Lab - Linux Review

Objectives
Part 1: Launch the DEVASC VM
Part 2: Review Command Syntax Navigation
Part 3: Review File Management
Part 4: Review Regular Expressions
Part 5: Review System Administration

Background / Scenario
In this lab, you review basic Linux skills including command navigation, file management, regular expressions,
and system administration. This lab is not meant as a substitute for prior Linux experience and does not
necessarily cover all the Linux skills you need for this course. However, this lab should serve as a good
measure of your Linux skills and help direct you to where you may need more review.

Required Resources
• 1 PC with operating system of your choice
• Virtual Box or VMWare
• DEVASC Virtual Machine

Instructions

Part 1: Launch the DEVASC VM

If you have not already completed the Lab - Install the Virtual Machine Lab Environment, do so now. If you
have already completed that lab, launch the DEVASC VM now.

Part 2: Review Command Syntax Navigation

In this part, you will use the ls, pwd, cd, and sudo commands to review basic command syntax navigation.

Step 1: Open a terminal in the DEVASC-LABVM.

a. Double-click the Terminal Emulator icon on the desktop to open a terminal window.

Step 2: Navigate directories.

a. Use the ls command to display a listing of the current directory. Remember that commands are case-
sensitive.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls
Desktop Downloads Music Public Templates
Documents labs Pictures snap Videos
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the ls command with the labs argument to display the contents of the labs folder.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls labs

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Lab - Linux Review

devnet-src
devasc@labvm:~$
c. Use the ls command with the -l option to display a "long display" of the contents of the current directory.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls -l
total 40
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:25 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 5 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:21 labs
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x 5 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:24 snap
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Videos
devasc@labvm:~$
d. Use the ls command with the -r option to display the contents of the current directory in reverse
alphabetical order.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls -r
Videos snap Pictures labs Documents
Templates Public Music Downloads Desktop
devasc@labvm:~$
e. Multiple options can be used at the same time. Use the ls command with both the -l and -r options to
display the contents of the current directory both in long and reverse order.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls -lr
total 40
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Videos
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 5 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:24 snap
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Music
drwxr-xr-x 5 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:21 labs
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Apr 15 19:09 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 devasc devasc 4096 Mar 30 21:25 Desktop
devasc@labvm:~$
f. There are many more options that can be used with the ls command. Use the man command with the
argument ls to see all of the possibilities in the manual. The man command can be used to look up any
command within the system. Use the space bar to advance to subsequent screens. Press q to quit.
devasc@labvm:~$ man ls
(The command line disappears and the manual page for ls opens.)
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)

NAME
ls - list directory contents

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Lab - Linux Review

SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is speci‐
fied.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options

too.

-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..

--author
Manual page ls(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)

g. You can also use --help argument after most commands to see a shorter summary of all the available
command options.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
(Output Omitted)
devasc@labvm:~$
h. Use the pwd command to display the current working directory.
devasc@labvm:~$ pwd
/home/devasc
devasc@labvm:~$
i. Use the cd command to change the directory to /home/devasc/Documents.
devasc@labvm:~$ cd Documents
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
j. Use the cd command with the / symbol to change directories to the root directory. Use pwd again to see
that you are now in the root directory.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ cd /
devasc@labvm:/$ pwd
/
devasc@labvm:/$
k. Return to the /home/devasc/Documents directory. Tip: You can move one directory at a time or all the
way to a destination. To quickly enter the command, type the first few letters of the directory name and

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Lab - Linux Review

press Tab for the system to automatically enter the rest of the name. Remember that names are case-
sensitive.
devasc@labvm:/$ cd /home/devasc/Documents/
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
l. Use the .. characters to move up a single directory. Use pwd again to see you are back in the user’s
home directory.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ cd ..
devasc@labvm:~$ pwd
/home/devasc
devasc@labvm:~$

Step 3: Use super user commands for administrative access.

a. Use the sudo command to issue a single command as the root user. A new terminal will not be created.
Use the sudo apt-get update command to update to refresh the list of available packages installed on
the VM. This command will not work without using the sudo command.
Note: Your output will most likely be different.
devasc@labvm:~$ sudo apt-get update
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [97.9 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease [265 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [89.1 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [89.2 kB]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main i386 Packages [723 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages [981 kB]
(Output Omitted)
Fetched 677 kB in 2s (346 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
devasc@labvm:~$

Part 3: Review File Management

In this part, you will review file permissions, change file permissions and ownership, move files, copy files,
remove files, and view files.

Step 1: Review file permissions.

a. Use the ls Desktop -l to display the contents of the Desktop folder.
devasc@labvm:~$ ls Desktop -l
total 28
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 1095 Mar 30 21:24 chromium_chromium.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 401 Mar 30 21:25 cisco-packet-tracer_cisco-pacet-
tracer.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 776 Mar 30 21:23 code.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 373 Mar 30 21:25 drawio_drawio.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 250 Mar 30 21:21 exo-terminal-emulator.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 99 Mar 30 21:21 labs.desktop
-rwxr-xr-x 1 devasc devasc 334 Mar 30 21:24 postman_postman.desktop
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Answer the following questions about the output above. If necessary, search the internet for information
of Linux file permission shown in the output of the ls command.

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Lab - Linux Review

Questions

What does the initial dash represent in the permission information?

Type your answers here.
What would be in the place of the dash if the item was a directory?
Type your answers here.
What do the next three letters or dashes represent in the permission information?
Type your answers here.
What do the middle three letters or dashes represent in the permission information?
Type your answers here.
What do the last three letters or dashes represent in the permission information?
Type your answers here.
What does the first instance of "devasc" in the permission information indicate?
Type your answers here.
What does the second instance of "devasc" in the permission information indicate?
Type your answers here.
What does a permission type of "r" mean?
Type your answers here.
What does a permission type of "w" mean?
Type your answers here.
What does a permission type of "x" mean?
Type your answers here.

Step 2: Change file permissions and ownership.

a. Use the command cd to change to the Documents directory.
devasc@labvm:~$ cd Documents/
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
b. Use the command echo to create a shell script file, that will have the command ls ../Desktop inside the
file. Remember that the greater than (>) character redirects command output to a file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ echo "ls ../Desktop" > myfile.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
c. The myfile.sh script is stored in the /Documents directory. Use the cat command to view the only
command in the script. This file will be used as an example to modify permissions and ownership.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ cat myfile.sh
ls ../Desktop
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
d. Use the command ./myfile.sh to run the script. Access is denied because you must set the permission of
executable on the file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ./myfile.sh
bash: ./myfile.sh: Permission denied

e. Use the command ls -l myfile.sh to view the current file permissions.

devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls -l myfile.sh

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Lab - Linux Review

-rw-rw-r-- 1 devasc devasc 14 Apr 16 12:46 myfile.sh

f. Use the command chmod +x myfile.sh to allow you to execute the file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ chmod +x myfile.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
g. Use the command ./myfile.sh to run the script.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ./myfile.sh
chromium_chromium.desktop exo-terminal-emulator.desktop
cisco-packet-tracer_cisco-pacet-tracer.desktop labs.desktop
code.desktop postman_postman.desktop
drawio_drawio.desktop
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
h. Use the command sudo chown root myfile.sh to change the ownership of the file to "root".
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ sudo chown root myfile.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
i. Display the permissions of the myfile.sh file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls -l
total 4
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root devasc 14 Apr 16 21:28 myfile.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$

Step 3: Use the move files command.

a. Use the command mv to move the myfile.sh file to the desktop.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ mv myfile.sh /home/devasc/Desktop/
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
b. Display the contents of the Desktop folder.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls ../Desktop/
chromium_chromium.desktop exo-terminal-emulator.desktop
cisco-packet-tracer_cisco-pacet-tracer.desktop labs.desktop
code.desktop myfile.sh
drawio_drawio.desktop postman_postman.desktop
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
c. Return the file to the Documents folder.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ mv ../Desktop/myfile.sh myfile.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$
d. Use the command mv to rename myfile.sh to myfile_renamed.sh.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ mv myfile.sh myfile_renamed.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls
myfile_renamed.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$

Step 4: Use the copy files command.

a. Use the command cp to make a copy of the myfile_renamed.sh file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ cp myfile_renamed.sh myfile_renamed_and_copied.sh

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Lab - Linux Review

devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls
myfile_renamed_and_copied.sh myfile_renamed.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$

Step 5: Use the remove files command.

Use the rm command to remove the myfile_renamed_and_copied.sh file.
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ rm myfile_renamed_and_copied.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$ ls
mbr.img myfile_renamed.sh
devasc@labvm:~/Documents$

Step 6: Use the standard output redirect.

a. Use the redirect (>) to place text into a new file called linux.txt.
devasc@labvm:~$ echo "Linux is AWESOME!" > linux.txt
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the command cat to redirect the contents of linux.txt to another file.
devasc@labvm:~$ cat linux.txt > linux2.txt
devasc@labvm:~$
c. Use the command cat to view the contents of linux2.txt.
devasc@labvm:~$ cat linux2.txt
Linux is AWESOME!
devasc@labvm:~$
d. Use the echo command to append text to the linux2.txt file.
devasc@labvm:~$ echo "I LOVE Linux!" >> linux2.txt
devasc@labvm:~$
e. Use the cat command to view the contents of the linux2.txt file.
devasc@labvm:~$ cat linux2.txt
Linux is AWESOME!
I LOVE Linux!
devasc@labvm:~$
f. Use the echo command to overwrite the contents of a file using the single angle bracket.
devasc@labvm:~$ echo "Linux is POWERFUL!" > linux.txt
devasc@labvm:~$
g. Use the cat command to view the contents of the linux.txt file. Notice that the previous state “Linux is
AWESOME!” was overwritten.
devasc@labvm:~$ cat linux.txt
Linux is POWERFUL!
devasc@labvm:~$

Step 7: Use the vi text editor.

a. Use the following command to start the vi text editor and open a text file.
devasc@labvm:~$ vi linux2.txt

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Lab - Linux Review

The following content is shown in the editor window:

Linux is AWESOME!
I LOVE Linux!

b. Use the text editor to change the content to the following:

Linux is Linux
I am AWESOME!

The a key will allow you to enter edit mode, appending after the cursor’s position, while the i key will allow
you to enter edit mode, inserting at the cursor’s position. You will need to use the Esc key to enter
command mode to move around. Remember that d will delete (cut), y will yank (copy), and p will put
(paste) the current line with the cursor.
c. Save the text to a new file called "linux3.txt". Remember that you will need to be in the command mode
and type a colon ( : ) to enter ex mode so that you can write (save) the document ( :w linux3.txt). You
can then use the quit (exit) command ( :q) to exit the vi editor.
d. Use the cat command to view the contents of the linux3.txt file.
devasc@labvm:~$ cat linux3.txt
Linux is Linux
I am AWESOME!
devasc@labvm:~$

Part 4: Review Regular Expressions

In this part, you use the grep command to review how you can use regular expressions for filtering.
Note: Your output may differ than the output shown below as the state of the VM is based on the most recent
iteration that you downloaded as well as any changes you may have made. However, you should get some
output from the passwd file but your highlighted output will differ.
a. Use the grep command to filter the contents of the passwd file to display the line from the passwd file
containing devasc. Notice that the two instances of devasc are highlighted. Also notice that the grep
command is case-sensitive. The instance of DEVASC is not highlighted.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep devasc /etc/passwd
devasc:x:900:900:DEVASC,,,:/home/devasc:/bin/bash
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the grep command to show how many times root appears in the passwd file. Notice that all three
instances of root are highlighted.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
devasc@labvm:~$
c. Use the grep command with the anchor character ^ to find the word, but only at the beginning of the line.
Notice that only the word at the beginning of the line is highlighted.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep '^root' /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
devasc@labvm:~$
d. Use the grep command with the anchor character $ to find a word at the end of a line.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep 'false$' /etc/passwd
tss:x:106:114:TPM software stack,,,:/var/lib/tpm:/bin/false
lightdm:x:107:117:Light Display Manager:/var/lib/lightdm:/bin/false
hplip:x:115:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/run/hplip:/bin/false

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Lab - Linux Review

devasc@labvm:~$
e. Use the grep command with the anchor character . to match specific length words with different letters in
them. Notice that not only is daem highlighted, but also dnsm is highlighted.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep 'd..m' /etc/passwd
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
dnsmasq:x:109:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:110:121:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-
autoipd:/usr/sbin/nologin
usbmux:x:111:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:113:122:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/usr/sbin/nologin
colord:x:116:125:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/usr/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:117:126:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/usr/sbin/nologin
devasc@labvm:~$
f. Use the grep command to find lines where only the numbers 8 or 9 are present. Notice that only the lines
containing an 8, a 9, or both are returned.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep '[8-9]' /etc/passwd
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
uuidd:x:103:109::/run/uuidd:/usr/sbin/nologin
devasc:x:900:900:DEVASC,,,:/home/devasc:/bin/bash
systemd-network:x:999:999:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:998:998:systemd Resolver:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:997:997:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:996:996:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:108:119:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/usr/sbin/nologin
dnsmasq:x:109:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/usr/sbin/nologin
devasc@labvm:~$
g. Use the grep command to find literal characters. Notice that only the lines containing a comma are
returned.
devasc@labvm:~$ grep '[,]' /etc/passwd
devasc:x:900:900:DEVASC,,,:/home/devasc:/bin/bash
tss:x:106:114:TPM software stack,,,:/var/lib/tpm:/bin/false
rtkit:x:108:119:RealtimeKit,,,:/proc:/usr/sbin/nologin
dnsmasq:x:109:65534:dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/misc:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:110:121:Avahi autoip daemon,,,:/var/lib/avahi-
autoipd:/usr/sbin/nologin
usbmux:x:111:46:usbmux daemon,,,:/var/lib/usbmux:/usr/sbin/nologin
kernoops:x:112:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:113:122:Avahi mDNS daemon,,,:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/usr/sbin/nologin
hplip:x:115:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/run/hplip:/bin/false
colord:x:116:125:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/usr/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:117:126:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/usr/sbin/nologin
devasc@labvm:~$
h. Use the grep command to find occurrences of zero or more of the pattern preceding it. Notice that only
the lines with either new and ne are returned.

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Lab - Linux Review

devasc@labvm:~$ grep 'new*' /etc/passwd

news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:100:103::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:102:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:104:110::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:999:999:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
kernoops:x:112:65534:Kernel Oops Tracking Daemon,,,:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
saned:x:114:124::/var/lib/saned:/usr/sbin/nologin
devasc@labvm:~$

Part 5: Review System Administration

In this part, you will review basic Linux system administration tasks including shutting down the computer,
viewing and testing the network configuration, viewing processes, managing installation packages, updating
user passwords, adding content to files, and using text editors.

Step 1: Shut down the computer.

a. Use the command shutdown now to initiate a shutdown of the OS (and the VM) immediately. You do not
have to perform this action as the VM will shut down and you will need to restart it manually. Formats of
this time argument can be the word now, a time of day in the format hh:mm or the number of minutes to
delay in the format +minutes.
devasc@labvm:~$ shutdown now
b. Use the command date to check set date of the OS.
devasc@labvm:~$ date
Fri 17 Apr 2020 08:53:20 PM UTC
devasc@labvm:~$
c. Use the command shutdown +1 "Come back soon!" to shut down the OS in 1 minute and display the
message "Come back soon!". Be sure to cancel or your VM will shut down.
devasc@labvm:~$ shutdown +1 "Come back soon!"
Shutdown scheduled for Fri 2020-04-17 20:57:13 UTC, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.
devasc@labvm:~$ shutdown -c
devasc@labvm:~$

Step 2: View and test the network configuration.

a. Use the ip address command to display the network configuration. The output is a bit more detailed.
For example, notice that five IPv4 addresses are shown for the dummy0 interface.
devasc@labvm:~$ ip address
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen
1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group
default qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:ce:2b:8b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

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Lab - Linux Review

inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global dynamic enp0s3

valid_lft 75746sec preferred_lft 75746sec
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fece:2b8b/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: dummy0: <BROADCAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group
default qlen 1000
link/ether 46:8b:41:b5:de:aa brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.0.2.1/32 scope global dummy0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.0.2.2/32 scope global dummy0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.0.2.3/32 scope global dummy0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.0.2.4/32 scope global dummy0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.0.2.5/32 scope global dummy0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::448b:41ff:feb5:deaa/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the command ping with the options -c 4 to ping a computer on your local network four times. You
must use a valid IP address of a device on your local network. The following example is using
192.168.1.1, but your network will most likely have different IPv4 addresses.
devasc@labvm:~$ ping -c 4 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.13 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.30 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=1.31 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=63 time=2.49 ms

--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.130/1.809/2.492/0.594 ms
devasc@labvm:~$
c. You can also ping a name and Domain Name System (DNS) will resolve the name to an IP address. For
example, ping Cisco’s website. Your VM will send out a DNS request first to get the IP address and then
send the ping packets. The DNS process is not shown in the ping output.
devasc@labvm:~$ ping -c 4 www.cisco.com
PING e2867.dsca.akamaiedge.net (23.204.11.200) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from a23-204-11-200.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.204.11.200):
icmp_seq=1 ttl=58 time=185 ms
64 bytes from a23-204-11-200.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.204.11.200):
icmp_seq=2 ttl=58 time=28.8 ms
64 bytes from a23-204-11-200.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.204.11.200):
icmp_seq=3 ttl=58 time=28.8 ms
64 bytes from a23-204-11-200.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (23.204.11.200):
icmp_seq=4 ttl=58 time=26.4 ms

--- e2867.dsca.akamaiedge.net ping statistics ---

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Lab - Linux Review

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3007ms

rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 26.443/67.339/185.363/68.147 ms
devasc@labvm:~$

Step 3: View Processes

a. Use the ps command to display the processes that are running in the current terminal.
devasc@labvm:~$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
1416 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
1453 pts/0 00:00:00 ps
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the ps with the -e option to display all the processes that are running on the computer.
devasc@labvm:~$ ps -e
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 rcu_gp
4 ? 00:00:00 rcu_par_gp
6 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H-kblockd
7 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:1-events
9 ? 00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq
(output omitted)

c. You can pipe any command output to one screen at a time by adding | more. One screen of output
displays with the --more-- shown at the bottom. You can now use the Enter key to display one line at a
time, the space bar to display one screen at a time, or Ctrl+C to exit and return to the command prompt.
devasc@labvm:~$ ps -e | more
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:01 systemd
2 ? 00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ? 00:00:00 rcu_gp
4 ? 00:00:00 rcu_par_gp
6 ? 00:00:00 kworker/0:0H-kblockd
9 ? 00:00:00 mm_percpu_wq
10 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
--More--

d. Use the ps with the -ef option to display all the processes that are running on the computer with more
detail.
devasc@labvm:~$ ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 20:57 ? 00:00:01 /sbin/init
root 2 0 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_gp]
root 4 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [rcu_par_gp]
root 6 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [kworker/0:0H-kblockd]
root 9 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
root 10 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 11 2 0 20:57 ? 00:00:01 [rcu_sched]

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Lab - Linux Review

(output omitted)

Step 4: Manage packages.

a. Use the command apt-get update to refresh the list of available packages in the OS, as shown
previously in Part 1 of this lab. You must use administrative level permissions to use this command.
devasc@labvm:~$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease [265 kB]
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main i386 Packages [721 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages [974 kB]
Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main Translation-en [506 kB]
(output omitted)

b. Use the command apt-cache search to find a specific package.

devasc@labvm:~$ apt-cache search speed test
(output omitted)
smalt-examples - Sequence Mapping and Alignment Tool (examples)
speedtest-cli - Command line interface for testing internet bandwidth using
speedtest.net
sup - Software Upgrade Protocol implementation
sysbench - multi-threaded benchmark tool for database systems
tcpreplay - Tool to replay saved tcpdump files at arbitrary speeds (output omitted)

c. Use the command apt-get install to install a package.

devasc@labvm:~$ sudo apt-get install speedtest-cli
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
speedtest-cli
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 23.9 kB of archives.
After this operation, 106 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 speedtest-cli all 2.1.2-2
[23.9 kB]
Fetched 23.9 kB in 1s (43.9 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package speedtest-cli.
(output omitted)

d. Now you can use the speedtest-cli command to test your current Internet connection speed.
devasc@labvm:~$ speedtest-cli
Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
Testing from Cable Company (192.168.100.21)...
Retrieving speedtest.net server list...
Selecting best server based on ping...
Hosted by Comcast (Albuquerque, NM) [494.76 km]: 48.636 ms
Testing download
speed................................................................................

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Lab - Linux Review

Download: 90.87 Mbit/s

Testing upload
speed.................................................................................
.....................
Upload: 17.87 Mbit/s
devasc@labvm:~$
e. Use the command apt-get upgrade to update all packages and dependencies on the computer.
devasc@labvm:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
libnss-systemd libpam-systemd libsystemd0 libyelp0 linux-generic linux-headers-
generic
(output omitted)

f. Use the command apt-get purge to completely remove a package from the computer.
devasc@labvm:~$ sudo apt-get purge speedtest-cli
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
speedtest-cli*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
After this operation, 106 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
(Reading database ... 211937 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing speedtest-cli (2.1.2-2) ...
(output omitted)

Step 5: Update Passwords

a. Use the command passwd to update your password.
Note: If you actually change the password for your devasc user, make sure you remember it.
devasc@labvm:~$ passwd
Changing password for devasc.
Current password:
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
devasc@labvm:~$
b. Use the command passwd with the option -S to view the status of your password.
devasc@labvm:~$ passwd -S
devasc P 04/17/2020 0 99999 7 -1
devasc@labvm:~$
c. Use the manual pages for the passwd command (man passwd) to research the -S option and find the
answer the following questions.

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Lab - Linux Review

Questions

What is the current status of the password?

Type your answers here.
What is the minimum number of days that must pass before the password can be changed?
Type your answers here.
What is the number of days after password expiration that the account remains active?
Type your answers here.
End of document

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