双动三重管 个 ++ +十 + + +十

厚壁敢口取土蟠 + 十十 > f + + ++ + 十 + + +

厚整版口取 t 器 ++ ++ -1- .~ 十+ ++ +十 +γ - f 1 4
际准贯人幡 + .1 +十 +.• +十 ++ 1 1 斗+ 斗+ +~ + +
皿
鲸纹钻头 ++ ++ 十 1 t- + +• +
岩芯钻头 ++ ,- + +十 ++ ++ +4 • + + +

• 标准货入指 ++ ++ 十+ ++ ++ 斗牛
+• 十+ ++ 十-

w 蝶纹钻头 +十 ++ ++ 飞1- -!- 十十 十

岩芯钻头 十+ 卡+ 个+ +一 ++ f 1 1 • - f •+ + ..;俨 ++

件 1 ++，适用+部分适用不璋用 e

2 采取砂土试样应有防止试样失格的补充措施 3
3 有经验时，叮用束节式取土器代替部壁取土捕。

9.4.3 取土器的技术规格应按本规范附录 F 执行。

9.4.4 在钻孔中采取 I 、 E 级砂祥时，可采用原状取砂器，并按相应的现行标准执行。
9.4.5 在钻孔中采取 l 、 E 级土试样时，成满足下列要求
1 在软土、砂土中宜采用泥浆护壁，如使用套管，应保持管内7](位等于或稍高于地
下水位，取样位置应低于套管底之二倍孔径的距离，

Z 采用?中洗、冲击、振动等方式钻进时，应在预计取样位置 1m 以上改用回转钻进 1
3 下放取士器前应仔细情孔，清除扰动土，孔底残留浮土厚度不应大于取土器废
• 232 •
 土段长 J主(活塞取土器除外) ;
4 采取士试样宜用快速静力连续压入法，
5 具体操作方法应按现行标准《原状土取样技术标准 ICJGJ 89) 执行。
9.4.61 ， ß 、回级士试样成妥善密封，防止涟度变化，严防曝晒或冰冻。在运输中应避

免振动，保存时间不宜超过三周。对易于振动液化和水分离析的士试样宜就近进行
试验。
9.4.7 右石试样可利用钻探岩芯制作或在探井、探槽、竖井和平洞中刻取。采取的毛样
尺寸应满足试块加工的要求。在特殊情况下，试样形状、尺寸和方向由岩体力学试验设

计确定。

9.5 地球物理勘探

9.5.1 岩土工程勘察中可在下列方面采用地球物理勘探
1 作为钻探的先行于段，了解隐蔽的地质界线、界雨或异常点;
2 在钻孔之间增加地球物理勘探点，为钻探成果的内插、外推提供依据;
3 作为原位测试手段，测定岩土体的波迪、动弹性模量、动剪切模量、卓越周期、电
阻率、放射性辐射参数、土对金属的腐蚀性等 E
9.5.2 应用地球物理勘探方法时，成具备 F 列条件 2

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1 被探测到象与周围介质之间有明峨的物理性质差异;
2 被探测对象具有一定的埋藏深度和规模，且地球物理异常有足够的强度;
3 能拥制干扰，区分有用信号和干扰信号;
4 在有代表性地段进行方法的有放性试验。
9.5.3 地球物理勘探，应根据探 if，~对象的埋深、规模及其与周围介质的物性差异，选择
有效的方法。
9.5.4 地球物理勘挠成果判释时，应考虑其多解性，区分有用信息与干扰信号巴需要时
庇采用多种方法探测.进行综合判释，并应有己知物探参数或 定数量的钻孔验证"

• 233 •
 10 原位测试

10.1 一趟规定

10. 1. 1 原位测试方法应根据岩土条件、设计对参数的要求、地区经验和测试方法的适
用性等因素选用。
10. 1. 2 根据原位测试成果，利用地区性经验估算岩土工程特性参数和对岩土工程问题
做出评价时，应与室内试验和工程反算参数作对比，检验其可靠性.
10.1.3 原位测试的仪器设备应定期检验和标定。
10.1.4 分析原位测试成果资料时，应注意仪器设备、试验条件、试验方法等对试验的影
响，结合地层条件，剔除异常数据。

10.2 载荷试验

10.2.1 载荷试验可用于ilI~ )草承压板下应力主要影响范围内岩土的承载力和变形模量。

浅层平板载荷试验适用于浅层地基土，深层平板载荷试验适用于深层地基土和大直径

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篮盟蓝蓝主 s 螺旋板载荷试验适用于深层地基士或地下水位以下的地基土 a 望星主亟
载荷试验的试验深度不w.小于 5m ，
10.2.2 载荷试验应布置在有代表性的地点，每个场地不宜少于 3 个，当场地内岩土体
不均时，应适当增加。浅层平板载荷试验应布置在基础底面标高处。
10.2.3 载荷试验的技术要求应符合下列规定:
1 浅层平板载荷试验的试坑宽度或直径不应小于承压板宽度或直径的三倍 5 探层
平板载荷试验的试井直径应等于承压板直径 d 当试井直径大于承压板直径时，紧靠承压
板周围士的高度不应小于承压板直径 s
2 试坑或试井底的岩士应避免扰动，保持其原状结柏和天然湿度，并在承压板下
铺设不起过 20mm 的砂垫层找平，尽快安装试验设备 z 螺旋板头人土时，应按每转一匮
下入一个螺距进行操作，减少对土的扰动 3
3 载荷试验宜采用圆形刚性承压板，根据土的软硬或岩体裂隙密度选用合适的尺
寸 s 士的法层平板载荷试验承压板面积不应小于 O. 25m2 ，对软土和拉径较大的填土不应
小于 O.5m 2 士的深层平板载荷试验承压板面积宜选用 O.5m 2 ; 岩石载荷试验承压板的
面积不宜小于 O. 07m 2 ;

4 载荷试验加荷方式应采用分级维持荷载沉降相对稳定法(常规慢速法 h 有地区
经验时，可采用分级加荷沉降非稳定法(快速法〉或等沉降速率法 ;>>u 荷等级宜取 10-12
级，并不应少于 8 级，荷载量测精度不应低于最大荷载的士 1%1
5 承压板的沉降可采用百分表或电测位移计量测，其精度不应低于士 O.Olmm:
6 对慢速法，当试验对象为土体时，每级荷载施加后，闯隔 5 min 、 5 min 、 10 min 、
234 .
 lOrnin 、 15 min 、 15min 汕读一次沉降.以后间隔 30 mm i!llIJ 快一次沉降，当连读两小时每

小时沉降量小 j 一等于 O. lmm a-;f.可认为沉降已达相对稳 ÄÊ 标准.施加下一级荷裁，当试

验对象是岩体时，间隔 1 m 川、 2 min~2 min 、 5rnio 测读一次沉降，以后每隔 lOmìn ð剧读一
次，当连续三次应数差小「等于 O.Olrnrn 时.可认为沉降已达相对稳定标准.施加 F 一级

荷载;
7 当出现下列情况之一时，可终止试验。
l)承压板周边的土出现明显侧向挤出，周边岩土削现明显隆起或径向裂缝持续
发展 3

2) 木级荷载的沉降量大于前级荷载沉降量的 5 俏，荷载与沉降嗣线山现明显
随降;
3) 在;在级荷载下 24 小时沉降速率不能达到相对稳定标准 5
4) 总沉降量与承压板直径(或宽度〉之 t~ 超过口 06.
10.2.4 根据载荷试验成果分析要求，应绘制和7 载(户〕与沉降(.5)曲线，必要时绘制各级
荷载 F 沉降 (s) 与时间 (1) 或时间对数(Igl) 曲线 n
应根据 Ps 曲线拐点，必要时结合s- lgt 曲线特征，确定比例界限压力和极限压力。
当 jr.' 呈缓变曲线时，可取对应于其-相对沉降值 (~II s/d.d 为承压板直径)的压力评定
地基士承载力.

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10.2.5 土的变形模量应根据 p- s 曲线的初始直线段，可按均质各向同性半无限弹性介
质的弹性理论计算 e
浅层平板载荷试验的变形模量 E， OilPa) ，可按下式计算 g

已~Io(l一户手 Cl o. 2. 5 寸)

深层平板载荷试验和螺旋板载荷试验的变形模量 Eo(MPa) ，可搜下式计算

Eo=ω pd Cl O. 2 , 6-2)

式中 1, 刚性承压板的形状系数，圆形承厄板取 0.785; 方形承压板取 0 ， 886;

μ 土的陆松比(碎石士取 0.27 ，砂土取 0.30 ，粉土取 0.35. 粉质粘土取 0.38 ，

粘土取 0.42) ;
d- .~王压板直径或边长 (m) ;

p--jrs 曲线线性段的 j王 )J(kPa) ，

s 与 p 对应的沉降 (mrn)õ

ω 与试验深度和上类有关的系数， μfm 表 10.2.5 选用。

10.2.6 基准基床罩数 K ， 可根据承压板边长为 30cm 的平板载荷试验，按下式计算

K ，~ 主 (1 0.2.6)

• 235 .
 表 10.2.5 深层戴荷试验计算系蚊 ω

土二至 协 4写土 砂土 粉才k 扮Iú枯土 稍土

U. .3 0 0.417 。矗 ~89
口'" 队 515 0.524
0.25 0.469 。. 480 0.482 。咱 506 0.514
0.20 0.460 O.Hl 0.471 0.197 0.505
0.15 0.444 (). 154 口 .457 。 .479
。'"
0.10 口 .135 0.446 0.448 D.470 0.478
口 .05 口<27 0.437 0.439 O. .161 。46B

0.01 D.418 D. -12 9 D.43 .1 0.452 0.459

注 :d /z. 为旅压扳直径和承压根底面部度之比

10.3 静力触探试验

10.3.1 静力触探试验适用于软士、一般柑性土、粉土、砂土和吉少量碎石的土.静力触
探可根据工程需要采用单桥探头、双桥探头或带孔隙水压力量测的单、双桥探头.可测
定比贯人阻力(丸〉、锥尖阻力 (q，) 、侧壁摩阻力 (1，)和贯入时的孔隙7]<压力(叫。
10.3.2 静力触探试验的技术要求应符合下列规定:
1 探头圆锥锥底截留积应采用 10cm 2 或 15cm 2 ，单桥探去但til茸高度应分别采用

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57mm 或 70mm ，双桥探头侧壁面积应采用 150........300cm 2 ，锥尖锥角应为 6口气
2 探头应él.J 速垂直压人士中，贯人速率为1. 2m/min;
3 探头ìj!'J 力传感器应连同仪器、电缆进行定期标定，室内探头标定测力传感器的
非线性误差、重复性误差、滞后误差、温度摞移、归零误差均应小于 l%FS ，现场试验归零
误差应小于 3%. 绝缘电姐不小于 500Mû ，
4 深度记录的误差不应大于触探深度的i: J%;
5 当贯入深度超过 30m ，或穿过厚层软士后再贯入硬土层时，应采取措施防止孔斜
或断忏，也可配置测斜探头，量测触探孔的偏斜角，校正土层界线的深度;
6 孔压探头在贯人前，应在室内保证探头应变腔为巳排除气泡的液体所饱和，并
在现场采取措施保持探头的饱和状态，直至探头进入地下水位以干的土层为止，在孔压
静探试验过程中不得上提探头;

7 当在预定深度进行孔压消散试验时，应量测停止贯人后不旧时间的孔压值，其
计时间隔由密而疏合理控制:试验过程不得柑动探抨.
10.3.3 静力触探试验成果分析应包括下列内容，
1 绘制各种贵人曲线·单桥和双桥探头应绘制 p.-z 曲线、 qc-z. 曲线、 f， 'z 曲线、 Rr- z.
曲线;孔压探头尚应绘制 Ui- Z. 曲线、华 z 曲线、f，-.曲线、 H'I- z 曲线和孔压消散曲
线 : ul-!gt 曲线;
其中 R, 摩阻比 3
Uι 孔压探头贯人土中量测的孔隙7]<压力(即相J 始孔 ff) 1
q. 真锥头阻力(经孔压修正) ,
• 236 •
 f 真{j)I，璧摩阻力(经孔压修正) ;

B" 静探孔压系数，反=生工旦旦$
q , ---0" .11
U" 试验深度处静水压力 (kPa) ,
。" 试验深度处单上覆压力 (kPa) ,
u ， -fLIT 消散过程时刻 t 的孔隙本压力，
2 根据贯人山线的线型特征，结合柑邻钻孔资料刷地区经验， M 分士层和判定士
类，计算各土层静 )J 触探有夫试验数据的平均值，或对数据进行统计分析，提供静力触
探数据的空间变化规律。
10.3.4 根据静力触探资料.利用地区经验，可进行力学分层，估算才的理性状态或密实
皮、强度、压缩性、地基承载力、单杭革载力、沉桩阻力，.i1t行液化判刑等。根据孔庄消散
曲线 "J 估算士的团结果数和渗透系数。

10.4 圄锥动力触探试验

10.4.1 圃锥动 )J 触探试验的类型可分为轻型、重型和超重型三种，)1;规格和适用土类

应符合表 10.4. 1 的规足。
表 10.4.1 圆桂动力触隔类型

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类 型 转础 ~型 主旦前也

踵的政 !)t lkg) 10 63_ 5 12D

2存储
蒂固~ (cm) )0 76 。。

rHt(ITI Il') ?句

拱头
'0
6()
"50
."如，') 以)

;:" 岳。 -60
"2
~t 入 100m 的读 l
指标 (mm) 贯入二Ocrr. 的读数 N: o 贸入 l;km 的民 1!< N ω |
l 数，\'.1 ，

浅部的与毛主砂土盼 砂土巾惭以 F 的仰石| 棺兴和制椅的仰石 j 、 l

主要适用剖 t
土帖性 J: :1 、被软和 |攸衍似软岩

10.4 , 2 困锥 l;}j jJ 触探试验技/位要求应符合 F 列规定

I 采用自动落键装置$
2 触探村最大偏斜度不应超过 2% ，锤击贯入 Fl 连续进行;同时防止锤击偏企、报
杆倾斜和侧向晃动.保抖探杆垂直度;锤击速率每分钟宜为 15---30 击，
3 每贯人 1m ，宜将探杆转动一圈半;当贯入探 Jjt 超过 10m ，每贯人 20cm 宜转动担
杆次，
4 对轻型动力触探.当 '\/IQ>100 或贯入 15cm 锤击数超过 50 时，可停止试验;对

重型功力触探，当连续二次 N"3 ;;>50 时，可停止试验或政用题重型动力触探.

10.4.3 圆锥动力触探试验成果分析应包括下列内容
• 237 .
 1 单孔连续圆锥动力触探试验应绘制锤击数与贯入深度关系曲线，
2 计算单孔分层贯人指标平均值时，成剔除临界深度以内的数值、超前和捕后影

响范围内的异常值，
3 根据各孔分层的贯人指标平均值，用厚度加权平均法计算场地分层贯人指标平
均值和变异系数。
10.4.4 根据自l 锵动力触探试验指标和地区经验，可进行力学分层，评定士的均匀性和
物理性质(状态、密实度人土的强度变形参数、地基承载力、单桩承载力.查明土洞、滑动
商、软硬土层界丽，检测地基处理效果等。应用试验成果时是否修正或如何修正，应根据
建立统计关系时的具体情况确定.

10.5 标准贯入试验

10.5.1 标准贯人试验适用于砂土粉土和-般粘性土固
10.5.2 标准贯入试验的设备应符合表 10. 5. 2 的规定。
褒 10. S. 2 际准贯入试验设备规格

锤的质址 (kS) fi3.S

落键
由$距 (çm) 7s
t王度 (mm) 〉目。

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对开管 夕叫'if> (mm) 51
内径 (111m) 35
货人指
t是监 (mm) $0-76
管鸭t 刃口角度俨) 18-.20
」1-- 到口单刃厚度 (mm) 1.6
直 程 (mm) 12
钻轩
相对穹刷 <1 /1 000

10.5.3 标准贯人试验的技术要求应符合 F 列规定

I 标准贯人试验孔采用同转钻进，并保持孔内水位略高于地下 11< 位。当孔壁不稳

定时，可用泥浆护壁.钻至试验标高以 r 15cm 处，清除于L 底残士后再进行试验;
2 采用自动脱钩的自由落键法进行锤击，并减小导向杆与锤间的摩阻力，避免锤
击时的偏心和侧向晃动，保持贯人器、探杆、导同杆联接后的垂直度，锯击座率应小于
30 击 /min;

3 贯人器打人士巾 15cm 后，开始记录每打入 10cm 的锤击数，罩计打人 30cm 的锤

击数为标准贯人试验锤 L 数 N o 当锤击数已达 50 击，而贯入深度未达 30cm 时，可记录
50 击的实际贯入深度，按 τ 式换算成相当于 30cm 的标准贯人试验锤击数 N. 并终止试

验-
N= ，30X~旦 00.5. 3)
,1 5
式中 ，15-50 击时的贯入度 (cmλ

10.5.4 标准贯人试验成果 N 可直接标在工程地质剖面图上，也可绘制单子L 标准贵人

238
 击数 N 与深度关系曲线或直方图。统计分层标贯击数平均值时.应剔除异常值。

10.5.5 标准贯入试验锤击数 N 值，可对砂土、粉土、粘性士的物理状态，土的强度、变

形参数、地基承载力、单桩承载力，砂士和粉土的液化，成桩的可能性等做出评价。应用
N 值时是否修正和如何修正，应根据建立统计关系时的具体情况确定 s

10.6 +字饭剪切试验

10.6.1 卡字板剪切试验可用于测定饱和软粘性土 (ψ目的的不排水抗剪强度和灵敏度。

10.6.2 'r 字板剪切试验点的布置，对均质上竖向间距可为 1m ，对非均质或夹薄层粉细

砂的软粘性土，宜先作静力触探，结合土层变化，选择软柑士进行试验。
10.6.3 十字板剪切试验的主要技术要求应符合下列规定
1 -1字板板头形状宜为矩形，径高比 1 2 ，饭 j旱贸为 2--3rnm;
2 十字板头插入钻孔底的深度不应小于钻孔或套管直梧的 3~5 倍;
3 十字板插入至试验深度后，至少应静止 2 ，......3mi 口，方可开始试验;

4 扭转剪切速率宜采用 (!'~n /l O" 并应在测得峰值强度后继续测记 lmin;

5 在峰值强度或稳定值测试完后，顺扭转方向连续转动 6 圈后，测定震坦士的不排

水 Vl 剪强度;
6 对开口钢环「宇板剪切仪.应修正轴杆与土 l间的摩阻力的影响。

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10.6.4 十字板剪切试验成果分析应包括 F 列内容.
1 计算各试验点土的末排水抗菌峰值强度、残余强度、重塑土强度和灵敏度;
2 绘制单孔卡字板剪切试验上的不排水抗剪峰值强度、残余强度、重塑土强度和

灵敏度随深度的变化曲线，需要时绘制抗剪强度与扭转角度的关系曲线;
3 根据土层条件和地区经验，对实测的卡宇板不排在抗剪强度进行修正。
10.6.5 十字板剪切试验成果可按地区经验，确定地萃承载力、单桩原载力，计算边坡稳
定.判定软粘性上的团结历史。

10.7 旁压试验

10.7.1 旁压试验适用于柏性士、粉土、砂土、碎石土、残积土、极软岩和软岩等 c
10.7.2 旁压试验应在高代表性的位置和深度进行，旁压器的量测腔应在同 t 层内。
试验点的垂直间距应根据地层条件和工程要求确定，但不宜小于 1m ，试验孔与已有钻孔
的水平距离不宜小于 1m.
10.7.3 旁压试验的技术要求应符合 F 列规定 g
1 预钻式旁压试验应保证成孔质量，钻孔直径与旁压器直径应良好配合，防止孔
壁现揭·自钻式旁压试验的自钻钻头、钻头转速、钻进速率、刃口距离、泥浆压力和流量等
成符合有关规定，
2 )JU 荷等级町采用预期临理压力的l/ 5~1 月，初始阶段加荷等级可取小值，必要
时，可作卸荷再加荷试验，测定再加荷旁压艘量 z
3 每级压力 J阜维持 lmin 或 2mi 口后再施加下一级压力，维持 lmin 时，加荷后 15s 、
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 30s 、 60s 测读变形量，维持 2min 时，加荷后 15s 、 308 、 60s 、 120s ìllU 读变形量;
4 当最测腔的扩张体积相当 F 量测腔的固有体积肘，或压力达到仪器的容许最大
压力时，应终止试验。
10.7.4 旁压试验成果分析应包括下列内容.
1 对各级压力和相应的扩张体积(或换算为半径增量〉分别进行约束力和体积的
修正后.绘制压力与体积曲线，需要时可作蠕变曲线;
Z 根据压力与体积曲线，结合蠕变曲线确定初始压力、临塑压力和极限压力 e
3 根据压力与体积曲线的直线段斜率，按 F 式计算旁压模量 3
I~Y , VO+V 1 、 t， þ
Em~2 (1+，， )(V，+-'-"-c一-'--'\一ζ (1 0.7.4)
俨\." 2 't, V
式中 Em 旁压模量 (kPa) ,
μ 泊松比，按式 10. 2. 5 取值 F
V, 旁压器盘测腔初始固有体积 (cm 3 ) ;

V, --与初始压力 p。对应的体积 (cm )

3
;

V, 与临塑压力户t 对应的体积 (cm') ;

t，pj t，'λ 旁压曲线直线段的斜率 CkPa/cm ) 。
S

10.7.5 根据初始压力、临塑压力、极限压力和旁压模量，结合地区经验可评定地基承载

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力和变形参数。根据自钻式旁压试验的旁压曲线，还可测求土的原位水平应力、静止侧
压力系数、不排水抗剪强度等。

10.8 扁铲侧胀试验

10.8.1 扁铲侧胀试验适用于软土、一般粘性土、粉土、黄上和松散~中密的砂土。
10.8.2 扁铲侧胀试验技术要求应符合 F 列规定 z
1 扁铲恻胀试验探头长 230~240mm 、宽 94"""" 96mm 、厚 14........ 16mm; 探头前缘刃角
12 ~ 16气探头侧面钢膜片的直径 60mm;
0

Z 每孔试验前后均应进行探头率定，取试验前后的平均值为修正值，膜片的合格
标准为=
率定时膨胀至 0.05mm 的气压实训HI[ t，A~5~25kPa ，
率定时膨胀至1. lOmm 的气压实 ~J 值 t，B~ IO- 1l 0kP .,
3 试验时，应以静力匀速将探头贯人土中，贯人速率宜为 2cm/s; 试验点间距可取
20........50cm;
4 探头达到预定深度后，应匀速加压和减压测定膜片膨胀至 O. 05mm~ 1. lOmm 和
回到口。 05mm 的压力 A 、 B 、 C 值 p
5 扁铲侧胀消散试验，应在需测试的深度进行，测读时间间隔可取 1min 、 2min 、
4min 、 8min 、 15min 、 30min 、 90min. 以后每 90min 测读一次，直至消散结束 e
10.8.3 扁铲捆U 胀试验成果分析应包括下列内容 2
1 对试验的实测数据进行膜片刚度修i[，
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 户。~1. 05(A-z m 一 -，'\A J

0.05(B-z阳Ll B) (10.8.3- 1)
p ， ~B-zm- Ll B 00.8 , 3-2)
þz=C- zm+ L'l. A 00.8.3-3)
式中 Po 膜片向土中膨胀之前的接触压力 (kPa);

p, 膜片膨胀豆1. lOmm 时的压力 (kPa) ;

p, 膜片回到 O.05mm 时的终止床力 (kP时，

Zm 调零前的压力表初读数 (kPa) ,
Z 根据 po .ÞI 和白计算下列指标
E[)=34 ， 7CPl 户。) 00.8. ]-1)
Ku~(ρ o-uo )/σ咱 00.8.3-5)
h=(p ， ρ。 )/(po-Uo) OD. 8. 3-6)
U[}= (h -uo >/Cþo - U~) OD.8ι3-7 )
式中 Eu 侧胀模量 (kPa) ;
Ku 但 j 胀水平应力指数 g

lu 舰j 胀土性指数:
Uu 侧胀孔 1li指数;

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"。 试验深度处的静水压力 (kPa);

σ明一一试验深度处土的有效上覆压力 (kPa) 。

3 绘制 En ， /n 、 Ku 和 U n 与深度的关系曲线。
10 , 8 , 4 根据扁铲侧胀试验指标和地区经验，可判别士类，确定柑性土的状态、静止侧压
力系数、水平基床罩数等。

10.9 现场直接剪切试验

10.9.1 现场直剪试验可用于岩土体本身、岩土体沿软弱结构面和岩体与其他材料接触

丽的剪切试验，可分为岩土体试体在法院J 应力作用 τ 沿剪切面剪切破坏的抗剪断试验，

岩土体剪断后沿剪切而继续剪切的抗剪试验〈摩擦试验) ，法向应力为零时岩体剪切的
抗切试验。
10.9.2 现场直剪试验可在试洞、试坑、探槽llIt大口径锚孔内进行。当剪切固水平或近

子水平时，可采用干推法或斜推法;当剪切面较陡时，可采用樱形体法。
同 组试验体的岩性应基本相同，受力状态应与岩土体在工程中的实际受力状态
相近。
10.9.3 现场直剪试验每组岩体不宜少于 3 个。剪切西积不得小于 O. 25m~ .试体最小
边长不宜小于、 5 (l çm. 高度不宜小于最小边长的 0.5 倍。试体之间的距离应大于最小边
长的1. 5 倍。
每组土体试验不宜少于 3 个 a 剪切面帜末宜小于 O. 3m' ，高度不宜小于 20cm 或为
最大粒径的 4~8 倍，剪切而开缝应为最小粒径的 1/3~ 1/4 。
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 10.9.4 现场直剪试验的技术要求应符合下列规定 2
1 开挖试坑时应避免对试体的扰动和古草量的显著变化，在地下水位以下试验

时，应避免水压力和渗流对试验的影响，
2 施加的法向荷载、剪切荷载应位于剪切面、剪切缝的中心;或使法向荷载与剪切
荷载的合力通过剪切面的中心，并保持法向荷载不变 7
3 最大法向荷载应大于设汁荷载，并按等量分级 i 荷载精度应为试验最大荷载
的士 2%;
4 每一试体的法向荷载可分 4~5 级施加 z 当法向变形达到相对稳定时，即可施加
剪切荷载;
5 每级剪切荷载按预估最大荷载的 8% ----10% 分级等量施加，或按法向荷载的
5%~10% 分级等量施加 g 岩体按每 5--...10min. 土体按每 30s 施加-级剪切荷载$
6 当剪切变形急剧增长或剪切变形达到试体尺寸的 1/10 时，可终止试验 s
7 根据剪切位移大于 10mm 时的试验成果确定残余抗剪强度，需要时可沿剪切雨
继续进行摩擦试验。
10.9.5 现场直剪试验成果分析应包括 T JiU 内容.
1 绘制剪切应力与剪切位移曲线、剪应力与垂直位移曲线，确定比例强度、屈服强
度、峰值强度、剪胀点和剪胀强度;

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2 绘制法向应力与比例强度、屈服强度、峰值强度、残余强度的曲线，确定相应的强
度参数。

10.10 波选测试

10.10.1 波速测试适用于测定各类岩土体的压缩波、剪切波或瑞利波的波速，可根据任

务要求，采用单孔法、跨孔法或面波法。
10. 10.2 单孔法波速测试的技术要求应符合下列规定，
1 测试孔应垂直 3
2 将三分量检波器固定在孔内预定深度处，并紧贴孔璧 3
3 可采用地面激振或孔内激振;
4 应结合土层布置 IIjIJ 点，测点的垂直间距宜取 1~3m. 层位变化处加密，并宣自下
而上逐点测试。
10.10.3 跨孔法波速测试的技术要求应符合下列规定
1 振源孔和测试孔，应布置在一条直线上 s
2 测试孔的孔距在土层中宜取 2~5m. 在岩层中宜取 8.-.... 15m. 测点垂直向距宜取
1----2m; 近地表测点宣布置在 0.4 倍孔臣的深度处，震源和检披器应置于同 地层的相

同标高处 s
3 当测试探度大于 15m 肘，应进行激振孔和测试孔倾斜度和倾斜方位的量测，胡l
点问距宜取 1m.
10.10.4 商波法波速测试可采用瞬态法或稳态法，宜采用低频检波器，道间距可根据场
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 地条件跑过试验确定。
10.10.5 波速测试成果分析应包括下列内容，
1 在波形记录上识别压缩搅和剪切梭的初至时间;
2 计算由振源到达测点的距离，
3 根据波的传播时间和距离确定波速，
4 汁算岩士小应变的动弹性模量、动剪切模盘和动泊松比。

10.11 岩体原位应力测试

10.11.1 岩体应力测试适用 1 元水、完整或较完握的岩体.可采用孔壁应变法、孔径变

形法和孔底应变法测求岩体空间应力和平面应力。
10.1 1. 2 测试岩体原始应力时，测点深度应超过1年力扰动影响区，在地下洞室中进行测
试时，测点深度应超过桐室直径的二倍。
10.1 1. 3 岩体应力测试技术要求应符合下列规定，
1 在树l 点测段内，岩性应均一完整，
2 测试孔的孔壁、孔底应光滑、平整、干燥 s
3 稳定标准为连续二次读数(每隔 10min 读一次〉之差不超过与 ε$

4 同 钻孔内的测试读数不应少 f 二次。

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10.11.4 岩芯应 fJ 解除后的围压试验应在 24 小时内近行;压力宜分 5~IO 级，最大压
力应大于预估岩体最大主应力。
10.1 1. 5 测试成果整理应符合下列要求:
1 根据测试成果计算岩体平面应力和空|可应力，计算方法应符合现行国家标准
《工程岩体试验方法标准 )(GB/T 50266) 的规定 s
2 恨据岩芯解除应变值和解除深度，绘制解除过程曲线寻
3 根据国压试验资料，绘制压力与应变关系曲线，计算岩石弹性常数 a

10.12 激振法测试

10.12.1 激振法测试可用于测定天然地基和人工地基的动力特性，为动力机器基础设
ìi 提供地基刚度、阻尼比和参振质量。
10.12.2 激振法测试应采用强迫振动方法，有条件时宜同时采用强迫振动和自由振动

两种测试方法"
10.12.3 进行激振法测试时，应搜集机器性能、基础形式、基底标高、地基土性质和均匀

性、地下构筑物和干扰振源等资树。
10.12.4 激振法测试的技术要求应符合下列规定:
1 机械式激振设备的最低工作频率宜为 3---5Hz ，最高工作频率宜太于 60Hz; 电磁
激振设备的扰力不宜小子 600N;

2 块体基础的尺寸宜采用 2.0mX J. 5mX l. Om 。在同 地层条件下，宜采用两个

块体基础进行对比试验.基底面积 致.高度分别为1. 0m 和1. 5m; 桩基测试应采用两
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 根桩，桩|国距取设计间距，桩台边缘毫桩袖的距离可取桩间距的 1/2 ， 机台的民宽比应为
2 ]，高度不宜小于1. 6m; 当进行不同桩数的开j 比试验时，应增加桩数和相应桩台面积 3
测试基础的混凝土强度等级不宜低于 C15;
3 测试基础应置于拟建基础附近和性质类似的土层上。其底面标高应与拟建基
础底面标高一致，
4 应分别进行明置和埋置两种情况的测试.埋'R基础的回填土应分层开实，
5 仪器设岳的精度，安装、测试方法和要求等.@.符合现行国家标准《地基功力特性
测试规范 ))(GB/T 50269) 的规定。
10.12.5 激振法测试成果分析店包括下列内容
I 强迫振动测试应绘制下列幅频响应曲线

])竖向振动为竖向振幅随频率变化的幅频响应曲线 (A ，- f 曲线) ;
2) 水平回转藕合振动为J)<平振幅随频率变化的幅频响应曲线 (A~-f 曲线)和坚
向振幅随频率变化的幅频响应曲线 (A句f[曲线) ;
3) 扭转振动为扭转扰力矩作用下的水平振幅随频率变化的幅频响应曲线 (A ，， -f
曲线) ;
2 自由振动测试应绘制下列波形圈，
。竖 J句自由振动披形图，

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2) 水平回转搞合振动波形凹，
3 根据强迫振动测试的幅频响应曲线和自由振动测试的波形圈，按现行国家标准
4 地基动力特性测试规范 ))(GB/T 50269) 计算地基刚度系数、阻尼比和参振质量。

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 11 室内试验

11.1 -般规定

1 1.1. 1 岩土性质的室内试验项目和试验方法应符合本章的规定，其具体操作和试验仪
器应符合现行国家标准《土工试验方法标准lC Gß/T 5012 .1)和国家标准《工程岩体试验
)j 法标准I< GB/T 50266) 的规定 岩 t 工程评价时所选用的参数值，宜与相应的原位测
试成果或原型观测反分析成果比较，经修正后确定。
11.1.2 试验项目和试验方法，应根据工程要求和岩士性质的特点确定"当需要时应考
虑岩土的原位应力场和应力历史，工程活动引起的新应力场和新边界条件，使试验条件
尽可能接近实际;并应注意岩土的非均质性、非等向性和不连续性以及由此产生的岩土
体与岩土试样在工程性状上的差3)1].
1 1. 1. 3 对J恃种试验项目，应制定专门的试验方案 e
11. 1. 4 制备试样前，应对岩土的重要性状做肉眼鉴定和简要描述@

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11.2 士的物理性质试验

11.2.1 各类工程均应测定下列士的分类指标和物理性质指标
砂土 g 颗粒级配、比重、天然吉水量、天然密度‘最大利最小密度，
粉土颗粒级配、液限、理限、比重、天然吉水量、天然密度和有机质含量。
柏性士 z 液限、塑限、比重、天然吉J]<量、天然密度和有机质含量。
注 1 对砂士 .ln 元挝、取得 I 级、日级山级土试样时.可只进行颗粮级内己试验 s

Z 目训鉴定不含有机质时，可不进行有机 JJi 含业试验。

11. 2.2 测定液限时，应根据分类评价要求，选用现行国家标准《土工试验方法标准》
CGB/T 50123) 规定的方法，并应在试验报告上注明 c 有经验的地区，比重可根据经验
确定。

11. 2. 3 当需进行渗流分析.基坑降水设计等要求提供土的透水性参数时，可进行渗透
试验。常;j(头试验适用于砂土和碎石土，变水头试验适用于粉士和帖性士;透水性很低
的软土可通过困结试验测定团结系数、体积压缩系数，计算渗透系数.士的渗透系数取
值应与野外抽水试验或注水试验的成果比较后确定。
11.2.4 当需对土方网填或填筑工程进行质量控制时，应进行击实试验，测定土的干密
度与吉水里关罩，确应是大干密度和最优含水量。

11.3 士的压缩 回结试验

11.3.1 当采用压缩模量进行沉降计算时，团结试验最大压力应大于土的有效自重压力
与附加压力之和，试验成果可用 rp 曲线整理，压缩系数和压缩模量的计算应取自土的
有效自重压力至士的有效自重压力与附加压力之和的压力段。当考虑基坑开挖卸荷和
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 再加荷影响时，应进行阳弹试验，其压力的施加l 应模拟实际的加、卸荷状态。

11.3.2 当考虑土的应力历史进行沉降计算时.试验成果应按刮目曲线整理，确应先
期固结压力并日算压缩指数和回弹指数@施加的最大压力应满足绘制完整的 e-Ig户曲
线。为计算国弹指数，应在估计的先期团结压力之后，迸行一次卸荷回弹，再继续加荷，
直至完成预定的最后一级压力.

11.3.3 当需进行沉降历时关系分析时，应选取部分土试祥在土的有效自重压力与附加
压力之和的压力下，作详细的团结历时出录，并计算团结罩数.
11.3.4 对厚层高压缩性软土上的工程.任务需要时应取-定数量的土试样测定次圈结
果数，用以计算次团结沉降及其历时关系。
11.3.5 当需进行土的应力应变关系分析，为非线性弹性、弹塑性模型提供参数时，可进
行三轴压缩试验，并宜符合下列要求
1 采用二个或三个以 l 不同的固定罔压，分别使试样固结，然后逐级增加轴压.直
至破坏，每个圈压的试验宜进行一至三次因弹，并将试验结果整理成相应于各固定罔压
的轴向应力与轴向应变关系曲线，
Z 进行围压与轴压相等的等压团结试验，逐级加荷.取得围压与体积应变关系
曲线。

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11.4 土的抗剪强度试验

1 1. 4.1 三轴剪切试验的试验方法应按下列条件确定

1 对饱和粘性土，当加 ;(3j 速率较快时宜采用不固结不排水 (UU) 试验 a 饱和软土应

对试样在有效自重压力下预团结后再进行试验;
Z 对经预压处理的地基、排点条件好的地基、加荷速率不高的工程或加荷速率较
快但土的超固结程度较高的工程，以及需 l~ 算水位迅速下降时的土坡稳定性时.可采用
罔结不排水 (C U> 试验，当需提供有效应力抗剪强度指标时，应采用固结 4、排水洲孔隙水
压均 CCUJ 试验.
1 1. 4. 2 直接剪切试验的试验厅法，应根据荷载类型 1日荷速率和地基土的排水条件确
定。对内摩擦角 ψ埠。的软帖土，可用 I 级土试样进行元侧限抗压强度试验。
1 1. 4.3 测定滑坡带等已经存在剪切破裂町的抗剪强度时，应进行残余强度试验。在确
寇计算参数时，宜与现场观jj! J 反分析的成果比较后确定。

11.4.4 当岩土工程评价有专门要求时咱可进行 K，团结不排水试验、儿团结不排水削

孔隙水压力试验，恃定应力比团结不排水试验，平面应变压缩试验和平面应变拉伸试
验等.

11.5 土的动力性质试验

11.5.1 当工程设计要求测定土的动力性质时，可采用动兰轴试验、动单剪试验或共振
柱试验。在选择试验方法和仪器时，应注意其动应变的适用范围.
11.5.2 动三轴和动单剪试验可用于测定土的下列动力性质
• 246 .
 1 动弹性模量、动阻尼比及其与动应变的关系，

Z 既定循环周数下的动应力与动应变关系 s
3 饱和士的液化剪应力与动应力循环周数关系。
11. 5.3 共振柱试验可用于测定小动应变时的动弹性模量和动阻尼比.

11.6 岩石试验

11.6.1 岩石的成分和物现性质试验可根据工科需要边定下列项目:
1 岩矿鉴定 5

2 颗粒密度和块体密度试验 3
3 吸水率和饱和吸水率试验$
4 耐崩解性试验 i

5 膨胀试验;
6 冻融试验.
I I. 6. 2 单轴抗压强度试验应分别测定干燥和饱和状态下的强度，并提供极限抗压强度
和软化革数巴岩石的弹性模量和泊松比，可根据单轴压缩变形试验测定.对各向异性明
显的岩石应分别扭l íE平行和垂直层理面的强度。
I I. 6. 3 辑石主轴压缩试验室根据其应力状态选用四种围压，并提供不同围压下的主应

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力差与轴向应变关罩、抗剪强度包络线和强度参数 c 、伊值。
I I. 6. 4 岩石直接剪切试捡可测定岩石以及节理面、滑动西、断层丽或岩层层面等不连
续面上的抗剪强度，并提供 c 呻值和各法向股力下的剪应力与位移曲线。
ll. 6. 5 岩石抗拉强度试验可在试伺直径方向 t. 施加一对线性荷载，使试件沿直径方
向破坏，间接测定岩石的扰拉强度。
11.6.6 当问接确定岩石的强度和模革时，可进行点荷载试验和声波速度测试。

• 247 •
 12 水利土腐蚀性的评价

12. I 取样和测试

旦兰兰 当有足够经验或充分资料，认定工程场地星茎盟主的土或水(地下水或地表水)
对建筑材料不具腐蚀性时，可不取样进行腐蚀性评价 b 否则，应取水试样或土试样进行
试验，并按本章评定其对建筑材料的腐蚀性 e
土对钢结构腐蚀性的评价可根据任务要求进行.
12. I. 2 采取水试样和士试样股符合下列规定 g
1 混凝土结构处于地下水位以上时，应取土试样作士的腐蚀性测试$
Z 混凝土结掏处于地下水或地表水中时，应取水试样作水的腐蚀性测试 s
雪 混凝土结构部分处于地 F主主且主主直'?1坐二F 地 F 水位以下时，应分别取士试
些塑韭些些企盛坐坐盟主i
雪 水试样和土试样应在混凝土结构所在的深度采取，每个场地不应少于主坐立主
土中盐类成分和吉量分布不均匀时，应分区、分层取样，每区、每层不应少于 2 件。

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12. I. 3 水和土腐蚀性的测试项目和试验方法应符合下列规定 g
1 水对混凝土结构腐蚀性的测试项目包括 pH 值、 C_，a2'1 ，1，龟2 飞 α 、 sc万、 HCO;、

αY 、侵蚀性 C 乌、游离co;、 NH. -t、 OH 、总矿化度;

2 土对 m 凝土结构腐蚀性的测试项目包括 pH 值、 Ca 21 ' ， Mg2+ 、 Cl 、 SO! 、

HCO，、 C0 3 Z
的易溶盐(土 7](比 l' 日分析;
3 土对钢结构的腐蚀性的测试项目包括 pH 值、氧化还原电位、极化电流密
度、电阻率、质量损失 s
4 腐蚀性测试项目的试验方法应符合表 12. 1. 3 的规定。
表 12.1.3 腐姐性试验主法

序号 试验顶目 试验方法

pH 假 咆位法或锥形波璃电极法

c.'咱 F:DTA 窑盘怯

Mg1+ EDTA 窑盘陆

CI 海 !j、法

50. Z- EDTA 容 i茸法或团监法

HC 丁 3 酸梢定法

CO, z- 股滴定法

8 侵 F础性 cO ， 盖耶尔法

自持商 C0 1 破 i滴定法

10 NH.,+ 饷氏试剂比色法

• <::48 •
 续表 12. 1.3

Jf号 试4金项目 出验方法

11 OH 酸树定法

12 总 tr-1，七度 计y，.: t1~

13 锐化经原也位 4的电极 ，t

14 极化电槐树青皮 原价极化讼

15 电阻率 四极法

15 质 1 ， 1 损失 4苦饰法

12.1.4 水和士对建筑材料的腐蚀性，可分为微、娟、中、强四个等级，并可按本规
范第 12. 2 节进行评价。

12.2 腐蚀性评价

12.2.1 受环境类型影响，水和土对混凝土结构的腐蚀性，成符合表 12. 2. 1 的规定:

环境类型的划分按本规范附录 G 执行。
表 12.2.1 按坏撞韭型水和土时，且提土结构的确由性评价

'f统类型
腐蚀得级 腐蚀介质
E 用

做 <200 <30C 〈之 500

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4Ií酸却:含 l， 1
弱 200-500 300~， 1500 500-300C
Sü l !
中 jUC-1500 1500-3000 3000-600币
(mg/Ll
强 >1500 主>3000 >6000

直 <1000 <2000 〈二 3000

钱就含址
弱 l 口口。 -2000 2000-3000 .~QOO-4000
Mg~-t
廖p 200C- 且000 3000-4000 4000-5000
(m~/:.)
?她 >3000 >1000 三>5000

盟 <100 <500 <800

i茧盐含 hi
弱 100-500 500-800 800-1000
~H ，f
叫l 500-800 800-100(J 1000-1500
(mg/LJ
强 >800 >]000 >1500

理 苛性碱含扯
<3~000 <4300C <~700C

弱 3500日 -13000 '13000-5700也 57000-70000

。H
叫l t,:l O()()-57000 570口。 -7000:) 70000-100000
(mg/U
也 >57000 >70000 > 100000

敬 <lClOOO <20000 <50000

与南 总矿化度 10000-20000 20000-50000 5 日 000-60000

, t, (mg/U 200()()~-500 (J 0 50000-.60000 60000-70000

拙 >50000 >60000 >70000

t-i:: 1 表立和的数 1ü 适用于有干湿父替你用的情况。 J ， 11 类腐蚀环 mX '7- n届交悴作用时 表中梳酸盐食 M 鲸值班乘以

1. 3 的系数，

2 此 tt llll.捎，;

3 表中数 f~LÌÉ 阳于水的腐蚀性评价 对上的腐蚀性降价 应乘以1. 5 的系敛 z 单位以 mg/kg 袤圳$

4 农巾苛性础(()日〉含 iJ[ (mg/U 应为 NaOH 和 KOH 叶 z 的 0日含址(Olg/U.

+ 24. 9 •
 12.2.2 受地层渗透性影响，水和上对混凝土结构的腐蚀性评价，应符合表 12. 2. 2 的
规定。
表 12.2.2 接地居渗量性水和士对 ìl 提土结构的商蚀性部价

腐蚀等级
pH 值 侵憧性 COl (吨 /L) HCO i"" (m叫Ll I
A 自 A B A

盟 >6, :5 >5.0 <15 <30 >1. 0

稠 6.5-5.0 5.0-4.0 )5-30 30-60 1.0-0.5
中 5.0-ι 。 1.0-3 , 5 30-60 60-100 <0.5
强 <4. 口 <3.5 >60

注 1 表中 A 是指直接临水或强远水层中的地下水， B 是指弱透水层中的地下水，强劳，k 层是指碎石 4 和砂 h 弱远水

星主量组主塑盘盘主主
Z HC 】 f 含雄是指水的矿化皮低于 O. 19/L 的软"时!该类水质 HC(汩的痛蚀性 1

土的腐蚀性评价只考虑 pH 值指恬 i 评价其腐蚀性除;J- .A 是指强选水土层， 8 是指弱透水土层

12.2.3 当按表 12.2.1 和 12.2.2 评价的腐蚀等级不南时，应按下列规定综合评定 z

1 腐蚀等级中，只出现弱腐蚀，元中等腐蚀或强腐蚀时;
2 腐蚀等级中，元强腐蚀;最高为中等腐蚀时，应综全评价为中等腐蚀 5
3 腐蚀等级中，有 个或一个以上为强腐蚀，应综合评价为强腐蚀。
12.2.4 水和士对钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋的腐蚀性评价，应符合表 12.2.4 的规定.
表 12.2.4 时铜菌嚣凝土箱冉中铜菌的腐由性评价

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水中的 C!- 舍世 (mg/L) 土巾的 CI~ 肯世 (mg/kg)
腐蚀等级
民期夜水 斗湿交替 A B

蛊 <IOOOC 〈之 100 <400 <250

弱 10000-20000 100-500 400-750 250-500
中 500-5000 750-7500 500-5000
强 >5000 >7500 工>5000

tl;, A 是措地下水位以上的碎石土 砂土，坚砸、翻塑的帖位土， B 是湿、很耀的粉土，可塑 软塑班组的柏

韭主￡
旦兰二 5 ，U才钢结构的腐蚀性评价，应符合主旦.2.5 的规定.
表 12.2.5 土时嗣蜡胸脯蚀性评价

氧化还原电位 E且且蛊 跟他电流密度

腐蚀等级 pH 质监损失地}
(m. V) (口 .m) (mA/cmZ )

徽 >5.5 >40口 >100 <0.02 <1

弱 5.5-4.5 400~200 100-50 口 .02-0.05 1-2
中 4.5-3.5 200-100 50-20 0.05-0咽 20 2-3
强 <3.5 <100 〈二 20 >0.2日 >3

注 2 土对钢结构的腐蚀性评价 p 取各指标中腐蚀等级戴高者.

12.2.6 水、土对建筑材料腐蚀的防护，应符合现行国家标准《工业建筑防腐蚀设计规
泡以 GB 50046) 的规定。

• 250 •
 13 现场检验和监视J

13.1 -般规定

13. 1. 1 现场检验和监测应在工程施工期间进行。对南特殊要求的工程，应根据工程特
点，确定必要的项目，在使用期内继续进行。
13. 1. 2 现场检验和监测的记录、数据和图件，应保持完整。并应按工程要求整理分析 c
13. 1. 3 现场检验和监测资料，应及时向有关方固报送.当监测数据接近危及工程的临
界值时，必须加密监测.并及时报告.
13.1.4 现场检验和监测完成后，应提交成果报告。报告中应附有相关曲线和图纸，并

进行分析评价，提出建议。

13.2 地基基础的检验和监测

13.2.1 天然地基的基坑(基槽)开挖后，应检验开挖揭露的地基条件是否与勘察报告一
致。如青异常情况，应提出处理措施或修改设计的建议 a 当与勘察报告出人较大时，应

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建议进行施工勘察。检验应包括下列内容 z
1 岩土分布及其性质 1
Z 地下水情况 3
3 对土质地基，可采用轻型圆锥动力触探或其他机具进行检验。
13.2.2 桩基工程应通过试钻或试打，检验岩土条件是否与勘察报告一致。如遇异常情
况.应提出处理措施。当与勘察报告差异较大时，应建议进行施℃勘察.单桩承载力的
检验，应采用载荷试验与动测相结合的方法.对大直径挖孔链，应逐桩检验孔底尺寸和
岩土情况 q
13.2.3 地基处理效果的检验，除载荷试验外，尚可采用静力触探、圆锥动力触探、标准
贸人试验、旁压试验、波速测试等方法，并应接本规范第 10 章的规定执行。
13.2.4 基坑工程监测方案，应根据场地条件和开挖支护的施工设计确定，并应包括 F
列内容

1 支护结构的变形 g
2 基坑周边的地面变形，
3 邻近工程和地 F 设施的变形;
4 地 F 水位，
5 渗漏、冒水、冲刷、管涌等情况。
13.2.5 'f 列工程 m 进行沉降观测
1 地基基础设计等级为甲级的建筑物 s
Z 不均匀地摹或软弱地基上的乙级建筑物;
. 251
 3 加层、接建，邻近开挖、堆载等，使地基应力发生显著变化的工程 3
4 因抽水等原因噜地下水位发生盒、剧变化的工程，
5 其他有关规范规定需要做沉降观测的工程.
13.2.6 沉降观测应按现衍标准《建筑物变形测量规范 IOGJ 8) 的规定执行。
13.2.7 工程需要时可进行岩土体的下列监测
1 洞室或岩石边坡的收敛量测;
2 深基坑开挖的回弹盘测 s
3 土压力或岩体应力量测.

13.3 不良地质作用和地质灾害的监测

13.3.1 下列情况应进行不良地质作用和地质灾害的监测
1 场地及其附近有不良地质作用或地质灾害，并可能危及土耳里的安全或iE常使
用时;
2 工程建设和运行.可能加速不良地质作用的发展或引发地质灾害时 5

3 工程建设和运行.对附近环境可能产生显著不良影响时。
13.3.2 不良地质作用和地质灾害的监测.应根据场地及其附近的地质条件和工程实际

需要编制监测纲要，按纲要进行.纲要内容包括监测目的和要求、监测项目、测点布景、

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观测时间间隔和期眼、现ij!IJ 仪辑、方法和精度、应提交的数据、图件等，并及时提出灾害预
报和采取措施的建议。
13.3.3 岩榕士洞发育区应着重监测下列内容 z
1 地面变形 3

2 地 c ;j(位的动态变化 z
3 场区及其附近的抽水情况.
4 地下水位变化对土洞发育和塌陷发生的影响-
13.3.4 滑坡监测 fÑ 包括 τ 列内容.
1 滑坡体的 {ft 移$
2 滑面位置及错动 3

3 滑坡裂缝的发生和发展 z
4 滑坡体内外地下水位、流向、泉水流 t址和滑带孔隙水压力，
5 支挡结构且其他工程设施的位移、变形、裂缝的发生和发展。
13.3.5 当需判定崩塌剥离体或危岩的稳定性时，应对张裂缝进行监测。 x，J 可能造成较
大危害的崩塌.应进行系统监测.并根据监测结果，对可能发生崩塌的时闽、规模、塌落方
向和途径、影响范围等做出预报.
13.3.6 对现采空区，应迸行地表移动和建筑物变形的观测，并应符合下列规定，
1 X阻测线宜平行和垂直矿层走向布置，其长度应超过移动盆地的范倒，
2 观测点的 l司距可根据开来深度确定，并大致相等:
3 观回l 周期应根据地表变形速度和开采深度确定@
 13.3.7 四城市或工业 f;:.( 抽水而引起区域性地面沉降，应进行区域件的地面沉降监测，
监测要求和方法应按有关标准近行，

13.4 地节水的监测

13.4.1 T Jiú 情况应进行地下点监测

1 地下水位升降影响右上稳定时.
2 地下水位上升产生博托力对地下室或地 F 构筑物的防潮、防点或稳定性产吐较
大影响时:
3 施工降水对椒建工科或相邻工程有较大影响时 z
4 施工或环境条件改变，造成的孔隙水压力、地 F 水压力变化，对工程设计或施工
有较大影响时，
5 地下水位的下降造成区域性地而沉降时，

6 地下在位升降可能使岩土产生软化、 1M 陷、胀缩时;
7 需要进行污染物运移对环境影响的评价时.
13.4.2 监测工作的布置，应根据监测目的、场地条件、 L程要求和水立地政条件确定&
13.4.3 地下水监测方法应符合下列规定
1 地干 Jj(位的监侧.可设置专门的地下水 1'\'1: 观测孔，或利用在井、地 [-"J1c 天然露头

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进行;
Z 孔隙水斥力、地下水应力的监测.可采用孔隙*应力材、测压计进行，
3 用化学分析法监测7J<质时.采样次数每年不应少 f 4 次，进行相关项目的分析。
13.4.4 监测时间应满足下列要求，
1 动态监测时间l 不应少 r 个水文年 5
2 当孔隙7j(压 h 置化可能影响工程安全时，应在孔隙水压力降至安全值后方可停
止监测 z
3 对受地~. ;j(浮托力的工程，地 τ7J'(压力监测应进行至工根荷载大「浮托力 ;6 方
日J 停止监测，

• 2;,3 •
 14 岩土工程分析评价和成果报告

14. 1 一般规定

14.11 岩土工程分析评价 Jji 在工程地质测绘、勘探、测试和搜集已有资料的基础上.结

合工程特点和要求进行。各类工程、不民地质作用和地质灾害以及各种特殊性岩土的
分析评价，应分别符合本规范第 4 章、第 5 章和第 6 章的规定，
14.1.2 岩土工程分析评价应符合下歹11 要求.
1 充分了解工程结构的类型、特点、荷载情况和变形控制要求，
2 掌握场地的地质背景，考虑岩土材料的非均质性、各向异性和随时间的变化，评
估岩土参数的不确定性，确定其最佳估值，
3 充分考虑当地经验和类似工程的经验 5
4 对于理论依据不足、实践经验不多的岩土工程间题，可通过现场模型试验或足
尺试验取得实测数据进行分析评价?
5 必要时可建议通过施工监测，调整设计和施工方案。

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14. 1. 3 岩土工程分析评价应在定性分析的基础上进行定盘分析.岩士体的变形、强度

和稳定应定量分析$场她的适宜性、场地地质条件的稳寇性，可仅作定性分析-
14. 1. 4 岩土工程 ii 算应符合下列要求，
1 技承载能力极限状态计算，可用于评价岩土地基承载力和边坡、挡墙、地基稳定
性等 l可题.可根据有关设计规范规定，用分项系数或总安全革数方法计算，有经验时也
可用隐吉安全系数的抗力容许值进行计算 z
Z 按正常使用极限状态要求进行验算控制，可用于评价岩土体的变形、动力反应、
透水性和滴水量等。
14. 1. 5 岩土工程的分析评价，应根据岩土工程勘察等级区别进行.对丙级岩土工程勘
察.可根据邻近工程经验，结合触探和钻探取样试验资料进行，对乙级岩土工程勘察.应
在详细勘探‘测试的基础上，结合邻近工程经验进行，并提供岩士的强度和变形指标:对

甲级岩土工程勘察，除按乙级要求进行外，悄宜提供载荷试验资料，必要时应对其中的
复杂闯题进行专门研究，并结合监测对评价结论进行检验。
14. 1. 6 任务需要时，可根据工程原型或足尺试验岩土体性状的量测结果，周反分析的
为法反求岩土参数，验证设计计算.查验工程效果或事故原因。

14.2 岩士参数的分析和选定

14.2.1 岩土参数应很据工程恃点和地质条件选用，并按下列内容评价其可靠性和适
用性.
1 取样方法和其他因素对试验结果的影响:
• 254 •
 2 采用的试验方法和取值标准;

3 不同测试方法所得结果的分析比较;
4 测试结果的离散程度;
5 测试方法与计算模型的配套性。
14.2.2 岩土参数统计应符合下列要求:
1 岩土的物理力学指标，应按场地的工程地质单元和层位分别统计 g
z 应按下列公式 n 算平均值、标准差和变异系数 z

~~，
.pm=-'~-'- 04.2.2-1)
n

σ 卡[争年] 04. 2. 2~2)

占=σI 04.2 , 2-3)

~m
式中轧 岩土参数的平均值，
σ「 岩土参数的标准差 s
岩土参数的变异系数。

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8
3 分析数据的分布情况并说明数据的取舍标准，
14.2.3 主要参数宜绘制沿深度变化的图件，并按变化特点划分为相关型和哨'相关型。
需要时应分析参数在水平方向上的变异规律.
相关型参数宜结合岩土参数与深度的经验关罩，按下式确定剩余标准差，并用剩余
标准差计算变异系数。

σ'r= O'( j l - r2 (]t,. 2. 3- 1)

4-h
。。

04.2.3-2)

式巾 σv 剩余标准差;

r 相关系数 ， M 非相关型 ， r=O~

14.2.4 岩土参数的标准值血叫按 F 列方法确定.

轧 =γ，1>0. (]4. 2. 4- 1)
,] .704 4.678 ,
,

孔~1I 1 .Jn十 τ'1 8 (]4. 2. 4 2)

式中 Y. 统计修正系数。
注:式由正负号战不利组合得)~如抗 r， 强皮指标的修正系鲸应取负他.

统计修正系数比也可按岩土工程的类型和重要性、参数的变异性和统计数据的个

数，根据经验选用。
14.2.5 在岩土工程勘察报告中，应按下列不同情况提供岩土参数值.
1 一般情况下，应提供岩土参数的平均值、标准羞、变异系数、数据分布范围和数据
255 .
 的数量 5
2 承载能力极限状态计算所需要的岩土参数标准值，应按式 04.2.4-1) 计算;当设
计规范另有专门规定的标准值取值方法时，可按有关规范执行.

14.3 成果报告的基本要求

14.3.1 岩土工程勘察报告所依据的原始资料，应进行整理、检查、分析，确认无误后方
可使用。
14.3.2 岩土工程勘察报告应资料完整、真实准确、数据无误、图表清晰、结论有据、建议
合理、便于使用和适宜长期保存，并应因地制宜，重点突出，有明确的工程针对性。
14.3.3 岩土工稳勘察报告应根据任务要求、勘察阶段、工程特点和地胶条件等具体情

况编写，并应包括下列内窑.
1 勘察目的、任务要求和依据的技术标准;
2 拟建工程概况;

3 勘察方法和勘察工 1'1'布置;
4 场地地形、地貌、地层、地质构造、岩土性质及其均匀性;
5 各项岩土性质指标，岩土的强度参姐、变形参数、地基承载力的建议值，
6 地下水埋藏情况、类型、水位及其变化;

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7 土和木对建筑材料的腐蚀性;
8 可能影响工程稳定的不良地质作用的描述和对工程危害程度的评价;
9 场地稳定性和适宜性的评价。
14.3.4 岩土工程勘察报告应对岩土利用、整治和改造的方案进行分析论证，提出建议;
对工程施工和使用期间可能发生的岩土工程问题进行预测，提出监控和预防措施的
建议。
14.3.5 成果报告应附下列囹件 z
1 勘探点平面布置图;
Z 工程地质柱状图 5
3 工程地质剖面图;
4 原位测试成果图表 3
5 室内试验成果图表。
注目当需要时。尚可附综合L程地质剧、综合地质栓状图、地下水等水位线图索捕、照片、综合分析图表以及岩土利
!Il.噬抬和改造方案的有关图麦、岩土工程汁算简团及计算成果 ~1 麦等，

14.3.6 对岩土的利用、整治和改造的建议，宜进行不同方案的技术经济论证，并提出对
设计、施工和现场监测要求的建议。
14.3.7 任务需要时，可提交下列专题报告，
l 岩土工程测试报告;
2 岩土工程检验或监测报告 g
3 岩土工程事战调查与分析报告，
4 岩土利用、整治或改造方案报告$
256
 5 专门岩士工程问题的技术咨询报告。
14.3.8 勘察报告的文字、术语、代号、符号、数字、计量单位标点，均应符合国家有关标
准的规定。
14.3.9 对丙级岩土工程勘察的成果报告内容可适当简化，采用以图表为主，辅以必要
的文字说明，只才甲级岩土工程勘察的成果报告除应符合本节规定外，尚可对专门性的岩
土 t 程问题提交专门的试验报告、研究报告或监测报告。

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• 257 •
 附录 A 岩土分类和鉴定

A.O.l 岩石坚硬程度等级可按表 A.O.l 定性划分.

袭 A.O.l 岩石坚硬程度等盟的定性分提

坚硬程度等级 定性鉴定 代表性岩石

未风化~微风化的花岗岩.问长
锤击声消脆，有四弹，箴孚!难击碎暴木 岩、辉绿岩、玄武绪、安山右、片麻
坚硬岩
元吸水反应 岩、石英岩、石英砂岩罐质砾岩、硅
质有灰岩等

使段岩

1 微风化的坚硬骨 l
毫交硬岩 i 击锤碎击有声轻较微消吸脆水，在反轻应微胆弹，稍震手，较难 2 未风化~徽风化的大理岩、板
岩、石灰搓、自云着飞钙质砂岩等

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1 中等风化~强风化的坚硬岩或
锺击声不?海脆，无回弹 I 驳易击畴，提水后 较硬岩 z
较软岩
指审可刻出印痕 2 未风化~微风化的凝灰岩、千枚
岩、泥灰结砂质泥岩等

软质岩

l 强风化的坚硬岩或较硬岩，
锤击声明L 元回弹，有凹痕，易击碎，泼水 E 中等风化~强风化的较辙岩 1
软岩
后于可掰开 3 未风化~徽风化的页岩、泥岩
泥质砂考量等

铸击声哑，元回弹，有较深凹痕 p 手可搜 l 全风化的各种居石;

极软岩
梯，泼水后可徨成团 2 各种半成者

A.O.2 岩体完整程度等级 ÞJ 按表 A. O. 2 定性划分.

表 A.O.2 岩体完整程度的定性分盎

结构而发育程度
完整 主要结掏面 主要结构雨 相应
程度 的结合程度 类型 结构类型目
皇且敏 早均间距 1m)

结合好或 2量体状或国厚层
完整 1-2 >0.1 裂隙、层陌
结合一般 状结构

• 258 •
 续褒 A.O.2

结构面发育程度
完整 主要纷构面 主要结构而 相应
程度 的结合配匪 樊型 结掏类型
组数 平均间 Yli (m)

1-2 >1. 0 结合是 块状或 U 层状结掬

较完踵 裂隙、居而
结合好或
2-., 1.0-0.'1 块状结构
结合版

裂阱{块状咸阳}乎层
2-' L 0-0. ~ 结合美
状结掏

裂隙、层面、小
较<iIi碎 综合好 断层 键侬碎裂结构
;;" 。， '!~O. 2
纠合一般 巾蒋军层状结构

。 .4-C.2 结合差 裂隙块状绢构

破瞧 二注 3 作利，类型结构面
"与合股
三二 O. Z 碎裂状结构
或结合羌

极破碎 无!于 结合 101单 放体状结构

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位:平均间即指斗气要结构 h丽(l ~2 组 )IÏlH恒的平均信号

A.O.3 岩石风化程度可按表 A. O. 3 划分。

亵 A.O.3 岩石镣风化程度分类

风化程皮参数指标
风化
野外特征
程度
il1 i盛比 (Kvl 风化"数 K ，

未风化 轩J.a!:.ffi斜，偶见风作;1w 迹 0.9- 1. 0 口 .9- 1. 0

做归。化 结构基本未受仅节剧团有渲染或略H自变色，有0-').t风化烈Il< 。矗 8-0.9 。矗且 -0.9

中等 结掏邸分磁坏、沿节剧固有次生矿物 i 风化裂础友育 1 省体被切削

。 .6-0.8 0.4-0. 自
风化 成若?块 用销难挖，岩芯钻方可钻进

结掏大部分破坏.矿物成分l&将变化风化级团nM 发市告你磁
强风化 0.4......0.6 <0.4
。币，用销叮挖干钻不易钻进

结仰基本破坏，也向 "J 辨认?何残余结构也皮可用制佼. f 钻可

全风化 0.2......0.1
钻进

组织结构全部破坏巴风化成土状锹销彷挖掘 t 干钻易钻进具
残积士 <0.2
ilI 塑性

注 1 披迎比 K. 为风化岩石与新鲜岩石压缩波边度之比 i

2 风化系数 K ， 为风化岩石与新鲜布<i饱和学输抗压弥度之 lt!

• 259 •
 3 密布风化程度，除钱我列野外特征和定扯结标划分外，也可根据当地经验划分 5

4 花岗岩乡是岩石.可采用标准贯入试唆划分 ， N;?:50 为强风化 150>N注 30 为全风化 ;N<30 为残积土 3

5 泥岩和l 半成挠，可不应行风化程度划分.

A.O.4 岩体根据结构类型町按表 A. O. 4 JW 分.
表 A.0.4 岩体接结构类型划分

岩体结 者体地 结构体 岩土工程 可能发生的

结掏而发育情况
构类型 质类型 形状 特征 岩土工程间因

以层团和原生、构造
巨块状岩浆 节到为束，多里闭合
到路体状 岩体稳法吁可规为结J
岩剧变质岩 .2 巨块状 型 .fñ] 耻大于1. 5m ，一
结构 质勘性各向同性体
原层沉权者 般为 1-2 组，元危险
结构

局部滑动就拥
划.深埋洞室的
者却属

奋少盐贯穿性节理
原 E 状沉积 结构 dií 互相牵制，岩
块状 块状 裂隙，结掏面间距 O. 7
岩，块状岩浆岩 体基本稳定，钱近 3阳性
结掏 位状 -L5m. 一的为 2-3

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相变质岩 各向同位体
组，有少垠分肉体

多梢律薄层、 变形和强度受层面 '1 沿结构面前

层状 层状 有层理、片理、节理，
中原层状沉职 控制.可视为各向异性 塌，软者可产生塑
销构 板状 常有层阳错动
肴，剧变质者 那塑性体，稳定性较差 性变形

断层节理、片型、
整体强度很低，并莹 l 易发生规模较大
陈毅状 构造影响严 层理发帘结构面间距
碎块状 软弱结构图控制，是弹 的岩体失稳，地 F
结构 篮的融碎岩层 O. 25 -0. 50肌般 Z
塑性体，稳寇性很差 水川剧失稳
级以上.有许多分离体

构造和风化裂隙密
断层破碎带， 完整性迎极大破坏， 易发生规模较大
做体状 袋，结掏面铅综复习宫，
强风化且会风 梯屑状 稳定性极差叮接近松散 的岩体失稳，地严
结树 多充棋柏性上，形成无
化带 体介段 水加 ~J 失稳
序小块和掷屑

A.O.S 士根据有机质含量可按表 A. O. 5 分类。

260 •
 表 A.O.5 土按有机质含量分韭

街串 l 质含量
分樊名称 现场接别特征 说 明
W"(X)

元饥土 W~<5X

1 如现场能鉴别或布地区经验时，可不
探灰色，有光泽，眯头.除腐殖 做有饥民含盐 1世1 定 a
Iif!外向含少址未完全分俩的动 2 当 W>W 1 _. 1, O';;;;;e< L 5 时码:世视
有机质土 S%~W"';;;;;IO%"
植物体议水后水面1 出现气泡，
E土
H民后体积收缩
3 手i w>w1.' e主主 L5 时称淤泥

深灰或黑色，有脏臭睐，能有? 可根据地区特点和需要饺 W" 细分为

到未完全分解的棋钩结构，设水 扁担炭质土 (10%~W"';;;;;25%);
混炭质土 10%ζ W ，，:S;;; 60%
体 n~ 易崩解.有植物残却在河子 中把炭质土 (25% :S;;; W" ζ40X);
水阳.，销商现象明显 强lÆ炭质士 (40%ζW咀 <60%)

除有泥炭质上特征外 1 纣掏松
泥炭 W ,, >60% 放 I 土且很径，暗无光泽子缩现

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象极为明显

注 z 存饥质含川 w. 技知j 失 1，1 试验确定.

A.O.6 碎石土密实度野外鉴别可按表 A. 口 .6 执行。

表 A.O.6 碎石土密实度野外鉴别

街实度 骨架"例位含 1. 和排列 úJ 铠性 町锚性

骨知颗挝质 hl 小子总质 LI 的 锹可以枪拥并组易 Ij~'锅从 钻Jit校易钻杆稍有跳动，l 喷

松敝
60%. 排列 i~ 乱，大部分不接触 井吕&~剧大顾地后立即 11-1 部 易胡编

肾媲颗杭Jill hl 等于总民盐的 锹例可挖掘.井院何?血换班

钻进技凶难，钻符、"雄跳动不
中留 60%-70%. 呈交错排 311 1. 大部 象从井堕取州大颗槌处 .II! 保
刷烈 .ll 壁有加划现象
分接触 持凹耐形状

叶捉顺粒质且大丁总段以的 锹销挖制困难，用简悦方能松 钻迦困魅 I 钻杆吊锤跳动剧

密'fj;
70%. 呈交错排列，这能接触 iii 并壁较稳冠 烈1. 孔坐较稳定

问:啊实月在应按表到各项特征综合矶定.

• 261 •
 附录 B 圈锥动力触探锤击数修正

B. 0.1 当采用重型困锥动 )J 触探确定碎石士密实度时，锤击数 N 63 _ 5 应按下式修正=

N 6 ;.5= α1 • N'63.5 (B. O. 1)
式中 N G3 • 5 一一修正后的重型国锥动力触探锤击数;
a， 一一修正系数，按表 B. 0.1 取值;
N' 闵 5 实测重型圆锥动力触探锤击数，
亵 B.0.1 重型圃锥葫力曲探撞击鼓修正系搬

N"63. ,
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 二坷。

L (m丁

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4
e
8
L 00
0.96
0.93
0.90
1. 00
0.95
0.90

。‘8s
1 , 00
。.

0.88
0.83
i'l 3
1. 00
口 .92

O.8E
0.80
L 00
0.90
0.83
0.71
L 00
白 .89

0.81
0.75
1. 00
0.87
。 79

0.73
1.。口

0.86
Q.78
0.71
0.84
0.15
0.67
0.67 。 .64 。咱 61
10 。." 日. 83 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69
12 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.70 。 .67 0.64 0.61 白 .59 。 .55

l4 0.82 O. 76 O. n 也 66 0.52 0.58 。 .56 。 .53 0.50

15 口 .79 。 .73 。 .67 日 .62 0.57 0.5'; 。‘ 51 0.48 0.45

18 。 77 日 .7日 0.63 口 .57 0.53 0.49 0.46 O. <\3 0.4 日

2C 0.75 口 .67 0.59 。 .53 。.<8 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.36

注表中 L 为杆长.

B.0.2 当采用超重型困锥动力触探确定碎石土密实度时，锤击数 N I20 应按下式修正

N 1ZO =α2 N'12。 (B. 0.2)
式中 N l20 一一修正后的超重型圆锥可U)J 触探锤击数 g
αz 一修正系数，按表 B. O. 2 取值，
N'120 实测超重型圆锥动力触探锤击数。

• 262 •
 附录自 0.2 超置型 E 锥动力触探撞击曲修正宗曲

><:JL 3 d Y 9 10 15
'" 25 30 3S 40

l 1. 00 1. 00 1. OC ~. QO 1. CC 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1. 00 J.OÛ

2 O. ~6 0.92 。 .91 0.90 O. YO 0.90 0.90 0.89 C.89 。 .88 口 .88 I 0.88
3 日，日 4 0.88 Q.86 0.85 "喃自4 0.84 0.84 0.83 口 .82 0.82 日，且 1 ! 0.81
3 0.92 0.82 口.7S 0.78 0.77 0.17 0 .7 6 0.75 。 74 0.73 口. '/2 0.72
7 O. !}(: 0.78 ~. 7S 0.74 。 .73 0.72 。 11 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.56
9 白，也自 O. '/5 .~. 72 0.70 。 .69 O. 自 8
0.67 i
~.:: 。 .54 0.63 0.62 ().52
11 。 .81 0.73 0.69 。 .57 0.66 0 , 66 0.64 i 0.62 自嘲6J
O.6C 日 .59 。 .58

n 0.86 。 71 。.日 7 0.65 0.64 0.53 0.61 O.6C 0.58 。 .57 0.56 0.55
15 0.86 0.69 0.65 Q.63 。 .62 0.61 。 .59 0.58 。. 56 0.55 口 .51 Q.53
17 0.85 0.68 [1 .63 0.61 口咽 60 0.60 0.57 。 .56 0 , ~4 。，且 3 0.52 0.50
10 0.84 。 .66 0.62 0 , 6C 0.58 0.58 [). 56 0.5 /, 0.52 0.51 0.50 。 .18

注 i 表中 L 为轩长@

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• 253 •
 附录 C 泥石流的工程分类

c. o.lllil 石流的工程分类应按表 C.O.I 执行 2

表 c. 0.] }}È石暗的工程分类和特怔

樊圳 泥石流特征 流场特征
类 严重 |! 流而域积 固体物质
次忡出!i!
流j，j
(mJ/s)
堆积区
面积
程度
(km 2) (XI0 l mJ ) (km l )

严重 >5 >, >10日 >1

基本上每年均 有
iI!石洗发生.回 体
多位 T 强烈抬升
她质主要来源于沟
区，省层破碎.风化
谷的滑坡、崩顷，每
强烈. !!J 体稳定性
发雨'强小于 z-
差泥苟流堆积新
4mm/lOmin. 除者 中等 1-5 1-5 30-100 <1
鳞!无植被或仅有稀
性因素外，滑板、崩
疏草丛.柑性泥石
剧严重的沟谷多发
流沟中下游向床板
生视j f.击泥有流规概
皮大于 '1%

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大，反之多发生稀性
泥石流.规模小
轻微 <1 <1 <30

n, 严京 二>10 >5 >100 >1

暴发周期般在
to 年以上，固体物
山体稳定性相对
股主要来源于掬床

频低率觅E
钱好元大型括动性
泥石流发生时"揭
树被刷刷沟床和
床"现象明显.暴雨
崩形地上巨砾遍布.
时被副产生的浅层
滑坡往往是擞发现
植被较好?向陈内汹 n, 中等 1~10 1-5 30- 100 <t

谷A提S拘i
木丛密布 I 扇形地多
石流形成的重要凶
已辟为农田.柏性
京.暴发丽盘， 假
泥石流陶"'下游肉
大于 4mm/l 口 mln.
床坡度小于 4%
现筷般较大，性质
有粘有稀
n, 轻微 <1 <1 <30

注 1 表时』流量!::lf 高频率混石流问指百年 汹流量?对低奴率泥石流沟措历史最大梳岱 t

2 泥石流的工程分赞宜采用野外特征与应盘指标相结合的原则，定盟指标满足其中一项即可.

• 264 •
 附录 D 膨胀土初判方法

日.0.1 具有下列特征的土可初判为膨胀土，
多分布在二级或工级以上阶地、山前丘陵和盆地边缘;
2 地形平缀，无明显自然陡坎 s
3 常见浅层滑坡、地裂，新开挖的路墅、边坡、基槽易发生娓塌;
A哼

裂缝发育，方向末规则.常有光滑面和擦痕，裂缝中常充填灰白、灰绿色粘土;
gdro

干时坚硬，遇水软化，自然条件下呈坚硬或硬塑状态;
自由膨胀率般大于 40% ;
呻，

未经处理的建筑物成群破坏，低层较多层严重，刚性结构较柔性结向严重 s
8 建筑物开裂多发生在阜季，裂缝宽度随季节变化。

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265
 附录 E 水文地质参数测定方法

E. 0.1 水文地质参数可用表 E.O.l 的方法测定。

褒 E.O.l 木立地质参数测量主法

参 数 测定方法

水位 钻孔、探井珑洲压管观测

掺遥系数导水系数 抽水试验、泼水试验压水试验、宫内穆避试验

给水llI"释水系数 单 fL 抽水试验、非稳定流抽水试验、地'"位辰 1归观测、室内试验

越流系数、越流团委生 多孔抽水试验〈也定流或非稳定流〉

单位吸水率 注水试验、压水试验

毛纠脏水上升商皮 试坑观测、室内试验

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注:黯水位外，当对数据精度要求不尚 I时 I 可采用经验数值.

E.O.2 孔隙水压力可按表 E自 0.2 的方法测定.

表E. 0.2 孔酣水压力测定方法和适用条件

仪器类型 适用条件 测寇方法

穆透系数大于 10-" 将带有过德嚣的测压管打人土层.直接在管

立管式削压计
c.m/s 的均匀孔院含水层 内盗割

密警涯系敛低的土层目量
用装在孔壁的小型测压计探头 1 地下水压力
水压式测压叶 测徨l 掏}沙涨落、挖方引起
测压 通过塑料管传导至水银压力计侧定
的压力变化
计式

电商时式测压盯"也阳应变 ，L 庄埠过远水".传导主服片，引起挠度变化.
备种土匮
式、钢弦应变式〉 诱发电阻片〈或钢 1~) 变化，用接收仪测定

气动削压计 各种土层
利用两根排气管使压力为附，阳的孔压|
在透水元件中的水压阀产生压差测寇

孔 E巨协力触保仪 各种土层
| 在探头上制多孔透叫器压叫棉
在贯入过程中测定

• 266 •
 附录 F 取土器技术标准

F.O.l 取土器技术参数应符合表 F ， 0.1 的规定.

表 F.O.l 取土器挂术参盘

薄l!!取土榕

取土格参舷 路壁取土器 做口自 水压回 固定

白活塞 定了E 署在 ?孟 11

面积 tt.丁
na-Fniz X100( 如 13-20 运 10 lO~13

内间隙比
O.S- 1.;j 。 O.5~1 喃自
JnnE-了~Xl00(%)

外间隙比
。 ~2.0 。
可
n7h」 X Im 灿

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311U 角度 0' 勺 〈之 10 5-10

对砂土， (5-10) D,
长且l [. (mm) 100 , 500
"t柏性土咽(l O~15) D.

外径 D， (mm) n- 时. 108 75. iOO

也阴或半合管，W)料‘

树管 无字才管束节式取土器材管同左

制成

注，J 取样管及衬管内壁必须先前阻继 1

2 在传殊情况下取土器直径可编大至 150-250mm ，

丛我巾符号

D.-取土器刃口内径，

D ，-一取样管内径，加衬管时为衬管内径 z

D, 取得管外径 a

D. 取土密警管有t外径，对越壁 ~Dw= 队，

• 257 •
 附录 G 场地环境类型

G.0.1 场地环境类型的分类，应符合表 G.O.l 的规定

表 G.O.l 军事境提型分盎

环撞类别 场地环绕地质条件

I 商寒区、干旱区直接临水，高寒区干旱区强远水层中的地下水

高 11 区.干旱区弱透水层中的地下水:各气候区温 j良握的弱透水层
E
湿润 E 直接临水 g 湿润 E 强选水层中的地下水

E 各气候区稍湿的弱透A<犀 s 各气候区地下水位以上坦国遇水居

注， 1 商寒区是指海绽商度等于或大于 3000m 的地区 s 干旱区是指梅拔高度小于 3000m ，干姆度指数 K 值等于或大于

1. 5 的地区 s 温润区是指干燥度指数 K 值小于1. 5 的地区 e

强透水层是指掷石士和砂士 s 确选议层是指粉士相帖性士‘

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3 含尽量四<3% 的土层，可视为干燥土层，不具有腐蚀环缆条件 s
3A 当温涟土结构 边接触地面水或地下水， 边馨露在大气中，水可以通过海透成毛细作用在暴露大气中的一边

蛊旦旦业皇主王蛊1
4 当有地区经验时，环搅类型剧可根据地区经验划分$当同 场跑出现两种环境类型时，应根据具体情况选定.

G.O.2 (此条取消)
G.O.3 (此条取消〉

• 268 •
 附录 H 本规范用词说明

瓦 0.1 为便于在执行本规范条文时区别对待，对要求严格程度不同的用词说明如下.
1 表示很严格，非这样做不可的用词 z
正面词采用"必须"，反面词采用"严禁"。
Z 表示严格，在正常情况下均应这样做的用词
E面词采用"应"反面词采用"不应"或"不得"。
3 表示允许稍有选择，在条件许可时首先应这样做的用词:
正面词采用"宜.反面词采用"不宜"，
H.0.2 条文中指定应按其他有关标准、规范执行时，写法为"应符合……的规定。非必
须按所指定的标准、规范或其他规定执行时，写法为"可参照·

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• 269 •