Discrete Mathematics

MCQ’s (De-Morgan’s
Lawsand
Tautologies and
Contradictions)By
Muhammad Sohaib Yousaf
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
Which of the following statements is the negation of the statements
“4 is odd or -9 is positive”?
a) 4 is even or -9 is not negative
b) 4 is odd or -9 is not negative
c) 4 is even and -9 is negative
d) 4 is odd and -9 is not negative
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• Which of the following statements is the negation of the statements
“4 is odd or -9 is positive”?
a) 4 is even or -9 is not negative
b) 4 is odd or -9 is not negative
c) 4 is even and -9 is negative
d) 4 is odd and -9 is not negative
View Answer
• Answer: c
Explanation: Using De Morgan’s Law ~(A V B) ↔ ~A ∧~B
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
Which of the following represents: ~A (negation of A) if A stands for “I
like badminton but hate maths”?
a) I hate badminton and maths
b) I do not like badminton or maths
c) I dislike badminton but love maths
d) I hate badminton or like maths
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• Which of the following represents: ~A (negation of A) if A stands for “I
like badminton but hate maths”?
a) I hate badminton and maths
b) I do not like badminton or maths
c) I dislike badminton but love maths
d) I hate badminton or like maths
View Answer
• Answer: d
Explanation: De Morgan’s Law ~ (A ∧B) ↔ ~A V ~B
De-Morgan’s
Laws
The compound statement A v ~(A ∧B).
•
a) True
b) False
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• The compound statement A v ~(A ∧B).
a) True
b) False
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: Applying De-Morgan’s law we get A v ~ A Ξ Tautology
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
Which of the following is De-Morgan’s law?
a) P ∧(Q v R) Ξ (P ∧Q) v (P ∧R)
b) ~(P ∧R) Ξ ~P v ~R, ~(P v R) Ξ ~P ∧~R
c) P v ~P Ξ True, P ∧~P Ξ False
d) None of the mentioned
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• Which of the following is De-Morgan’s law?
a) P ∧(Q v R) Ξ (P ∧Q) v (P ∧R)
b) ~(P ∧R) Ξ ~P v ~R, ~(P v R) Ξ ~P ∧~R
c) P v ~P Ξ True, P ∧~P Ξ False
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: Definition of De–Morgan’s Law.
De-Morgan’s
Laws
What is the dual of (A ∧B) v (C ∧D)?
•
a) (A V B) v (C v D)
b) (A V B) ^ (C v D)
c) (A V B) v (C ∧D)
d) (A ∧B) v (C v D)
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• What is the dual of (A ∧B) v (C ∧D)?
a) (A V B) v (C v D)
b) (A V B) ^ (C v D)
c) (A V B) v (C ∧D)
d) (A ∧B) v (C v D)
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: In dual ∧is replaced by v and vice – versa
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
~ A v ~ B is logically equivalent to?
a) ~ A → ~ B
b) ~ A ∧~ B
c) A → ~B
d) B V A
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• ~ A v ~ B is logically equivalent to?
a) ~ A → ~ B
b) ~ A ∧~ B
c) A → ~B
d) B V A
View Answer
• Answer: c
Explanation: By identity A → B Ξ ~A V B.
De-Morgan’s
Laws
Negation of statement (A ∧B) → (B ∧C) is _____________
•
a) (A ∧B) →(~B ∧~C)
b) ~(A ∧B) v ( B v C)
c) ~(A →B) →(~B ∧C)
d) None of the mentioned
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• Negation of statement (A ∧B) → (B ∧C) is _____________
a) (A ∧B) →(~B ∧~C)
b) ~(A ∧B) v ( B v C)
c) ~(A →B) →(~B ∧C)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: ~(A →B) Ξ A ∧~B using this we can easily fetch the
answer
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
Which of the following satisfies commutative law?
a) ∧
b) v
c) ↔
d) All of the mentioned
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• Which of the following satisfies commutative law?
a) ∧
b) v
c) ↔
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: d
Explanation: All of them satisfies commutative law
De-Morgan’s
Laws
If the truth value of A v B is true, then truth value of ~A ∧B can be
•
___________
a) True if A is false
b) False if A is false
c) False if B is true and A is false
d) None of the mentioned
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• If the truth value of A v B is true, then truth value of ~A ∧B can be
___________
a) True if A is false
b) False if A is false
c) False if B is true and A is false
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: If A is false then both the condition are obeyed
De-Morgan’s
Laws
•
If P is always against the testimony of Q, then the compound
statement P→(P v ~Q) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
De-Morgan’s
Laws
• If P is always against the testimony of Q, then the compound
statement P→(P v ~Q) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: Since either hypothesis is false or both (hypothesis as
well as conclusion) are true
Tautologies and
Contradictions
•
A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a
tautology.
a) True
b) False
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a
tautology.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: Tautology is always true.
Tautologies and
Contradictions
•
A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a
contradiction.
a) True
b) False
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• A compound proposition that is always ___________ is called a
contradiction.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: Contradiction is always false
Tautologies and
Contradictions
•
If A is any statement, then which of the following is a tautology?
a) A ∧F
b) A ∨F
c) A ∨¬A
d) A ∧T
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• If A is any statement, then which of the following is a tautology?
a) A ∧F
b) A ∨F
c) A ∨¬A
d) A ∧T
View Answer
• Answer: c
Explanation: A ∨¬A is always true
Tautologies and
Contradictions
•
If A is any statement, then which of the following is not a
contradiction?
a) A ∧¬A
b) A ∨F
c) A ∧F
d) None of mentioned
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• If A is any statement, then which of the following is not a
contradiction?
a) A ∧¬A
b) A ∨F
c) A ∧F
d) None of mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: A ∨F is not always false
Tautologies and
Contradictions
•
A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction is called a ___________
a) Contingency
b) Equivalence
c) Condition
d) Inference
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction is called a ___________
a) Contingency
b) Equivalence
c) Condition
d) Inference
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: Definition of contingency
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∧ ∧
¬ (A q) (A q) is a ___________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∧ ∧
¬ (A q) (A q) is a ___________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: ≡ (¬A ∧¬q) ∧(A ∧q)
≡ (¬A ∧A) ∧(¬q ∧q)
≡ F ∧F ≡ F.
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∨ ∨
(A ¬A) (q T) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∨ ∨
(A ¬A) (q T) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ (A ∨¬A) ∨(q ∨T)
≡ T ∨T ≡ T
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∧ ∨ ∧
A ¬(A (A T)) is always __________
a) True
b) False
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∧ ∨ ∧
A ¬(A (A T)) is always __________
a) True
b) False
View Answer
• Answer: b
Explanation: ≡ A ∧¬ (A ∨(A ∧T))
≡ A ∧¬(A ∨A)
≡ A ∧¬A ≡ F
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∨ ∨
(A F) (A T) is always _________
a) True
b) False
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨ ∨ ∨
(A F) (A T) is always _________
a) True
b) False
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ (A ∨F) ∨(A ∨T)
≡ A ∨T ≡ T
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨
A → (A q) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
Tautologies and
Contradictions
• ∨
A → (A q) is a __________
a) Tautology
b) Contradiction
c) Contingency
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
• Answer: a
Explanation: ≡ A → (A ∨q)
≡ ¬A ∨(A ∨q)
≡ (A ∨¬A) ∨q
≡ T ∨q ≡ T