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Foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera:

Apidae) associated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Peshawar District
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)

Article · January 2015

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 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3(3): 203-207

E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis
JEZS 2015; 3(3): 203-207
© 2015 JEZS cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) associated with
Received: 14-04-2015 sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Peshawar District
Accepted: 17-05-2015
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)
Fazal Said
Department of Entomology,
The University of Agriculture, Fazal Said, Mian Inayatullah, Sajjad Ahmad, Toheed Iqbal, Ruidar Ali Shah,
Peshawar-Pakistan. Amjad Usman, Maid Zaman and Saeed ul Haq
Mian Inayatullah
Department of Entomology, Abstract
The University of Agriculture, This paper presents foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis cerana associated with
Peshawar-Pakistan. sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. The current study was conducted under field conditions at New
Developmental Farm (NDF), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, (34.01° N, 71.53° E) Khyber
Sajjad Ahmad Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan for two consecutive years i.e. 2012 and 2013. A. cerana initiated their
Department of Entomology, foraging activities on floral heads of sunflower early in the morning and ceased in the late/evening hours
The University of Agriculture, of the day. Total length of foraging movement comprised of 10 hours. A total of two peaks of feeding
Peshawar-Pakistan. activities were recorded. First peak was recorded at 1200 hours, while second peak of foraging was
noticed at 1000 hours of the day. From pollination point of view, both peaks were of prime importance.
Toheed Iqbal Foraging activities of A. cerana were slowly turned down to its minimum level during late hours of the
Department of Entomology, day i.e. 1800 hr.
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar-Pakistan.
Keywords: Apis cerana, Foraging behavior, Pollination, Sunflower, Peshawar, Pakistan
Ruidar Ali Shah
Department of Entomology, 1. Introduction
The University of Agriculture, Honeybees (Apis spp.) are the most important insect visitors of numerous crop species. Their
Peshawar-Pakistan. body parts are well adapted to undertake pollination process of various agricultural and
horticultural crops. Wide range of host range enables honeybee species to pollinate several
Amjad Usman
Department of Entomology, types of crops. Honeybees have longest visit time to crops and are less affected by unfavorable
The University of Agriculture, climatic conditions as compared to many other insect pollinators. Their close relation to a lot
Peshawar-Pakistan. of imperative crops and its foraging behavior makes them successful insect pollinators.
Honeybees are reported to have an essential role in enhancing the efficiency level of many
Maid Zaman crops including most of seed species crops [3, 1, 19]. They also improve quality of seeds per fruit
Department of Entomology,
The University of Agriculture, in various vegetable crops. Blossoms of seed species crops are eye-catching in colors and
Peshawar-Pakistan. contain high level of nectar, pollens and aroma, which ultimately magnetize large numbers of
insect visitors including different species of honeybees. Honeybees, which embraces chief
Saeed ul Haq insect visitor as pollinator or foragers on many seed species crops play considerable role in
Department of Horticulture, pollination of these crops [10].
The University of Agriculture,
Peshawar-Pakistan. Previous studies carried out by Moeller et al. and Neupane [12, 14] have shown that honeybee
pollination can enhance fruit set by 10 to 25 per cent and fruit yield by 18 to 100 per cent
depending upon the cultivar. Sunflower is such a crop that is generally fertilized by wind.
Even though, the wind is considered as the chief pollinator for many flowering plants, yet it is
not adequate enough for pollination on many kinds of plants including sunflower (H. annuus
L.) because it is not competent to offer homogenous pollination as well as not being able to
carry heavy pollens [5, 16, 6]. Apis cerana is the only social honeybee species present at high
altitude in the Asian tropics and in northeastern Asia and is considered an important
pollinating agent [4]. Worker bees of A. cerana forage less number of pollens from different
flowers than that of A. mellifera, which forage and carry huge pollen loads from flowers.
However, A. cerana individuals forage heavier pollens during early morning hours [17].
As per report of ICIMOD [7] population density of A. cerana in the region is declining because
Correspondence:
Fazal Said
of many reasons i.e. extensive inclusion and promotion of A. mellifera species by public and
Department of Entomology, private sector through developmental intrusion, alteration in their habitat and biodiversity,
The University of Agriculture, non-judicious use of pesticides, diseases and parasites attack etc. When two or more bee
Peshawar-Pakistan. species struggle for the same sources of pollen and nectars, it has been noticed that the more
~ 203 ~ 
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
 

powerful and aggressive species generally dislodge the weaker by second peak (5.12) of foraging activities at 1000 hrs.
species from the floral sources in an area which, severely Similarly, mean incidence of A. cerana was recorded as 4.37,
affecting proportion of crop pollination. Similarly, the 4.12 and 3.50 individuals per 3 m2 area per 5 minutes at 1400,
existence of A. mellifera dislocated and declined the incidence 1600 and 0800 hrs respectively, whereas lowest foraging
of A. cerana individuals from the geographical area [17, 13]. activity was found at 1800 hrs of the day (Table-1).
Keeping in view the importance of pollinators, the current After 10 days, 5 per cent blooming on sunflower, A. cerana
investigation was taken up with the objective to study the constituted maximum (6.50 and 5.76) strength of bee counts at
foraging behavior as well as population density of the 1200 and 1000 hrs respectively and was followed by an
Himalayan honeybee (A. cerana) in Peshawar District of average number of 5.12 and 4.75 bees at 1400 and 1600 hrs of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). the day. It was found that lowest (3.12 and 3.87) foraging
activities were observed at 1800 and 0800 hrs respectively.
2. Materials and methods On 15th day after flowering, the foraging activity of A. cerana
Present investigation on foraging activities of the Himalayan started at 0800 hr with 4.50 bees/3m2/5 min and increased to
honeybee (A. cerana) associated with sunflower was carried its maximum numbers of 7.12 and 6.37 bees at 1200 and 1000
out the New Developmental Farm (NDF) of the University of hr. Similarly, mean incidence (5.87 and 5.12) of A. cerana
Agriculture Peshawar, located 34.01° North latitude and individuals was counted at 1400 and 1600 hrs.
71.53° East longitude with 306 meters elevation above the sea Minimum strength was recorded with 3.62 bees at 1800 hrs of
level. The experiment was conducted during two growing the day.
seasons i.e. spring and autumn in 2012 and 2013. Sunflower On 20th day of 5 per cent of flowering on the crop, A. cerana
hybrid Hysun-33 raised as a test crop @ 2.5 kg per hectare individuals foraging activities were observed with 5.12 bees
during the course of experimentation. Sowing of sunflower per 3 m2 area for 5 minutes at 0800 hr and it was found that
seeds was done manually on ridges by dibbling three seeds per incidence of bees continuously increased to its maximum
hull up to a depth of 3cm to maintain optimum population per strength of 8.12 at 1200 noon, which was further followed by a
plot. Following emergence, thinning was done for getting mean counts of 7 bees at 1000 hrs. Further, at 1400 and 1600
optimum population of plants. Weekly irrigation and other hrs the average counts of A. cerana individuals were recorded
recommended agronomic and cultural practices were adapted as 6.25 and 5.62, respectively. The foraging activities were
uniformly to all the treatments. The experimental area was declined to least count of 4.12 bees at 1800 hr during evening
kept free from any pesticidal application during the blooming hours of the day.
period of the crop. The experiment was laid out in On 25th day after flowering, the first peak of foraging activities
Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design, which was of A. cerana was recorded at 1200 and 1000 hr with 8.62 and
replicated four times. Plot size was kept 3 × 3 m2 with 5 rows 7.75 bees/3m2/5 minutes. It was noticed that population of
that were 60 cm apart from each other. Plant-to-plant distance bees started declining towards the evening hours with mean
was maintained 30 cm respectively. The following parameters count of 6.50 and 6.12 individuals of A. cerana. Similarly, the
were studied during the course of experiment: least activity was found at 1800 hr, which recorded only 4.75
bees/3m2/5min.
2.1 Foraging behavior of Apis cerana On 30th day after crop blooming stage, it was noticed that
The Himalayan honeybee (A. cerana) exploited sunflower as highest bee visitation was occurred at 1200 noon with average
source of pollen and nectar during its blooming period. number of 5.37 bees, which was followed by a second peak of
Observation on bee visit to sunflower floral heads was started 4.87 individuals of A. cerana at 1000 hrs of the day. During
from initiation of 5 per cent flowers on the crop and continued early hours of the day at 0800 hr, mean number of bees were
until 35th days after flowering. Observation on bee visitation counted as 3.62. Less foraging activities of bees were observed
after a gap of 5 days was recorded at 6 different time intervals during late hours and was found that mean number of 4.50 and
i.e. 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 hrs of the day. 4.12 bees were engaged in foraging at 1400 and 1600 hrs
Observation were taken on total number of bee visits for a respectively, which attained its minimum count of 2.62 bees/3
maximum period of 5 minute in an area of 3 m2 in each m2/5 minutes at 1800 hrs.
replication during different time intervals, thus average Foraging activities of A. cerana on sunflower after 35th days of
relative abundance and foraging behavior was worked out. The crop flowering stage showed that their incidence declined due
experiment was comprised of following 6 treatments. to maturity of crop and less availability of pollens and nectar
T1 = 0800 hr, T2 = 1000 hr, T3 = 1200 hr, T4 = 1400 hr, T5 = on flowers. However, highest (4.12 and 3.75) mean counts of
1600 hr, T6 = 1800 hr bee individuals were made at 1200 and 1000 hr respectively.
Another peak was noticed with 3.25 bees/3 m2/ 5 minutes at
1400 hr and was followed by 2.75 and 2.30 bees at 1600 and
2.2 Statistical analysis
0800 hrs of the day. Minimum (1.87) level of bee population
Collected data were analyzed according to the procedure
was found at 1800 hr of the day.
appropriate for randomized complete blocked design (RCBD)
combine over year and season by using statistical software,
Gen-Stat third edition. Least significance test was performed
for separation of means when the F- test was found significant.

3. Results
3.1 Foraging activity of Apis cerana on sunflower Hysun-33
during spring 2012-13
Foraging behavior of bees on crop at different time intervals
showed that 5 days after initiation of flowers on the crop,
maximum (6.00) incidence of A. cerana individuals were
recorded during noon at 1200 hr, which was further followed
~ 204 ~ 
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
 

Table 1: Foraging behavior of Apis cerana per 3 m2 per 5 minutes on Sunflower Hysun-33 during spring 2012-13
Treatments (Hours) 5 DAF 10 DAF 15 DAF 20 DAF 25 DAF 30 DAF 35 DAF
0800 hr 3.50x-zab 3.87u-z 4.50p-v 5.12k-q 5.50h-n 3.62w-za 2.30d-h
1000 hr 5.12k-q 5.76f-l 6.37d-g 7.00c-e 7.75bc 4.87m-s 3.75v-z
1200 hr 6.00f-j 6.50d-f 7.12cd 8.12ab 8.62a 5.37i-o 4.12s-x
1400 hr 4.37q-w 5.12k-q 5.87f-k 6.25e-h 6.50de 4.50p-v 3.25yza-c
1600 hr 4.12s-x 4.75n-t 5.25j-p 5.62g-m 6.12f-i 4.12s-x 2.75b-f
1800 hr 2.87a-e 3.12za-d 3.62w-za 4.12s-x 4.75n-t 2.62c-g 1.87g-i
Means in the columns followed by different letters are significantly different from one another at (P ≤ 0.05) level of probability
LSD0.05 = 0.86
DAF = Days after flowering

3.2 Foraging activity of Apis cerana on sunflower Hysun-33 cerana individuals were recorded at 1200 and 1000 hr
during autumn 2012- 13 respectively. The next peak foraging was observed with 4.50
Data presented in table-2 indicated that on 5th day after 5 per bees/3m2/5 minutes at 1400 hr and was followed by 4.25 bees
cent of flowering on the crop, the foraging activity of A. at 1600 hrs of the day at 0800 hr. An average density of 3.62
cerana started at 0800 hr with 2.37 bees/3m2/5min and bees was recorded during early hours of the day. Significantly,
attained its highest counts of 4.25 and 3.75 bees/3m2/5min at lowest (2.87) population of bees was found at 1800 hr of the
1200 and 1000 hr respectively. Further, an average frequency day.
(3.12 and 2.87) of A. cerana individuals were recorded at 1400 Similarly, on 25th day after crop blooming stage, again it was
and 1600 hrs. Minimum count of bees was recorded with 1.87 noticed that highest number of bee visitation took place due to
bees/3m2/5 minutes at 1800 hrs of the day. more number of plants in blooming. Maximum foraging
On 10th day after flowering, A. cerana foraging activities were recorded at 1200 noon with mean number of 6.00 bees, which
observed with highest count of 4.62 and 4.12 bees per 3 m2 was followed by a second peak of 5.00 individuals of A.
area for 5 minutes at 1200 and 1000 hrs of the day cerana at 1400 hrs of the day. Further, at 1000 and 1600 hr,
respectively, which was further followed by a mean population average counts on bee foraging was made as 4.87 and 4.62
of 3.62 bees at 1400 hr. Further, at 0800 and 1600 hrs the bees/3m2/5 minutes respectively. Mean number of bees at
counts of A. cerana individuals were recorded as 2.87 and 3.25 0800 hr were counted as 3.75 whereas minimum counts with
respectively. The foraging activities of A. cerana individuals 3.12 bees/3m2/5 minutes was noticed at 1800 hrs of the day.
were turned down to least incidence of only 2.12 bees at 1800 On 30th day after flowering, the first peak of foraging activities
hr during evening hours of the day. of A. cerana was found at 1200 and 1000 hr with 4.50 and
Data regarding foraging behavior of A. cerana on 15 days after 3.87 bees/3m2/5minutes. An incidence of 2.50 bees of A.
blooming stage of the crop revealed that the foraging activity cerana was observed at 0800 hr of the day. It was noticed that
occurred throughout the whole day that was recorded right mean number of bee individuals were started declining during
from 0800 through 1800 hr. First peak of A. cerana foraging late hours in the evening. Mean counts of 3.12 and 2.87
activity was recorded at 1200 hr of the day with 5.25 bees individuals of A. cerana was recorded at 1400 and 1600 hr,
whereas second peak foraging activity was found at 1000 hr whereas an average count on only 2.00 bees recorded at 1800
with 4.75 bees and was followed by 4.00 individuals at 1400 hr.
hrs of the day. Further, the mean incidence of A. cerana was On 35th day after crop blooming stage, it was found that
recorded as 3.62 and 3.12 bees/3m2/5 minutes at 1600 and significantly more (3.12 and 2.87) number of bee individuals
0800 hrs of the day. Minimum activity of bees was found at were recorded at 1200 and 1000 hr respectively which was
1800 hrs, which recorded only 2.50 individuals of A. cerana. followed by 2.62 bees at 1400 hr. Average count of A. cerana
Foraging activities of Himalayan bees on sunflower after 20th was noticed with 2.00 and 1.75 bees/3m2/5 minutes at 1600
days flowering indicated that their population increased due to and 0800 hr of the day, whereas minimum (1.37) foraging
more number of nectars and pollens on floral heads of activity was recorded at 1800 hrs of the day.
sunflower. Highest (5.87 and 4.12) mean frequency of A.

Table 2: Foraging behavior of Apis cerana per 3 m2 per 5 minutes on Sunflower Hysun-33 during autumn 2012-13
Treatments (Hours) 5 DAF 10 DAF 15 DAF 20 DAF 25 DAF 30 DAF 35 DAF
0800 hr 2.37d-h 2.87a-e 3.12za-d 3.62w-za 3.75v-z 2.50c-h 1.75hi
1000 hr 3.75v-z 4.12s-x 4.75n-t 5.12k-q 4.87m-s 3.87u-z 2.87a-e
1200 hr 4.25r-x 4.62o-u 5.25j-p 5.87f-k 6.00f-j 4.50p-v 3.12za-d
1400 hr 3.12za-d 3.62w-za 4.00t-y 4.50p-v 5.00l-q 3.12za-d 2.62c-g
1600 hr 2.87a-e 3.25yza-c 3.62w-za 4.25r-x 4.62o-u 2.87a-e 2.00f-i
1800 hr 1.87g-i 2.12e-i 2.50c-h 2.87a-e 3.12za-d 2.00f-i 1.37i
Means in the columns followed by different letters are significantly different from one another at (P ≤ 0.05) level of probability
LSD0.05 = 0.86
DAF = Days after flowering

4. Discussion of the bees was high up to 1600 hr, but in the evening hours,
Apis cerana indica foraging activity was found throughout their incidence was declined and minimum foraging was
flowering period of sunflower. Individuals of A. cerana observed during late hours of the day at 1800 hr. During the
generally commenced their foraging activity early in the flowering period, bee activity was highest on 20th and 25th
morning hours, which attained its peak in the noon hours of day after initiation of flowers on the crop. The lowest
the day. The foraging activity of A. cerana was recorded at visitation was observed during 30th and 35th days after
their peak at 1000 hr and 1200 hr respectively. The population flowering on the crop due to less pollens availability due to
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Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
 

maturity of the crop. The peak foraging hours of the visit foragers and their effect on seed yield of rapeseed
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