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Volume 5 Full

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.

01, 2019

Table of Content
Preservation of Conclusion Temple with “Historic Urban Landscape” Technique in
The Islamic Indonesia University Environment
Rahmat Firdaus Bouty, Arif Budi Sholihah, Putu Ayu Pramanasari Agustiananda
1-8

Evaluation Of The Implementation Of The Revitalization Program In Preservation


Of Van Den Bosch Fortress In Ngawi
Bayu Hermawan, Arif Budi Sholihah, Putu Ayu Pramanasari Agustiananda
9-18

Accessibility of Public Open Space for Children with Disabilities (Case study : Gajah
Wong Park And Denggung Park, D.I. Yogyakarta)
Andi Al-Mustagfir Syah, Wiryono Raharjo
19-31

Local Wisdom in Coffee House Design to Promote Gayo Culture and Tourism
Sylviana Mirahayu Ifani
31-42

The Impact Singer & Jipen Of Dayak Tribe On Evironmental Sustainability In


Central Of Borneo
Muh. Azhari
43-50

Wind Catcher and Solar Chimney Integrated As An Alternative Ventilation For


Urban Dense Settlements In Tropical Climate
Yoka Prima, Sugini
51-68

Watu Citra as an Indonesia Regionalism Local Wisdom ( Phenomenology Studies


from Butet’s House)
Stephen Y. Loanoto, Maria I. Hidayahtun
69-80

Boat Respresentation in Nusantara Architecture


Vini Asfarilla, Yulianto P. Prihatmaji
81-94

Architectural Typology of the Malay Chinatown Facade


Case : Perniagaan Street of Malay Chinese Village Bagansiapiapi, Rokan Hilir, Riau.
Gladies Imanda Utami Rangkuty, Dyah Titisari Widyastuti
95-110

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
Local Wisdom, Green Open Space, and Fishermen Facilities in The Fishermen
Village of Pantai Bahari
Nurul Nadjmi
111-123

Gateway District: The Opportunities of City Gate as Growth Centre Reinforcement


Dwi Lindarto, D.D Harisdani
124-131

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8

Preservation of Conclusion Temple with "Historic


Urban landscape" Technique in the Universitas Islam
Indonesia Environment
Rahmat Firdaus Bouty1*, Arif Budi Sholihah1, Putu Ayu Pramanasari
Agustiananda1

1
Master of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia

Abstract. Mataram civilization is a Hindu-Buddhist civilization. In the ancient Mataram


kingdom, many buildings or artifacts were built for ceremonies such as the temple. One of
them is Kecah Temple or Pustakala Temple located in the Indonesian Islamic University
(UII). The temple itself was built by a group of people around who were relics in the 9th -
10th century AD. This temple was discovered during the construction of the Library
Building on December 9, 2009 which was then excavated by the Archaeological Heritage
Preservation Hall (BP3K), in this temple there is a statue of God Ganesha which is
interpreted as the god of intelligence and knowledge, which is very suitable for the Library
Building gain knowledge. The existence of this temple is very guarded by the campus
because UII is the only campus in Indonesia that has temples in the campus environment.
However, this temple still lacks info about its original and historical name. The approach
technique applied from the topic of "Urban Landscape Heritage" is the technique of
preservation of Social Cohesion. In accordance with the definition of social cohesion, so
that this building or temple can be maintained according to its function in the future, it is
necessary to involve the opinions of visitors or respondents from the research. The research
method used was observation and interviews of visitors to the library and the concluding
temple museum to obtain statistical data and to study restoration techniques in the temple.
The purpose of the study is to be able to find out information relating to the temple.
Conclusion from the visitors about the concluding temple and review whether this temple is
still suitable for use by Hindus as a ceremonial process or not. The results of the study can
find a function of the Conclusion Temple which can be adapted to socio-cultural values so
as to uphold tolerance of social values.

Keyword: kimpulan temple, library, universitas islam indonesia, preservation.

1. Introduction

The temple is one of the historical heritage buildings of the kingdoms in Indonesia. The temple
of Conclusion itself is a proof of the past that is now in the village of conclusion right on the
campus of the Indonesian Islamic University. This temple was named by the campus with the

*Corresponding author at: Master of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam
Indonesia, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected].

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 2

name Pustakala Temple which is in the sansakerta language, which means the library because it
was found right at the time of the construction of the library building.

The discovery of this temple was accidentally discovered at the excavation of the building
foundation column. The temple's findings are in the 16th column of 24 columns planned with a
depth of 270cm from the ground. After being found, UII immediately reported this discovery to
the Archaeological Heritage Preservation Hall (BP3) in Yogyakarta, which then carried out
excavation activities for further research.

The excavation is carried out in 3 stages, namely stage 1; December 12, 2009 - January 6, 2010,
stage 2; 7 - 23 January 2010 and stage 3; dated 25-30 January 2010 [1] (Figure 1-4).

Figure 1. Excavation Stage Figure 2. Excavation Stage


(Source: Kemendikbud, 2014 [2]) (Source: Kemendikbud, 2014 [2])

Figure 3. Excavation Stage Figure 4. Excavation Stage


(Source: Kemendikbud, 2014 [2]) (Source: Kemendikbud, 2014 [2])

2. Literature Review

The temple comes from the word Candhika Grha which means the house of Dewi Candika. This
candika goddess is interpreted as the god of durga death because the temple is used as a place of
ceremony or worship to honor the kings who have died. The function of the temple is not
always used by the kingdom but there are some parts of the temple used by the community
which function as baths, arches, etc., [3]. For the concluding temple itself, the main function of
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 3

the temple is still not found, while the understanding of archaeological researchers suggests that
the conclusions were used as a place for reading the conclusion of the village itself.

The discovery of this temple changed the structure and architecture of the construction of the
library building. According to [4] the library functions as a place of learning without differences
in age, gender, ethnicity, race, religion and socio-economic status. So that the UII library can be
used by all groups and is open to the public. History in the construction of a new library this
time found the right temple with the library building in Indonesia.

The artifacts found in this concluding temple are the Ganesha Statue. According to [5] Ganesha
is one of the Hindu Gods who is very well known as Lord Shiva and Dewa Parwati. In an
interview with the author with Pak Maman as an archaeological researcher who is continuing
his doctoral studies at UGM, he stated that the Ganesha Statue Artifact is very identical to the
Elephant who was sitting with his trunk into a glass which was interpreted as being a science.
This is very fitting with the construction of a library building adjacent to the discovery of the
temple as a heritage of cultural heritage that cannot be found on other campuses (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Arca Ganesha


(Source: https://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candi/kimpulan/photo-
gallery/5/.)

According to [7] when conducting a dissertation research in 1993, there are several sites or
temples found in the Ngaglik District Sleman Regency, namely there are 8 sites. Five of them
are in the village of Donoharjo, namely Ngepas, Jetis, maron, Temple, Candimendero and others
scattered in the village of Sukoharjo, the Sembung site, in Sariharjo village, Randugowang and
finally in the village of Sindurejo, Palgading. Where at that time there was no campus of the
Indonesian Islamic University which found conclusions.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 4

According to some researchers in [8] a comparison of the inferred temples with other temples
has been compared in terms of architecture, which shows that the overall architectural form of
the temple cannot be known with certainty (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Palgading Temple


(Source: http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2016/01/05/candi-palgading-objek-wisata-sejarah-di-
tengah-desa-wisata)

On the Fusiontable website [10] no site or temple was found outside the city of Yogyakarta. If
traced deeper with the guidelines from Mundarjito's research, many sites and temples have not
been preserved, this is comparable with government regulations that require buildings or sites /
temples to be at least 50 years old and will be given cultural heritage status [11]. This is
inversely proportional to the preservation paradigm of Burra Charter where there is no
minimum age requirement for a building or site to be categorized as cultural heritage [12].

3. Methodology

The approach techniques adopted from the topic "Historic Urban Landscape", namely the
technique of preservation of Social Cohesion. The definition of social cohesion itself discusses
how the past buildings were preserved in the present for future life as historical buildings and
not only as museums or evidence but could be reused as their original designation such as
ceremonies and offerings for Hindus [13].

The research method used is the observation and study of literature relating to preservation
techniques and concluding temples. In HUL preservation techniques, there are very many
methods that can be done namely: preservation, reconstruction, restoration, adaptive reuse,
infill-design. In this study more leads to restoration, namely restoration techniques by not
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 5

adding new material into the temple area. In terms of architectural, this temple has historical
values and cultural values.

4. Result and Discussion

In accordance with [11], namely in article 77, the third paragraph is where restoration must
allow for adjustments in the future while considering the safety of the community and the safety
of cultural heritage. This is very consistent with the aim of the research related to how to
maintain cultural heritage areas in the future. As well as in article II letter G where it reads
preservation must consider "the principle of sustainability" that is the preservation of cultural
preservation carried out continuously by considering the balance of ecological aspects.

From the research of Wahu Astuti in [8], he suggested a comparison of the differences and
similarities of these inferred temples with other temples such as sambisari temples, gebang
temples, boyolangu temples, upgrading temples and with the main temple yeh gangga temple.

a) Comparison with the sambisari temple, the similarity is that it can be found the same swear
around the temple but it is blocked by the sambisari temple which is to have an intact
temple building while the concluding temple is an open temple.

b) Comparison with Gebang and Klodangan temples, the equation is the location of the height
of both buildings due to not having stairs on the temple. The difference is in the location of
the ganesha statue, in the Gebang temple lying in a booth while in the concluding temple
itself is located inside the temple.

c) Comparison with the boyolangu temple, the equation is from the same swear architectural
form.

d) Comparison with upgrading temples, similarly, in terms of stone material as well as other
temples.

e) Comparison with the main temple of Yeh Gangga building, the same is that the architectural
form is very similar because it has an open roof.

Based on the results of the analysis from the literature review and questionnaires that have been
carried out on the preservation of conclusions with social cohesion techniques, namely getting
the answers that have been presented in percentages as follows: In accordance with the
definition of social cohesion that this building or temple can be maintained according to its
function in the future involvement of the opinions of visitors or respondents so that conclusions
can be drawn on the best steps for restoration in order to survive until the future with the same
function.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 6

In the preservation technique, it is necessary to have several system criteria such as spatial
planning which explain how to use space in the temple and the surrounding space to function
whether it is intended or not. The open space system, this system explains whether in this
temple environment there is public or privacy so there must be certain conditions to see this
concluding temple directly. Utilization system, this system is like a functional one where is this
temple useful (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Kimpulan Temple

In this temple still does not maximize the initial function of the temple so that Hindu
involvement is still needed to be able to discuss the initial functions of this temple. This
concluding temple has a shape or role that is more than a temple that is adjacent to the
concluding temple itself because this temple has very diverse artifacts.

This concluding temple requires the activeness of the students and the local community to be
able to preserve this temple to face the future so that the generations can know the process of
discovery and development of this concluding temple.

In the discussion of the author with archaeological observers, this temple has not been able to
know the origin of the early history it was built so that more detailed research is still needed on
this concluding temple.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 7

In the future, it is expected that the temple will still be closely guarded by the UII campus
because there are many factors that cause damage to cultural heritage objects, namely natural
factors and human factors. Natural factors are the decay of artifacts and objects found in the
temple area while the human factors are sharply streaked, streaked streaks so that good guarding
is needed. If not, then many lawsuits can be applied because this temple is a cultural preserve
that needs to be preserved [14].

5. Conclusion

If it is concluded, the shape of the conclusions architecture is very much in need of preservation
techniques because it can be used in the future.

This research is still in the implementation stage. The novelty of this study was to find out the
preservation techniques of the inferred temple using the HUL "Historic urban Landscape"
technique. In order to produce research that is suitable for the purpose, namely to be able to find
out information relating to the temple, conclude from the visitors about the concluding temple
and review whether this temple is still suitable for use by Hindus as a ceremonial process or not.

And the end of this research can determine the direction of preservation that fits the topic,
namely the HUL technique in the social cohesion section. This research can be resumed by
considering the regional sector which can be developed in terms of temple preservation.

Acknowledgment

Thank you to the Indonesian Islamic University Masters Study Program for providing
opportunities and direction to the authors in the research writing.

REFERENCES

[1] R. W. Berman, Assesing Urban Design: Historical Ambience on The Waterfront., UK:
Lexingtoon Books, 2006.
[2] D. S. a. L. Wilkes, “Understanding service-oriented architecture,” The Architecture
Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-17, 2004.
[3] A. A. a. M. N. I. I. a. T. P. See, “Sustainable Tourist Environment: Perception of
International Women Travelers on Safety and Security in Kuala Lumpur,” Procedia Social
and Behavioral Science 168, pp. 123-133, 2015.

[4] A. Mendeley, Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY BP3 Yogyakarta, Media Komunikasi,


Pemahaman Pelestarian & Pemanfaatan BCB, Yogyakarta:Buletin Narashima, 2010.

[5] B. DIY, Candi Kimpulan, Yogyakarta: Kementerian pendidikan dan kebudayaan, 2014.

[6] D. A. Maryanto, Mengenal Candi, Yogyakarta: Univ. Negeri Yogyakarta, hal. 8–36,2007.

[7] A. S. Palupi, Landasan Konseptual Perencanaan dan Perancangan Perpustakaan Kota Di


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 1 – 8 8

Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta: Univ. Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, hal. 18–42, 2012.

[8] A. G. B. A., Arca ganesa bertangan delapan belas di pura pingit melamba
bunutin,kintamani, bangli, Balai Arkeol. Denpasar, hal. 25–34, 2015.
[9] J. T. Hartono, “Arca Ganesha di Candi Kimpula,” [Online]. Available:
https://www.yogyes.com/id/yogyakarta-tourism-object/candi/kimpulan/photo-gallery/5/.
[10] Mundarjito, Pertimbangan Ekologi Dalam Penempatan Situs Masa Hindu-Budha Di
Daerah Yogyakarta : Kajian Arkeologi-Ruang Skala Makro, Universitas Indonesia, 1993.

[11] B. Yogyakarta, Prinsip pembangunan candi -Belajar dari kearifan lolal nenek moyang -
Pemugaran candi kimpulan -Keraton ratu boko, Yogyakarta: Buletin Narashima, 2011.

[12] Tribunjogja, “Candi Palgading, Objek Wisata Sejarah di Tengah Desa Wisata,”
TribunJogja.com, 05 01 2016. [Online].
Available:http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2016/01/05/candi-palgading-objek-wisata sejarah-
di-tengah-desa-wisata

[13] B. Yogyakarta, “Daftar Bangunan dan Situs Cagar Budaya Tingkat Kota Yogyakarta
(2011),” 2011. [Online].Available:https://fusiontables.google.com/DataSource?docid=
1QhAoD1HTLgMiT_4a5EEgZZlv6GznaWBKaaklDBE#rows:id=1. [Diakses 2013].

[14] Perpres, “Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar
Budaya,” Indonesia, 2010, p. hal. 1–56.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18

Evaluation of The Implementation of the Revitalization


Program in Preservation of Van Den Bosch Fortress in
Ngawi
Bayu Hermawan¹*, Arif Budi Sholihah1, Putu Ayu Pramanasari
Agustiananda1

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia,
Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. One of the relics of Dutch colonial buildings in Indonesia is the Van Den Bosch
Fortress, this fortress has a revitalization program that is in line with the heritage city
program of the Direktorat Jendral Penataan Ruang Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan
Rakyat Republik Indonesia (PUPR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent of
the implementation of revitalization to increase the benefits and direction of preservation of
the fortress, and to support Ngawi Regency as a conservation activity for the Cultural
Heritage City as the main strategy for urban development. Revitalization evaluation
techniques are seen based on the level of vitality of the built area which includes several
aspects such as decreasing physical quality of buildings, regional images, economic and
activity social. The writer used the descriptive qualitative method by collecting data related
to Fort Van den Bosch, then data analyzed by using the Miles and Huberman method. The
results of the evaluation study found the implementation of the Van Den Bosch
Fortification revitalization program encountered several obstacles and the revitalization
program was divided into 2, such as the core of building of the fort and the development of
the fort area environment.

Keyword: van den bosch fortress, evaluation, conservation, revitalization

1. Introduction

The Netherlands has several relics in the form of buildings and structural systems when
colonizing the Indonesian people. One of the relics of the Dutch colonial building is the fortress
of Pendem, the real name of this fortress is "Benteng Van Den Bosch" while the name Pendem
is the naming of the surrounding community. It is called the Pendem fort because it is located in
the middle of the area which at that time was deliberately made lower than the surrounding land
surface and surrounded by high land embankments, so that when viewed the fort was like a

*Corresponding author at:Jalan Kaliurang Km.14,5, Besi, Sleman, Krawitan, Umbulmartani, Ngemplak,
Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55584

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN: 2622-0008, online ISSN: 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 10

hidden, but the embankments are now has decreased in height due to continuous erosion of
rainwater

In the Ngawi District Regulation No. 10 of 2013 concerning preservation, development of


cultural heritage and traditional cultural arts, states the preservation of the development of
cultural heritage and traditional cultural arts as referred to in paragraph 1 is carried out through
protection, development, and utilization. The architectural aspect as referred to in paragraph 1
letter c is one of the efforts to preserve Van Den Bosch Fortress [1].

Based on discussions with Mr. Chawari [2] as the head of the colonial section research team that
handled the research at Benten Van Den Bosch at the Yogyakarta Archaeological Office,
recently the Fort Van Den Bosch underwent a revitalization process. This revitalization activity
is carried out by the Public Works Agency of Ngawi Regency and planned in 3 stages. The
revitalization phase in Benteng Van Den Bosch includes: the first stage, revitalization of the
core area of Benteng Van Den Bosch, the second stage is an activity which includes the
development of the fort area, the last stage is to continue the development of the fort area
environment [3][4].

The revitalization that is being carried out in the Benteng Van Den Bosch area is currently in
line with the program implemented by Pusaka city from Direktorat Jendral Penataan Ruang
(PUPR), which has also been allocated for the management of Lawang Sewu in Semarang. The
government's program to revitalize the colonial area and the remaining old buildings so far still
has several obstacles which include: ownership, planning, documentation and operational
systems [5].

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the revitalization program in the
preservation of Fort Van Den Bosch to increase the value of benefits and direction in the
preservation of the fort, and to support Ngawi Regency as a Heritage City. In line with the
PUPR directorate general's spatial planning program which places the application of heritage
management and preservation activities as the main strategy for urban development [6].

2. Revitalization Theory

The relationship of revitalization with preservation, basically revitalization is part of the


conservation (preservation) method of buildings and historic areas [7]. In the Burra Charter [8],
revitalization or adaptation is an effort that aims to revive and revive social, economic and
environmental activities in buildings and historic areas that begin to lose the vitality of their
original functions, by entering new functions according to the needs of the present. But with a
note in the application of new functions must maintain the historical values contained so as not
to eliminate the memory of history in the past. Danisworo [9], said revitalization is a very
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 11

complex activity that includes several stages and requires a certain period of time, the stages in
revitalization are as follows:

Physical Intervention
The image of the area is very closely related to the visual conditions of the area that serves to
attract visitors. From here physical intervention is very necessary, physical intervention can be
started in stages which includes physical improvement of buildings, connecting systems, and
green open spaces.

Economic Rehabilitation
The physical development and improvement of the historical area are expected to be able to
overcome the problems of the formal and informal economy so that it can enhance the added
value of the historic area. It is necessary to develop mixed functions in revitalization which can
lead to economic and social activities.

Social Revitalization
The success of revitalizing the historic area can be measured if it can create an attractive
environment and have a positive impact on the social activities of the surrounding community.

3. Research Methods

The method used in this study is to use qualitative methods descriptively. Data collection
techniques in this study are divided into two, namely data obtained from direct sources (primary
data) and data from indirect sources (secondary data). Primary data includes:

1. Observations were made to observe and obtain data on the implementation of the
revitalization program in the Van Den Bosch fort area which included the physical quality
of the building, the image of the community and the economy.
2. Interviews were conducted with several people related to the fortress of Van Den Bosch
which aims to find out what activities have been carried out in the revitalization of the Van
Den Bosch Fort area.
3. Documentation is used to document the activities that have been carried out in the Van Den
Bosch fort area.

While secondary data is obtained by collecting literature studies related to the fortress of Van
Den Bosch, such as Journal, thesis, report data, and relevant internet sites.

4. Data Analysis

Data obtained regarding the fortress of Van Den Bosch will be processed using the analysis
methods of Miles and Huberman, this analysis is carried out periodically and continues to
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 12

produce complete data. Miles and Huberman [10] explained, the steps in analyzing using this
method and divided into 3 types, which include:

Data reduction

The data that has been obtained about Benteng Van Den Bosch is summarized and the things
that are considered to be basic are selected and then focused on the main points. Thus the data
that has been reduced will provide a clear picture and facilitate the author in collecting data.

Data Display

After the data has been reduced, the next step is to present the data. In qualitative methods, data
will be presented in several forms such as brief descriptions, charts, tables, and the like.
presenting this data serves to simplify and understand what is happening and can plan further
work based on what has been understood.

Conclusion

The final step in this method is to draw conclusions. The initial conclusions will be stated are
still temporary and will change if there is no evidence that supports the data collection stage and
if at the initial stage it is supported by valid and consistent evidence when the writer returns to
the field to collect data, the conclusions found are a credible conclusion.

5. Results and Discussion

Building architecture of the Fort Van Den Bosch is a Dutch cultural heritage and can be seen
from its European-like appearance, since its founding in 1839-1845, the fort building has never
experienced significant changes, both in addition and subtraction. so that the architecture and
building materials were still original, but the physical structure of the building was reduced or
damaged, the roof of the fort had disappeared and other things began to break down, lifting
bridges that were no longer visible, drainage and trenches were no longer functioning (Figure 1-
3).

Figure 1. The roof of the fort that was lost and Figure 2. A trench that does not already
the floor covered by grass function again
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 13

Figure 3. A lift bridge that is no longer


visible and only separates the pulley to pull the bridge

The building materials used in Van Den Bosch Fort are brick and teak wood which is easily
found in Ngawi Regency. The method used to glue bricks to each other using a mixture of red
cement, lime, and sand (Figure 4-5).

Figure 4. A material of the walls of the Figure 5. The fort frame uses teak wood
fortress of Van Den Bosch uses red brick

In mid-2017 Regional Government of Ngawi Regency through the District Head of Ngawi
Regency, Ir. H. Budi Sulistyono mandated the Yogyakarta Special Archeology Center to
conduct phase III research related to the architecture, functions and historical context of Van
Den Bosch Fortress.

In this study, it was found that most of the buildings in the fortress continued to experience
deterioration in quality, as evidenced by the existence of several buildings which only separated
the skeleton, related to these findings. by strengthening the structure or returning it to be rebuilt
as originally set up, so that it requires thorough study and may also have an impact on the
master plan that has been prepared in advance so the master plan needs to be reviewed.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 14

5.1 Ownership

Regarding the ownership status of the Van Den Bosch Fort area, this fort is owned by the
Infantry Dua Kostrad Division. The Regional Government of Ngawi Regency has collaborated
on the use of land and building assets of the Fort Van Den Bosch area with the MoU. So far, the
existence of the Van Den Bosch fortress is indeed under the ownership of the Ministry of
Finance (Ministry of Finance) while the Division Two Kostrad Infantry position is limited to
asset users so that the revitalization of Fort Van Den Bosch is still limited by the Cooperation
Agreement (PKS) as an administrative requirement so that revitalization was delayed and not on
schedule.

5.2 Planning

Recently the fortress of Van Den Bosch is undergoing revitalization. This revitalization activity
is carried out by the Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU), revitalization activities are carried out
divided into three stages (Table 1).
Table 1. Stages in revitalizing the Van Den Bosch Fort Area.
No Stages Activities Sub Activity Implementation
1 First Revitalizing the core Land clearing is the initial stage Implemented
stage area of Van Den and is preparation before the
Bosch Fortress process of revitalizing the core
building of the fort
Trench excavation to restore the Not yet done
shape and function of the trench
that surrounds Van Den Bosch
Fort
The making of pedestrians and Not yet done
parks aims to develop pedestrian
lanes that surround the Riverside
2 Second Development The development of the entrance Implemented
stage activities of the fort area consists of a gate area,
area pedestrian and guard post
Revitalization of fortress phase Not yet done
1 consists of land clearing, ditch
repair, and fortress conservation
Development of supporting Implemented:
facilities, in the form of parks, There is no kiosk
gazebos, toilets, parking lots,
kiosks, and friendship networks
3 Third Continue the Addition of supporting facilities, Implemented:
stage development of the such as souvenir kiosks, toilets, There is no kiosk
fort area gazebos, and utility networks
environment. Additional tourist attractions Not yet done
consisting of the science park,
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 15

culinary center, and viewing


tower
The arrangement of pedestrian Not yet done
lanes
Revitalization of fortress stage 2 Not yet done

From the explanation in table 1, it can be seen that the stages in revitalizing the fort area
still have many activities that have not yet been carried out and the revitalization
process carried out in the fort is more focused on developing the fort area environment
which aims to repair and revive the image of the Fort Van Den Bosch Fortress (Figure
6-8).

Figure 6. Development of Figure 7. Development of Figure 8. Development of


the entrance area of the Van supporting facilities such as supporting facilities:
Den Bosch fort area parks and gazebos pedestrian and main access
road to the fort

5.3 Economy

With the opening of Fort Van Den Bosch to the public in 2012 and experiencing some
environmental development in the fort area and with the construction of several supporting
facilities, many people around the fort were employed as ticket officer managers and janitors.
There were also people around the fort who used the opening of the fort, in general, to open
food and drink places inside the fort area. However, it has not yet had a widespread impact on
the economic development of the communities around the fort (Figure 9).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 16

Figure 9. People around Fort Van Den Bosch


who opened a place to eat and drink inside the fort building

5.4 Social Activity

The opening of Van Den Bosch Fortress for the public can be used as an object to learn about
history. This can be seen when the measurement and data collection of the fort is carried out by
PU Ngawi, involving several students from schools from the city of Ngawi, besides being
involved in measuring and collecting fortifications, students were also informed about how to
maintain and utilize the Van Den Bosch Fortress to maintain its existence (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Activities of SMK PGRI 1 students Ngawi


in measuring and data collection of Van Den Bosch Fort

6 Conclusions, Recommendations, And Acknowledgments

From the results and discussions conducted in the sub-section above, it can be concluded that
the revitalization of the Van Den Bosch fort area is as follows:

The implementation of the revitalization program in the Benteng Van Den Bosch area is limited
by the Collaborative Agreement (PKS) as one of the administrative requirements that causes
revitalization to be delayed and not in accordance with the schedule, which then affects the
revitalization of Benten Van Den Bosch carried out by Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten
Ngawi, so there are still many activities that have not been carried out.

The revitalization of the Benteng Van Den Bosch area is divided into 2 types, namely the
revitalization of the core building of the fort and the development of the fort area environment.

The revitalization of the core building of the fortress of Van Den Bosch has just reached the
stage of cleaning and preparation to date because of Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Ngawi still
reviewing recommendations that are good for the fort are maintained as they are now but by
strengthening the structure or returning to the initial form. The revitalization that has been done
lately is more at the development stage of the development of the Van Den Bosch fort by
building facilities such as gates, pedestrians, parks, gazebos, guard posts, and toilets that aim to
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 17

revive the area and improve the image quality of the Van Den Bosch fortress. So far the
development of supporting facilities in the fort area has not yet clung to the economic
development of the community around Van Den Bosch Fort. Fort Van Den Bosch is used for
historical learning objects by involving several students in measuring and documenting and
students are also taught how to maintain and care for the fort. Based on the results of the
research carried out and through several steps taken, the recommendations that can be given by
the author regarding the implementation of the revitalization program at the Van Den Bosch fort
are as follows: The government needs to immediately determine further action to decide which
action is more appropriate for the core construction of the Van Den Bosch fort, which is
maintained as it is today, but by strengthening its structure or returning it to be rebuilt as
originally formed so that objects remain safe and can be utilized. When viewed from the point
of view of building materials, the fortress of Van Den Bosch is dominated by red bricks and
teak wood, so that at the revitalization stage the core buildings that have been damaged and
require new materials can use the same material because in Ngawi Bahan Regency is easy to
find.

In revitalizing the Van Den Bosch Fortress, it will run well if it involves all parties. Starting
from the government, the private sector and the community. So that in the future it is hoped that
the revitalization of the fort can run optimally, indirectly the community will also take care of
and protect the buildings of the Fort Van Den Bosch and also have an impact on improving the
economy of the communities around the fort.

Acknowledgments

Thank you to the Master of Architecture Program, Indonesian Islamic University who
has provided opportunities and direction to the author in the research conducted.

References

[1] Kabupaten Ngawi, Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Ngawi Nomor 10 Tahun 2013 Tentang
Pelestarian, Pengembangan Cagar Budaya dan Seni Budaya Tradisional. 2013.
[2] M. Chawari, “Wawancara ‘Revitalisasi Benteng Van Den Bosch’ di Balai Arkeologi
Yogyakarta.,” 2018.
[3] M. Chawari, “Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Penelitian Benteng Van den Bosch di
Kabupaten Ngawi, Provinsi Jawa Timur,” Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta, 2014.
[4] M. Chawari, “Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Arsitektur, Fungsi, Dan Konteks Sejarah
Benteng Van Den Bosch, Ngawi, Jawa Timur,” Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta, 2017.
[5] J. A. Widayat, “Revitalisasi Benteng Van Den Bosch Ngawi Dengan Pendekatan
Adaptive Reuse Dan Konsep Infill Design,” Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta,
2018.
[6] Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, “Program Penataan dan
Pelestarian Kota Pusaka (P3KP),” 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://sim.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/kotapusaka/page/3-program-penataan-dan pelestarian-
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 9 – 18 18

kota-pusaka-p3kp.
[7] & S. Solikhah, A., Setijanti, P., “Studi Perkembangan Dan Konsep Revitalisasi Tata
Lingkungan Tradisional Baluwarti Surakarta,” 2012.
[8] B. Carter, “harter for the Conservation of Place of Cultural Significance,” 1981.
[Online]. Available: http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/burra carter.pdf.
[9] W. Danisworo, Muhammad Martokusumo, “Revitalisasi Kawasan Kota Sebuah Catatan
dalam Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Kawasan Kota,” 2000.
[10] M. B. dan A. M. H. Miles, “Analisis Data Kualitatif, Buku sumber tentang metode-
metode baru,” 2007.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 1

Accessibility of Public Open Space for Children with


Disabilities (Case study: Gajah Wong Park And
Denggung Park, D.I. Yogyakarta)
Andi Al-Mustagfir Syah 1*, Wiryono Raharjo 1
1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia,
Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. A group of children experience disability in segregation conditions, namely the


status of individuals who have difficulties / are denied access to public services. Many of
them are marginalized and it is difficult to access existing facilities in the city. The aim of
the study was to find out what application of accessibility services tended to have been
implemented and which was still less applied in urban public open space planning. In terms
of efforts to achieve the right of equality and fulfillment of services in the public open
space for children with disabilities. The method used in this study is qualitative and this
research is descriptive. By collecting data related to elephant wong parks and denggung
parks. Then the data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman analysis method, namely
the analysis method with 3 stages. 1) Data reduction 2) data display 3) conclusion. The
results of this study indicate that the application of accessibility services in terms of four
criteria, namely: ease, usability, safety, and independence. Ease is still a priority in the
design of public open space and independence is still a part that has not been well
considered, so that public open space cannot be used independently for persons with
disabilities.

Keyword: accessibility, open space, disabled child

1. Introduction
A group of children with disabilities are in a segregation condition, namely the status of
individuals who have difficulties / are denied access to public services [1]. Many of them are
marginalized and it is difficult to use public open spaces [2]. These problems occur because of
the lack of optimal public space planning systems, especially in terms of accessibility. for persons
with disabilities, accessibility services are very important because without accessibility they will
experience difficulties in carrying out mobility [3].

*Corresponding author at: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta

E-mail address: [email protected]

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 19

In designing accessibility services in a equitable open city public space, there are four
accessibility criteria that need to be fulfilled, namely convenience, usability, safety, and
independence. To ensure alignments with persons with disabilities or users of public service
facilities. Which is in accordance with the equality rights for disability regulated in the laws,
policies, standards and initiatives related to persons with disabilities.

Therefore it is important to carry out various interventions in public open spaces, especially
urban playgrounds that are reviewed from the four accessibility criteria, to see the application of
accessibility services that tend to have been applied to public open spaces. So to review this
matter, this research will be carried out in a playground environment, because the playground is
a place / place for children to do various fun and activities outside their homes with their peers.
Through play Children can develop social skills, learn cognitive skills, problem solving,
practice motor coordination, and learn the physical world [4] [5].

The benefit of doing this research is to find out what applications of accessibility services tend to
have been implemented and which are still less applied in urban public open space planning.
The unclear application of accessibility services in urban public playgrounds, it will have an
impact on the increasingly wide gap of failure that continues to occur in the service of urban
public space users, especially children with disabilities.

The purpose of this research is to find out the application of accessibility services which tend to
have been applied and which are still less applied in urban public open space planning. In terms
of efforts to achieve equality rights in terms of fulfilling services in public open spaces.

The location of this study is in the first two places in Sleman Regency in Yogyakarta, because
Sleman is the 35th District that received encouragement from the PPPA State Ministry to
become a pilot district in terms of child-friendly city development and has launched Towards
Districts that are eligible for children on July 23, 2011 [6]. And based on DIY development
planning data (Bappeda DIY, 2013), Kab. Sleman is the city with the highest number of children
with disabilities in the province of DIY with 864 children with disabilities, while the city of
Yogyakarta is the lowest with 269 children with disabilities.

And the second location in this study was in the city of Yogyakarta which is the city with the
lowest number of children with disabilities in the province of DIY. The city of Yogyakarta was
chosen as the second location so that it can be seen how the application of accessibility to public

*Corresponding author at: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta

E-mail address: [email protected]

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 20

playgrounds in cities with the lowest and highest number of disabilities in the province of DIY.

Therefore, to support cities in Indonesia to be child-friendly cities, and especially in the


districts. Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta which is expected to be a pilot city in terms of inclusive
cities, this research is still very relevant to do.

2. Literature Review
Quoting Dewang (2010), who adapted Soetrisno's opinion, observing service facilities for
persons with disabilities with the existence of technical standards regarding the provision of
facilities and infrastructure related to accessibility for persons with disabilities can be adjusted
to the conditions and situation of the place of placement, and the standard added or reduced, as
long as accessibility principles / criteria are still well achieved, namely:

1. Convenience, that is, everyone can access and use all service facilities that are general in an
environment.
2. Usability, that is, everyone must be able to use service facilities or buildings provided by the
government in an environment.
3. Safety, that is, every building and open space must pay attention to safety for its users.
4. Independence, that is, anyone who is no exception to disability must be able to access and use
all public open spaces or public buildings in an environment without the need for help from
others.

3. Methodology

In this study using qualitative methods and this research is descriptive. The data collection
techniques in this study are divided into two, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary
data is data obtained from direct sources while secondary data is data obtained from indirect
sources. Primary data includes:

1. Observations were carried out to observe the real conditions that occurred in the field and to
obtain data regarding the application of accessibility in the playing area of elephant wong and
the garden of the gondung.
2. Documentation is used to document field conditions related to the accessibility of public
playgrounds.

While secondary data is obtained by collecting literature studies from several journals, books,
and websites to obtain information related to accessibility in public playgrounds. Data that has
been obtained from the results of field studies and literature studies will be managed using
analytical methods.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 21

The method of analysis is done in three stages, namely:

Data Reduction

Data that has been obtained about playgrounds in elephant wong and parks with sleman, are
summarized and selected things that are considered basic and focused on accessibility issues. So
that the data can provide a clear picture and make it easier for the author to do data collection.

Data Display

After data reduction, the next step is to present the data. In qualitative methods data will be
presented in several forms such as: brief descriptions, charts, tables, and the like.

Conclusion

The final step in this method is to draw conclusions. Namely the initial conclusions will be put
forward are still temporary and will change if there is no evidence to support the data collection
stage and if at the initial stage this is supported by valid and consistent evidence when the
author returns to the field collecting data, conclusions are found is a credible conclusion.

4. Results and Discussion

Condition of Gajah Wong Playground


Gajah Wong Park is a public open space, where there are several facilities and infrastructure
that are sufficiently complete for physical fitness needs. So that the place is always a target in
the morning and evening. Because in addition to the shade and comfort of the elephant wong
park, it is also equipped with various sports facilities such as jogging tracks, futsal courts, and
game facilities for children. This free green open space can be used by anyone as long as the
activities carried out are positive (Figure 1-3).

Figure 1. Pedestrian path


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 22

Figure 2. Jogging elephant wong park track source

Figure 3. Ramp on jogging track source

Accessibility of the pedestrian pathway for persons with disabilities in the elephant wong park is
still not accessible, there is a pedestrian lane that is provided for pedestrians, but the pedestrian
lanes are made in the middle of pedestrian attributes and there are no guiding blocks that can be
a marker for disability. while the jogging track is quite good with fairly flat road conditions,
although there are some parts that still need to be considered for disabilities, especially blind
people. And the ramp on the pedestrian lane and jogging track is quite good but the ramp is
poorly maintained (Figure 4-7).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 23

Figure 4. Futsal field Source

Figure 5. Game Facilities Source

Figure 6. Fish pond Source


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 24

Figure 7. Fish pond Source

Supporting facilities at Gajah Wong Park are quite complete with various sports facilities, game
facilities, fish ponds and other supporting facilities. but there are still many facilities that cannot
be used by persons with disabilities.

Figure 8. Parking area Source


(Private Documents, 2018)

Figure 9. Vehicle circulation path Source


(Private Documents, 2018)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 25

Gajah Wong Park has separate exit and entry lanes so that circulation of vehicles and
pedestrians is more efficient. However, the parking conditions at the park are still relatively
small, which can only accommodate four-wheeled vehicles with no more than 10 vehicles and
two- wheeled parking lots that have not been well organized (Figure 8-9).

4.1 Condition of Denggung Park

The park, which stands on an area of 22,400 square meters, stores various kinds of attractive
facilities for children. The park has a children's play facility that is quite complete with various
types of games such as swings, prosots, globe, and many other interesting rides. , in addition to
increasing children's sensitivity to environmental hygiene, the trash bins in this garden are
shaped like animals such as frogs and kangaroos, of course with such forms children will be more
sensitive to the function of their own trash can. In addition to the game presentation provided by
the manager, visitors can also find a variety of games from people who play games, such as
plastic fishing ponds, mini trains, shopping, mini rickshaws to mini cars, of course this will add
to the park's excitement this.

Figure 10. Pedestrian and Ramp lanes Source


(Private Documents, 2018)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 26

Figure 11. Jogging track Source


(Private Documents, 2018)

Accessibility of pedestrian facilities for disabled people in denggung park is still not accessible,
the pedestrian lane provided for pedestrians is widely used as a trading area by street vendors,
so the disabled cannot use the area. Although there are guiding blocks available for some
pedestrian lines for persons with disabilities, other attributes placed on pedestrian lines are still
an obstacle for persons with disabilities. while the jogging track section is quite good with fairly
flat road conditions, and the ramp has been provided for disability, but it is not well maintained.
(Figure 10-11).

Figure 12. Pedestrian and Ramp lanes Source


(Private Documents, 2018)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 27

Figure 13. Pedestrian and Ramp lanes Source


(Private Documents, 2018)

Supporting facilities in the denggung park are quite complete with various sports facilities, play
facilities, plazas, toilets, park benches, signs and other facilities. However, there are still many
facilities that cannot be used by persons with disabilities (Figure 12-15).

Figure 14. Parking Area source


(Private Documentation, 2018)

*Corresponding author at: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta

E-mail address: [email protected]

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 28

Figure 15. Vehicle Circulation Line source


(Private Documentation, 2018)

The park has a separate exit and entry lane so that the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians is
more efficient. And the parking capacity is quite large so that the park can accommodate more
visitors. From the results of the elaboration of the existing conditions of the elephant wong park
and the denggung park, the weighting will then be carried out in terms of the four accessibility
criteria, to find the application of accessibility that tends to be applied in the design of public
open spaces. (Table 1 and Table 2)

Table 1. Weighting Application of Accessibility Services for Disabled


Children in Gajah Wong Park

Accessibili
Facilities ty
in
fables Convenienc Usabili Safe Independen
e ty ty ce
Circulatio
1 3 1 1
n&
Parking
Pedestr
2 4 2 1
ian
path
Support
3 3 2 1
ing
facilities
Sports
facilities 3 3 2 1

Signs 1 2 1 1
Total 10 15 8 5

1 = less
4 = very good
(Source: Based on Author Research, 2018)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 29

Table 2. Weighting Application of Accessibility Services for Children with


Disabilities in Denggung Park

Accessibili
Facilities ty
in
fables Convenien Usabili Safe Independen
ce ty ty ce
Circulation
2 3 1 1
&
Parking
Pedestrian 3 4 2 1
path
Support
3 3 2 1
ing
faciliti
es
Sports 2 3 2 1
facilities
Signs 1 2 1 1
Total 11 15 8 5

1 = less
4 = very good
(Source: Based on Author Research, 2018)

Based on the results of weighting the application of accessibility services in terms of the four
accessibility criteria, the criteria for usability are still the most preferred point, both in the
elephant wong park and in the park buzzing. while the independence criteria are still a less
noticeable part, the large number of facilities available in playgrounds is still a problem for
children with disabilities, because they have not been able to use existing facilities
independently. Then the convenience criteria also need to be improved and taken into account
again, because the many facilities that are still difficult to reach / access for children with
disabilities and criteria that are no less important than the three previous criteria, namely safety,
safety is a necessary point for more pay attention to every design of public open space. from the
results of weighting the safety criteria are still ranked third, which means the safety criteria are
still very little noticed.

*Corresponding author at: Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta

E-mail address: [email protected]

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 30

4.2 Proposed Plan for Providing Accessibility


Provision of accessibility based on applicable regulations and regulations, theories, general
features and problems that also exist in the needs of persons with disabilities according to their
type and limitations especially for the disabled and the blind.
Accessibility of Circulation and Parking Facilities for Persons with Disabilities
Circulation
Circulation on elephant wong parks and parks with entrance and exit lanes needs to be
further clarified the separation between vehicles and pedestrians.

Parking

In both parks, it must provide a special type of parking for persons with disabilities which is
given in the form of signs specifically for signs as well as markers on the parking lot and
ramp.

Accessibility of Pedestrian Path Facilities for Persons with Disabilities


The pedestrian pathway for persons with disabilities must be made more so that persons with
disabilities can use independently and better guarantee their safety, by providing a flat, not
slippery and non-terrain pathway that does not cause stagnant water.

Accessibility of Activity Support Facilities for Disabled people


For the activities of supporting facilities, the need for the design of park benches, tables,
crossings, stops, toilets / restrooms, signs, and information centers that are more focused on
disability needs.

5. Conclusion

Based on the discussion of the previous chapters, it can be concluded that, accessibility services
in public open spaces are still not maximally implemented, there are several accessibility
principles that still need to be improved.

1. Elephant Wong Park

Provision of infrastructure facilities in Gajah Wong Park is quite adequate, but the provision
of service facilities in terms of accessibility is still considered less, from the assessment of
four accessibility criteria, safety and independence are the most unnoticed so that the impact
on disability difficulties to access and use public parks.

2. Denggung Park

While in the park with the provision of infrastructure facilities is very complete, but the same
problem occurs, namely the principles of accessibility have not been well implemented.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 19 – 31 31

Acknowledgment

This research is an accessibility study in the public open space conducted in two public
playgrounds D.I. Yogyakarta. The results of the study are intended as recommendations to the
City Government of D.I. Yogyakarta to pay more attention to the right of equality in terms of
accessibility in the public space, so that all city people can feel the same benefits.
REFERENCES

[1] S. M. I. Abdou, Inclusion of physically disabled children through environmental


rehabilitation of urban spaces case study: AL Azhar Park, Cairo, Egypt, Procedia Eng., vol.
21, hal. 53–58, 2011.
[2] K. Widyawati, Penilaian Ruang Bermain Anak Di Kota Depok, Factor Exacta, vol. 8, no. 3,
hal. 195–207, 2015.
[3] S. Thohari, Pandangan Disabilitas dan Aksesibilitas Fasilitas Publik bagi Penyandang
Disabilitas di Kota Malang, Ijds, vol. 1, no. 1, hal. 27–37, 2014.
[4] M. S. Y. L. d. M. S. K. Wai, Inclusive play in urban cities : A pilot study of the inclusive
playgrounds in Hong Kong, Procedia Eng., vol. 198, no. September 2016, hal. 169–175,
2017.
[5] S. L. N. e. al., Healthy play, better coping: The importance of play for the development of
children in health and disease, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2018.
[6] I. K. S. F. D. U. I. d. N. U. M. I. Haq, Quo Vadis Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Kebijakan
Kabupaten Layak Anak ( KLA ) Sleman, vol. 16, hal. 85–99, 2016.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 29 – 39

Local Wisdom in Coffee House Design to Promote


Gayo Culture and Tourism
Sylviana Mirahayu Ifani 1*
1
Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi, Medan, Indonesia

Abstract. Despite being the fourth largest coffee producing country, Indonesia has low
domestic coffee consumption. Recent growing trend of coffee house may help increase the
consumption. Gayo Highlands as the origin of a specialty grade coffee may also be
benefitted from the growing trend. Coffee house culture in Gayo has also been growing
recently. Coffee as the main commodity in Gayo Highlands has influenced the Gayo
culture. Coffee culture can help preserve and promote Gayo culture. This paper explains
how philosophical design of traditional Gayo architecture as Gayo local wisdom can be
adopted into coffee house design in Gayo Highlands. It discusses some elements of
traditional Gayo house which can be adopted to the design of Gayonese coffee house. This
article shows that the implementation of traditional Gayo house elements such as
pëpantarën, kërawang and këlélékën can help preserve Gayo culture and promote cultural
tourism.

Keyword: architecture, coffee house, gayo lut

1. Introduction

Coffee has become one of the most important commodities in Indonesia. It ranked fifth in terms
of export value of estate crop commodities [1]. Despite being the fourth largest coffee
producing country, Indonesia’s coffee consumption per capita is still low [2]. Out of five biggest
producing countries, e.g. Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia, only Brazil and
Colombia listed among the top fifty of coffee consumption per capita, both ranked tenth and 44th
respectively. Finland, Norway, and the Netherlands are the top three of coffee consumption per
capita [3]. Government has set a target to increase domestic consumption. The growing trend of
coffee house lately may help increase the consumption.

One of the biggest coffee producing provinces in Indonesia is Aceh. It is the fourth largest
coffee producing province in Indonesia, behind Sumatera Selatan, Lampung, and Sumatera
Utara provinces. It produced 7.83% of the country’s 632,460 tons of coffee production in 2015
[1]. Around 91.50 % of the province’s coffee production is produced in the Gayo Highlands

*Corresponding author at: Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi, Medan, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected]

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 33

area which comprises Aceh Tengah (the Gayo Lut regions), Bener Meriah, and Gayo Lues
regencies. Gayo is a tribe in the highland region of Aceh Province which reside in the side of
Bukit Barisan mountain range and a lake called Lut Tawar. As a mountainous area with altitude
of 600-1,800 meters above sea level, Gayo Highlands has been well-known worldwide for its
high quality coffee. However, less is known about Gayo culture and its abundant tourism
potential.

Propelled mainly by coffee commodity, Takéngën as the main city for Gayo people has
experienced rapid change in the past fifty or so years which affects its architectural face. In
contrast with traditional Gayo houses which spirit was centered on paddy farming, rituals,
gender boundaries, and local wooden materials, the contemporary Gayo houses have developed
based on practical activity as it is changed to coffee farming, gender generalization, and modern
materials. Nevertheless, coffee culture in Gayo is not as well-known as their coffee itself. Only
recently coffee houses have become a growing trend like in many other regions in Indonesia.
Quality coffee has been one of the biggest attractions for tourists to come to the region. Coffee
house can play a role in preserving culture and promoting tourism in Gayo. Coffee house as part
of coffee culture can be an attraction for tourists to come to Gayo. As coffee smallholders are
usually not gaining much from the commodity, the development of coffee-related tourism in
Gayo may improve their livelihood. This paper aims to show how coffee as an important
commodity in Gayo Highlands can help preserve Gayo culture and promote cultural tourism in
the Highlands by implementing local wisdom in coffee house design. It shows that there are
some elements of traditional Gayo architecture especially Gayo house that can be implemented
in the design of Gayo coffee house.

2. Traditional Architecture Gayo Lut Loacal Wisdom

Traditional Gayo Lut architecture is divided into three building types based on its function.
Those are places of worship, buildings for storage, and dwelling houses. Common kampöng
(village) in the Highlands have at least one from each of those three building types to support
them in carrying out day-to-day tradition.

2.1 The Place of Worship

The place of worship is a place for conducting congregational prayers and reciting holy Qur’ān
in accordance with Islamic guidance. It appears in the form of buildings, such as mësëgit
(masjid), mërsah (mësëgit in a simpler form specifically for men), and döyah (mërsah’s
counterpart which is reserved for women) as shown in Figure 1 [4]. Mërsah used to serve as a
'second home' for traditional Gayo men. Boys over the age of 8 years, men who are not yet
married, widower or traveler commonly spent more time to pray, socialize, and even stayed at
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 34

mërsah. According to the Gayo ëdët (local custom), it is këmél (such an embarrassment) for
men to spend more time at their houses than at the mërsah (Figure 1).

(a) Mësëgit (b) Mërsah (c) Döyah

Figure 1. Sketches of Gayo Lut Traditional Worship Buildings

2.2 Storage Buildings

Storage buildings were another important architectural object owned by each household inside a
kampöng (village). They were a manifestation of the Gayo livelihoods because they had a
primary function of storing paddy grain. There were three types of traditional storage buildings
according to its size, called bëranang, manah and këben as shown in Figure. 2 [4]. The size of a
storage to be built depended on the amount of rice its owner could produce. Since the storage
buildings were standalone buildings outside the house, obviously it became a visible indicator
of a household prosperity seen by general public (Figure 2).

(a) Bëranang (b) Manah (c) Këben

Figure 2. Sketches of Gayo Lut Traditional storage buildings

2.3 Dwellings

Dwelling houses in local term is called umah. The Gayo Lut traditional house was a longhouse
that served as home to several families belonged to the same paternal lineage living under one
roof. Currently, there is only one authentic traditional house of Gayo Lut survives. It is
estimated that the house which located in kampöng Toweren was built before 1930s. The facade
and house plan reportedly still retain its original form even though the condition of the house is
increasingly deteriorating with age as shown in Figure 3.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 35

Figure 3. Traditional Gayo Lut house in kampöng Toweren in 2015

The Gayo Lut traditional house is an elevated-typed of house with the floor (tele) raised on
posts 2 to 2.5 meters above the ground. According to Hurgronje [5] and Kreemer [6], raising the
floor so as to create a section under the house (këlétén) was an act of imitation by the Gayo from
traditional Aceh house. Research reports and cultural inventory project of the province of Aceh
explain that the raising of the floor above ground level was done with the intention to avoid wild
animal attacks such as tigers, snakes, and centipedes, as well as to facilitate bathing elderly and
also those who passed away [4]. There is no evidence found with regard of the association
between the chosen vertical section designs of the house with mystical or spiritual meanings.

The wooden posts (suyön) which supported the house were made of pine wood (uyëm) or other
types of local woods. Under a normal circumstance, lengthwise the house was oriented east-
west in which the staircase located on the east or north side of the house. The orientation was
chosen due to the Highlands climate where wind strongly blew from the northwest, so it was
expected to be able to avoid it from damaging the roof [4]. Short sides of the house consisted of
3-4 posts that generated 2-3 room partitions. While the long sides consisted of 6-9 posts that
generated 5-8 room partitions. The distance between two posts is about 3 meters. The
illustration of the house exterior can be seen in Figure 4.

(a) Front view (b) Side view (c) Rear view

Figure 4. Gayo Lut Traditional house

The spaces of traditional Gayo Lut house consisted of stairs in front of the house which usually
had an odd step numbers. Climbing up through the stairs, one would find an entry leading to
lëpo. Lëpo was a transitional terrace towards the house interior and also used as a sitting room
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 36

when family members wanted to sunbathe or weave mats. Lëpo had a direct access that was
commonly not separated by wall to the room on the left side of the house called sërambi rawan
(men gallery). On the opposite, lëpo was separated by a wall in the right side of the house with
anyōng and also sërambi banan (women gallery). The wall had a door that was closed at night
called pintu kaol (the great door). The space elements of traditional Gayo Lut house are
illustrated as in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Room arrangement in Gayo Lut traditional house

Decorative elements of traditional Gayo Lut houses were woodcarvings inspired by natural
phenomenon, floral and animals. Gayo art is famous for its spiral-shaped carving, e.g. the
kërawang. The carving of traditional Gayo Lut house was made using simple equipment such as
cëkéh (a tool used for woodcarving). The carving then left with its natural color without being
painted. For carving motifs which were inspired by natural phenomenon, Gayo people were
influenced by the things they saw in their daily life. Ëmun bërangkat (drifting clouds), for
example, is a manifestation of natural situation of Takéngën in certain seasons that have a view
of the clouds drifting over the lake from east to west. Animal motifs came in the form of bawal
danau (one of fishes that are commonly found in the Lake Lut Tawar), chicken and dragon. The
carving on the traditional Gayo house in kampöng Toweren show that the motif like ulën-ulën
(the Moon) is not found in the lower part of the building, while ëmun bërangkat is also not
found in the lower part of the building except on the staircase and doors. Animal motifs are not
found on the top and bottom of the house, but they are found in the middle of the house.
Meanwhile, floral motifs can be found in all parts of the house either top, middle or bottom
(Figure 6).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 37

Figure 6. Decorative elements on traditional Gayo Lut house

3 Coffee Culture

European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education define cultural tourism as “the
movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the
intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs”. Coffee can
be an attraction of cultural tourism, since coffee as part of food and beverage tourism is a
cultural experience [7]. Coffee is experienced through travel and besides collecting coffee
experiences, travelers may collect objects related to coffee as souvenirs or may purchase coffee
beans as a souvenir.

The spreading of coffee initiated the emergence of coffee culture in many parts of the world. As
one of the most important beverage commodities, many cultures have been evolved surrounding
coffee. As the drinking of coffee became popular, countries formed their own rituals around
coffee, each region’s coffee taste acknowledged as being related to its history, work habits and
style [8]. Around the world, coffee houses have evolved as social meeting places, or third place
for meeting away from home and work [7]. Coffee is associated with various forms of food
service outlets, such as coffee houses, coffee shops, coffee bars and cafés. Each types of these
establishments has different levels of informality in settings where coffee and food are served
[7]. While coffee houses share common aspects, i.e. coffee and sociality, they vary in the
customers they attract through unique atmospheres, a variety of services and ancillary products
(books, music, art work), and different qualities, origins, blends, or preparations of coffee [9].

Davids argued that coffee houses are seen as a place to relax, discuss, socialize and study [10].
In Vienna, coffee house culture is acknowledged as having played a critical part in a vibrant
intellectual and artistic activity at the beginning of the 20th century. In Paris, such coffee house
culture is acknowledged to have contributed to modernity [11].

Coffee culture has been better recorded in consuming countries than producing countries. Even
now, the consumption of coffee in Indonesia is much less compared to that in consuming
countries such as the United States. Coffee house has been evolved as an institution in Gayo
Highlands and many other places in Indonesia. The words have been associated with chatting
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 38

between visitors, from local issues to the politics of the country. “Obrolan warung kopi” (coffee
house chat) has been a common culture in many regions in Indonesia even since 1970’s when a
popular comedy group Warkop DKI was named after it. Recently coffee drinking has become
more popular, perhaps due to the promotion of coffee drinking and socializing through media
such as movies and travel documentaries.

4 Coffee in Gayo Highlands

Coffee is one of the world’s important beverage commodities. Along with cocoa and tea, it is
included in World Bank’s beverage price index. According to Tannahill, as cited by Jolliffe,
cultivation of the wild Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) may have begun in the sixth century,
although the first written reference is attributed to a tenth-century Arab physician [12].
Originated from Ethiopia, there is the common assumption that European merchants and
bureaucrats were the engine that powered the growth of the world coffee economy. However,
the assumption may have neglected the role of Muslims in spreading the crop. It is said that by
1438 or so Sufis in Yemen were using a newly discovered stimulant to keep awake and alert
during their religious exercises and devotions. Coffee and the first coffee houses worried
Islamic rulers, jurists, and market inspectors from the outset. In 1511 in Mecca, Islamic jurists
decreed that although some places that served the beverage might pose a threat to public
morality, the drink itself could not be outlawed simply on the supposition of its evil effects
without just proof. This principle became part of Islamic law and ensured that coffee houses,
although often shut, were never banned—as was the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Wherever coffee and coffee houses spread in the Muslim world, whether to Cairo or Istanbul by
1600 or so, similar fears arose alongside the use of the beverage by Sufis and writers. The first
book to document the effects of caffeine was Abdalcader Alanzar’s treatise (1587) concerning
coffee that it is lawful for a Moslem to drink it. This Muslim writer discussed the origins,
effects, diffusion, and disputes at Mecca over cahouah (coffee). This is one of the first
publications reflecting the intellectual life of coffee and coffee house [13].

Ottoman Turks brought coffee to Constantinople in the mid fifteenth century and the first coffee
house, Kiva Han, was opened in 1457. However, it was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that
coffee moved from a novel to a popular drink [14]. In both London and Paris, coffee houses
became centers for coffee consumption and discussion [15]. Civitello argued that the emergence
of these coffee houses as public meeting places has change social and political habits [16].

Arabica beans were planted in India by Muslim pilgrims in the seventeenth century, long before
the British took any interest in the crop. Dutch imports of seedlings into Java in the 1690s have
been said as the “origins” of coffee cultivation in monsoon Asia, but the seedlings came from
India via Muslim traders. Moreover, Dutch efforts at growing coffee in Indonesia may well have
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 39

been preceded by those of Muslim travelers, especially in Sumatra. An Islamic expertise in early
coffee cultivation ran parallel to that of Europeans [17]. Since the pilgrimage to Mecca was also
an opportunity for trading commodities, coffee might have been traded in the Holy City and
brought to Indonesia by pilgrims. Gayo people have been exposed to Islam as early as 1000 BC
when Linge kingdom was founded, even though some argue that the Gayo converted to Islam
under Sultan Iskandar Muda (r. 1607–36) of Pasai kingdom [18]. Thus, it is possible that coffee
was introduced to Gayo long before the Dutch grew it as an export commodity.

During the 1930s, the Dutch established tea and coffee estates north of the main town of
Takéngën in an effort to transform the Gayo Highlands into an agricultural export center. After
1945, farmers began to carve the estates into smallholder coffee farms, and their numbers have
risen steadily ever since. The attractiveness of coffee growing increased throughout the 1960s,
and particularly by the late 1970s, as the local producer price for one kilogram of unroasted
coffee beans rose from about Rp. 300 in the mid-1970s to Rp. 2000 by the end of the decade.
Farmers moved into the uncultivated forest areas to the north and west of Takéngën to open
coffee farms, and expanded the number of hectares harvested from 17,000 in 1971 to 31,000 in
1984 [19]. Nowadays, Gayo Highlands produce around 91.50% of the Aceh province’s coffee
production [1]. Coffee farming has dominantly become part of contemporary Gayonese
livelihood.

5 Implemening Local Wisdom in Gayonese Coffee House Design

There are basically two types of coffee houses which are common in Gayo, e.g. keude kupi
(coffee shop) and café. Although most coffee produced in the Highlands is Arabica (Coffea
arabica), local people usually drink Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora). The design of a coffee
house may determine cultural and tourism influences of the coffee house. Gayonese traditional
architecture can be implemented in the design of Gayo coffee houses. Even though as described
before that traditional Gayonese architecture were centered on traditional commodity, which
was paddy, the shifting of main local commodity to coffee does not mean the Gayonese should
lost value of their traditional architecture. Designing coffeeehouses based on traditional
architecture will help preserve and promote Gayo decent culture.

Gayo coffee houses may combine traditional and contemporary architecture styles in their
design. A traditional Gayo house might consist of four to nine private rooms called umah rinung
depending on the number of families occupying the house. Umah rinung were located in the
central part of the house and served as a bedroom for a couple. Each room had a fireplace
(dapōr këlélékën) which was fueled by firewood or pine seed (galih) and used for keeping the
body warm (bëdiang, muniru). As common weather in Gayo Highlands is relatively cool (in
certain season could reach 14 Celsius degrees), coffee houses can use fireplace to make
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 40

costumers feel warm and comfortable during cold days as how traditional people used dapōr
këlélékën inside the house.

Traditional Gayo houses had male- and female-only spaces, separated from common area.
Sërambi rawan (men gallery) was a long single room used mainly for male activity and
receiving male guests. Sërambi banan (women gallery) was a place devoted to the activities of
female family members such as cooking, weaving and also welcoming female guests. Gayo
coffee houses can implement this feature by creating male- and female-only spaces in addition
to the common area which is accessible for both gender. Such design will represent Gayo ëdët
of sumang (appropriateness) and këmél. Sumang appeared in the form of traditional rule on how
to interact between men and women.

In terms of building types, traditional Gayo house was an elevated house in which the phrase
"entah ku atas" which means "please come upstairs" was commonly used to invite someone into
the house (by going up to the elevated floor) as a form of hospitality [19]. Currently, when the
type of house has been turned into a ground-level single house, the same phrase is still often
used to invite someone up onto pëpantarën. Pëpantarën is a kind of raised surface for seating
and is generally found in the family room or kitchen. In this case, it can be said that the
existence of pëpantarën is a transformation of an elevated traditional Gayo house and a symbol
of hospitality as well as to accommodate social activity. Gayo coffee houses can use pëpantarën
as part of their seating area instead of using general chair and coffee table as in the western
tradition.

In the contemporary Gayo society, male family members are no longer making mërsah as their
second home [20]. This situation, and the findings that one of the best moments for family
communication happens when the family has finished praying together at home, has led to the
emergence of the need for a special room for worship in the house to accommodate both
activities. As Gayo ëdët is strongly tied to Islamic law, it is also important for Gayo coffee
houses to provide space to offer Salah (Islamic daily prayer).

Another element of traditional Gayo houses that can be used for the design of Gayo coffee
houses is the application of decorative elements. Decorative elements of traditional Gayo houses
were woodcarvings inspired by nature. Gayo art is famous for its spiral-shaped carving, i.e. the
kërawang. The use of kërawang as contemporary building ornament in Takéngën is very rare
except in government buildings.

Acknowledgement

Author would like to thank all people who have shared the information on Gayo culture
and helped finish this article.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 32 – 42 41

REFERENCES

[1] M. o. A. R. o. Indonesia, Agricultural Statistics 2015, Center for Agricultural Data and
Information System, Jakarta, 2015.

[2] H. D. o. t. G. C. Trade, “International Coffee Organization,” 2016. [Online]. Available:


http://www.ico.org/historical/1990%20onwards/PDF/1b-domestic-consumption.pdf.

[3] C. Informer, “Caffeine (Coffee) Consumption by Country,” 2013. [Online]. Available:


http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-what-the-world-drinks.

[4] Z. A. Abdul Hadjad, Arsitektur Tradisional Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh., Jakarta:
History and Culture Research Center of the Ministry of Education and Culture, 1984.

[5] C. S. Hurgronje, Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners, Batavia, 1903.

[6] P. J. Nas, Indonesian Houses: Survey of Vernacular Architecture in Western Indonesia.,


1998.

[7] P. Boniface, Tasting Tourism: Travelling for Food and Drink, Ashgate: Aldershot, 2003.

[8] C. a. S. J. Calvert, Coffee, the Essential Guide to the Essential Bean, New York:
Smallwood and Stewart Inc., 1994.

[9] C. M. Tucker, Coffee Culture: Local Experiences, Global Connections, New York:
Routledge, 2011.

[10] K. Davids, Coffee: A Guide to Brewing and Enjoying Coffee, San Francisco: 101
Productions, 1979.

[11] J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of Public Space: An Enquiry into a Category
of Bourgeois Society, Oxford: Polity Press, 1989.

[12] L. Jolliffe, Common Grounds of Coffee and Tourism, Bristol: Channel View Publications,
2010.

[13] Ed. Leona Ritter, Ed. W. Scott Haine, Ed. Jeffrey H. Jackson, The Thinking Space: The
Café as a Cultural Institution in Paris, Italy and Vienna., Surrey: Ashgate Publishing
Limited, 2013.

[14] B. Cowan, Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffee House, New Haven:
Yale University Press, 2005.

[15] J. S. D. a. S. K. Schapira, The Book of Coffee and Tea, New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1975.

[16] L. Civitello, Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People, Hoboken: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2005.

[17] William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Ed. Steven Topik, Introduction: Coffee and Global
Development.” The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America 1500–
1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

[18] A. H. Hill, Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai., J of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
1960.
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[19] J. R. Bowen, Death and the History of Islam in Highlands Aceh, 1984.

[20] S. M. Ifani, The Study of Traditional House as Design Guidelines for Contemporary
Houses in Takéngën, Indonesia, Vienna: Proceedings of 8th EuroSEAS Conference, 2015.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 40-47

The Impact Singer & Jipen of Dayak Tribe on


Environmental Sustainability in Central of Borneo
Muh. Azhari1
1
Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya

Abstract. The environment is a mandate that must be maintained, because a good


environment will produce a generation that is good and strong. Poor environmental
management will create new problems. Ethics that regulate environmental management
can maintain environmental conditions and reduce the rate of environmental change, for
example by the presence of singer and jipen owned by the Central Of Borneo Dayak Tribe.
Singer is a punishment and jipen is the amount of customary punishment given to someone
who commits a customary offense. A detrimental activity will distrub the productivity of the
environment, with the singer and jipen will be able to reduce the rate of damage. Case
examples of the application of singer and jipen such as the Wilmar Group case, productive
Durian Tree Cutting, Murder, even defamation, singer and jipen giving in accordance with
the impact of the case, whether it is detrimental on a small or large scale and determined.
The sentence was determined by the kepala adat / mantir / demang. The research used is a
type of ethnography with data collection techniques by observation, interviews and
literature studies.

Keyword: environmental, dayak tribe, jipen, singer

1. Introduction
Background of Research

The environment and needs of human life cannot be separated from each other, these needs are
in the form of clothing, food and board needs. All of these needs come from nature, so that the
environment must be maintained properly such as a friend, relative, or like a parent who looks
after and protects his children. The environment without humans will continue in a good and
stable condition but on the contrary humans without a good environment, will affect the quality
of human life itself, both from health, economy, and social.

Changes in the function of the natural environment because human needs continue to increase,
causing a decline in the quality of the environment that is very fast and detrimental to living
things that cannot be adapted to these conditions. Changes in the function of the natural

*Corresponding author at: [Jl. RTA Milono km 1.5, Langkai, Pahandut, Kota Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah
73111]

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 44

environment, for example, are plantations, transmigration land, residential development and
housing and other infrastructure developments.

These activities have the potential to sustain the lives of Flora and Fauna that grow in the
natural environment. Biodiversity can be threatened with extinction, especially when it comes to
living things endemic to the area, for example Kalimantan Island which is considered to still
have a natural forest environment is rarely found, even if there are only a few parts left.

The impact of activities on the conversion of natural environments such as forests, for example,
influences the microclimate around forests, land and rainwater catchments. If humans change
the natural environment around them without rules that support environmental sustainability,
humans will feel unwanted effects and will regret after a disaster in the future.

Environmental exploitation activities that cause loss value must be felt by humans. Humans will
try to improve the condition of the natural environment which is decreasing with recovery
activities. Of course, these activities require cost, time and thought to implement them, before
that happens it would be good to make a wise decision in acting related to environmental
management, because the environment has limits of ability, has a saturation point to survive
from unfavorable and unfavorable conditions ( principle to four environment).

Communities consciously experience a lot of losing value that cannot be broken, the price to be
paid from activities that do not consider the long-term impact of these activities, for example
from the burning of forest land and gardens, the effects of haze arising from burning activities,
illegal logging, illegal mining, and free fishing. Fish and animals that are often encountered and
easily obtain it now begin to be difficult to find even to get it there is a nominal price that must
be spent, for that environment both in the form of natural environment, artificial environment,
social environment must be maintained properly, it aims to preserve the environment for
example, by making rules that must be adhered to by the community, both local communities
and immigrants and the government. The rules are like the legacy of the Dayak Kalimantan
singer and jipen community which is useful for preserving the environment, both now and in the
future.

Formulation of the Problem

Problem formulation in the research are:

1. How are the singer and jipen forms given to the community that damage the environment?

2. Who has the right to determine the singer and jipen punishment for people who damage the
environment?
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 45

Research Purposes

The intended purpose is to answer the formulation of existing problems, including:

1. To find out the singer and jipen forms that are given to people who damage the environment.

2. To find out about who has the right to determine singer and jipen punishment for people who
damage the environment.

2. Literature Review

Environmental

Environment is a complete system that is outside the individual that affects the growth and
development of organisms. Environment is not the same as habitat. Habitat is a place where the
organism or community of living organisms [12]. Environment is an integrated system between
abiotic and biotic components, both of which are in a condition of compensative relationships
and produce system harmony. Environment is a system in which the subsystems work both
abiotic and biotic subsystems and the process of transformation and translocation is triggered by
the process of exchanging energy and material / material between the subsystems. Abiotic
subsystems include the atmosphere, pedhosfer / lithosphere and hydrosphere, while the biotic
subsystem is all living things or organisms with all forms of interaction that occur [3].

In the book Environmental Theology [1] environment as a condition or natural condition


consisting of living things and non-living things that are on earth or parts of the earth naturally
and interconnected with one another others.

Dayak Tribe

Nila Riwut, 2003 said that Kalimantan is the largest island that has large rivers and the third
largest island after Green Land and Irian Jaya. As western colonialism, the former British
territory in the north became the territory of Malaysia and the King of Brunei, while the former
Dutch colony in the south became the territory of the Republic of Indonesia which was divided
into four provinces, namely West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Central
Kalimantan. The word Dayak is a common term in Kalimantan even throughout Indonesia,
everyone who speaks the word Dayak is certainly looking at one of the tribes in Indonesia who
inhabit Borneo. There are differences of opinion about the Dayak tribe originating from the
seventh sky and some who depend on the Dayak people from proto melayu. According to the
Dayak beliefs that come from the belief in kaharingan, humans are descended from the seventh
heaven in four places, namely:

1. In the Tantan Puruk Pamatuan, which is located on the Kahayan and Barito Rivers
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 46

2. In Tantang Liang Mangan Puruk Kaminting which is located around Gunung Raya.

3. In Datah Tangkasiang, on the contrary upstream of the river, which is located in West
Kalimantan.

4. In Puruk Kambang Tanah Siang which is located on the Barito River.

Dayaks descended on these places, marry each other, then breed collect all of the island of
Borneo. More scientifically less than two hundred years after masehi, there was the first
movement of the nation to Indonesia. They came as a whole from the Yunan area.

The Dayaks are predominantly living in the interior and not many inhabit the Coastal area. Each
tribe has its own language, even the regional languages of the tribes in a distant area are also
different. For example, in the Kahayan and Kapuas areas from the river mouth to approximately
two parts on the Kahayan River, the population uses Dayak Ngaju language. Meanwhile in the
upstream section, the language used is the Otak Dayak language. Danom. The Dayak tribe in
Kalimantan consists of seven tribes. The seven tribes consisted of eighteen tribes of young
children, consisting of 405 tribes.

Singer & Jipen

Singer or punishment given to the guilty person, the sentence is in the form of customary
punishment. Initially singer was intended for victims and perpetrators but now only pay court
fees [9]. Article singer or the sentence that has been set amounted to 96 articles, the articles
become references for demang / adat head to determine customary punishment for the suspects,
while Jipen is a unit of punishment for violations or punishment given to someone who violates
customary law.

If the case is led by a demang, the claimant must pay Rp. 5 (Golden currency equivalent) to
Demang with cash. However, it may also be estimated according to the price in general. If the
case is led by a pembakal, then the claimant is obliged to pay a table of Rp 2.5 in the form of
cash may be replaced with goods according to the price in general [10].

3. Methodology

The location of the study was carried out in Central Kalimantan. The Dayak tribe that dominates
Central Kalimantan is the Dayak Ngaju tribe. Ngaju is one of the ethnic groups of the Dayaks,
who inhabit the island of Borneo. Ngaju people live in Central Kalimantan Province. The
distribution of the Ngaju Dayak Tribe covers several districts, namely Kapuas District, South
Barito, North Barito, East Kotawaringin, West Kotawaringin, Katingan, Gunung Mas and
Palangka Raya City. The Ngaju Dayak tribe is the largest Dayak group compared to other
groups in Central Kalimantan Province [5].
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 47

Types of Research

The type of research used in the study entitled "the Impact Singer and Jipen of Dayak Tribe on
Environmental Sustainability in Central of Borneo" is a type of ethnographic research.
Ethnographic type research is one of the qualitative research strategies in which researchers
investigate a group of cultures in a natural environment for a considerable period of time in
collecting primary data, observation data and interview data [4]. Ethnography as a description
of a culture, to understand a view of life from the perspective of indigenous people, even
ethnography emphasizes the importance of the central role of culture in understanding the way
of life of the groups studied [2].

Data Collection Technique

Data collection techniques used in research activities are observations, interviews and literature
study studies. Observation data collection techniques is a technique of data collection carried
out by making direct observations on the object of research to obtain the desired data [11].
Interview technique is a technique of data collection by communicating with data sources, both
directly and indirectly, while data collection by using literature study references aims to produce
information about the data that you want to collect [13].

4. Result and Discussion

Based on the data obtained related to singer and jipen owned by the Central Kalimantan Dayak
Tribe Associated with customary punishment for environmental problems such as the case:

1. DAD (Dayak Adat Council) Kotawaringin Barat Regency Imposes sanctions for custom
penalties of 2 guci antik, 15 belanga (worth 30 million) to Mayor kal Fatkur Arifin on
cases of social environment (beating) [6].

2. Violation on February 10, 2018 by PT. Mustika Sembuluh belongs to the Wilmar Group
which damaged the Customary Site and Houses of Residents in the District. North
Mentaya, East Kotawaringin for Rp. 577,777,777 [7].

3. Case of Dayak Tribe Breaking by Prof. Dr. Thamrin Amal Tomagola in the form of 5
Pikul Gong and Money of Rp. 87,000,000 [14].

4. Penalties to PT Sawit Mandiri Lestari (SML) for damaging customary forests in the
district. Lam Kwa Batang amounting to Rp.5,000,000,000 [8].

5. Penalties for burning or cutting down productive durian trees in Kota Pangkut
Kotawaringin Barat in the amount of Rp. 3,500,000
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 48

6. Penalties for those who poison / try fish in the river area of Pangkut Kotawaringin Barat
in the amount of Rp. 5,000,000

The distribution of singer and jipen in various regions in Central Kalimantan varies depending
on the problems faced, the decision of the singer's giving depends on the agreement between the
mantir / damang/ketua adat based on the existing singer articles, for the jipen itself depending
on the agreement of the ketua adat.

The environment is related to the pattern of life, patterns of thinking and behavior of the people
who inhabit the area, for example people who inhabit the area of Central Kalimantan with a type
of hot area, rich in natural resources and possessing peat swamp areas.

Forest is the mother of the Dayak tribe, what is asked to fulfill their daily needs in the form of
clothing, food and shelter will also be given, it is not surprising that every region in Central
Kalimantan has customary forests, but along with the increasing needs of life causes many
Customary forests are exploited by landscapes into production forests such as oil palm
plantations, rubber plantations and sengon gardens.

Changes in the function of the land promises good expectations for the community, both around
the place of implementation of the activity. Desired expectations can improve economic
performance and social welfare through activities carried out by the company. For example the
recruitment of local labor and CSR programs made by the company. The expected impact of
environmental management activities into plantation areas is not always positive, but it has a
negative impact, one of them is the problem between land owners (companies / plantations /
industry) and surrounding communities, such as the case of destruction of custom sites by
Wilmar Group (PT Mustika Ten) and other cases.

Wealth must be maintained and protected, so that what is currently available can be enjoyed by
future generations based on the goals of a sustainable environment. Things to be achieved in a
sustainable environmental program include balancing three pillars such as environmental,
economic and social pillars [15].

Balancing the three pillars, for example by applying singer and jipen to the people that are
detrimental to the local environment, both harms the natural environment and the social and
environmental environment of the Dayak tribe. Customary or singer punishment is based on the
results of the adat session and refers to existing singer articles.

Giving punishment and the amount is intended to keep the environment in Central Kalimantan
maintained, so that it can give deterrent effect to the perpetrators, along with the ketua adat,
mantir, or demang and Dayak tribesmen must struggle to maintain the existing singer rules, such
as those delivered by A2012cep Akbar in 2011 about jipen, that Jipen in Central Kalimantan
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 43-50 49

experienced a decline in values along with the mixing of community culture, education,
technology and religion.

Singers and jipen that have been set up are indeed unable to replace the value lost from loss
activities carried out by a group of people or someone, the price in nominal terms given is not
the main goal of the customary head and community, but for the environment (natural, artificial
and social) maintain well for the sake of preserving its sustainability as a shared property that
will never be lost.

The third environmental principle states that existing materials, energy, space, plants and
animals are included in the category of natural resources. The hope of a singer and jipen will
continue to be a protector of existing natural wealth, the bird of Tinggang beautiful, the
distinctive Durian Kalimantan fruit, and Kayu Hitam / Ulin which are starting to become scarce
and other resources will remain as an endless inheritance it even becomes an invaluable regional
identity, and the forest remains a place to meet daily needs without having to buy rupiah coffers

5. Conclusion

The singer and jipen form given by the kepala adat / mantir / demang is either in the form of
objects or money. The fine aims to provide deterrent effects and provide awareness for the
perpetrators

Singers and jipen need to be maintained properly so that the surrounding environment is
maintained and remains productive in meeting human needs. Determination of penalties and
their nominal and type of violations need to be discussed so that there is no difference between
singer and jipen types in each case that occurs in various areas of Central Kalimantan.

REFERENCE

[1] A. A, Studi Kearifan Lokal Penggunaan Api Persiapan Lahan Studi Kasus di Hutan Mawas
Kalimantan Tengah vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 211-230, Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi
Kehutanan, 2011.

[2] Batuadji.k, Thesis As Mokshartham Jagadhita; Studi Etnografis Tentang Well Being pada
Warga Asram Gandhi Etnis Bali., Yogyakarta: Fakultas Psikologi UGM, 2009.

[3] S. Budiastuti, Ekologi Umum Teori Dasar Pengelolaan Lingkungan, Solo: UNS Press,
2010.

[4] Creswell.J, Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed cetakan ke 2,
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2012.

[5] J. M, Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z, Jakarta:


Direktorat Jendral Kebudayaan, 1995.
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[6] N. B. Baskoro, “Sidang adat Dayak, Perwira TNI AU didenda 2 Guci antik dan 15 Belanga.
Sabtu 17 Juni 2017.,” kompas.com, 17 6 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://regional.kompas.com/read/2017/06/17/13525861/sidang.adat.dayak.perwira.tni.au.di
denda.2.guci.antik.dan.15.belanga. [Diakses 17 June 2017].

[7] R. K, “Rusak Situs Adat Dayak, Perusahaan Sawit didenda Setengah Miliar,”
Liputan6.com, 15 Mei 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3525324/rusak-situs-adat-dayak-perusahaan-sawit-
didenda-setengah-miliar-rupiah. [Diakses 15 Mei 2018].

[8] L. Arumingtyas, “Begini Nasib Hutan Adat Laman Kinipan kala Investasi Sawit Datang,”
Mongabay.com, 18 June 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/06/18/begini-nasib-hutan-adat-laman-kinipan-kala-
investasi-sawit-datang/. [Diakses 18 June 2018].

[9] N. R, Manesr Panatau Tatu Hiang Menyelami Kekayaan Leluhur, Yogyakarta: Pusaka
Lima, 2003.

[10] N. R, Kalimantan Membangun Alam dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: NR Publishing, 2007.

[11] Riduwan, Metode Riset, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2004.

[12] S. P, Cakrawala Memahami Lingkungan, Solo: UNS Press, 2008.

[13] Sukandarrumidi, Metodelogi Penelitian Petunjuk Praktis untuk Peneliti pemula.,


Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2006.

[14] K. WW, “Majelis Adat dayak Vonis Thamrin Amal Tomagola Bersalah,” tempo.co, 22
January 2011. [Online]. Available: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/308179/majelis-adat-
dayak-vonis-thamrin-amal-tomagola-bersalah. [Diakses 22 January 2011].

[15] United Nations Confrence on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, 2009.


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68

Wind Catcher and Solar Chimney Integrated As An


Alternative Ventilation For Urban Dense Settlements In
Tropical Climate
Yoka Prima1*, Sugini1
1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia,
Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. The high energy use for building operations in humid tropical climates is mostly
used for operational mechanical ventilation such as air conditioning (AC) and fans. The use
of large amounts of energy, especially fossil energy can reduce the quality of the
environment, causing an increase in the temperature of the earth. Need more efforts for
management of energy use by reducing fossil energy consumption. One effort that can be
done is to replace mechanical production and utilize passive ventilation in buildings. this
study is a literature review regarding the use of passive ventilation using a windcatcher
integrated with solarc himneys. The use of windcatcher and the solar chimney is still very
rare in Indonesia, but has the potential to solve thermal problems, especially in densely
populated residential areas in cities that have the character of a humid tropical climate. The
results of this study recommend criteria from windcatchers and soler chimney that might be
applicable and adapt to the character of the urban humid tropical climate.

Keyword: wind catcher, solar chimney, passive ventilation, urban dense settlements

1. Introduction

Urban population growth is increasing every year caused by birth rates and urbanization. The high
of population growth is also offset by development in the form of residential buildings and other
facilities. The high price of land in the city makes people always maximize land use in
development and always seen in some residential or dense settlements.

Dense settlements have characteristics with buildings that stick together with other buildings and
sometimes do not provide land for residual land as landscapes. Dense settlements make it a
limitation by building envelopes which are usually places for ventilation as air circulation and
meet thermal comfort needs.

*Corresponding author at:Jalan Kaliurang Km.14,5, Besi, Sleman, Krawitan, Umbulmartani, Ngemplak,
Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55584

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN: 2622-0008, online ISSN: 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 52

Humid tropical climate in cities such as those in developing countries in Indonesia has high
temperatures and humidity. Some major cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Surabaya and the
terrain have an average temperature above 270C [1]. The high temperature of urban air is also
exacerbated by the emergence of the urban heat island phenomenon and global warming. High
temperatures in several cities in Indonesia can also be found in areas located on the equator such
as Pekanbaru, Pontianak and others [2].

Thermal comfort in architectural design is a necessity because humans are involved in it as


residents. Humans tend to carry out any effort to fulfill comfortable thermal needs, such as using
a fan or AC. The high use of air conditioning in urban areas shows that passive ventilation is not
working optimally. High intensity and limited area for openings in buildings and a dense
settlement, making the wind unable to move freely so that cooling air through convection
decreases [3].

To maximize the performance of passive ventilation in a dense urban environment can utilize
some of the potentials of contextual conditions such as high winds and solar heat as an air driving
force to maximize passive ventilation performance. One of them is by using windcatchers and a
solar chimney.

This paper presents a brief review of solar ventilation and windcatcher passive ventilation and
recommends how the criteria for windcatchers and solar chimney to be applied to the tropical
climate of urban cities.

2. Methodology

This study contains a descriptive literature review of passive windcatcher and solar chimney vents
based on several previous studies and then analyzed from several categories to then be developed
for urban dense residential environments with humid tropical climates.

3. Results and Discussion

The windcatcher is a passive ventilation device that is installed on the roof or tower in a building
that is used to capture external fresh air from the height of entry into the building [4]. This
Windcatcher passive ventilation technology comes from countries with a dry tropical climate in
the Middle East and has been used as the main passive cooling device in vernacular buildings for
several centuries until now [5].
In the last 30 years, windcatcher has been extensively researched, developed and then
manufactured in European countries known as modern windcatcher. Modern windcatchers have
several features that cover some of the disadvantages of vernacular windcatchers such as dampers,
sensors, gauges, solar panels and are integrated with enhancements such as evaporative cooling,
solar-chimney and others [6].
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 53

3.1 Windcatcher in a humid tropical climate

The use of passive ventilation of windcatchers in buildings in Southeast Asian countries with
humid tropical climates is very rare. some areas in humid tropical climates have high
temperatures and humidity which can cause thermal problems especially in dense residential areas
with limited side openings (conventional windows) in urban areas. The use of cross ventilation in
buildings has always been a favorite choice used by architects / building designers as providers
of thermal comfort and air circulation needs.

Figure 1. The Vernacular Windcatcher is Often Used in Middle Eastern Countries [6]

Figure 2. Modern windcatcher [14]

According to some researchers and academics, there is little use of windcatcher ventilation in
southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia because the use of windcatchers in buildings can be
a place for insects of dust and rainwater to enter easily into room of building, even as nesting
birds. This problem is more striking in Southeast Asia and Africa where dengue hemorrhagic
fever and Malaria kill thousands of people every year [6] (Figure 1).

In addition to dry tropical climates, Windcatchers can also be operated in humid tropical climates
even if the wind conditions are weak. This has been proven from several studies, one of the studies
is Gharakhani et al. In their research to prove the performance efficiency of windcatchers in the
humid tropical climate in Malaysia and able to work in areas that have low speed wind conditions
but this is also influenced by factors such as climate, weather and design from the windcatcher
itself that is able to adapt to the humid tropical climate and the strategies needed to improve the
performance of the windcatcher [7] (Figure 2).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 54

3.2 Factors that affect the performance of the wind catcher

There are two factors that can affect the performance of windcatchers, namely external factors
and internal factors. The external factor is something that comes from outside the windcatcher
device (separate) such as climate conditions, geographical location, weather and so forth. While
the internal factor is something that comes from the shape of the windcatcher.

For that Windcatcher with a polygonal plan, an octagonal circle is more suitable for conditions in
areas that have low wind speeds and different angles of wind that cannot be predicted. In addition
to geometry, the plan size also affects the performance of the windcatcher. Increasing the plan
area of the windcatcher, it can increase airflow to be greater [13]. On the inside of the windcatcher
there is a Partition component that divides the windcatcher air duct into several shafts to form a
grating air duct. Partitions are also often referred to as blades which have various forms such as
the + blade, x blade, H blade, I blade and others (Figure 3).

The partition on the windcatcher serves to divide the wind tower into small shafts to increase air
movement in accordance with the physical principle "Bernauly effect" where the level of air flow
increases as the air passes through a narrow section. In other words, the more the number of
partitions in the windcatcher can increase the airflow captured. So that windcatchers with denser
partitions are an option that can be used in urban humid tropical climates and areas with low wind
speeds.

Figure 3. Various types of windcatcher layout forms [10]


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 55

Figure 4. X partition (devider) in a modern windcatcher [30]

The height of the windcatcher has a big influence on the performance of a windcatcher [12].
According to the bahadori inside Montazeri, the higher the windcatcher, the greater the wind
induction is captured and the greater the ability to minimize air or dust pollution entering the
building [8]. Windcatchers usually have a height ranging between 5 and 34 m. The highest
vernacular windcatcher in the world currently has a height of 33.80m located in the city of Yazd
[6] (Figure 4).

In modern windcatchers there are louvre features that are often used. The Louvre is a horizontal
grid mounted on a windcatcher opening. The addition of louvre to the windcatcher has the
function of preventing rainwater, direct sunlight and noise outside [14]. The use of louvre is the
answer to things that many people fear in considerin the use of windcatcher

Besides as protector, the use of louvre is also able to improve the performance of the windcatcher.
According to Liu et al, the use of louvre can also affect the performance of the windcatcher by
increasing the amount of louvre and adding a louvre display can increase windcatcher
performance [15]. Installation of louvre in the windcatcher also needs to be considered the slope

angle. the recommended louver tilt angle to show the best performance is 35 o - 45 o [15]
(Figure 5).

Figure 5. Windcatcher uses louvre [15]


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 56

Figure 6. Windcatcher model smoke visualization


test with a curved roof [16]

On the roof coverings, the windcatcher has a variety of shapes, including flat roofs, sloped roofs
and curved roofs. According to Esfeh, the shape of a curved roof has the best performance that
can reduce airflow resistance than other forms [16]. A similar thing was expressed by Hughes
[14] (Figure 6).

3.3 Windcatcher Performance Enhancement

Windcatcher may sometimes be unable to work optimally under certain conditions. Because
besides internal factors that influence, external factors such as climate and weather conditions can
also determine the performance of the windcatcher. There are two strategies that can be used to
improve the performance of windcatchers, among others, using a certain technology or additional
features into the design of the windcatcher and integrating windcatchers with architectural
designs.

Passive cooling technology to improve the performance of windcatchers that have been
researched and developed and even used includes evaporative coolers, heat transfer devices
(HTD), and underground coolers. this technology helps windcatcher performance in reducing
temperatures in a room.

Evaporative Cooling is one technology that can be used to reduce indoor air temperature .
Evaporative coolers are usually used in old Middle Eastern buildings to improve ventilation and
thermal performance in windcatchers [14]. Besides being able to reduce the temperature, this
evaporative cooler has the advantage of being able to filter dust and pollutant substances and be
more economical and environmentally friendly than the use of mechanical cooling (Figure 7).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 57

Figure 7. Thermal performance of evaporative coolers in windcatchers [14]

Heat transfer devices (HTD) are passive cooling technologies with technology developed by
Calautid to overcome the shortcomings of evaporative cooling [17]. HTD has a different way of
working with evaporative coolers that directly evaporate water into the air flow. HTD is an
indirect cooling system using water that is inserted into a slender tube channel that lines up, HTD
is installed in the windcatcher. Because the size is not large, HTD can be used for modern
windcatchers [18].

Underground coolings or Earth to Air Heat Exchangers (EAHE) is a passive cooling technology
that can be integrated with windcatcher ventilation. The EAHE system works by channeling warm
external air towards the underground channel to transfer the heat to the ground, then the
temperature of the air passing through the land channel decreases and is channeled into the room.
Increasing the length of the underground channel can increase the average efficiency and
temperature gradient. While increasing the channel diameter can reduce efficiency and
temperature gradients [18]

In addition to passive cooling technology that can be used to improve windcatcher performance,
configurations related to the integration of architectural designs are also ambiguous in improving
windcatcher performance. According to Nejat & Jomehzadeh [19], to improve the sustainable
concept by maximizing natural airing performance in windcatchers, it is necessary to combine
several techniques and innovations that are integrated with the windcatcher. to produce new
designs. Among them are windcatchers which are integrated with courtyard (courtyard), roof
dome, cross ventilation and solar chimney (sun chimney).

Architectural design that uses the court in buildings especially inner court can help improve
windcatcher performance. The court that was exposed to direct sunlight for hours caused the air
in the yard to warm up and rise up because of the buoyant force effect. The air captured by the
windcatcher can be suctioned by the effect of this buoyancy. So that helps the performance of
widcatchers if the external wind weakens [14] (Figure 8-9).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 58

Figure 8. Windcatcher integrated with courtyard [14]

Figure 9. The windcatcher is integrated with dome roof [14]

In dry hot areas the use of dome on the roof is usually positioned on a flat roof. Because it has a
wide and curved surface, the dome roof can release heat so that the dome roof can reduce
temperatures faster than a flat roof [14]. In general, the use of dome roofs is a gap that is used to
release air out of the building. Increasing the speed of air flowing on a curved roof lowers external
pressure and pulls hot air out of the dome, then cooler air enters the window or opens the wind
tower. According to Bahadori inside Hughes, a dome roof with an opening at the top is more
effective when the wind blows from different directions [14].

The use of cross ventilation integrated with windcatchers can also improve the performance of
windcatchers. According to Montazeri, the use of windcatchers with cross ventilation integration
can affect the performance of the windcatcher. Enlarge window/openings size, it can improve the
performance of the windcatcher. The window position should be at the bottom where the air enters
(not in the top position) [20].

The use of windcatchers can also be integrated with solar and chimney and has also been applied
with the aim of improving the performance of passive ventilation. Solar Chimney is one of the
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 59

passive ventilation strategies that utilize air motion that has buoyancy properties. Buoyancy is
produced by radiation that raises air temperature. So that air that has buoyancy moves up and out
through the top of the chimney, so that air circulation can run well in a room [21].

According to Kalantar, the use of a windcatcher combined with a solar chimney device can
improve the performance of a windcatcher when external wind conditions are very small [22].
The role of Solar chimney can be a secondary force in the use of windcatchers. According to
Hughes, the addition of additional windows in buildings plays an important role in the
performance of air vents [21]. Several studies have reported the feasibility of integrated solar
chimney passive windcatcher ventilation capable of increasing cross flow ventilation and
providing natural ventilation on days without hot winds [14].

3.4 Solar chimney

The use of solar chimney is very potential for areas with climate conditions that have high solar
radiation throughout the year and areas with low wind speeds[23]. According to Joseph Khedari
in Zhai et al, solar chimney ventilation can reduce the average electricity consumption of the
system every day from the air conditioning system. A study in Thailand showed the level of
electricity reduction ranged from 10-20% with a decrease in temperature around 8.5 degrees
Celsius [23].

Solar chimney has a variety of different forms which can be selected as needed. Based on the
shape and type, it can be categorized into 3 types, namely Solar Chimney wall trombe, Solar
chimney Roof, Solar chimney a combination of Trombe and Roof walls as seen in figure 12 [24]
(Figure 10).

Factors that affect solar chimney's performance are also similar to windcatchers, which are
influenced by two factors, namely external and internal factors. External factors that comprise
environmental conditions including solar radiation, external wind and climatic conditions on site
sites [25] (Figure 11).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 60

Figure 10. Solarchimney type; solarchimney with tromebe walls (a), (b), (c), solarchimney
roofs (d) and (e), solarchimney combinations (f) [24]

Figure 11. Solar chimney work scheme [25]

High solar radiation can improve its performance, and the volumetric flow rate shows the function
of energy with solar radiation Because solar chimney is very dependent on solar radiation, it must
require the right weather. While internal factors are something that can be configured in the solar
chimney form and design.

The basic solar chimney design consists of three main components namely the solar collector
(absorber), the ventilation shaft (air shaft) and the opening (inlet/outlet). Solar collectors are
located at the top of the solar chimney or can cover the entire shaft to absorb more solar
radiation[14]. Hughes also emphasized that the orientation, type of glass, insulation, thermal
properties of the collector, height, cross-sectional area and thermal properties of the ventilation
shaft also play a role in influencing solar chimney performance. The solar chimney is
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 61

recommended for high. The higher the chimney the better the solar chimney performance. This
is due to an increase in the difference in heat and pressure [26].

Cavity gaps in solar chimney have an influence on the performance of passive ventilation
produced. The air flow rate does not always increase with a larger slot gap. This is due to backflow
under uneven heating of the air in the cavity. The optimal cavity gap 0.2 - 0.3 m applies for some
cases, but not all cases because it depends on other factors such as the inlet area, chimney height,
and slope angle [24].

In determining cavity gap configurations also must consider the high ratio. The high ratio is the
ratio between the length of the cavity and the air gap for the solar chimney roof. The recommended
ratio for altitude is around 10 between the cavity height and gap for some cases [24].

In solar chimney designs, larger inlets and outlets are recommended within a certain range. The
same area for inlet and outlet can increase solar chimney performance, but the use of outlets that
are larger than inlets can be more efficient with improved chimney performance [24].

For solar chimney which uses a sloping plane such as a roof, it is necessary to consider the slope
angle because the slope angle is the key factor to get the maximum radiation according to the

latitude of the building the optimum recommended slope angle is 45-600 [24]. In addition, the
optimal angle must be considered with a balance between stack pressure and convective heat
transfer. For this reason, for the solar chimney in certain locations, the optimal slope angle is
higher than the angle that receives maximum solar radiation. According to Jianliu & Weihua the

45 o solar chimney slope has the best performance for Nanjing China climate [27].

According to Montazeri, increasing the number of openings in windcatchers it is very effective


for areas that have different angles of wind [12]. Enlarge the window size can affect the
performance of the windcatcher and can increase air velocity when the window size is raised.
However, this does not apply to the position of the window on the roof of the building [20].
solar collectors on solar chimney are the most important part that can affect airflow performance.
solar collector (absorber) functions to get as much heat as possible from solar radiation. Therefore,
designs that support heat recovery can improve performance, such as increasing the collecting
plate area and using materials with high absorption and low thermal conductivity [24]. According
to El-Sawi et al inside Shi et al, the types of solar collectors have been tested, namely flat, v-
grooved and chevron patterns. The solar collector with the chevron pattern was found to have the
best performance, achieving up to 20% increase in thermal efficiency and an increase of 10 ° C
in outlet temperatures below some flow rates [24] (Figure 12).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 62

Figure 12. Solar-type absorber pattern for solar chimney roof flat; (b) V-grooved; (c) chevron
pattern [24]

The absorber material is very relevant to solar chimney performance. Absorptivity and emissivity
are two important properties, but absorption is more influential on solar chimney performance
[28]. Some steps can improve performance during solar chimney designs using absorber with
high thermal absorption properties, using patterns such as v grooved or chevron patterns and
absorber plates with black polished surfaces [24].

In some solar chimney designs, the use of glass material can be obtained. Regarding glass
selection, the nature of transmissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity is important for solar chimney
performance, while transmissivity plays a more important role than the other two [24]. Double
glass shows its advantages in improving the performance of solar-chimney. But it is more
appropriately applied to the solar chimney as a heater than an air conditioner [24].

Thermal insulation in the solar chimney wall cavity is a significant part of increasing solar
chimney performance. 5 cm insulation wall thickness is recommended when considering costs
because it does not provide a significant reduction in performance when comparing with
insulation walls with a thickness of more than 10 cm [24].

3.5 Solar chimney performance enhancement

Figure 13. The solar chimney work scheme is integrated with EAHE as an air conditioner [29]
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 63

Figure 14. The solar chimney work scheme is integrated with EAHE as an air heater [29]

Figure 15. Solar chimney integrated cooling cavity [29]

Figure 16. the solar chimney is integrated with evaporative cooler wind tower [29]

The performance of solar chimney can be improved through the addition of features and
integration of passive cooling technology including earth-air heat exchangers, an innovative
technique that circulates the outside air using channels buried under the ground to utilize low soil
temperatures during summer and high when winter. So that this system can be used to improve
the performance of solar chimney both working as a heater and air conditioner [29] (Figure 13 –
16).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 64

In addition to underground cooling, the solar chimney can also be integrated with Phase change
Materials (PCM). PCM is thermal management capable of storing and releasing heat energy
during the fusion or freezing process. When the material freezes, it releases large amounts of
energy in the form of heat. As much as when PCM is melted, the amount of energy from around
the environment can be absorbed [29]. According to Kosny J in Monghasemi PCM in building
envelope can be used as a strategy to reduce energy consumption in meeting the needs of
conditional water with a variety of different objectives such as heat storage, ventilation and
insulation [29]. Like windcatchers, the use of solar chimney can also be integrated with
evaporative coolers using a cooling cavity and water spray system.

3.6 The windcatcher is integrated with solar chimney

In the theory of ventilation there are two main forces capable of driving wind, namely wind
pressure and buoyancy. One effort to improve the passive ventilation performance of
windcatchers is to integrate with several cooling technologies and other strategies in the form of
architectural design elements, such as courtyards, dome roofs, cross ventilation and a solar
chimney.

To maximize the performance of the windcatcher and adjust it to the urban humid tropical climate
conditions that have low wind speeds, it can combine windcatchers with solar chimney vents
(Solar chimney). The windcatcher strength can be increased by utilizing the buoyancy effects
caused by temperature differences [21]. Research on windcatchers combined with solar chimney
has been carried out by previous studies of various climatic conditions. where the results of the
study indicate that the combination between the two makes passive ventilation more efficient
which can increase the air flow rate [22] (Figure 17).

Figure 17. Windcatcher and solar chimney work schemes [22]

The results of the exposure of windcatchers and solar chimney based on the literature can be
grouped and formulated for recommendations to consider passive ventilation design using
windcatchers integrated with solar chimney for urban tropical climate characteristics based on
influencing factors from elements of windcatcher and solar chimney elements. be as follows
(Table 1) :
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 65

Table 1. Windcatcher

No Attribute Recommended criteria for humid tropical climate


in cities
1 Openings Multi-direction openings
2 Form of Polygonal, octagonal and circle
plan
3 Plan size The bigger, the better
4 Number of The more, the better
Partitions
5 Height The higher the better
6 Protector Use louvre with the mounting angle 35 o – 45 o
7 The form Curved
of roof
cover

Table 2. Solar chimney

No Attribute The higher the better


1 Height The higher, the better
2 Cavity gap There needs to be an arrangement (further research to
find out in certain case conditions
3 High ratio There needs to be an arrangement (further research
to find out in certain case conditions
4 Inlet/outlet The outlet is bigger than the
inlet
5 Tilt angle 45-60 ° but it depends on orientation, the position
of the building against the sun. To get maximum
solar radiation
6 Openings Increase the number of
openings better
7 Absorber The chevron pattern or v grooved pattern with
material that has a high
absorbance value

Based on several previous literature reviews, there are many cooling strategies and passive
ventilation that can be used. But by looking at the characteristic conditions of dense settlements
located in urban areas, especially cities that have thermal problems that are characterized by high
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 51 – 68 66

temperatures and humidity, integrated windcatchers with solar fuel are alternative alternatives
that are highly compatible passive use. Because in addition to being able to respond to the
problems of side openings (due to maximum land use) it is also able to improve the performance
of passive ventilation rather than the use of side openings (conventional windows) (Table 2).

4. Conclusion

This study presents literature review on passive ventilation that is rarely found in buildings in
Indonesia. Passive windcatcher and solar chimney ventilation have the potential to be developed
by looking at the climatic conditions and development conditions, especially the current urban
settlement. In this study also provides recommendations for passive windcatcher and solar
chimney ventilation designs that can be applied to the characteristics of urban humid tropical
climates. But for more measurable results, further studies need to be developed that can be
developed such as design proposals to simulations.

Acknowledgement

This paper is a brief literature review of wind catchers and solar chimney discussed based on
factors that affect their performance and also recommend how the character of the design of
windcatchers and solar chimney for the humid urban tropical climate.

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[4] M. N. Bahadori, Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture,” vol. 238, no. 2, pp.
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[5] Y. Bouchahm, F. Bourbia, and A. Belhamri, Performance Analysis and Improvement of the
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Technologies vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1477–1495, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012.

[7] E. S. M. R. a. H. B. S. A. Gharakhani, “Experimental Study on Perfomance of Wind


Catcher in Tropical Climate vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2551–2555, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 2017.

[8] H. Montazeri, Experimental and numerical study on natural ventilation performance of


various multi-opening wind catchers vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 370–378, Build. Environ., 2008.
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[9] M. Dehnavi, M. H. Ghadiri, H. Mohammadi, and H. Ghadiri, Study of Wind Catchers with
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ventilation: A review, vol. 92, pp. 606–627, Appl. Energy, 2012.

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[14] M. K. Esfeh, A. A. Dehghan, M. D. Manshadi, and S. Mohagheghian, Visualized flow


structure around and inside of one-sided wind-catchers vol. 55, pp. 545– 552, Energy
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[15] J. K. Calautit, B. R. Hughes, and S. S. Shahzad, CFD and wind tunnel study of the
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hot and arid region vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 246–254, Renew. Energy, 2009.

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International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 69 – 80

Wastu Citra as an Indonesia Regionalism Local


Wisdom (Phenomenology Studies from Butet’s House)
Stephen Y. Loanoto1*, Maria I. Hidayahtun1
1
Department of Architecture, Petra Christian University, Indonesia

Abstract. There is a theory about regionalism from Kenneth Frampton, “Critical


Regionalism”. This theory is from western culture, and have some mismatch with eastern
culture, especially Indonesia. In other side Indonesia had some theory from Mangunwijaya,
“Wastu Citra”. The main question is what the connection between “Wastu Citra” and
“Critical Regionalism”. This research will be held qualitative from phenomenology studies
to test Butet’s House which is designed by Eko Prawoto. The theory become the parameter
for the test. The purpose of this research is to enhance Indonesia regionalism theory. As the
result, WastuCcitra theory enhance Frampton regionalism theory in the context of
Indonesia. As a conclusion Manguwijaya ideas Wastu Citra could be the parameter of
Indonesian Regionalism Architecture.

Keyword: wastu citra, regionalism, critical regionalism, architecture theory.

1. Introduction

Regionalism Architecture have a close relation with sustainable Architecture. These ideas of
regionalism always appear in Sustainable Architecture project. The basic idea of regional
Architecture is about identity. Sustainability is an important part of identity [1]. Thus,
regionalism architecture can be a part of sustainable Architecture.

Figure 1. Sustainability is an important part of identity


(Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277654604)

*Corresponding author at: Jl. Siwalankerto No.121-131, Surabaya, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 70

The problem is Indonesia have lost the local value that become a basic idea for Regionalism
Indonesian Architecture. In the western philosophies, there are a lot of theory or values that
could be the basic measurement of regionalism. Some clearly parameters used to test some
project, and make the categorized regionalism project as a result. One of basic ideas of
regionalism taken by Kenneth Frampton’s ideas from six point towards critical regionalism. In
reality, there are some ideas theory from Indonesian culture about regionalism. These local
value must be the parameters of Indonesian regionalism architecture. One of ideas is, wastucitra
by Mangunwijaya. This research will study and discussed the correlation between six point
towards critical regionalism with Wastucitra by the study from a qualitative first person
phenomenology research in butet’s house that designed by Eko Prawoto.

Regionalism, in international relations, regionalism is the expression of a common sense of


particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region. Regionalism is one
of the tree constituents of the international commercial system (along with multilateralism and
unilateralism) [2]. Joseph Nye explained an international region “as a limited number of states
linked by a geographical relationship and by a degree of mutual interdependence”, [3] and
(international) regionalism as the formation of interstate associations of groupings on the basic
regions [4]. There is once theory approach of regionalism Architecture from Kenneth Frampton.
According to Kenneth Frampton, there are five point of architectural theory approach. 1. Place
rather than space, 2. Topography rather than Typology, 3. Architectonic rather than
Scenography, 4. Natural rather than Artificial, 5. Tactile rather than Visual [5] (Table1).

Table 1. Summary of Frampton


NO FRAMPTON
1 Place Rather Than Space
2 Culture VS Nature
Topography Rather Than Typology
Architectonic Rather Than Scenographic
Natural Rather Than Artificial
3 Tactile Rather Than Visual
(Source: Frampton, 1983)
Wastu Citra, Wastu Citra is the book that written by Indonesia citizens. Y.B. Mangunwijaya as
Author did not mention directly about Indonesia Regionalism Architecture. The background for
this book is critical of Indonesian Architecture after Independence Day and released from
colonialism. Euphoria of Independence Day affected of Indonesian Architectural design
mindset. According to Mangunwijaya, Indonesian Architecture nowadays, become half-modern
and half-traditional. Sometimes, there are some architectural work become modern and high
technologies but not to pay attention with local values. In other extreme ideas, some
architectural work become so traditional and just copying the same form, function, but does not
care about the meaning, background, and cultural identity. Architect as a culture Actor. Wastu
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 71

citra have some architectural theory approach that is implicit written on the book. 1. Context
before culture, 2. Axis and Orientation more than Presence 3. Hierarchy more than
Homogeneity, 4. Meaning meats Function, 5. Microcosms and Macrocosms, 6. Wastu more
than Architectonics [6](Table 2).

Table 2. Summary of Mangunwijaya


NO MANGUNWIJAYA
1 Axis & Orientation more than Presence
2 Context before culture
3 Wastu more than Architectonic
4 Hierarchy more than Homogeneity
5 Meaning meets Function
6 Microcosms from Macrocosms
(Source: Mangunwijaya, 2013)

2. Methodology

This study is a qualitative first person phenomenology research that believes the reality and
complex meaning, subjective and seek to express specifically oriented to the exploration,
discovery and technique, because the data base on facts and also empirical event. Descriptive
methods is means as a procedure how to solve the problems.

This study is direct exploration from the researcher upon the phenomena to testing the special
character and the quality of the space. There are some methods to collect the direct phenomena
data. 1. Mapping, 2. Sketching, and 3. Journal [7]. The research is comparing regionalism Idea
of Kenneth Frampton and Mangunwijaya, this comparison of that theory become the
perspective to test the work of Eko Prawoto architect – Butet’s House.

3. Result and Discussion

Place rather than space, in spatial structure, there is continuous spatial space from front to back
of plan. It start from garage, kitchen, pendapa and the last is back courtyard (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Continuous Space (Source: Author Archive)


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 72

There are a lot of open space and continuous space, its make inter space continuous sequence.
Client have a habit that he always like to socialize with his friends and invite them to come
(Figure 3).

Figure 3. Open Space (Source: Author Archive)

It made the idea from the Architect to open all space, and make the flexible space to
accommodate that culture (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Kitchen as Massage Room (Source: Author Archive)

Now, there are a lot of space that function was changed. For example the kitchen, it is become a
massage room. The owner use the room for another rest space, if this room does not use as
massage room (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Studio as an Art Storage (Source: Author Archive)

Another example the attic from the first mass used to be an art studio, now it has become art
storage. Another special space made for special request from the client. This is the flu space;
this flu space has created for the favorite sitting area of client. The continuous space make the
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 73

wind so strong, and make the client feel uncomfortable. Otherwise, the end of continuous space
inside the pendapa have be the favorite spot of client. Therefore, the Architect make a glass in
the corner side of the pendapa. It is make the client can see the view, but the wind cannot pass
through (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Influenza Room (Source: Author Archive)

Topography rather than typology, the placement of space is not flat like another house typology.
The architect design this house by attention of existing contour. Although the contour is
slopping. Thus, make some differentiation of the floor elevation. Some, space was lifted up
following the contour. That space was made as landscaping design space (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Contour Expose(Source: Author Archive)

This spatial confluence of two space that have same function as open space, showed the honesty
of design for exposing the contour elevation.

Another, attention for topography showed by the setting of the existing trees on site. The
Architect design the building by set the trees that could be grow inside the building (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Trees Grow Inside The House(Source: Author Archive)


Architectonic rather than Scenography, in this design the Architect and owner get some
discussion to use some former material. Pendapa as public space in Javanese cultural was built
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 74

inside. It is to support the concept of open space. Pendapa was bought from kudus. When
pendapa came to the site, it was 200 years old. Thus, make some attention for the construction
details. Detail thinking of overstek was needed. This pendapa has a special typology (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Pendapa Beam Detail (Source: Author Archive)

This pendapa, don’t use tumpang sari. It just make by a single wood beam. Each beam have 9
meters length. The pendapa is too old, therefore, special construction of added overstek was
needed (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Pendapa Detail (Source: Author Archive)

The construction of overstek was made by steel. The join with the column was steel clamped
with screw. The roof gutter was used another structure outside. The architect had some detailing
in the steel construction for the overstek.

Natural rather than Artificial, Natural material was used in this design. This house have wall
stone become façade of the building. This wall stone become structural wall (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Stone Wall as Facade (Source: Author Archive)


Each space of this house have some void to give sunlight for every space. Master bedroom have
another idea. Master bedroom use dollar plant as wall cover outside (Figure 12).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 75

Figure 12. Master Bedroom (Source: Author Archive)


Tactile rather than visual, tactile from human sense was successfully added by the architect.
Stonewall for façade and some wall inside the building was make the user feel about the tactile.
Rice crusher constructed the stairs from first floor to attic room. The texture of rice crusher
make tactile for the stairs. The hole was fill by client’s bank draft and resin. The railing of the
stairs used paddle of boat, it strengthen the tactile of wood construction stairs (Figure 13).

Figure 13. Stairs Detail (Source: Author Archive)

A. Mangunwijaya
Context brefore culture, the client is an artist from Javanese family. Thus, make this design was
influenced by Javanese culture. Otherwise, this culture was not taken directly by the architect –
Eko Prawoto (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Pendapa On Site (Source: Author Archive)


Pendapa is one the most important space in Javanese Architecture. Javanese Architecture made
pendapa for public area. It is a place for public event, gathering with family with neighborhood,
government with citizen (Figure 15).
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Figure 15. Javanese Traditional House Plan


(Source: http://www.rumah-adat.com/2017/01/rumah-adat-jawa-tengah.html)

The placement of pendapa, which is, became a public space. The architect design its space
which full consciousness take the context from the Javanese culture; like to have a guess and
talks in the public space called pendapa. In this house, the idea of public space and the room that
accommodate the client culture was created with continuous space with the good connection
with the pendapa. Flexible space was needed and created (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Continous Space on Site (Source: Author Archive)

The client is an artist, so the design shows the design which is could be appreciated by art and
architectural.

This house always grows like traditional Indonesian house. The space was design ended on
pendapa. After some years the client bought their neighbor’s land behind the pendapa. Even
there are addition some space behind and beside the pendapa, the concept of continuous space
still the same.

Axis and orientation more than presence, Axis and orientation is showed from the design for
continuous space. Axis for the continuous space from front to back was ended by ornament in
the top of the roof behind the pendapa. The center of activity was designed in pendapa (Figure
17).

Figure 17.Main Circulation and The Roof Ornament (Source: Author Archive)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 77

Hierarchy more than homogeneity, the existence of spacial structural space was not designed
like the others spacial space of Javanese housing. There is not homogeneity with other design of
housing. There is a unique hierarchy. The client needs about open space made the reconstruction
about Javanese spatial space. Pendapa was built in the center of the site. In Javanese culture
pendapa is a public space, and be profane area. The house behind the pendapa become sacred
and private area. The mass behind the house is space for service, like bathroom, kitchen, and
storage.

In this design, the public space was created in every continuous open space. Private space was
built in the radial circulation from the public space. Private space is used to be bedroom (Figure
18).

Figure 18. Private Space Design (Source: Author Archive)

Meaning meets function; this design is not just concern about function, but also the idea of
meaning. It is showed from the stairs detail. The stairs detail use the bank draft of the owner.
The client placed his bank draft in the stairs start from early career until the end of bank draft
collection. The meaning of detail is like the career leader. Every bank draft have the stories.
Former rice crusher become the stairs construction. Thus, need some details for the hole of the
wood. Former rice crusher wood was cut horizontally. It made stairs boards. The hole is filled
with translucent material and the bank draft ideas (Figure 19).

Figure 19. Stairs Details (Source: Author Archive)

Microcosms from macrocosms, microcosms from macrocosm concept is reflected by the


attitude of the Architect. The relation between Architect and client, the design with the site.
According to the Architect – Eko Prawoto, an Architect always be a cultural actor. Therefore, an
architect always agent of change. According to Mangunwijaya, architect must be honest to
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 78

himself. Honest to the site context is really needed. The architectural design must give good
impact for the human being. The definition of human is all humans that is get involved in the
house process. The ideas start from the relationship between client and architect, architect and
worker. The feel of space must be created universal. Every people can sense the space
universally, every people can freely interpret the space. Therefore, the ambience of space must
be strong. The strong ambience of space can touch everybody’s sense. It makes the people to
enjoy this space (Figure 20).

Figure 20. Landmark for The Home (Source: Author Archive)

The relation with client and the good impact for the environment make the appreciation of the
client to the Architect. In this house, the owner is very thankful and fully appreciated with this
house design.

Wastu more than architectonikos, Wastu is some rules that is understood from cultural meaning,
the cosmology idea, and some myth. Wastu was written for every perspective. The presence of
the architectural tectonic, always tell about the story. Fully consciousness with the appreciation
of that existing.

Pendapa in this design is the old former pendapa from Kudus. This pendapa do not have
tumpang sari, it use 9m single wood construction as a beam. This old pendapa did not have
overstek. Thus, the Architect must added some overstek. The problem was the old wood
construction. So, the construction of overstek detail was made by steel. This steel is clamped on
the top of the pillars. The architect added the roof gutter later. The roof gutter have its own
construction outside pendapa construction (Figure 21-22).

Figure 21. Inside the Pendapa (Source: Author Archive)


International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 79

Figure 22. Overstek and Roof Gutter Detail (Source: Author Archive)

The old pendapa was modified by new detail. This detail was very attach with the old
construction and was not brake it. It shows the great appreciation with this old pendapa. The
trees on site still grow up inside the building. It was context of the site appreciation (Figure 23).

Figure 23. Trees Grow Inside The Building (Source: Author Archive)

4. Conclusion

Table 3. Summary of Mangunwijaya - Frampton


No Frampton Mangunwijaya Mangunwijaya-Frampton
Axis & Orientation is
Axis & orientation more
1 Place rather than space making place more than
than presence
presence
Culture vs nature Context, Culture, Nature
Topography rather than Context before culture Topography rather than
typology typology
2 Architectonic rather than Wastu, Architectonic,
Scenographic Wastu more than Scenographic
Natural rather than Architectonic Natural rather than
Artificial Artificial
Tactile rather than visual
Hierarchy more than
Hierarchy more than
homogenity
homogenity
3 Tactile rather than visual
Meaning meets function Meaning meets function
Microcosms from Microcosms from
Macrocosms Macrocosms

The study and analysis from house of Butet, make us know that this project is a
regionalism Architecture. It fulfill the all parameters from Kenneth Frampton ideas. In
other perspective, this design is fulfill the parameters on Mangunwijaya. Some of
mangunwijaya ideas is the same with Kenneth Frampton idea. Kenneth Frampton tell
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 69 – 80 80

about tangible parameter of regionalism Architecture. In other side, Mangunwijaya


ideas about intangible parameter. Some added value from Manguwijaya is about
Context before culture and the idea of cosmology. Every building picturized the
cosmology concept of the client and the architect. Wastu is more than architectonic. The
value of details is not just about the construction but also wastu, the story behind the
former building. As a conclusion manguwijaya ideas Wastu Citra could be the
parameter of Indonesian Regionalism Architecture (Table 3).

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my mentor (Maria. I. Hidayatun). As


well as our head of department (Rully Damayanti) who gave me the opportunity to do this
project on the topic (Wastu Citra as an Indonesia Regionalism Local Wisdom), which else
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new thins and I am
really thankful for them.

REFERENCES

[1] Maria Hidayatun, Josef Prijotomo, and Murni Rachmawat, “Sustainability is Important Part
of the Identity in The Dimension of Regionalism Architecture,” [Online]. Available:
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[2] W. J. Either, The International Commercial System : Essays in International Commercial
System(210):1-32, Princeton university-department of economics.
[3] J.Nye, Introduction, International Regionalism : Reading edited by Joseph Nye, Boston:
Little, Brown and Company, 1968.
[4] R. Stubbs, Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism, New York: Routledge, 2011.
[5] K. Frampton, Prospect for a Critical Regionalism Perspecta, The MIT press on behalf of
perspecta, 1983.
[6] Mangunwijaya, Wastu Citra, V edition, kompas gramedia, 2013.
[7] Linda Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods second edition, Hoboken,
New Jersey: John Wiley & sons, Inc, 2013.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81- 94

Boat Representation in Nusantara Architecture


Vini Asfarilla1*, Yulianto P. Prihatmaji 1
1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Architecture is one of the arts of cultural product, archipelago culture rooted in
traditional culture, vice versa. Traditional architecture is very diverse in Indonesia, along
with the diversity of its ethnic. Traditional architecture is building with form and function
which has its own characteristic, inherited from generation to generation that can be used to
hold activity by the people around it. Therefore, traditional architecture is the cultural
expression and direct reflection in presenting something by its people. Some Nusantara
Architectures adopt boat as the representation for building’s form. Therefore, the author is
interested to prove the correlation of boat as representation in some archipelago
architectures. This research uses data search method through literature studies by collecting
data on some researched archipelago architecture buildings' form and construction system.
From these data, a correlation between boat form representation and construction system
used in boats and buildings can be concluded.

Keyword: nusantara architecture, form of architecture, boat construction, boat


representation.

1. Introduction

Nusantara architecture is a shelter architecture that develops in humid tropics. Spread over the
Archipelago around 17,000 islands, located in the ring fire region of the world, have wet forest
wealth that is able to contribute oxygen to the world significantly. The Nusantara architecture as
the shelter has characteristics in foundation structures, walls and roofs [18].

Exploration knowledge of Nusantara Architecture using traditional architectural data to be


analyzed and interpreted architectural. Traditional architecture is formed by geographical ties
from a group of communities, so that interactions between humans and humans, humans and the
environment occur from time to time.

Traditional architecture is the result of environment that has various variants in each region, this
is built in response to nature, material, climate and vegetation [20]. Stilts of building houses take
into account the choice of place, material, customs, and environmental conditions. The
technique of building a house is inherited through generations, both through rhymes, stories,

*Corresponding author at: Jalan Kaliurang Km.14,5, Besi, Sleman, Krawitan, Umbulmartani, Ngemplak,
Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 82

and legends. Each design produces a building shape with regard to the environmental context.
The material used is local material that is easily obtained from the surrounding environment.
The trial and error process was used as a form of a community intervention in the long term.
Therefore in its development, there is an interaction between design and a sustainable
environment [1].

Traditional architecture is also defined as an architectural formation that has adaptation to the
environment, so that traditional architecture has a high harmony with the surrounding
environment [1].

Indonesia has a variety of tribes by having culture, habits, beliefs and language, physically
seeing that Indonesia has art, artifacts and architecture that are unique to each region. Some
research suggests that some tribes in Nusantara Architecture suggest that the curved ends of the
roof are a symbol of 'boat' [16];[20]. Vroglage said that the architecture of houses that
resembled the form of 'boats', buffalo horns on the gable of houses, and practices that used boats
to take the dead to the funeral ceremony, was a unit of the same cultural wave [16].

Architecture is the manifestation or manifestation of human culture. Architecture is influenced


by the culture of society. Adhi Moersid mentions that architecture is a manifestation of
everyday life, culture, artistic feelings possessed by society, technology, prosperity, and social
structure [3].

Traditional buildings can be interpreted as buildings that are formed from the cultural
background of the community. Therefore cultural expression, the way of life, is a direct
reflection of society in representing something in the building [20].

Some of the Nusantara Architecture which represents the boat into the building is West Sumatra
Minangkabau Traditional House, Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House, Mamasa Traditional
House, South Nias Traditional House, Sao Keda Traditional House, Ende Lio Tribe, Sumba
Traditional House, Toba Batak Traditional House. There could be other traditional houses that
have not been mentioned. Of all the Traditional Houses mentioned, from some literature read
the traditional houses which most mention boat representations are the Tongkonan Toraja
Traditional House, the Mamasa Traditional House, and the South Nias Traditional House.

The purpose of this study is to prove how the relationship of boat representation is seen from the
shape, building material, and construction system of several Nusantara Architecture are Mamasa
Traditional House, Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House, and South Nias Traditional House.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 83

2. Literature Review

The representation shows the action of something in the form of an architectural object that
represents the existence of another object. It can be concluded that there are two important
things in representation, namely, something that represents and something that feels represented
[7];[8].

2.1 Representation

Representation is an arrangement or a form that can describe or symbolize something [4].


representation is also something that represents or symbolizes an object. Representations can be
represented by the human mindset of an object. For example, Indonesian people have an ethical,
virtuous and conception and metaphysical mindset that can encourage the formation of local
wisdom. Therefore three cultural expressions can be known such as behavior, ideas, and
artifacts [12].

2.2 Boat

The boat is one of the results of the maritime culture that plays an important role in life in the
world including the Archipelago. The boat serves to water transportation, trade, and used to find
fish to meet family needs. The existence of a boat is part of the transportation of water used by
migrants whose population is increasing (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Part of traditional boat in Indonesia


(Source: Said, 2004)

In terms of technology, boats are grouped into two types of boats, namely the shape of a mortar
boat and a board boat. Mortar boat made of wood blocks which are intact in the hole in the
middle by producing a long, flat shape using plain construction without joints. The technique of
making a dimple boat is with straight and round wood bar material with the desired diameter
size. Furthermore, the wood is dredged to a certain depth [19]. The type of mortar boat is a boat
made with large logs. For board boats only use one tree and produce a variety of boat shapes.
Construction of the hull using board and wood joints.

In general, the construction of a boat is made with the technology of Southeast Asian traditions
with distinctive features, by having a boarding technique, namely a board necktie technique and
‘kupingan’ necktie technique.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 84

2.3 Nusantara Architecture

Community knowledge in the oral environment (intangible) in the form of folk tales, myths,
legends, song, poetry, saga, chronicles, proverbs and advice and spells and prayers. For
example, in Javanese architectural knowledge, the manuscripts in the form of Primbon, Kawruh
Kalang / Griya, and Centhini fiber are copies of knowledge that contains guidelines for
architectural practices in the Javanese community. The purpose of the guideline of ‘petungan’ is
to present a form of proportion. This guideline is the potential of Nusantara Architecture to
show that it is based on knowledge ‘theory in architecture’.

The type of theory from Iwan Sudrajat, that ‘theory in architecture’ examines formal aspects,
tectonic, structural, representational, as well as aesthetic principles, and defines theoretical and
practical principles for people who want to create building designs [13].

The definition of Nusantara originated from 2 words, "Nuswa / Nusya" and "antara". 'Nuswa /
Nusya' means island [11]. Display the characteristics of the Nusantara Architecture as follows:

 Leafy throughout the year: Shelter architecture which is a life together. Reflection is
architecture for humans. Shelter architecture is found in structural systems and is related to
the environment. The concept of shelter architecture is very dependent on nature, structure,
and system outside the location. If the outside conditions change, it depends very much on
nature, state of the structure and the system outside the site. When the circumstances outside
change, it will have an impact on the quality of the shelter.

 The habit of inhabiting the tree environment is the development of the Archipelago
Architecture which has resulted in years of crystallization of experience.

 The Mentawai and Nias Maritime Architecture is different even though its geographical
location is close. Madura and inland East Java cannot be equated. The uniqueness of locality
is determined by the exclusivity of the past civilization network which is limited by sea
water. Cultural space in the archipelago is formed through the exclusivity of the islands.
Thus on the vast expanse of the sea, technological advancements are also related to the
development of their respective architectures. Nusantara Bahari architecture is related to
architecture and technological progress. Starting from a boat in stakes, rowing, juggling, then
developing with a sailboat

3. Methodology

This research is descriptive qualitative research that seeks to describe how the process of
representation takes place in architecture [5]. This research method uses literature study method
to collect data in the form of data, history, and structural systems of Mamasa Traditional House,
Traditional Houses of Tongkonan Toraja, and South Nias Traditional Houses.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 85

Some of the Nusantara Architecture which represents the boat into the building is the West
Sumatra Minangkabau Traditional House, Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House, Mamasa
Traditional House, South Nias Traditional House, Sao Keda Traditional House Ende Lio Tribe,
Sumba Traditional House, Toba Batak Traditional House. There could be other traditional
houses that have not been mentioned. Of all the Traditional Houses mentioned, from some
literature read the traditional houses which most mention boat representations are the
Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House, the Mamasa Traditional House, and the South Nias
Traditional House.

The data will be used to examine the relationship of boat representation in each traditional
house viewed from its history and construction system. By knowing the history and construction
system will get results whether there is a relationship representation of the boat in each
traditional house studied

4. Result and Discussion

The form of Nusantara Architecture presents the boat into its buildings such as the Mamasa
Traditional House, Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House, South Nias Traditional House, West
Sumatra Minangkabau Traditional House, Sao Keda Traditional House Ende Lio Tribe, Sumba
Traditional House, Toba Traditional House, and some that have not been mentioned. From the
literature that mentions the most traditional architecture represents a boat namely the Mamasa
Traditional House, Tongkonan Toraja House, and South Nias Traditional House. Therefore, it
will be discussed how the correlation of boat representation can be seen from its shape and
construction.

4.1 Mamasa Traditional House

Mamasa Traditional House has the shape of the roof like a Sandeq boat [20]. Boat of Sandeq is
the fastest and most environmentally friendly Mandar boat in Austronesia. The Mamasa
Traditional House is located in the area of West Sulawesi and has a Mandar Tribe. Mandar tribe
is a maritime tribe that is directly facing the deep sea. The home page of the Mandar community
is the sea. The sea teaches them how to maintain life and build culture. Mandar communities use
boats to fulfill their daily needs, carry out activities, take refuge and transportation (Figure 2).

.
Figure 2. Mamasa Traditional House [9]
(Source : Mithen, 2013)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 86

Mandar communities interact with the oceans and produce knowledge patterns related to the
sea. Therefore the Mamasa Traditional House has the shape of a roof like a boat due to the lives
of its people who are associated with boats and the sea (Figure 3-4).

Figure 3. Floor Plan of Sandeq Boat


(Source : Wasilah, 2013)

Figure 4. Floor Plan of Mamasa Traditional House

Table 1. Analysis to proves the boat's representation seen from building materials.
Material for making sandeq boats [2] Material for build the Mamasa
Traditional House [20]
Tippulu's wood: light and thick against insect Uru’s wood to use for house columns
attacks suitable as the manufacture of the hull and
the tip of the bow of the boat
Palapi’s wood: stronger than Tippulu but easily Ring binder for fastenr made of Uru’s
attacked by destroyers either on the sea or on land. wood
Used for the manufacture of hulls and floors of
boats in the stern
Sappuq’s wood (uling): strong and heavy and Beams, floors and wall frames are made
resistant to all kinds of destroyers. Used for making of Uru’s wood.
the bottom of the boat.
Punaga’s wood: used for making the bow of the Roof constructions made of Uru’s wood
boat which is under the bow of the boat and bamboo.
Bagang: for making steering wheel beam The roof cover is made of Uru’s wood or
it can also use reeds
Binder using rattan skin Rattan Binder
Malapau (jackfruit wood): used for the bottom or Paint the house using natural materials,
hull of the boat. namely soil and leaves.
Ranniq’s wood: manufacture of wood holders Roof using fibers or bamboo blades
Pattung: pettung bamboo for making masts Kasau uses pine wood.
Kuqmil: for making bow ends. Reng uses areca wood.
Bamboo is placed below the screen for screen Central pole using jackfruit wood.
weights.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 87

Rattan for screen holder and rope wrapped around Most of the materials used are made of
the pole screen. wood.

Figure 5. Construction of Sandeq Boat


(Source: Alimuddin, 2009)

Figure 6. Rattan binder on Sandeq Boat


(Source: Alimuddin, 2009)

An analysis in proving boat representation is seen from the ritual ceremonies in building boats
and the Mamasa Traditional House. Making a boat to cut trees for timber is on the full moon, or
the 15th day according to the Hijri calendar [2]. The process of making the Mamasa Traditional
House was chosen at the beginning of the full moon or the first night of full moon until the 15th
night (Figure 5-6).

4.2 Tongkonan Toraja Traditional House

Tongkonan Traditional Houses in the form of boats made of bamboo which are divided into two
arranged with overlapping. Based on the allegations of the existence of a cultural 'boat'
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 88

relationship carried by the ancestors. They want to maintain something related to the boat in
recognition of the cultural heritage of the ancestors. In addition, the relationship between the
shape of the roof and their belief that the spirit of the deceased will use a boat to sail to the spirit
realm (Figure 7-8) [16].

Figure 7. Transforming the shape of the tongkonan roof into a saved boat shape
Construction
Roofing:

• Put up 4 beams

• The roof covering of the bamboo hemisphere is arranged in reverse and pierced with small
bamboo, thus forming a roof sheet.

Structural System of Traditional Houses in Tongkonan Toraja [17]

• Leg section (Sallu Banua)

• The body of the house (Kale Banua)

• The top (Rattiang)

Figure 8. Division of Tongkonan Structure [15]


(Source : Rahayu, 2017)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 89

Figure 9. Floor Plan of Tongkonan Toraja tradisional house

Table 2. Analysis proves the boat's representation seen from building materials
Material for building
Material for making sandeq boats the Tongkonan Toraja
Traditional House
Easel and roof truss
connections use a tie
system using rattan
Rattan Binder and pinch systems.
Beams and columns
with a puncture joint
(pen)

Figure 10. The binding technique on the roof of Tongkonan uses rattan wicker (Sketch the
author to clarify the photo quoted in the book.
(Source: Prijotomo, 2018)

Ronald Lewcock and Gerard Brans in Said's [16] book emphasize that the overall appearance of
the Tongkonan Toraja house resembles a stored 'ceremonial boat'. In the storage area, the boat is
placed on a skeleton above the ground. The boat section is covered with palm leaves to protect
the boat section. The community considers that the boat stored in the center of the village has an
important meaning that has a 'special power' in the ceremony (Figure 9-10).

It is easy to understand that the influence of boats in building design is used for symbolic-
related purposes.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 90

Figure 11. Boats that are stored on land.


(Source: Said, 2004)

4.3 South Nias Traditional House

South Nias Traditional Traditional House is in the form of a stilt with a pedestal system,
building poles are placed on a pedestal whose foundation is made of stone (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Pieces of Nias Traditional Houses


(https://id.pinterest.com/pin/705305991614956657/)

Material in South Nias traditional buildings [17]

• Stone is used for the swear foundation.


• Strong wood is used for columns, beams, and walls.
• The floor covering material uses a wooden board.
• Roof cover using sago palm leaves or sago leaves.

Hundreds of years ago Ono Niha immigrants brought progress to Nias Island. They reached
Nias Island by boat and made a place to live in the river area. The life of Nias people is
symbolized as a fisherman, manifested in the form of a house like a boat.

There are two prominent ancestors in the river region, namely Hia and Ho, informing them that
Hia's ancestors were revealed to her house. Immigrants Hia came to Nias with equipment. In the
South Nias area, it forms a house like a boat. The elements of the boat became an important
element in the building of the Nias Traditional House (Figure 13-14).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 91

Figure 13. Features that resemble a boat


(https://www.museum-nias.org/arsitektur-nias/)

Figure 14. A form of the boat and houses


(https://www.museum-nias.org/arsitektur-nias/)

In addition to Historical Factors, the use of boat forms is related to the conditions of the place in
areas with high intensity. For a long time, the people of Nias lived in boats with large sea wave
shocks and gained experience that the community was accustomed to the shock. Therefore the
people of Nias got the idea that making a boat as their home.

A boat is a place to live that is resistant to sea wave shocks. Nias people hope that by building
their houses like boats, they can withstand shocks from the earthquake. This South Nias
Traditional House adapts to the conditions of the place and surrounding natural conditions.
Their living conditions are often flooded and building materials use materials made of wood, so
the house must be made a stilt.

The boat is placed on the stilt and can be seen in the tectonics used by Nias architecture where
the structure of poles and foundations is not one unit with the structure of the wall of the
building (Figure 15) [10].
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 92

Figure 15. Nias House constructions such as boats are placed on the stilt.
(Source: Nasution, 2018)

5. Conclusion

In the Mamasa Traditional House and the Traditional House of Tongkonan Toraja, apart from
being seen from history and formations, it is evident that the material used in boats and
traditional houses is broadly defined as wood and bamboo. Judging from the construction, there
is one similarity, namely the pole binding material on boats and traditional houses using rattan.

Besides being seen from the artifacts, there are similarities in the selection of days in cutting
trees for boats and making Mamasa traditional houses. Namely the selection of the day to cut
the tree is done on the full moon or the 15th day. The same is true for making traditional houses
carried out at the beginning of the full moon until the 15th day. So the day's election ends on the
15th day.

In the South Nias traditional house, there are similarities in the material, namely using wood.
Judging from the tectonics, the structure of poles and foundations is not a single unit with the
structure of walls and buildings, as well as boats that are stored and placed on the stilt. From the
features in the building also resembles a boat.

The method of making boats and traditional houses has no similarity because the way of making
boats and houses is different. In this study, the data obtained is from available literature sources,
without any field visits. Further research is recommended to examine the object under study to
get the original data source and do it with methods other than those already applied by the
author.

Acknowledgment

For the next recommendations can be made to review Nusantara Architecture which also
represents the boat as a form of roof or building.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 93

REFERENCES
[1] Alamsyah, B., & Wahid, J., Tipologi Arsitektur Rumah Adat Nias Selatan & Rumah Adat
Nias Utara, Yogyakarta, 2012.

[2] M. R. Alimuddin, Sandeq Perahu Tercepat Nusantara, Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2009.

[3] E. Budihardjo, Arsitektur sebagai Warisan Budaya. Jakarta: ., Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar,
1997.

[4] A. Goldin, Representation in Mathematical Learning and Problem Solving. Dalam English,
L.D (Ed) Handbook of International Research in Mathematic Education (pp:197-218), New
Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaun Associated, Inc., 2002.

[5] Groat, L., & Wang, D. , Architectural Research Method, Canada, 2002.

[6] A. Horridge, Perahu Layar Tradisional Nusantara. (A. Pratama, Ed.) (2015th ed.),
Yogyakarta: Ombak, 1981.

[7] K. B. B. I. (KBBI), 2018. [Online]. Available: http://kbbi.web.id/pusat. [Diakses


December30 2018].

[8] H. Kusuma. [Online]. Available: https://iplbi.or.id/memilih-identitas-simbol-dan-


representas/. [Diakses 20 Desember 2018].

[9] Mithen, Tipologi Arsitektur Tradisional Mamasa , Sulawesi Barat. Langkau Betang: Vol. 2,
No. 1, 1–9., 2013.

[10] B. Nasution, Arsitektur Nias Selatan ( The Origin of Boat Shape in South Nias Architecture
), 31–42., 2018.

[11] W. G. Pangarsa, Bahtera Kemanusiaan Nusantara di Laut karawitan Arsitektur. Hal. 1-8.,
Seminar Nasional. Jurusan Arsitektur FTSP-ITS., 2008.

[12] H. Poerwanto, Kebudayaan dan Lingkungan dalam Perspektif Antropologi, Yogyakarta:


Pustaka Pelajar, 2000.

[13] J. Prijotomo, Arsitektur Nusantara Menuju Keniscayaan (disunting oleh Johannes


Adiyanto), Surabaya: Wastu Lanas Grafika, 2004.

[14] J. Prijotomo, Prijotomo membenahi Arsitektur Nusantara, Malang: PT. Wastu Lanas
Grafika, 2018.

[15] W. Rahayu, Tongkonan Mahakarya Arsitektur Tradisional Suku Toraja, Jakarta Timur:
Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, 2017.

[16] A. A. Said, Simbolisme Unsur Visual Rumah Tradisional Toraja. (M. Nursam, Ed.),
Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2004.

[17] M. Soeroto, Dari Arsitektur Tradisional Menuju Arsitektur Indonesia., Jakarta: Penerbit
Ghalia Indonesia, 2003.

[18] M. Sulistijowati, Struktur di Arsitektur Nusantara, 19–24, Iplbi, 2016.

[19] B. B. (. Utomo, Pandanglah Laut sebagai Pemersatu Bangsa, Jakarta: ASEAN-Commitee


on Culture and Information Indonesia, SubCommittee on Culture. In Press, 2007.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 81 - 94 94

[20] Wasilah, Prijotomo, J., & Rachmawati, M., Jejak Konstruksi Perahu pada Arsitektur
Mamasa, Hal 43., Ipbli, (1), 2013.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 95 - 110

Architectural Typology of the Malay Chinatown Facade


(Case: Perniagaan Street of Malay Chinese Village
Bagansiapiapi, Rokan Hilir, Riau)
Gladies Imanda Utami Rangkuty1, Dyah Titisari Widyastuti 1
1
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Planning, Universitas Gadjah
Mada

Abstract. Chinatown architecture in Bagansiapiapi is a major component of the Chinatown


area as an identity with various facades influenced by local Malay culture. The growth and
development of cities with economic orientation is often not in line with the understanding
to maintain the image of the building, which has an impact on district transformation which
can eliminate the existence of Chinatown architecture that currently exists or intersects with
the city Commercial center. This can be seen in the changes in facade formation that took
place on the Bagansiapiapi Perniagaan street. The typology of facade architecture of the
Chinatown building was carried out with the aim of (i)Knowing the character of the facade
shape of Chinatown facade, (ii)Getting the dominant formation in each of the facade
forming element , so that Chinatown buildings can still be found. The method used is a
qualitative method with a descriptive approach, which is directed at describing and
interpreting existing conditions. The analysis used by classifying facades on elements of
Malay Chinatown architecture includes types of building dimensions, ownership and
function modules, which are formed by facade components (roofs, vents, doors, windows,
walls, and stilt construction). The findings of this study are the facade of the Chinatown
building in Bagansiapiapi on the facade of formation elements that have dominance: 1)
Module composition of the core dimensions (a) 1 function of the house floor with wood 2)
The shape of the gable, the formation of plain rectangular windows and two long ornaments
downward, the formation of the window extends downward by placing a balanced
composition right and left, setting a horizontal wall, using a stilt construction.

Keyword: architecture of chinatown, facade elements, malay architecture, typology

1. Introduction

The existence of Chinatown is part of the historical growth of the city while representing the
image of the city. The architecture of Chinatown is the main component that strengthens the
uniqueness of physical and visual character of an area with the functions of house and
shophouses. Chinatown village as a settlement with the majority of its residents are of Chinese
descent. In Indonesia, there are Chinatown areas that almost spread throughout the city, which

*Corresponding author at: Jalan Grafika No. 2, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta 55284, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 96

has its own characteristics with local influences. One of them is the Chinatown Village in the
Bagansiapiapi City, Rokan Hilir, Riau.

As a port city, Bagansiapiapi was known as one of the world famous fish-producing city. In
relation to its potential, this city also became an ethnic Chinese destination for trade and
eventually settled in 1860 [2]. At this time, the existence of Chinese citizens is still quite strong
in Bagansiapiapi, which can be seen from the buildings with Chinese characteristics and
temples. One of the characters that developed in Bagansiapiapi was seen in its famous cultural
ritual, namely Bakar Tongkang which was closely related to the historical city, especially the
beginning of the arrival of settled Chinese settlers as an initial form of formation of Chinese
settlements in the city of Bagansiapiapi [2].

As a component of urban (district) Chinatown has many uniqueness with various potentials,
both in terms of urban aspects, architecture and socio-cultural life. Chinatown growth is
inseparable from the historical development of the city. In some parts of the region due to the
growth of the city has an impact that can change the existence of an architecture. The influence
of Malay culture as a local culture is often found in Chinatown architectural characters in
Bagansiapiapi. One of the unique characteristics of the Chinatown architecture is the use of
wood material which dominates the building and has a stilt construction (Figure 1).

SUMATERA

BAGANSIAPIAPI

PROVINSI RIAU

Figure 1. Map of the region of Bagansiapiapi

The process of urban growth and development has an impact on the transformation process of
the Chinatown district in general and the Chinatown architecture in particular. On the other
hand, the urban development process oriented to economic interests is often not in line with the
understanding to maintain the image of a building that is the identity of a city area and preserve
important historical parts. This will endanger the existence of Chinatown which is currently
located in or intersect with the commercial centers of the city. So that the Chinatown area
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 97

becomes a cultural heritage area, it is very important to be considered and maintained its
existence in the future. The absence of a guideline as the identity of a Chinatown building will
have a negative impact if the economic growth is more rapid and if a disaster occurs that can
threaten the existence of the character of the building.

Through the study of typology, it is expected to be able to identify the existence of Chinatown
architecture that still maintains its authenticity. So that it can become the basis of reference for
the application of facade elements of Chinatown buildings in the Kampung Cina (Chinese
Village) Bagansiapiapi area in general. This study also aims to study the facades of Chinatown
buildings that get influence from Malay local culture with a variety of backgrounds in the
context of urban development and history. In this case, the case of Bagansiapiapi Chinatown is
seen as being able to represent the character. The focus on building facade elements is based on
the consideration that facades are part of buildings that visually become the initial identity in
understanding the character of the building. Many studies using the Chinatown locus have been
carried out but research related to the character of facades of Malay Chinatown architecture in
the Bagansiapiapi case has never been done.

2. Literature Review

Typology is defined as a method or concept that aims to classify object elements in buildings.
Derived from the Greek word, typology is typos and type which has meaning in English,
namely type or character while logy has the meaning of learning about something, so typology
is a study of the image, shape, type or character of an object.

According to Moneo, typology comes from the word "type" which is defined as the concept of
describing the characteristics of an object that has a formal structural equation [11]. The word
typology is defined as a concept of describing an object based on the equation of nature which is
the result of elaboration of architectural characteristics that have local and external cultural
elements with functional, geometric, and style classification [1]. According to Colquhoun,
typology is an instrument of a cultural memory and a condition of architectural meaning [3].

Typology is an approach that separates attributes from architectural coherence, and identifies
them as a characteristic, in order to compare abstract attributes from other contexts, and to
define similarities or differences [4].

Facade is the most important element for communicating functions in a building [6]. When a
building is built, a facade can convey a cultural condition and can provide a creativity through
ornaments and decorations, thus providing a picture of collective identity as a community [17].

The composition of a facade can be seen in its functional (roof, window, door, and sun shading),
in creating harmonious unity in principle it can be done using composition and proportional,
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 98

material, color, decorative elements and vertical elements and structured horizontal [12]. The
components that can affect the facade of a building are roof, wall, and floor [12]. Whereas
supporting elements in building facade are roof, door, window, wall, and sun shading [1].

2.1 Architecture of Chinatown

Identity is interpreted as a character possessed by an individual found in certain community


members or groups, so that identity becomes the basis of certain community characteristics that
can differentiate from other communities [9]. Traditional Chinese architecture is unique in
construction materials mainly using wood material [9]. Building types of Chinatown [15],
namely:

1. Shophouse

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a shophouse is defined as "a shop opening on
the pavement and also used as the owner's residence", which is defined as an open shop
located on the sidewalk as well as being used as a residence by the owner (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Shophouse Type


(Source: Sudarwani, 2012)
2. House

 The Single Residential Type House basically consists of row houses of two to three
floors with small and elongated buildings (Figure 3)

Figure 3. Redential Building Type


(Source: Sudarwani, 2012)
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 99

 The Double Residential Type House is a house block that is quite large, but in its
development is divided based on the number of offspring and due to changes in
ownership (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Double Residential Type


(Source: Sudarwani, 2012)

2.2 Malay Architecture

Aspects of local climate can affect the characteristics of Malay houses. The influence of climate
is depicted in the form of a stilt house as well as stilt construction and high pillars [14]. The
existence of many windows that almost the same height as the door, and the vent that aims to
enter the air and enough light for the occupants are also a manifestation of the Malay house.

The typology of traditional Malay houses is generally rectangular and rarely square, the basic
form is a stilt house but still adapts to the surrounding nature [5]. The shape of the roof in
general is a straight mooring house in the middle of the top peak called belah bubung or Malay
bubung (ridgepole), if the roof is very steep it is called lipat pandan and if it is flat or sloping it
is called lipat kajang, if the roof is given an additional roof it is called a labu roof / layar roof /
winged roof / bertinggam roof. The roof ravings that are parallel to the king's road are called
long perabung houses. If it is not parallel it is also called a crossing perabung house [5]. The
wall boards in Malay houses in perpendicular pairs even if they are tilted or crossed are only for
variations. How to install a wall is generally sealed with a lidah pian or with a contoured
arrangement called tindih kasih. The other way is to install transversely and overlap each other
called susun sirih [8].

3. Methodology

This study uses a descriptive approach that is directed at describing and interpreting an existing
condition. Rationalistic-qualitative method and exploratory technique are carried out in field
data collection. In data collection also used primary and secondary data. Primary data is carried
out by observation in the field. The number of samples in this study was carried out on the
Bagansiapiapi City Perniagaan Street which character of the building still characterized its
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 100

original form, consisting of 29 Chinatown buildings with the distribution of locations and
various building samples.

The analytical method used by classifying facades based on module typology dimension and
ownership, building functions, classifying types and patterns of facade forming elements.
Further analysis is carried out to obtain the relationship between facade typology and its
constituent elements: (i) roof, (ii) ventilation, (iii) door, (iv) window, (v) wall, (vi) stilt
construction. Then the visual data analysis is done in the form of images by giving verbal
names, determining building samples according to research criteria, redrawing buildings,
grouping and categorizing typical building facade elements to produce invention.

3.1 Research Location

The research is located in Bagansiapiapi, which is Rokan Hilir Regency in Riau Province. The
Chinese settlement area that will be the location of this study is located along Perniagaan Street,
Bagansiapiapi, Riau (Figure 5-6)

Figure 5. Scope of The Research Area Figure 6. Chinatown Building in Bagansiapiapi

4. Result and Discussion

Data analysis of this research was carried out by identifying and classifying each building that
was determined at the research location. This process is done by categorizing and analyzing the
type and deciphering the facts of the data from the field results and observations. The naming of
the building was provided to facilitate the identification process of the 29 buildings that were the
research samples.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 101

4.1 Typology of Dimensional Module Composition

The facade dimensions of the Chinatown building have a facade wide core module (a) which the
composition divided into 3 parts as placement of the facade components. At the observation
location there are various development proportions from the core module facade dimensions.
The facade's high core modules are divided into stilt construction (feet), building body (core
parts, where there are core components of the building), and roof (head) (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Dimension Composition Module


In its various buildings, the facade of the building in the dimensions of the 1-storey core module
(a) has a variety of developments in horizontal I (1 floor) one side (a + 1 / 3a) and horizontal
proportion II (1 floor) two-sided (2 / 3a + a + 2 / 3a), and the range of development in vertical
proportions 2 floors (a) / (a) and vertical proportions 2 floors (a + 1 / 3a) / (a + 1 / 3a) (Figure 8).

Core module Horizontal module I Vertical module Horizontal module II

Figure 8. Dimension Module Typology

Module typology Dimensions which found are based on the results of observing buildings in the
Chinatown area as follows:
1. 13 samples of Core Module Typologies
2. 8 samples of Vertical Module Typologies
3. 3 samples of Horizontal Typology I in the Chinatown area,
4. 5 samples of Horizontal Typology II in the Chinatown area.

Domination of dimension modules found 13 samples. The core module with proportions is
divided into 3 parts, the left part has a window component, the middle part has a door
component, and the right part has a window similar to the left part. So if it looked at the
dominant typology found, it is possible for the core module typology to be the dominant house
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 102

typology to form facades in Chinatown buildings in Bagansiapiapi before the development and
renovation takes place.

4.2 Ownership Typology and Function of the Building

On the other hand, in a variety of buildings based on the number of ownership units in one
building, the facade of the buildin is formed by repetition of the same module (a), consisting of
1 unit (a), 2 units (a + a), 3 units (a + a + a), 4 units (a + a + a + a) which are 1-story buildings,
and 2-story buildings consist of 1 unit (a / a), 2 units (a + a) / (a + a), 3 units (a + a + a) / (a + a +
a), 4 units (a + a + a + a) / (a + a + a + a) (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Typology of Building Ownership

Typology 1, consists of 1 unit with 1 ownership. Typology 2, consists of 2 units with 2


ownership in one roof construction. Typology 3, consists of 3 housing units with 3 ownership in
one roof construction. Typology 4, consists of 4 housing units with 4 ownership in one roof
construction. As well as Typology 5, consists of 5 or more housing units with five or more
ownership in one roof construction (Table 1).

Table 1: Typology of Building Ownership


Typology of Building Ownership Building Functions
House Shophouse
Unit 1 2 3 4 5 Floor Floor

1 2 1 2
01 ● ●
02 ● ●
03 ● ●
04 ● ●
05 ● ●
06 ● ●
07 ● ●
08 ● ●
09 ● ●
10 ● ●
11 ● ●
12 ● ●
13 ● ●
14 ● ●
15 ● ●
16 ● ●
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 103

17 ● ●
18 ● ●
19 ● ●
20 ● ●
21 ● ●
22 ● ●
23 ● ●
24 ● ●
25 ● ●
26 ● ●
27 ● ●
28 ● ●
29 ● ●
Total 19 4 3 2 1 20 3 1 5
(Source: Based on author’s research)

The findings of ownership typology are based on the results of observations of Chinatown
buildings as follows:
 Typology 1 as many as 19 samples
 Typology 2 as many as 4 samples
 Typology 3 as many as 3 samples
 Typology 4 as many as 2 samples
 Typology 5 as many as 1 sample

As well as the findings of building functions there is dominance, namely:


 1 storey housesare 20 samples
 2 storey houses are 3 samples
 1 storey shophouse is 1 sample
 2 storey shophouses are 5 samples

The dominant finding in the typology of ownership and function of buildings in Chinatown is in
typology 1 which consists of one 1 storey housing unit with 1 ownership that is still occupied by
native Chinese citizens. This type of building is included in the criteria of Chinatown
architecture which is a residential house with a single type of house that is small and elongated.
Changes in the function of Chinatown buildings in this area are also influenced by urban
development factors which have many commercial buildings.

4.3 Facade Component Element

The facade dimensions of the Chinatown building have a facade wide core module (a) the
composition divided into 3 parts as placement of the facade components. At the observation
location there are various development proportions from the core module facade dimensions.
The facade's high core modules are divided into stilt construction (feet), building bodies (core
parts, where there are core components of the building), and roof (head).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 104

Roof Typology

The roof element is one of the elements forming the facade in Chinatown buildings. Each
building has significance on each roof. In this Chinatown building, there are 5 types, namely
(Figure 10).

Figure 10. Roof Typology

 Type A1: Gable / lipat kajang


 Type A2: Gable/ cut off lipat kajang
 Type A3: Pyramid roof
 Type A4: Cracked pyramid roof
 Type A5: The shape of the renovated gable with a non-symmetrical shape and has been
adjusted to the length of the building.
The dominant type of roof in Chinatown buildings in the research area are:
 Type A1 as many as 20 samples
 Type A2 as many as 2 samples
 Type A3 as many as 2 samples
 Type A4 as many as1 sample
 Type A5 as many as 4 samples

The dominant finding of the roof shape of Chinatown buildings is on the roof type A1 as many
as 20 samples with gable roof formation which is the dominant feature in Chinese houses, and
may be influenced by gable roofs or lipat kajang in Malay houses.

Ventilation Typology

Figure 11.Ventilation Typology

 Type V1 : This type of ventilation has a formation of lattices with wood material functioning
as the entry and exit of air into the building.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 105

 Type V2 : Ventilation in this type has a shape with a variety of ornamental materials with
wood and different iron material in each building.

The findings of the ventilation elements in Chinatown buildings are type V1 as many as 11
samples and type V2 as many as 10 samples with various ornaments that characterize Chinese
ethnic culture, the rest there are no ventilation elements due to developments in building
functions that start from home to commercial functions (Figure 11).

Door Typology

Figure 12.Door Typology

 Type P1: Door 1 in the middle (two doors)


 Type P2: Plain door (one door)
 Type P3: Modern door using folding door.
 Type P4: Continuous folding door
Table 2. Door Typology
Unit Door Element
P1 P2 P3 P4
01 ●
02 ●
03 ●
04 ●
05 ●
06 ●
07 ●
08 ● ●
09 ● ●
10 ● ●
11 ●
12 ●
13 ●
14 ● ●
15 ●
16 ●
17 ●
18 ●
19 ●
20 ●
21 ●
22 ●
23 ●
24 ●
25 ●
26 ●
27 ●
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 106

28 ● ● ●
29 ● ● ●
Total 29 2 2 4
(Source: Based on author’s research)
The dominant door type findings are based on the results of observations, namely (Figure 12) :
 Type P1 as many as 29 samples
 Type P2 as many as 2 samples
 Type P3 as many as 2 samples
 Type P4 as many as 4 samples

Based on the results of the data, it can be concluded that the dominant form of door type P1 is
the formation of two rectangular leaf doors extending beneath wood material, if you see from
the type of door that dominates the sample it is possible for the door type to form facades in
Chinatown buildings in Bagansiapiapi before renovated and development (Table 2)

Window Typology

Window elements are one of the elements forming the facade in Chinatown buildings. Each
building has its own characteristics in each window. In this Chinatown building, there are 5
types, namely (Figure 13).

Figure 13. Window Typology

 Type J1: Composition boxes left and right


Window with grid formation and has a balanced composition placement in the building.
 Type J2: Width Length
A window with a widening and stand-alone formation.
 Type J3: Square Box
Boxed and unbalanced windows form a renovated window.
 Type J4: Rectangular Box
Boxed and unbalanced windows form a renovated window.
 Type J5: New or Modern
This window is a renovated window with a minimalist shape with glass material.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 107

Table 3. Window Typology


Unit Window Element
J1 J2 J3 J4 J5
01 ●
02 ●
03 ●
04 ●
05
06 ●
07 ●
08 ●
09 ●
10 ● ●
11 ●
12 ●
13 ● ●
14 ●
15 ●
16 ●
17 ●
18 ●
19 ●
20 ● ● ●
21 ●
22 ●
23 ●
24 ●
25 ● ● ● ●
26 ● ●
27 ●
28 ● ●
29 ●
Total 26 2 2 1 4
(Source: Based on author’s research)

The dominant window type is based on the findings as follows:


 Type J1 as many as 26 samples
 Type J2 as many as 2 samples
 Type J3 as many as 2 samples
 Type J4 as many as 1 sample
 Type J5 as many as 4 samples

Of the 5 types of window formations show that the most dominant form is a J1 type window of
26 samples contained in the building. The window type J1 is a window with a square shape of
two shutters with a grid. This window type has a composition that is balanced right and left or
additional to the development of the building (Table 3).
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 108

Wall Typology

Wooden plank walls are a type of material used in Malay Chinatown buildings in the
Bagansiapiapi area. There are 3 types of variations in the composition of the use of wooden
boards in the application of building walls (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Wall Typology

 Type D1: Walls of wooden boards with horizontal arrangement are called stacking betel.
 Type D2: Wooden walls with vertical arrangement are called overlapping walls of love,
generally coupled with tongues adopted from Malay culture, tongue walls which are usually
used by people with more economies.
 Type D3: Combination wall which is a combination of horizontal and vertical wall
arrangement.

The findings on the wall type have a dominant namely:


 Type D1 as many as 26 samples
 Type D2 as many as 1 sample
 D3 type as many as 4 samples
From the data above, it can be concluded that the arrangement of the walls that became
dominant was by compiling 26 horizontal walls as betel vines influenced by Malay culture.

Stilt Construction

The stage component is used as a structure in Chinatown buildings, with building elements that
have local Malay cultural influences. The findings of the stage structure have 17 buildings that
still have these components, ownership typology 1 with 12 samples, ownership typology 2 with
2 samples, typology 3 with 1 sample , typology 4 with 2 samples. Dominant which still has a
stage component, namely typology of ownership 1.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 109

5. Conclusion

Typology classification will provide knowledge about the character forming facades that are
present and developing towards the environment and who still maintain the identity of the area
through the Chinatown building as follows.

1. Based on dimensional module typology, the Chinatown building has a variety of


developments in its composition with the dominance of the core module 1-dimensional
core typology (a) with one ownership that functions as a residence. Looking further at the
dominant Chinatown building material in the Bagansi area, but still using wood.

2. Components forming facades in the Chinatown Bagansiapiapi building are elements as


characteristics of Malay building Chinatown. Based on 5 roof typologies, the Chinatown
Bagansiapiapi building has 5 types of roofs with gable dominance in type A1 (Figure 10).

In the form of dominant ventilation is a form of ventilation type V1, namely rectangular
ventilation with plain grille. Looking further, it is estimated that type V1 is a form of ventilation
that has been renovated, and sees the dominance of other types of V2 vents, namely ventilation
with rectangular form having ornaments (Figure 11). It is possible that these 2 types of
ventilation are the dominant type of ventilation that forms the facade of the Chinatown
Bagansiapiapi building. Regarding the data on the dominant door shape of a rectangular door
with two doors on the door type P1 (Figure 12) being the facade of the Chinatown facade before
renovations and developments are carried out due to the change in function of residential
buildings to commercial functions. The shape of the window, is dominated by the J1 type
window with the shape extending downward with the grid. The dominant window placement is
found to be balanced right and left in the composition of the building.

Data regarding typology of wall arrangement is dominant in the type of horizontal wall D1
(Figure 14) with the influence of Malay culture as the wall of betel stacking. Acculturation of
Malay culture that influences one of the components forming the facade of the Malay
Chinatown in Bagansiapiapi seen from the dominant use of stage structures. There are 17
samples that still maintain the use of the stage structure, generally the Chinatown building
adopts the general shape of the surrounding native building, one of which is the stage structure
adopted from the Malay house. amid developments in the region.

Acknowledgment

In the research on the typology of facade elements, Chinatown Architecture in Bagansiapiapi is


expected to be able to provide more knowledge and understanding to future readers or
researchers. Various things that can be followed up from this research are : (1) The next
researcher can examine the Architecture of Chinatown in another section of the observance of
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 110

the Bagansiapiapi Chinatown which still maintains originality and formations from the past to
the present by having Chinese cultural characteristics and local culture ; (2) The need for in-
depth classification of facade elements related to Chinatown architecture that has not been
discussed ; (3) The potential for the government, can see and establish and maintain the
existence of the identity of the architectural character of Malay Chinatown in the Chinese
Village of Bagansiapiapi.

REFERENCES

[1] Antariksa, Teori dan Metode Pelestarian Kawasan Pecinan, Yogyakarta: In C. A.


Pusaka, 2016.

[2] S. Arfan, Profil Daerah Kabupaten Rokan Hilir dan Bakar Tongkang, Bagansiapiapi:
Humas Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Rokan Hilir, 2016.

[3] A. Colquhoun, Typology and Design Method, New York: Princeton Architectural Press,
1967.

[4] Faisal, G. Wihardiyanto, D. Roychansyah, M. S., Tipologi Pintu Rumah Tradisional


Dusun Pucung, Situs Manusia Purba Sangiran. Langkau Betang, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2014.

[5] Y. Firzal, Tipologi Bangunan Tua. Local Wisdom, Vol. III No. 2., Jurnal Ilmiah Online,
2011.

[6] T. Handayani, Identifikasi Karakteristik Facade Bangunan untuk Pelestarian Kawasan


Pustaka di Ketandan, Vol. 9 No. 1., Yogyakarta: Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI, 2011.

[7] Jamil, O.K. Nizam, Saleh, Zulkifili. Effendy, Tenas. Sabrin, Amrin, Arsitektur
Tradisional Daerah Riau, Riau: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1986.

[8] H. Khaliesh, Arsitektur Tradisional Tionghoa: Tinjauan Terhadap Identitas, Karakter


Budaya dan Eksistensinya, Langkau Betang, 2014.

[9] R. Moneo, Oppositions Summer On Typology. A Journal for Ideas and Critism in
Architecture, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1978.

[10] A. Ramadanta, Kajian Tipologi dalam Pembentukan Karakter Visual dan Struktur,
SMARTek, 2010.

[11] Rumiawati, A. Prasetyo, Y. H., Identifikasi Tipologi Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional


Melayu di Kabupaten Langkat dan Perubahannya, Jurnal Permukiman, 2013.

[12] Setiawan, D. Utami, T. B., Tipologi Perubahan Elemen Fasad Bangunan Tuko pada
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Teknologi Nasional, 2014.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 111 – 123

Local Wisdom, Green Open Space, and Fishermen


Facilities in The Fishermen Village of Pantai Bahari
Nurul Nadjmi1*
1
Departement of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Hasanuddin, Bontomarannu
Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

Abstract. Pantai Bahari is one of the villages in Bangkala district, Jeneponto regency,
South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bangkala is a regions of Jeneponto regency, while Jeneponto is
one of the regencies in South Sulawesi province that has the potential to develop seaweed
because it has a coastline of more than 95 km with an area of 749.79 km2. One type of
seaweed cultivated in Jeneponto is Eucheuma Cottonii. This type of seaweed has important
economic value because it is material for crafts. Bangkala has an area of 121.82 km2, with a
population of 46,932 people. The population density is 385/km2. The purpose of this study
was to find out and analyze the fishermen settlement’s facilities in-depth along with the
supporting infrastructures in Pantai Bahari village. The scope of the study is focused on
settlement facilities and supporting facilities available in Pantai Bahari of Bangkala district,
Jeneponto regency. Empathy is a process of understanding other people's feelings and
feeling what others feel. The research method operative in this research was qualitative
descriptive research. This qualitative research was done through a case study. The approach
used was descriptive analytic approach. Direct observation was done to collect research
data, and the results were then connected with the relevant theoretical studies. Based on the
survey results conducted in Bangkala district of Jeneponto regency, the facilities are
inadequately inadequate. This is due to the fact that SNI requirements and criteria have not
been satisfied in building a good and adequate community facility.

Keyword: local wisdom, green open space facilities, fisherman facilities, pantai bahari

1. Introduction
The diversity of traditional architectures spread across the archipelago has become an abundant
source of knowledge. Traditional architecture in each region symbolizes the cultural
distinctiveness of the local community [2]. As a form of culture, traditional architecture is
produced from a rule or agreement that is still upheld and maintained from generation to
generation [3]. These rules will remain existent to as long as they are considered relevant to the
needs of local community.

Corresponding author at: Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Universitas


Hasanuddin,, Bontomarannu Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 111 – 123 112

Facilities are everything that can support a work or business in order to achieve a goal. In a
settlement area, it is required to have a facility to help people who live in that area to meet their
daily needs. However, some regions sometimes have minimal facilities. This is what is faced by
people who live far from downton where complete facilities are available. They need proper
facility so that all of their daily needs can be met; no need to go all the way to the downtown.
One of these remote areas is a community in a coastal area far from the city center. To fulfill the
basic needs, they need a facility which can serve the people living in coastal areas as stipulated
by Indonesian National Standard (SNI) concerning proper facilities. However, in reality some of
these areas do not apply SNI as their basis in making a facility unit. Even though they should
make a unit of facilities, they should use SNI. This is done to ensure that the available facilities
can be truly adequate for the local community.

2. Literature Review
Traditional architecture is one form of the richness of Indonesian culture [1]. The diversity of
traditional architecture spread across the archipelago has become an abundant source of
knowledge. Traditional architecture in each region symbolizes the cultural distinctiveness of the
local community [2]. As a form of culture, traditional architecture is produced from a rule or
agreement that is still held and maintained from generation to generation [3]. These rules will
remain existent to as long as they are considered relevant to the needs of the local community.
Likewise, with the area in the coastal Pantai Bahari in Bangkala district of Jeneponto regency.
Although this area is a coastal area because of its settlements lined up along the coastline, the
characteristic of its architecture is also not much different from the concept of traditional Bugis
architecture. The concept of Bugis-Makassar traditional society architecture stems from an
ontological view of life, that is how to understand the universe "universally". The traditional
Bugis Makassar’s life philosophy called "Sulapa Appa" shows an effort to "perfect yourself".
This philosophy states that all aspects of human life are perfect if they appear in the form of
"Quadrangle". Philosophy originating from the "myth" of the origin of human events is believed
to consist of four elements, namely: land, water, fire, and wind. In addition, the philosophical
values in the cosmological view of Bugis ethnic group [4] consider that the macro-cosmos
(universe) is composed of three levels, namely: Botting Langi '(upper world), Ale kawa (middle
world), Uri liyu' (the underworld). The center of the three parts of the universe is Botting Langi
(the highest sky) where the Gods of Seuwae (God Almighty) resides. This view is manifested in
house which is seen as a microcosm. Therefore, Bugis house is divided into three levels,
namely:
1. Rakkeang (rakkiang, attic)
2. Ale Bola (main area)
3. Awa Bola (space under the house)
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The direction of house always follows the four directions, namely east, west, south, and north.
Customary rules still seem to be widely followed by Bugis people everywhere. First of all, a
particular view is chosen when a Bugis person wanst to have new house. For a Parita-bola or
urangi-bolaarah ana, the house direction should be determined. Afterward, using urangi-bola,
the center of the house is determined. The house is mostly ideal if it is built near family
members, either husband's family or wife's family or near families. The second consideration is
to choose flat land. If flat land is not available, then high land is preferred, which has to be
either in the west or in the south. Regarding the direction of the house, one thing that is rarely
seen in each house is tamping (additional side space). The location of a tamping idak room is
commonly determined based on the general norm, that is either in the left or right. However, it
is rather associated with the direction of the house. If the house faces north, then the tamping is
placed east and when facing wide, then it is placed on the west side. This may be related to the
head-laying of sleep. It is considered good if the head is laid westernly. The view regarding this
direction influences the arrangement and location of the furniture, including the location of the
bed and kitchen.
The impact of environmental damage that is felt due to human activities or natural disasters can
be reduced by the development of Green Open Space (henceforth GOS) that meets the
established criteria. Some vegetations that grow in the border area of the Bahep Jeneponto
beach has been damaged, thus preventing proper growth. The damage experienced by green
plants is caused by the absence of intensive and optimal management efforts. As a result, the
function of the green space on Pantai Bahari Jeneponto is not ideally available. Reforestation
that can function as breakers and the development of green spaces are the main steps in
preventing the effects of coastal abrasion. Planting greeneries lines along coastal borders is also
a solution to coastal pollution problems due to industrial and household waste, providing
protection, ecological and economic functions and increasing coastal attractiveness as a tourism
advantage.

2.1 Fiserhmen’s Facilities


The fish landing facility is an element of economic infrastructure built with the intention of
supporting the achievement of fisheries development, especially small-scale fisheries. As a
public service infrastructure (public utilities), fish landing facility functions can be grouped into
several categories:
• Infrastructure to facilitate fishing vessel production activities, management and marketing
of fishery products and logistics services.
• As a center for the development of fishing communities such as guidance and counseling
on ways to carry out good production.
• As a center for the economy development of the local fisheries through the development of
the fishing industry.
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In general fish landing facilities are intended to anchor or tether traditional fishing boats smaller
than 5 GT or for sailboats without motors [5]. The amount of catches is less than 20 tons/day
and intended primarily for local marketing.
Fish is a food that is easily decayed. Especially in tropical regions like Indonesia which has
relatively high temperature. However, the duration of fish storage can be extended by decreased
temperature. Even frozen fish can be stored for several months, as long as needed, fish can be
melted and processed further by consumers. The procedures of processing frozen fish generally
consist of freezing, cold storage in warehouses, transporting in refrigerated trucks, storing in
cold cabinets at food stores, and storing in refrigerator freezer at home. Freezing fish means
preparing fish to be stored in low temperature. Like cooling, freezing is intended to preserve the
natural properties of fish. Freezing uses lower temperatures, which are far below the freezing
point of fish. Freezing converts almost all of the fish's water content into ice. However, when
frozen fish are re-melted for use, the fish condition needs to be restored.
Drying is a way of preserving fish by reducing the water content in the fish as much as possible.
The body of the fish contains 56-80% water. If the water content is reduced, the bacterial
metabolism is disrupted and eventually dies. At water levels of 40%, bacteria cannot be active,
and some even die, but the spores are still alive. These spores will grow and reactivate if water
levels increase. Therefore, fish are almost always salted before drying.
The drying speed is determined by the following factors:
• The wind velocity: the faster air above the fish is, the faster the fish will dry out.
• Air temperature: the higher the temperature is, the faster the fish will dry out.
• Air humidity: the moister the air is, the slower the fish becomes dry.
• The size and thickness of the fish: the thicker the fish is, the slower it dries.
• The wider fish body is, the faster the fish will dry out.
• The direction of air flow to fish: the smaller the angle is, the faster the fish will dry out.
• The nature of fish: fatty fish are more difficult to dry
The drying method is divided into two groups, namely natural and artificial drying. In natural
drying, fish are dried on the shelves which are placed slightly tilted (+15°) towards the wind,
and placed in the sun where wind blows. The duration of drying is 8 hours/day for 3 days in
areas with high sunlight intensity. Drying must be accompanied by a reversal 2-3 times every
day. Measuring the level of dryness is done by pressing the fish using thumb. In dried fish,
finger pressure will not cause scars. Another way is to fold the fish's body. Dry fish will not
bend if the body is folded.
Breakwater is a structure built to break waves by absorbing some of the wave energy. It is used
to control abrasion which erodes the coastline and to calm waves in the port so that ships can
dock more easily and quickly.
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Breakwater must be designed so that ocean currents do not cause siltation because the sand
brought in the current settles in the port pond. If this happens, the port needs to be dredged
regularly.
There are several ways to protect the coast, including the following:
• Strengthening/protecting the beach to withstand waves,
• Changing the sediment transport rate along the coast,
• Reducing the energy of waves that reach the beach,
• Reclamation by increasing sediment supply to the coast or by other means.
Marine resources with a variety of ecosystems in the form of diversity of flora, fauna and
natural phenomena along with the natural pristine are the gift of God Almighty. The potential of
maritime natural resources and their ecosystems can be developed and utilized to their utmost
for people’s welfare while still taking into account conservation and rehabilitation efforts.
Natural resources that can be utilized as natural conservation and natural attractions comprise of
marine parks, beaches, flora including forests, fauna, and various forms of special ecosystems.
The definition of natural tourism includes objects and activities related to recreation and
tourism that utilize the potential of natural resources and ecosystems, both in the original
(natural) form and in combination with man-made products. Humans have begun to be saturated
with urban life which is busy with various industrial activities and the noise of the city. As a
result, recreational spots in the open nature that remain natural and provide comfort are
increasingly visited by many people (tourists).
Seaweed is a large group of marine plants in the sea. This can be seen with bare eyes without a
magnifying device, which commonly known as macroalgae. Naturally, seaweed is benthic or
grows stuck or sticks to a substrate in ocean waters. The types of seaweed that grow on the sea
are estimated to be thousands of species. Seaweed production in Indonesia comes from the
results of cultivation in the sea and ponds as well as the results of extraction from the nature.
The amount of seaweed production originating from nature decreases and is replaced by the
type of seaweed cultivated in the sea consisting of Kappaphycus alvarezii (formerly known as
Eucheuma cottonii), Kappaphycus striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum. Kappaphycus
alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum in the trading world are known as Kotoni, while Eucheuma
denticulatum has the trade name Spinosum.
Based on global seaweed production reported by FAO in 2010, Indonesia is the largest producer
of Kotoni (63.37% of total world production) and ranks second for Gracilaria (30.02% of total
world production). Nationally, seaweed production in Indonesia is also dominated by Kotoni
and Gracilaria. Many seaweed cultivation activities in the sea are carried out by coastal
communities in Indonesia, which are used as main and part-time jobs. Hereunder are some of
the advantages in seaweed farming.
• No need for high capital,
• Simple cultivation technology, making it easily applicable to small communities,
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• Efficiency in time utilization,


• Short cultivation cycle, which allows farmers to get harvests within 45 days,
• Simple seaweed cultivation, which can be done by anyone, including housewives

3. Methodology
The research method was qualitative descriptive in nature, which applied case study. The
approach operative was also descriptive analytic approach. The data collection was done by
direct observations, the result of which was then connected with the theoretical studies
backgrounding the study.

4. Result and Discussion


Pantai Bahari is one of the villages in Bangkala district, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Bangkala is a region of Jeneponto Regency, while Jeneponto is one of the regencies
in South Sulawesi Province that has the potential to develop seaweed because it has a coastline
of more than 95 km with an area of 749.79 km2. One type of seaweed that is cultivated in
Jeneponto Regency is Eucheuma Cottonii. This type has important economic value because it is
a producer of copy. Bangkala has an area of 121.82 km2, with a population of 46,932 people.
The population density is 385/km2 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The Location of Pantai Bahari, Bangkala District, Jeneponto Regency.


South Sulawesi Province
(Source: http//www.GoogleEarth.Com and author, 2017)
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Green open space in the coastal residential area of Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto, has not been well
organized. There are only a number of bales scattered along the residential road which functions
as a community gathering place (Figure 2).

Figure 2. One of the Bales in Pantai Bahari village

Other open spaces are used by the community as a place for gathering and drying seaweed. The
areas for processing seaweed have not been well organized (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Transformed Green Open Space

The imbalance in the development of built space and public open space (especially in the form
of green open space) is certainly undesirable, both in terms of environment and in terms of
tourism. In terms of the environment, the fewer green open spaces mean that less water is
absorbed by the soil. The atmosphere gets hot (because there are no shade trees to absorb carbon
dioxide). As such, little oxygen is produced. All of these issues culminate in reduced comfort in
tourist attractions. Efforts should be made to balance the development of built space, namely by
creating public open space, especially in the form of green open space (Figure 4-5).
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Figure 4. One of the Green Open Spaces in Pantai Bahari

Figure 5. The Utilization of Green Open Space along the Coastline as Playground

The land around the tourist area of Pantai Bahari is still dominated by open land in the form of
moor, with flat topography - sloping land and sandy soil. Thus, there are no constraints on
construction work. Some residents use the space as a spot to dry the seaweed and the fishing
net, but most of the moor is not specifically utilized by the local community (abandoned and
overgrown with reeds).
The unused land around Pantai Bahari tourist area is a potential. Before the land is used as a
constructed space, there should be space allocation for public open space, especially open space
in the form of green open space. Several trees have grown at these open spaces. This is a
separate capital for the formation of green open spaces. Existing trees do not need to be cut
down; these only need to be arranged and tidied up. Thus, the development of green open space
puts forward the use of potential and local resources. The site that will be developed in the
community will certainly have an impact. Possible effects can be good or bad. However, in this
case, after a more in-depth study of the environment around the research site, there are actually
many positive impacts that will be felt especially by the community. There are at least four
impacts that will be felt by the community, including the followings:
1. Motivating people to participate in preserving the environment by arranging green
spaces around their homes
2. Offering an alternative means of entertainment for tourists at Pantai Bahari,
3. Increasing the income of Jenepontoepok tourism objects with the means of attraction of
Pantai Bahari tourists, and
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4. Offering entertainment for the surrounding community because of the existence of


sports fields and ideal green open spaces.
The potential site that will be arranged will certainly affect the surrounding communities. If a
negative impact arises, then of course surrounding community will turn down the site
arrangement plan. Simply put, it indirectly implies the cancellation of the site formation.
However, it may be different from another perspective (Figure 6). Viewed from a positive point
of view, the site is projected to have a positive impact on the environment, which includes the
following five aspects:
1. Protecting the beach from the dangers of abrasion
2. Reducing the effect of heat from the sun during the day
3. Greening the beach
4. Maintaining the sustainability of coastal plants, and
5. Reducing the speed of sea water to land

Figure 6. Fields along the coastline of at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman
Settlement, Jeneponto

Fishing boats at Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto, are moored along the coastal part of the north coast,
which serves as a fishing area. The southern region is commonly used by seaweed fishermen.
The south coast has only a small number of fish. According to the local community, it is caused
by the construction of a Steam Power Plant across the coast (Figure 7-8).

Figure 7. The Port at Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto


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Figure 8. Boat Docks at at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman Settlement,


Jeneponto

The fish caught by Pantai Bahari fishermen are then weighed and then taken directly to the
market for sale. There is no fish auction or fish landing base that provides public services and
services to facilitate boat activities or fishing vessels and fisheries (Figure 9-10).

Figure 9. Fish Collection Site at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman Settlement,
Jeneponto

Figure 10. Fish Drying Place at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman Settlement,
Jeneponto

Some fishermen hang the fish they caught on the dock and under their house. There is no special
area for fish drying which makes it easier for fishermen to manage and maximize their catch.
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The fish caught in Pantai Bahari are stored in a small box which is brought directly to the
market after being weighed. The fish that are not weighed are dried under the fisherman's house.

4.1 Seaweed Collection Site


There are only two types of seaweed found at Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto:
• Kappaphycus alvarezii (Red Algae), formerly called Eucheuma cottonii. This is also
known for its local name, Katoni, Tambalang, Kangkung Katoni seaweed
• Eucheuma denticulatum, previously mentioned as Eucheuma spinosum. It is known for the
local names, Spinosum, Safari Turbinaria conoides, (Algae Chocolate)
Some people hang their seaweed on the yard and along the southern coastline (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Seaweed Collection Site at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman
Settlement, Jeneponto

Problems
• Organic and inorganic wastes and dried tree carcasses scattered along the coast.
• Inadequate drainage networks in settlement areas of Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto, giving
rise to several points of area filled with puddles of household wastewater (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Seaweed Collection Sites at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman
Settlement, Jeneponto

Output
Based on the problems abovementioned, there are several insights grounded within the analysis
results, formulated as follows:
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• The need for good and creative use of green open space is unquestionable. This will
allow more vacant land to be used by the community as a public space to gather and
become an attractive tour for visitors to Pantai Bahari, Jeneponto
• There is also urgency to build a fish landing facility that facilitates fishermen to
facilitate boat activities or fishing vessels and fisheries and as a center for the
development of fishing communities. The facilities will serve as guidance and
counseling on ways to produce good production
• There is an immediate need to build a breakwater in the form of a cylindrical
arrangement of concrete that can be an exotic structure. Visitors can stand on the
breakwater while looking off towards the sea.
• There needs to be a seaweed cultivation area which potentially makes it easier for
fishermen to manage their catches (Figure 13).

Figure 13. Breakwater at at Fisherment Settlement in Pantai Bahari Fisherman Settlement,


Jeneponto

5. Conclusion
Traditional building architecture in the coastal areas of Pantai Bahari village of Jeneponto
regency adheres to the Bugis-Makassar ethnic architecture, namely the culture of South
Sulawesi. This architectural characteristic is laden with philosophical, cultural, and social
values. The traditional house of the Bugis Makassar community is famous for its stage form. It
has become a distinctive feature in Bugis Makassar culture. The same goes for traditional
houses in the fishermen's village of Pantai Bahari. In general, the houses in the village have the
characteristics of the Makassar Bugis house, which alludes to the philosophy of the underworld,
the middle world, and the world above.

Acknowledgment
For learning purposes, the writer would like to propose several suggestions. There seems to be
the need to add more accurate books to enable students learn the traditional architecture of
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South Sulawesi more deeply, especially coastal settlements in Jeneponto regency. In addition, to
optimize students' understanding of traditional South Sulawesi architecture, more books will put
them at ease to understand the architectural features. What is also important is having mentors
who can monitor students in learning.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Z. Abidin, Kapita Selecta Kebudayaan Sulawesi Selatan., Makassar: Hasanuddin


University Press, 1999.

[2] Mattulada, Kebudayaan, Kemanusiaan, dan Lingkungan Hidup, Makassar: Hasanuddin


University Press, 1998.

[3] Y. B. Mangunwijaya, Wastu Citra, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2009.

[4] Izarwisma Mardanas, Rifai Abu, Maria, Dra, Arsitektur Tradisional Daerah Sulawesi
Selatan, Ujung Pandang: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1985.

[5] E. Lubis, Pengantar Pelabuhan Perikanan. Bahan Kuliah Pelabuhan Perikanan, Bogor:
Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2000.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No. 01, 2019 | 124 – 131

Gateway District: The Opportunities of City Gate as a


Growth Centre Reinforcement
Lindarto D. 1, Harisdani D.D. 1
1
Departement of Architecture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Abstract. Inauguration Kuala Namu Airport in 2012 has established access to area of
Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang and Karo (Mebidangro) region as a leading tourist destination.
As the central hub to the area declared Mebidangro, Medan city railway station in the
center of Merdeka Square as a main gate. The facts show that the concept of the gates are
inadequate in physical appearance as well as activities that memorable as the charming
gateway. In simple terms refers to a landmark gate marker. City revitalization in addition to
using a model of revitalization can be done with a model revealing the wisdom of local
activities. In the era of visual communication and local activities as opportunities for the
development of a place, the potential Merdeka Square neighborhood activities become
eligible as an aspect of quality amplifier forming place (reinforcement place making). With
the method of observation and analysis of spatial solid-void it is obtained that the Merdeka
Square is a model of district gateway rather than a landmark gateway by appearing the
activities of local commercial, local culture, heritage adventure, social interaction as a
trigger activity. These findings are useful for policy makers to look at the Merdeka Square
as forming productivity growth Medan city center as well as reinforcing the identity of
Medan city.

Keyword: gateway district, growth center, medan merdeka square

1. Introduction

North Sumatra as one of the rapidly growing provinces in the western part of Indonesia in 2013
inaugurated the Kuala Namu International Airport as a hub of international and domestic air
transport. The existence of the airport open accessibility of tourist destinations to the region of
North Sumatra. Medan’s demographic bonus as a national strategic regional core city,
Mebidangro making an entrance for a sightseeing trip to the city hinterland [1].

One pathway Medan from Kuala Namu Airport is Medan city railway station. Medan city
railway station dealing with Medan Merdeka Square (commonly known as the Esplanade) a
square with the marker zero point of the Medan city. This railway station is identical to the
location of a public space Merdeka Square. The colonial town design of Medan puts Esplanade
as the city center is surrounded with trade center Pajak Ikan Lama, Kesawan Chinatown,
Kantor Pos building, Balai Kota government center and railway station.

*Corresponding author at: Jl. Perpustakaan, Gedung J7, Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia

E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]

Copyright © 2019 Published by Talenta Publisher, Printed ISSN : 2622-0008, online ISSN : 2622-1640
Journal Homepage: https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijau
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Tourist attraction identity can be built through the disclosure of the potential of the building’s
architecture and the city's architecture [2]. As a place begins the influx of tourists into the city
of Medan, Merdeka Square station whose distinctive architecture has yet to show an attractive
appearance. Circulation design and orientation marker is not enough to give comfort. Spatial
linkages between indoor and outdoor space of railway station showed a striking gap
atmosphere. Actually railway station heritage is a valuable asset as a leading tourist destination
recorded the Netherlands, France, Yogyakarta and Jakarta railway station has been pointed out
that successful creative work. Reality indicates that the Merdeka Square station entrance which
is conceptualized as a magnificent city does not appear in physical appearance and activities that
take place [3].

From the economic view of the city, a place of quality tourism will affect the level of comfort
and satisfaction of tourists who have an impact on the length of stay, use of accommodation and
transport expenses. This will increase revenue. Early research shows the potential area of
Medan Merdeka Square as a "city image" or the image of the city of Medan. Revitalization of
the city in addition to using a model of revitalization [4], can also be done with a model
revealing the wisdom of local activities. In the era of visual spatial and local activities to
elemental quality room establishment, the potential physical and non-physical Merdeka Square
neighborhood becomes eligible to be disclosed as an aspect of quality amplifier forming place
(reinforcement place making).

2. Literature Review

In the World Trade Report (WTO) in 2007 (Figure 1) [5], stated that the attractiveness of tourist
destinations and serving experience can be shaped partly by grain attractions/performances,
potential indoor facilities of public or buildings, convenience of access, cultural activities of the
community, the image of the area and the distinctive character town atmosphere, affordability.

Figure 1. Elements of Fascination Destination


(Source: WTO, 2007)
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How can a planned tourist destination is to identify and select potential elements of local and
mixed to achieve a positive image of the region [6]. A significant tourist destination promises a
memorable travel experience unique to that goal. This tourist destination is also evocative
memories reinforcement repetition pleasant experience at the venue [7] [8].

How do strategies incorporation boosting agent destination can meaningfully by means of


strengthening local potential, organizing events with the condition of a charming, human
resource management of local interest in the attractions / local celebration, treats local story,
fable, memories of romance, myth that building an image the memory of that place [9].

Figure 2. Model establishment of meaningful tourist destination


(Source: Iliachenko, 2005)

One model of the formation of a tourist destination (Figure 2), means among other things is the
integration and management of multiple elements dimension of local wisdom [10], namely: the
cultural dimension (language, art, local, tribal identity, activities of religion), historical
dimension (the history of the city area, the architectural history of the city), and natural
dimension (attractive location, climate and landscape).

3. Methodology

In The Image of The City [11], Lynch express there are at least five elements of the node, path,
edge, landmark and district as the image of the city elements. In this case the gate of the city is
often interpreted by building a monument (sculpture) as a physical expression to mean the
entrance, directional, orientation, marker. In line with the method of collecting memories
(mapping experiencing) performed by Kevin Lynch, this research is descriptive qualitative,
observation and spatial analysis of solid-void [12] and literature review revealed the city's image
element strengthening the city gates in addition to landmark gateway into a form that is more
memorable gateway district.
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4. Result and Discussion

In a study on the perception of the image of the historic district in the city center [13], resulting
that the difference in the understanding of the overall image of the city that influenced the
respondent group of experts, students and general public. In this understanding of the
differences, there is one common factor to be understood in shaping the image of the region of
the main characters, namely the establishment of the area as a place, is influenced by the
familiarity of the environment, the physical form (architecture) and the perception of
respondents. Furthermore, in the study forming the identity of the city, it takes a city gate
entrance marker. City gate manifested in the presence of component identity, signs and
representations are applied to the components of urban space with public functions (public), the
function of informative and recreational functions [14].

Merdeka Square at the core of the city with its original historic buildings around which potential
Lonsum building, Bank Mandiri building, Balai Kota, Hotel De Boer (now Inna Medan),
Kantor Pos building, Kesawan heritage district and Pajak Ikan Lama trade center. There
hospitality infrastructure and adequate public facilities in this region. Potential form of
community activities in outer space in the area around Merdeka Square bordering the railway
station include the Car Free Day activities such as jogging pedestrian activity around the square,
bike community activities and skating sport. People use around the site by selling merchandise
or special snacks of Medan. Car Free Day atmosphere lasts until 11:00 pm.

Achievement of Medan City Gates plans on putting Merdeka Square area that the city gate can
not only interpreted as a monument or Gapura as usual. In the case of Merdeka Square and
railway stations as a magnet for tourist visits can be upgraded to “Gateway District” rather than
as the expansion and the generation of local spatial potential in the region. Briefly gateway/gate
is not interpreted by the display of monuments alone but as a destination area that characterizes
the diversity of activities and the formation of an artificial city of Medan is symbolic and
artistic.

Gateway District planned scenario place begins in a railway station arrivals gate that is more
attractive and able to aim orientation toward Merdeka Square. On arrival gate signage markers
have seen their way toward the left to Titi Gantung bridge to the attractions of Medan souvenir
shop and street vendors snack area. Being directed towards the front of the Kios Toko Buku field
and thematic exhibitions of art and culture the city of Medan. Tourists will be invited to the
right spot to watch attractive monument of old Dutch locomotive tobacco plantation era (Figure
3). Here are provided the location of the self-photo provides uniform tobacco industry officials
Deli Dutch era.
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Figure 3. Dutch era Locomotive Monument in Medan Merdeka Square


(Source: Author observation, 2019)

Another point of interest is the monument of Medan zero kilometer in front of heritage
buildings Kantor Pos Medan. With the background of the legendary Hotel De Boer (Figure 4)
then this area becomes crowded node where even now has become a community gathering
points of bicycles and pedestrians. Rating if the desire to stay at the heritage hotel Hotel De
Boer is the right choice. A little to the left will be neatly lined colonial buildings that Bank
Indonesia building and the Balai Kota has been conserved adaptive re-use becomes Aston
Hotel.

Figure 4. Hotel De Boer (now Inna Hotel) in Medan Merdeka Square


(Source: Author observation, 2019)

There is a spatial linkage relationship between the Medan city railway station, Locomotive
Monument, Kios Toko Buku, and Titi Gantung on Merdeka Square by linking the activities of
attractions/local activities, public facilities, accessibility, human resources, image and character
of the area as a potential District Gateway (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
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Figure 5. Potential Gateway District around railways station in Medan Merdeka Square
(Source: Author observation, 2019)

Figure 6. Potential Gateway District activities in Medan Merdeka Square


(Source: Author observation, 2019)

Provision of facilities for public street furniture such as seats (Figure 7) and decorative lighting
city room accommodates enjoyment activities with visual treat towards the historical buildings,
under the shade of a big tamarind tree, street musicians show with thematic exhibitions and
special snacks treats the city of Medan. This city open space can be used also for the activities
of the souvenir center that will strengthen memories the city of Medan.
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Figure 7. Potential Gateway District facilities in Medan Merdeka Square


(Source: Author observation, 2019)

Merdeka Square neighborhood linkage will be formed with the ease of access to important
nodal of railway station, Lonsum building, Bank Mandiri building, Balai Kota, Hotel De Boer
(now Inna Medan), Kantor Pos building, Kesawan heritage district and Pajak Ikan Lama trade
center. Movement of tourists visit can be done with local transport model uses a motor rickshaw
decorated with typical of the city of Medan. The movement of productive economic activities in
the area of Merdeka Square is consistent with the concept that combines street and square along
with interesting activities in the locality strengthen local identity.

Developing gate of the Medan city through actions strengthening the physical facilities of the
city and local activities typical of the area firstly focused on the area of railway station of
Medan Merdeka Square as a hub of transportation as a “Gateway Landmark” could become
more attractive with the application of the linkage between the nodal become “Gateway
District”, as forming productivity growth Medan city center as well as reinforcing the identity of Medan
city.

5. Conclusion

Forming productivity growth Medan city center as well as reinforcing the identity of Medan city
identity can be initiated through increased experience a more lasting and meaningful to improve
the concept of Gateway Landmark into a Gateway District. In the implementation of
development activities that identity is a comprehensive activity in the plan that involves the
mindset of tourism, accessibility, potential local knowledge of local culture in the cooperation
between the government, private sector and user communities as Medan Merdeka Square
regional development stakeholders.
International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism Vol. 03, No.01, 2019 | 124 - 131 131

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