DETERMINATION OF DENSITY AND

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF LIQUIDS

 I. Objectives

By the end of the activity, the students should be able to:

 Perform an experiment of the designated solution

 Be able to get the density of the certain mixture using hydrometer
 Use the salinometer as a measuring device for liquid
 Compute the percent difference of the experimental and theoretical values of
density of the certain mixtures
 Gain knowledge and to know the advantages and disadvantages in using
salinometer and hydrometer as a measuring device

II. Intended Learning Outcome

 To get the density of the liquid using the hydrometer
 To know the essence of using salinometer
 Determining the specific gravity of the liquid
 To get the percentage of the liquid
 Compute for the theoretical value of the solutions density using the right
equation

III. Discussion

Gasoline
 Gasoline, also spelled gasolene, also called gas or petrol, mixture of volatile,
flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for
internal-combustion engines. It is also used as a solvent for oils and fats. Originally a
by-product of the petroleum industry (kerosene being the principal product),
gasoline became the preferred automobile fuel because of its high energy of
combustion and capacity to mix readily with air in a carburetor.
Liquor

 Liquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, spirit, or distilled drink) is an alcoholic drink
produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone
through alcoholic fermentation. The distillation process purifies the liquid and
removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its
proportion of alcohol content (commonly expressed as alcohol by volume, ABV). As
liquors contain significantly more alcohol, they are considered "harder" – in North
America, the term hard liquor is used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from
non-distilled ones.

Oil

 An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient

temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally
"water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils
have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and
surface active.

Dishwashing Liquid

 is an all-purpose dishwashing formula with anti-bac and intensified grease-

cutting power for faster and more efficient removal of grease, fats and oils in
dishes, pots and other kitchen utensils. It comes in three varieties, namely:
Citrus, Lemon, and Antibac or Unscented Dishwashing Liquid is used in
industrial, household kitchens, hospitals, nursing homes, schools and in
commercial establishments such as restaurants, hotels, motels, etc.

Isopropyl Alcohol

 Isopropyl alcohol, also called 2-propanol, one of the most common members of the
alcohol family of organic compounds. Isopropyl alcohol was the first commercial
synthetic alcohol; chemists at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (later Exxon
Mobil) first produced it in 1920 while studying petroleum by-products. It is easily
 synthesized from the reaction of propylene with sulfuric acid, followed by
hydrolysis.

Ethanol

 Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless
liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or brandy.
Because it can readily dissolve in water and other organic compounds, ethanol also
is an ingredient in a range of products, from personal care and beauty products to
paints and varnishes to fuel.

Hydrometer

 Definition
Hydrometer is an instrument used to decide
specific gravity. It works dependent on the
Archimedes rule that a strong body uproots
its own weight inside a fluid in which it
coasts. Hydrometers can be separated into
two general classes: fluids heavier than water
and fluids lighter than water. In the standard
hydrometer scale, known as the particular
gravity scale, refined water approaches
1.000, the purpose of estimation. Fluids
lighter than water are scaled underneath 1.000 particular gravity, and fluids heavier
than water are scaled over 1.000 particular gravity.

 Uses

A hydrometer is comprised of a thin glass or plastic tube fixed at the two finishes
with a graduated or printed scale adjusted to a particular gravity. One end of the
tube is knob moulded and weighted with a counterweight of either fine lead shot or
steel shot. The balance makes the instrument drift upright in a fluid like an angling
bobber. A second glass or plastic chamber, usually known as a hydrometer bump, is
 loaded up with the fluid being estimated. The hydrometer is then put in the
hydrometer jostle containing the example fluid. The particular gravity of the
example fluid is demonstrated when the level of the example fluid in the jug lines
up with a point on the hydrometer scale. Contingent upon which scale is utilized,
the occasions heavier or lighter than water the example fluid weighs would now be
able to be recorded. Notwithstanding perusing particular gravity esteems, scales on
a hydrometer can be adjusted to Baume, Brix, Alcohol, API (American Petroleum
Institute Index) and others for particular synthetic substances.

The idea behind the hydrometer is that suspending a solid object in a liquid will
cause the solid to float to the same degree as the weight of the displaced fluid. This
means the tool will sink lower in a less dense liquid. Brewers use hydrometers to
track the progress of beer or other fermented drinks, since the liquid's density
decreases as yeast converts sugar into alcohol.

Soils may likewise be evaluated with a hydrometer. The width of soil grains is
habitually of intrigue when considering soils and a few grains might be too little to
quantify with strainers. This kind of hydrometer estimates the thickness of these
grains and their max speed as they fall through the arrangement. These qualities
permit the width of the dirt grains to be figured, subsequently giving the level of
particles in the example that surpass a given size.

Salinometer

 Definition
Salinometer is a device designed to measure the
salinity, or dissolved salt content, of a solution.
Since the salinity affects both the electrical
conductivity and the specific gravity of a solution, a
salinometer often consist of hydro meter and some
means of converting those readings to a salinity
reading.

 Application
 Fresh water generators (Evaporators) utilize salinometers on the distillate release
with a specific end goal to measure the nature of the water. Water from the
evaporator can be bound for consumable water supplies, so salty water is not
alluring for human utilization.
In a few boats, to a great degree excellent distillate is required for use in water-tube
boilers, where saltwater would be appalling. In these boats, a salinometer is
additionally introduced on the feed framework where it would caution the designer
to any salt tainting.
The salinometer may change the evaporator’s yield from new water to bolster
water tanks naturally, contingent upon the water quality. The higher quality (bring
down saltiness) is required for the heater feed water, not for drinking.

Specific Gravity

 Definition
Specific Gravity is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the
material to the density of water. If the density of the substance of interest and the
reference substance (water) are known in the same units (e.g., both in g/cm 3 or
lb/ft3), then the specific gravity of the substance is equal to its density divided by
that of the reference substance (water = 1 g/cm 3), hence The greater the density,
the tighter or closer the molecules are packed inside the substance. Therefore, the
greater the density / specific gravity of a liquid the higher a hydrometer will be
buoyed by it.

Density

 Definition
Density is a proportion of mass for every volume. Thickness is an approach to gauge
how firmly stuffed a question is. Denser items have less unfilled space in them, they
are less holey. The thickness of a protest is frequently estimated in grams per
milliliter. So to gauge the thickness of a question you would put it on a parity to
quantify what number of grams it is (the protest's mass) at that point separate that
number by the measure of room the question takes up (its volume). The thickness
of something remains the equivalent wherever you take it, on Earth, Mars, or
anywhere in the universe. To ascertain the thickness of a protest, take the mass (m)
and gap by the volume (v):
 ρ = m/v
The SI unit of Density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m 3). It is additionally as often
as possible spoke to in the cgs unit of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3).

IV. Materials Needed

 Designated Liquid
 Beaker
 Funnel (if necessary)
 Graduated Cylinder
 Weighing Scale
 Hydrometer

V. Procedure
Experimental Density of the Brine Solution
i. Measure the mass of the liquid
ii. Fill the bottle with the desired amount of the liquid
iii. Measure the mass of the liquid
iv. Measure the volume of the liquid by using the beaker.
v. Compute for the density.

` Theoretical Density of the Liquid

i. Pour the liquid into the cylinder.

ii. Gently put the Hydrometer into the cylinder so that the liquid will not spill.
iii. Record the data by reading the graduation of the Salinometer.
iv. Repeat for the other liquid

Theoretical Liquid

i. Pour the liquid into the cylinder.

ii. Gently put the Salinometer into the cylinder so that the liquid will not spill.
 iii. Record the data by reading the graduation of the Salinometer.
iv. Repeat for the other liquid.

VI. Data and Results

LIQUOR
Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
Emperador 0.238kg 0.250L 0.952Kg/L 0.975Kg/L
Gin 0.235kg 0.250L 1.063kg/l 0.95kg/l

BEVERAGE
Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
San Mig Light 0.149kg 0.152L 1.02kg/l 1.0kg/l
Red Horse 0.200kg 0.200L 1.0kg/l 1.0kg/l
Tiger Beer 0.285kg 0.210L 1.02kg/l 0.990kg/l
Pale Pilsen 0.254kg 0.250L 1.016kg/l 1.0kg/l

OIL
Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
Engine oil 0.174kg 0.400L 0.435kg/l 0.858kg/l
Cooking oil 0.225kg 0.250L 1.0162kg/l 0.860kg/l
Canola oil 0.178kg 0.200L 0.910kg/l 0.890kg/l
Coconut oil 0.265kg .0222L 1.214kg/l 0.910kg/l

DISH WASHING LIQUID

Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
Joy 0.250kg 0.250L 1.0kg/l 1.0kg/l

GASOLINE
Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
Kerosene 0.192kg 0.250L 0.768kg/l 0.780kg/l
Diesel 0.206kg 0.250L 0.824kg/l 0.835L
Premium 0.183kg 0.250L 0.732kg/l 0.725kg/l
Unleaded 0.201kg 0.250L 0.804kg/l 0.750kg/l

ALCOHOL
Mass(Kg) Volume(L) Sg(Theoretical) Sg(Actual)
Isopropyl 0.415kg 0.490L 0.846kg/l 0.847kg/l
Ethyl 0.409kg 0.490L 0.835kg/l 0.875kg/l
VII. Documentation

VIII. Observation

The Hydrometer should be clean, dry and at the temperature of the liquid
before immersing to make a reading. The liquid in which the observation is made
should be contained in a clear smooth glass vessel of suitable size and shape. The
liquid has their own texture and the other liquid have a viscosity

IX. Analysis

It is best to fill the hydrometer jar to the top with the liquid, and read across it
the degree indicated by the hydrometer. Looking through the glass jar sometimes
causes errors in reading.

X. Conclusion

As a conclusion based on my experiment, it should be careful to pour the liquid

in the graduated cylinder, because in some other reason the liquid reacts of what you pour,
like beer it causes a bubbles on top when you pour quickly, etc.. The human error in reading
and recording hydrometer and instrumental error are two sources that was cause during
this experiment. The rough insertion of the hydrometer adds error since it introduces
disturbances in other liquid, like dishwashing liquid, etc. causing turbulence. Air bubbles
floating on top of the liquid contributed to the error as well in reading the meniscus.

XI. Recommendation
 The hydrometer should be slowly immersed in the liquid slightly beyond the point
where it floats naturally and then allowed to float freely. In reading, the hydrometer scale the eye
is placed slightly below the plane of the surface the test liquid: it is raised slowly until the surface,
seen as an ellipse, becomes a straight line. The point where this line intersects the hydrometer
scale should be taken as reading of the hydrometer.