To

my children,
Misaiel Courage
and Adalia Joy
 Contents

Foreword by Pasi Sahlberg

INTRODUCTION

1 Well-being
Schedule brain breaks
Learn on the move
Recharge after school
Simplify the space
Breathe fresh air
Get into the wild
Keep the peace

2 Belonging
Recruit a welfare team
Know each child
Play with your students
Celebrate their learning
Pursue a class dream
Banish the bullying
Buddy up

3 Autonomy
Start with freedom
Leave margin
Offer choices
 Plan with your students
Make it real
Demand responsibility

4 Mastery
Teach the essentials
Mine the textbook
Leverage the tech
Bring in the music
Coach more
Prove the learning
Discuss the grades

5 Mind-set
Seek flow
Have a thicker skin
Collaborate over coffee
Welcome the experts
Vacate on vacation
Don’t forget joy
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
 Foreword
—Pasi Sahlberg

IN THE YEAR 2000, A BOOK LIKE THIS COULD NOT have been written.
Back then the global education landscape looked very different. England had just
seen a decade full of fundamental school reforms that highlighted higher
attainment targets and frequent student assessments, shaking up the lives of all
students and teachers. Sweden was in the midst of implementing one of the most
radical school reforms, with vouchers that created new types of free schools for
parents who were keen to choose alternative education for their children. In
South East Asia, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore were tuning up
their education systems for a faster pace and higher learning outcomes,
especially in reading, mathematics, and science (Hargreaves and Shirley, 2010).
The United States was running experiments in many of its states that focused on
tightening accountability for teachers and schools in search of gains in student
achievement and graduation rates. That time was the beginning of an era of
increasing effort for higher achievement. If this book had ever been written in
2000 it would have, just like many similar books at that time, advocated for new
models of teacher effectiveness, strategies to turn around failing schools, or
imperatives to fix entire education systems.
If you’d asked at an international education gathering where the participants
would travel to look for inspiration and good ideas for their own work in
educational development or school improvement, most would have probably
chosen the countries mentioned above. You would have also heard some of them
mention what was happening in Australia, New Zealand, Germany, or the
Netherlands. Some of these education systems had implemented new, interesting
models of monitoring educational progress, informing parents about how well
schools were doing, and creating new forms of educational leadership. Study
tour destinations and joint research projects that investigated innovation and
change regularly included many of these same countries. There was one country
that only a very few would have pointed out as having anything interesting to
offer when it came to education: Finland.
offer when it came to education: Finland.
Everything changed overnight in December 2001. When the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) made public the result of its
first international study on what 15-year-olds can do with reading, mathematical,
and scientific skills they have acquired in and out of schools, known as PISA
(Programme for International Student Assessment), all eyes turned to the tiny
Nordic country (OECD, 2001). Against all odds, Finland, with a population of
barely 5.5 million people, had scored above all other 31 OECD countries in this
test that was supposed to indicate how well young people would succeed in
dynamic knowledge economies in adulthood. Furthermore, it appeared that in
Finland there was little variation in student achievement between schools, and
that children’s learning in school was influenced less by family background than
in other countries. On top of all this, Finns seemed to have accomplished these
admirable results with only modest spending in their schools. No wonder the
world of education was confused.
The international education community and global media outlets were not
the only ones puzzled by Finland’s unexpected center court position. There was
also quite a bit of turbulence among education authorities, academics, and
pundits in Finland itself. Nobody seemed to have a good enough explanation for
the superior educational performance of Finnish schools by international
standards. All the way until December 2001, Finland’s 9-year comprehensive
school (grade one to grade nine) that was launched in the 1970s received
increasingly fierce criticism from various fronts in Finnish society. High schools
and universities were accusing this new school for slowly but surely declining
the level of knowledge and skills that students were expected to possess at the
entry to further studies. Some employers joined the choir, adding that the
younger generation lacked a good work ethic and were often taught to seek
comfort and avoid hard work. Then there were the parents who thought that
children who were more able and talented didn’t have enough room in the
comprehensive school to bloom into their full potentials. Solutions, when
offered, included imitating what the rest of the world was doing. The menu of
suggested reforms included creating higher standards, having more detailed
information about students’ achievement, giving parents more choice regarding
where to send their children to school, and creating specialized schools for gifted
students. Much of this resistance to Finland’s comprehensive school was muted
after December 2001. It is fair to bet that without PISA, this book would
probably never been written.
How have the Finns responded to thousands of questions and inquires about
the success of their schools? Many Finns believe that there are five critical
elements that allow Finnish students to fare better than most of their peers in
elements that allow Finnish students to fare better than most of their peers in
other countries. Four of them are directly associated with schools and their
mandates, one is about what happens when children are not in school. You
should, however, keep in mind that explaining why something happens in
complex social systems always includes a reasonable amount of speculation, and
can never be 100 percent certain.
First, we argue that the comprehensive school that children start when they
turn seven provides balanced, holistic, and child-focused education and
development to all children, and lays a foundation for good, equitable learning.
The curriculum in Finnish schools addresses all subjects evenly and thereby
provides all children with opportunities to cultivate multiple aspects of their
personalities and talents. The absence of private schools and the between-school
competition that often comes with them means that all schools must be good
schools—regardless of where they are and who they serve. The majority of
Finnish pupils study in socially mixed classes without being tracked or
segregated by their ability or socio-economic status. During the past four
decades now, this spirit of inclusiveness has shaped the mind-sets of teachers
and parents alike to believe that anyone can learn most of the expected things in
school as long as there is appropriate and sufficient support. As a result, focus on
children’s well-being, health, and happiness in school has become one of the key
goals of schooling across the country.
Second, we realized early on that successfully teaching heterogeneous
classes would require better-trained teachers than what we had had until the
1970s. As a result, teacher education was shifted from colleges to research
universities. As part of the comprehensive higher education reform in the 1980s,
teachers also had to graduate from research-based masters degree programs just
like any other professional in Finland. Newly-graduated teachers had therefore
studied much more child psychology, pedagogy, special education, subject
didactics, and curriculum than their more-seasoned colleagues, which equipped
them with broader professional responsibilities in their schools. In the 1990s
teachers were expected to collectively design their school curricula, choose the
most effective ways to teach, assess how well their students had learned, and
self-direct their own professional development and growth as teachers.
Continuous strengthening of the teaching profession in Finland has built strong
and notable trust in teachers and schools that, in turn, has further enhanced the
status of teachers and attractiveness of becoming a teacher among young Finns.
Third, we decided to establish permanent mechanisms to secure and enhance
children’s well-being and health in all schools. The main goal was to ensure that
lack of basic health and care at home would not jeopardize pupils’ chances to
succeed. The backbone of this support system was a new special education
structure that assumed that problems related to education should be identified
and addressed as early as possible. Each school is given sufficient resources and
personnel to accomplish this. Every school in Finland has to establish a Student
Welfare Team that consists of experts, teachers, and leadership who discuss
concerning issues and decide how to tackle them in the best possible ways.
Needless to say, having all these special education services up and running in all
schools requires that funding be designed in such a way that schools with more
special educational needs also are allocated more funds. This has created an
essential basis for strong, system-wide educational equity in Finland.
Fourth, we think that mid-level educational leadership, i.e. schools and local
districts, should be in the hands of experienced and qualified educators. Indeed,
we expect that the school principal be qualified to teach in the school that she
leads. School leaders must also be suitable and fit to lead people and learning
organizations. Leadership hierarchy in Finnish schools is relatively flat; most
principals also teach students alongside their leadership tasks. This guarantees
that leaders in schools also have direct links to classroom experience. We have
noted that teachers are often more likely to accept feedback and talk about their
concerns when they know that their bosses also teach and may face similar
questions in their classrooms. I have argued (Sahlberg, 2015) that in Finnish
schools, leaders are teachers and teachers are (pedagogical) leaders.
Fifth, we know that students’ out-of-school situations explain a significant
part of the variation in their in-school learning. Although in Finland family
background, for example, has weaker association with students’ achievement
than in many other countries, what happens to young people when they are not
in school has an important role to play in both educational success and failure.
Therefore, particular child and youth policies together with a dense network of
associations, clubs, and organizations have a significant positive impact on
children’s well-being, health, and social capital, which all contribute to their
learning in school. There are about 100,000 nongovernmental associations with
some 15 million members in Finland (Allianssi, 2016). This suggests that Finns
are actively taking part in various activities outside their work or school. Three
out of five young Finns are engaged in some type of social activity in their free
time. The most common of these associations offer activities in sports, arts and
culture. In these organizations, young people learn complementary knowledge
and skills to those they also learn in schools. When 90 percent of young Finns
report that they have at least one hobby outside school, this obviously has a role
to play in how they do in school as well. Universal early childhood development
and care, public healthcare, and a dense public library system are among those
factors that support the work of schools in helping all children to succeed.
It is difficult to understand how education systems work, and how different
elements within and outside of them affect outcomes. It is therefore very
difficult to make good sense of education systems other than the one you have
been part of yourself. A weeklong visit to observe schools and listen to experts
rarely provides enough insight to understand what Finland’s education is really
about. What you need instead is to become a teacher in Finland—to be taught by
Finland. This is what makes Tim Walker a unique messenger in the world of
educational improvement. His writings reflect a broader understanding of the
fine cultural fabric of Finnish schools, and are illuminating for both foreign and
Finland based educators.
I met Tim soon after he had moved with his family from Boston to Helsinki.
We had several conversations back then about how Finnish schools differ from
typical American schools. I was fascinated to listen to his stories about his fifth
grade classroom. During his time at Ressu Comprehensive School—a Helsinki
public school, which also offers International Baccalaureate programs, a place I
have visited often and know well—Tim was confronted with many of the
ingredients of Finnish schools that you can read in a fully matured format in this
book. Writing about these important practical aspects of what makes Finland’s
schools different requires an alien’s perspective. I can’t think of anybody who
could do this better than Tim.
When I was about to publish the second edition of my book Finnish Lessons:
What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland, I asked if my
publisher would paste a sticker on the back cover saying something like
“WARNING: Don’t try this at home.” The reason for this was the huge number
of inquiries from politicians, education leaders, and teachers asking how to
implement the Finnish school system in their own countries. My publisher
understood my concern, but they didn’t allow a sticker. Nevertheless, I think it is
impossible to transfer education systems from one place to another. Education
systems are complex cultural, organic entities like plants or trees that grow well
only in their home soil and climate. Tim Walker’s book Teach Like Finland: 33
Simple Strategies for Joyful Classrooms makes this clear and instead offers you
some practical steps about how to incorporate more happiness and enjoyment in
schools. If you are able to do that with the ideas that follow, then you’ll be
teaching a bit like Finland. Good luck!

References
Allianssi (2016). Nuorista Suomessa. Helsinki: Allianssi.
Hargreaves, A. and Shirley, D. (2012). The Global Fourth Way. The quest for educational excellence.
Thousand Oaks: Corwin.
OECD (2001). Knowledge and Skills for Life. First results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.
Sahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish Lessons 2.0: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland.
New York: Teachers College Press.
 Introduction

IN MY FIRST YEAR AS A CLASSROOM TEACHER IN ARLINGTON,

Massachusetts, I was on the fast track to burnout. On weekdays I would arrive at
my school around 6:30 A.M. and exit sometime in the evening, usually with a
backpack full of teaching guides. When I wasn’t at school, I tried disconnecting
from the work, but I couldn’t. At breakfast I anxiously pored over my lesson
plans, and in the evening, as I lay in bed I obsessed about all of the things I was
doing “wrong.” On a typical night I’d wake up four or five times. Sometimes I
felt so anxious in the morning that I’d run to the bathroom in my apartment and
throw up—gross, I know.
Before starting this first year of classroom teaching, I was so enthusiastic, so
confident that I’d love this job. But when October arrived, I started to admit to
myself that I was hating this job. It wasn’t bringing me joy. The opposite was
taking place, actually.
My Finnish wife, Johanna, was very worried about me. She warned that if I
didn’t slow down I’d need to take a leave of absence. I said, “Never.” Johanna
wondered why I insisted on working nonstop. She told me about her Finnish
friend in Helsinki, a first grade teacher just like me, who worked no more than
six hours every day, including an hour or two of prep. When she left her public
school around 2:00 P.M., she left all of her work behind, too.
I assumed that Johanna misunderstood her friend’s workload. Or, I reasoned,
if my wife had the facts straight, her friend wasn’t a good teacher. Good
teachers, I told my wife, don’t do short workdays. In fact, I explained, they push
themselves—to the limit.
“Not in Finland,” Johanna said.
After my wife graduated from Finnish high school, she spent a few months
working as a substitute teacher in Helsinki, which provided her with a behind-
the-scenes look at the working lives of Finland’s educators. In Finnish schools,
teachers and students typically have a fifteen-minute break built into every hour
of class, and, in Johanna’s experience, most educators would spend their breaks
of class, and, in Johanna’s experience, most educators would spend their breaks
in the lounge—drinking coffee, chatting with colleagues, and flipping through
magazines. It sounded, given my American teaching experience, pretty
farfetched.
At my Massachusetts school, during my extended lunch block—usually my
only scheduled break during my workday—I’d often work through the free time,
zigzagging across my American classroom with a peeled banana, nibbling on-
the-go as I prepped for afternoon lessons.
Throughout my first year of classroom teaching, my Finnish wife was doing
her best to convince me that there was another way to teach. And not just survive
but thrive. I wasn’t buying it, though.
My reality, which I shared with many American teachers, seemed too
different from those teachers in Finland. I didn’t have those fifteen-minute
breaks scattered throughout the day. My last class was still in session when
Johanna’s friend would leave her school at 2 P.M. And I had, from my
perspective, a mountain of classroom prep waiting for me after I waved goodbye
to my first graders around 3:00 P.M.
During my rookie year of classroom teaching, I was typically putting in
twelve-hour days, and somehow I thought this made me a much better teacher
than Johanna’s friend. But by the end of that year, I knew I was clearly the
weaker educator. A terrible lack of work–life balance had caught up to me, and I
was brimming over with stress and anxiety. Worst of all, the job of teaching was
no longer joyful, and my lack of satisfaction seemed to be rubbing off on my
students. Those little kids often looked miserable, too.
That school year, I remember a veteran colleague telling me that 50 percent
of American teachers leave the profession within five years. And I thought I was
going to be one of those early dropouts. In late February, my anxiety and level of
sleep deprivation had become so intense that I could no longer prepare lessons
for the next day of school. I remember having sessions at my desk, where I’d
spend minutes staring blankly at my planner. One late afternoon, after another
fruitless hour of classroom prep, I returned home and collapsed on the kitchen
floor, lying speechless on the ground while my wife pleaded that I take a break.
Humbly, after weeks of sleepless nights, I picked up the phone and requested a
leave of absence.
I felt ready to move on from the profession and pretend that it had just been a
bad dream. But I also wondered if my Finnish wife was right.
Was it possible to teach and thrive? Even in an American classroom?
Three years later, Johanna and I decided to move to Finland. It wasn’t
because I wanted to flee American education. On the contrary: I didn’t want to
leave. I was still teaching at the same school, grateful to have survived that
leave. I was still teaching at the same school, grateful to have survived that
embarrassing first year. After my month-long leave of absence, I had received
valuable support and experience, and, over time, I was starting to tap into the
joys of teaching, despite feeling physically and emotionally exhausted when I
returned home from school every day.
The year before we moved to Helsinki, I was teaching full-time, completing
graduate coursework, and working several part-time jobs. All things considered,
I wasn’t spending nearly as much time at home as I would have wished—and
maybe, if I was honest with myself, I was slowly starting to burn out again. We
decided to move to Finland, where we hoped for a slower pace, especially during
our children’s early years. (Today we have two children under five years old.)
When I announced our plan to settle in Helsinki, my American principal
remarked that it was a career move for me. I remember laughing at the idea,
because it felt like the opposite. I was prepared, in Finland, to stop teaching all
together, just to live a more balanced life. We purchased our one-way tickets to
Helsinki without knowing if I would even have a job.
In late June 2013, one month before moving overseas, I still lacked a job as a
classroom teacher, but I received a curious e-mail one morning from a Helsinki
principal. I had contacted her in March, along with several other Finnish
principals, and when I hadn’t heard from any of them, I had stopped hoping. But
there in my inbox that June morning was this message, which invited me to chat
about the possibility of teaching an English-speaking fifth grade class at a
Helsinki public school. My jaw dropped.
Later that week over Skype the Finnish principal interviewed me, and at the
end of the conversation she offered me the position. I was over the moon, and I
gratefully accepted the job. But then I began to worry: what was I signing up for
exactly?
I heard, like so many Americans, that Finnish education was top-notch. But,
in practice, what did that mean? Johanna had already told me bits of information
about Finnish schools—the short days and the fifteen-minute breaks, mostly.
And in one education documentary, I learned that Finland’s fifteen-year-olds
consistently performed well on a set of international tests called the PISA
(Programme for International Student Assessment), which measures critical-
thinking skills in the areas of reading, math, and science. All told, I knew very
little about Finnish education when I signed up for that fifth grade teaching job
in Helsinki.
Regardless, I was embarking on a two-year journey to see Finland’s school
system from the inside. It was an uncertain destination, where I expected to
struggle to assimilate. And I confess that I would struggle, but not necessarily in
the ways that my fellow American teachers might expect.
 Typically, a person who moves from one country to another experiences
culture shock, the phenomenon of feeling lost in an unfamiliar environment. But
for me, given that my wife is Finnish and I had visited her home country about a
dozen times before moving, I mostly avoided culture shock, except for one area
of my life: the workplace.
My Helsinki school felt like a foreign land, a place where I’d find new
expectations and new rules to follow, and in that very different context, I found
myself rethinking the “best practices” I had learned in American schools. Over
those two years in Helsinki, I received many opportunities to study Finland’s
teaching practices up close, observing my colleagues for more than one hundred
classroom hours and completing my teaching practicum, supervised by two
veteran Finnish colleagues, for my American master’s degree in elementary
education.
In writing this book, I was curious to see if other teachers in Finland were
employing similar practices I had witnessed in Helsinki, so I visited several
schools around Finland. Also, I interviewed Finnish teachers at the preschool,
primary, and secondary levels. In doing so, I learned that many of the teaching
practices I saw in Helsinki could be found throughout Finland.
The strategies I found weren’t flashy like 1:1 iPad implementation, nor did
they seem idealistically abstract like, “Just trust the students, ya’ll!” The
teaching methods were simple, effective practices that could benefit any
classroom. And, best of all, I found that many of the strategies, when I
implemented them, brought joy to my classroom. Probably these Finnish
practices would need to be adapted slightly to work in another teaching context,
like America’s, but they certainly weren’t “Finland-only” methods.
Consider, for example, one of the strategies I suggest in this book: taking
little brain breaks throughout the school day. Without educational policy change,
American teachers would find it difficult to implement the frequent Finnish-style
fifteen-minute breaks of free play, but it’s not too difficult to imagine that U.S.
teachers could teach like Finland by offering their students tiny chunks of
“choice time” throughout the day, in an effort to keep kids fresh and focused in
the classroom.
In this book, I’m interested in looking at what American teachers—inspired
by Finland’s education approach—can do today that will make a positive
difference in their classrooms, despite the obvious systemic differences
described by Pasi Sahlberg in the foreword.
When the first PISA results were announced in 2001, Finland was shocked to
find itself ranked number one as an education system. Its softer approach of
short schools days, light homework loads, and little standardized testing bucked
the conventional wisdom of how to get great learning outcomes. This tiny
the conventional wisdom of how to get great learning outcomes. This tiny
Nordic country was suggesting to America, and the rest of the world, that there
is another way to do school, without narrowing the curriculum and stressing out
teachers and kids. That different methodology is evident at the policy level, but
it’s also observed on the microscale, in Finnish classrooms.
As American teachers, Finnish educators will probably not inspire us with
innovative teaching strategies, because many of Finland’s pedagogical
innovations have been adopted from North America and elsewhere (Sahlberg,
2015). But what we can learn from teachers in Finland, based on what I’ve
experienced, is the way in which they seem to value happiness more than
achievement. They make small, simple decisions to promote joyful teaching and
learning, and in the end, as numerous PISA tests have shown, their students do
well anyway.
Like many American teachers, I read Doug Lemov’s book Teach Like a
Champion 2.0 and discovered a collection of helpful classroom strategies. But
there was one strategy I found puzzling: “Joy Factor.” Joy in the classroom,
suggests Lemov (2015), is a tool that a teacher can leverage to raise
achievement:

Of course, Joy Factor moments are not ends in themselves. Good Joy
Factor in the classroom has to be “the servant”—that is, its purpose is to
support the day’s objective. It should also be something you can quickly
turn on and off. (p. 442)

While Lemov appears to view joy as a strategy, I’m proposing that we start
to see prioritizing joy (or happiness), inspired by the Finnish approach to
education, as an overarching goal in our classrooms. Happiness can be
understood as “a state of heightened positive emotion” and instead of
sidetracking the teaching and learning in our classrooms, it can improve
productivity and enhance social and emotional intelligence (Seppälä, 2016, p. 8).
I understand that prioritizing happiness in our classrooms may seem like an
abstract idea. Here’s one way of thinking about it: when we’re seeking to sleep
better, we prioritize it by taking different steps before we crawl into bed, such as
exercising and powering off our cell phones (Raghunathan, 2016). Similarly, we
can put joy first in our classrooms by using a collection of strategies.
During my years of working and living in Finland, I have identified a
handful of steps that educators can take to promote joyful teaching and learning.
Raj Raghunathan, professor at the McCombs School at the University of Texas
at Austin and the author of If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You Happy? (2016),
recognizes four ingredients of happiness (if basic needs like food and shelter
have been addressed): belonging, autonomy, mastery, and mind-set (Pinsker,
2016). One ingredient that I’ve added to this list is well-being, which I view as
foundational in order to develop the other components. I’ve organized Teach
Like Finland’s thirty-three simple strategies around these five ingredients of
happiness, applying them to the context of a joyful classroom.
TEACH LIKE
FINLAND
 CHAPTER

Well-being

WE MOVED TO HELSINKI IN LATE JULY, AND BEFORE school began in

mid-August my family and I spent several evenings strolling though our new
city. In every park I remember visiting, I saw an unfamiliar sight: dozens of
locals doing nothing but sitting on blankets, drinking wine, and chatting. They
weren’t in a rush, it seemed, to get anything done. They were simply enjoying
those warm, sunny evenings with their close friends.
Life in Finland seemed much slower than the pace of life I had experienced
in America. And I confess that, after living in high-powered Boston, I was
initially attracted to the relaxed atmosphere in Helsinki—but I remained
skeptical of this approach to life. What were these folks ultimately achieving, I
wondered, by simply lounging around for hours on those blankets?
Despite burning out during my first year of teaching, I was still clinging to
this ideology—years later in Helsinki—that my worth could be quantified by my
productivity. “Tim, you’re not a human doing,” a mentor teacher in Boston used
to remind me. “You’re a human being.” Even in Finland, those were words I still
needed to hear.
I think the slower pace of this tiny Nordic country eventually rubbed off on
me, because during those first weeks of teaching in Helsinki I tried to be more
intentional about working less after school. When I returned home in the late
afternoon, I left my schoolwork in my backpack (something that didn’t feel
natural, initially) so I could focus on playing with my one-year-old and catching
up with my wife.
In Helsinki I was starting to feel more like a human being, but I confess that
it was a different story at school. Initially I wasn’t prepared to adopt a different
approach to my work as a teacher. And my Finnish colleagues were starting to
notice.
Just as my wife had told me, at my Helsinki school I found frequent fifteen-
minute breaks throughout each day, and typically my colleagues were spending
many of these breaks in the teachers’ lounge. (During breaks, several teachers
took turns supervising the younger students outdoors and the older students
indoors.) But even after three weeks of school, I still hadn’t spent two free
minutes in the lounge taking a break with my colleagues. I’d only quickly enter
that space to fetch my mail every morning, and then I’d make a beeline to my
classroom.
In those brief moments of entering the lounge, I saw something similar to
what I discovered while strolling through parks in downtown Helsinki. Many of
my colleagues were sipping coffee, flipping through newspapers, and chatting
leisurely with one another. And, oftentimes, when I walked by the lounge, I
heard them laughing loudly. I was starting to suspect that my colleagues were
lazy.
In September, over the course of a week, three of my Finnish colleagues told
me that they worried I might burn out, because they hadn’t seen me in the
teachers’ lounge. I admitted to them that I was spending all of those fifteen-
minute breaks in my classroom, working hard on different teaching-related tasks.
These three colleagues suggested that I change my routine.
At first I laughed off their concern. I told them I knew what it was like to
burn out, and I assured them that I was doing just fine. But they remained
steadfast: they were serious about the importance of taking little breathers
throughout the day. One of my colleagues told me that she needed to spend a
few minutes every day in the lounge, slowing down with other teachers. She
claimed it made her a better teacher.
At the time I felt so confused because my impulse to work nonstop—often
sacrificing my well-being in the short term—didn’t seem like something that
many of my Finnish colleagues supported. I had always believed that the best
educators were the ones who worked the hardest, even if it meant surviving on a
few hours of sleep, skipping lunch breaks in exchange for more time for lesson
prep, and never finding any time to socialize with colleagues. Many of the
teachers I had most admired in the United States were brimming with passion for
their profession, just like me, but always seemed to be on the brink of burning
out. But in Helsinki I didn’t see my Finnish colleagues working through lunch
breaks or hiding in their classrooms for the entirety of each day. Almost always,
they looked relatively stress-free compared with what I had seen in American
schools. And, unsurprisingly, their students did, too.
 I’ve heard several critics of the Finnish education model suggest that one
major reason the United States can’t learn from this tiny Nordic country is
cultural differences. But I think this is one area where we can learn from
Finland’s schools. As Americans, our cultural priorities—which seem to say,
ultimately, that chasing success (or “being the best”) is what matters most in life
—greatly diminish our well-being and, consequentially, the well-being of our
nation’s children.
The push for America’s kids to succeed starts, for many of them, as babies.
This is especially evident among wealthy families. Parents purchase flash cards
and educational games, and for toddlers they scout out the best preschools,
institutions that may cost more than $30,000 a year, to give their kids an early
academic edge. Scores of American parents decline to send their children to
kindergarten, a concept researchers call redshirting, so that their kids will be a
year older and more developmentally advanced, which would translate,
hypothetically, into better academic performance. During the middle school
years some parents slap bumper stickers on their cars that read “Proud parent of
an honor roll student.” In high school, many students are advised to pad their
resumes if they want to get into the best colleges, so they stretch themselves thin
by maintaining high GPAs, loading up on extracurricular activities, taking AP
classes, and signing up for private SAT tutoring. This pressure to excel in high
school varies across the country, but in some places, like Palo Alto, California,
suicide rates among high school students are staggeringly high.
Emma Seppälä, a researcher at Stanford University and the author of The
Happiness Track (2016), recalled her early experiences as an intern working for
a large newspaper in Paris, France. In the early morning hours, she would make
trips between the second floor and the basement transporting memos and other
items. On the second floor Seppälä observed many American writers in cubicles,
while in the basement she found working-class French press workers:

On the second floor, you could feel the tension in the air. The floor was
quiet except for the sounds of typing and printing. The editors—most of
them overweight with dark circles under their eyes—were huddled over
their screens, keeping to themselves and eating pizza at their desks. But
in the basement, the mood was downright festive. French wine, cheese,
and bread were all laid out on a huge table . . . Soon, I found myself
wishing for more reasons to join that joyful atmosphere.
Working at the newspaper, going back and forth between these two
groups got me thinking: Here was a team of people—editors, writers, and
press workers—working through the night to finish and distribute a
 newspaper by dawn. Yes, it’s true that the two groups performed
different tasks and came from different cultures—but they were both
working to meet the same urgent deadline . . . Night after night, despite
the challenges, both groups successfully completed their jobs. Yet they
went about it in opposite ways: one group was stressed, burned out, and
unhealthy looking; the other happy, energetic, and thriving. (p. 1)

When I first read this passage in The Happiness Track, I immediately

thought of how closely Seppälä’s description of the newspaper’s second floor
mirrored my experiences within American schools and how her portrait of the
printing room paralleled my experiences within Finnish schools. Like the
American writers and the French workers, teachers in America and teachers in
Finland are working to meet a similar deadline—to get kids to learn every hour,
every day, every year. But, in my experience, the process in which that deadline
is met typically looks quite different in these two countries: one teaching
approach seems faster, harder, and more achievement focused, while the other
seems slower, softer, and more well-being focused.
“Decades of research have shown that happiness is not the outcome of
success but rather its precursor,” writes Seppälä. “In other words, if you want to
succeed, you have to be more like the French press workers in the basement”
(2016, p. 7).
The foundation for experiencing happiness is having our basic needs met, so
adequate sleep, food, water, clothing, and shelter are prerequisites for ourselves
and the students in our classrooms. In developed nations, like the United States
and Finland, teachers are not generally tasked with caring for children who enter
school with unmet basic needs. That said, more than 16 million U.S. children—
about 22 percent of the overall population—come from families with incomes
below America’s federal poverty level, according to the National Center for
Children in Poverty (2016), and I recognize, sadly, that a significant portion of
America’s student population experience food insecurity or even homelessness.
This situation, where children enter classrooms with unmet basic needs, is
uniquely challenging, and I’m not in a position to offer advice. What I can
suggest, though, are several strategies I’ve learned in Finnish schools that
promote the physical, emotional, and mental health of teachers and students.
And these simple steps, ultimately, improve the quality of teaching and learning
and make our classrooms more joyful.
Schedule brain breaks
Like a zombie, Sami*—one of my fifth graders—lumbered over to me and
hissed, “I think I’m going to explode! I’m not used to this schedule.” And I
believed him. An angry red rash was starting to form on his forehead.
Yikes, I thought, what a way to begin my first year of teaching in Finland. It
was only the third day of school, and I was already pushing a student to the
breaking point. When I took him aside, I quickly discovered why he was so
upset.
Throughout this first week of school, I had gotten creative with my fifth
grade timetable. If you recall, students in Finland normally take a fifteen-minute
break for every forty-five minutes of instruction. During a typical break, the
children head outside to play and socialize with friends.
I didn’t see the point of these frequent pit stops. As a teacher in the United
States, I’d usually spent consecutive hours with my students in the classroom.
And I was trying to replicate this model in Finland. The Finnish way seemed
soft, and I was convinced that kids learned better with longer stretches of
instructional time. So I decided to hold my students back from their regularly
scheduled break and teach two forty-five-minute lessons in a row, followed by a
double break of thirty minutes. Now I knew why the red dots had appeared on
Sami’s forehead.
Come to think of it, I wasn’t sure if the American approach had ever worked
very well. My students in the States had always seemed to drag their feet after
about forty-five minutes in the classroom. But they’d never thought of revolting
like this shrimpy Finnish fifth grader, who was digging in his heels on the third
day of school. At that moment, I decided to embrace the Finnish model of taking
breaks.
Once I incorporated these short recesses into our timetable, I no longer saw
feet-dragging, zombie-like kids in my classroom. Throughout the school year,
my Finnish students would, without fail, enter the classroom with a bounce in
their steps after a fifteen-minute break. And most important, they were more
focused during lessons.
At first I was convinced that I had made a groundbreaking discovery:
frequent breaks kept students fresh throughout the day. But then I remembered
that Finns have known this for years—they’ve been providing breaks to their
students since the 1960s.
In my quest to understand the value of the Finnish practice, I stumbled upon
the work of Anthony Pellegrini, author of the book Recess: Its Role in Education
and Development and emeritus professor of educational psychology at the
University of Minnesota—who has praised this approach for more than a decade.
In East Asia, where many primary schools provide their students with a ten-
minute break after about forty minutes of classroom instruction, Pellegrini
observed the same phenomenon that I had witnessed at my Finnish school. After
these shorter recesses, students appeared to be more focused in the classroom
(Pellegrini, 2005).
Not satisfied with anecdotal evidence alone, Pellegrini and his colleagues ran
a series of experiments at a U.S. public elementary school to explore the
relationship between recess timing and attentiveness in the classroom. In every
one of the experiments, students were more attentive after a break than before a
break. They also found that the children were less focused when the timing of
the break was delayed—or in other words, when the lesson dragged on
(Pellegrini, 2005).
In Finland, primary school teachers seem to know this intuitively. They send
kids outside—rain or shine—for their frequent recesses. And the children get to
decide how they spend their break times.
Although I favor the Finnish model, I realize that unleashing fifth graders on
the playground every hour would be a huge shift for most schools. According to
Pellegrini, breaks don’t have to be held outdoors to be beneficial. In one of his
experiments at a public elementary school, the children had their recess times
inside the school, and the results matched those of other experiments where they
took their breaks outside: after their breaks, the students were more focused in
class (Pellegrini, 2005).
What I realized in Finland, with the help of a flustered fifth grader, is that
once I started to see a break as a strategy to maximize learning, I stopped feeling
guilty about shortening classroom instruction. Pellegrini’s findings confirm that
frequent breaks boost attentiveness in class. With this in mind, we no longer
need to fear that students won’t learn what they need to learn if we let them
disconnect from their work several times throughout the school day.

• • •

THE YEAR BEFORE I ARRIVED IN HELSINKI, THE AMERICAN

researcher and kinesiologist Debbie Rhea visited Finnish schools, and she, too,
was inspired by their frequent fifteen-minute breaks. When she returned to the
States, she piloted a study to evaluate the learning benefits of a Finland-inspired
schedule with multiple recesses throughout the school day (Turner, 2013).
Today, Rhea’s research project is up and running in a handful of American
schools in several states, and so far the early results have been promising.
Educators at Eagle Mountain Elementary School in Fort Worth, Texas, report a
Educators at Eagle Mountain Elementary School in Fort Worth, Texas, report a
significant change in their students, who receive four fifteen-minute breaks each
day; for example, they are more focused, and they are not tattling as often. One
first grade teacher even noticed that her students are no longer chewing on
pencils (Connelly, 2016).
Rhea’s research is exciting, and it seems like the national interest in bringing
more breaks to American schools is high. However, while the tide might be
changing in American education, many U.S. teachers and students lack the
freedom to imitate the Finnish model. Thankfully, any classroom, even non-
Finnish ones, can tap into the benefits of taking multiple breaks throughout each
day.
Initially, I thought that the true value of Finnish-style breaks is related to free
play, but I no longer hold this view. I’ve concluded that the primary benefit of
Finnish breaks is in the way it keeps kids focused by refreshing their brains.
Daniel Levitin, professor of psychology, behavioral neuroscience, and music at
McGill University, believes that giving the brain time to rest, through regular
breaks, leads to greater productivity and creativity. “You need to give your brain
time to consolidate all the information that’s come in,” he said in an interview
for the education blog MindShift (Schwartz, 2014). But even without scheduled
breaks at school, the mind rests naturally through daydreaming, which “allows
you to refresh and release all those neural circuits that get all bound up when
you’re focused,” said Levitin. “Children shouldn’t be overly scheduled. They
should have blocks of time to promote spontaneity and creativity” (Schwartz,
2014).
There are different ways of offering little brain breaks, which I describe
below, but one of the most important things to remember is that they need to
happen regularly to benefit our students. In other words, it’s wise to schedule
them throughout the day. A good start, perhaps, would be thinking about
offering a whole-group brain break for every forty-five minutes of classroom
instruction—just like many Finnish teachers. But even that timing could be too
infrequent for your students. What’s important is that you watch your students
carefully. If they seem to be dragging their feet before the forty-five-minute
mark, it would seem beneficial to offer a brain break right away.
In her book Overwhelmed (2014), journalist Brigid Schulte dives into the
subject of overworking and the struggle to maintain a healthy work–life balance.
Throughout the book, Schulte suggests different strategies for promoting well-
being. One of her favorite methods is something she describes as pulsing,
switching between work and rest. Pulsing is based on this idea that when we
spend all our time working, our bodies break the natural rhythm they thrive
upon, in which we alternate between work and rest.
Pulsing looks differently in different contexts. Schulte lauds the importance
of taking regular breaks throughout the workday (a la Finnish school style). With
her own work as a journalist, she aims to write for several 1.5-hour-long bursts
throughout the day, in which she stays off her phone and e-mail (Schulte, 2014).
What would pulsing look like in the classroom? I think it’s as simple as
providing students with predictable breaks between long stretches of classroom
instruction. I don’t think these breaks need to be free play, as they are in Finland.
Teachers can offer several blocks of choice time throughout the day, in which
their students can select from a range of options, ten minutes of free reading, free
writing, or playing a fun math game, for example.
In my opinion, there are three qualities that choice time should possess: a
high degree of enjoyment, independence, and novelty. Forcing everyone to read
silently for ten minutes isn’t a break, especially when your students have been
engaged in a reader’s workshop for the last hour. But I believe that providing
everyone with a few engaging options after a reader’s workshop can refresh
children and serve as a good bridge to the next lesson, whatever that may be.
These built-in breaks are especially important for elementary school
classrooms, where students and teachers typically spend consecutive hours with
one another. For middle school and high school teachers, scheduling breaks may
not be as vital, because their students may spend only forty-five to fifty minutes
in their classrooms on a daily basis, with a few minutes of unstructured time
between classes. (Instead, what may serve as valuable for secondary school
teachers is a mindfulness exercise to start or end each lesson; see “Keep the
peace,” below.)
Some students, I’ve found, need breaks more often than their peers. One way
to accommodate these students is by offering an area in the classroom where
students can take a break. One researcher, Amanda Moreno, has noted the value
of something called a “calm spot.” Teachers have told Moreno that, thanks to
calm spots, some of their students who once had several tantrums per day now
have zero (Deruy, 2016).
It’s wise to talk with your students about how you’re on a mission to help
them learn better by inserting predictable breaks into the school day, and how
you’d like their feedback in crafting an ideal choice time (with independent
activities they find novel and enjoyable). This gesture not only will promote
shared ownership of student learning but also will likely produce valuable
insight.
Learn on the move
“Psst. Can I speak with you for a second?” My sharp-eyed mentor teacher in
Arlington, Massachusetts, pulled me aside during a lunch break. She wasn’t
wearing her characteristic smile. “Tim, please don’t be offended by what I’m
about to say,” she said, “but whenever I peek into your classroom, you always
seem to be sitting down with your first graders on the rug.” The criticism stung
—not because it was off-target, but because I knew it was true.
My habit of requiring my young students to sit passively for a half-hour or so
on the rug was clearly not working for them. By the time I’d release them from
the rug to do independent work, they were exasperated, and I had to peel a few
of them from the floor.
Armed with an old-fashioned stopwatch, I forced myself to keep all of my
lessons under fifteen minutes. The results were encouraging: my students
transitioned quickly and worked more efficiently at their tables when I kept these
lessons short. But I soon detected another obvious problem: my students were
sitting down nearly 100 percent of every class. Intuitively I knew this was
problematic, and later I would find out why.
When I stopped to think of it, whenever I’d visit other schools in the States, I
would see the same phenomenon. American students were being asked to sit for
the majority of lessons. Not only that, but they weren’t very active during the
entire school day. And this could only mean that millions of children were
missing out on the rich benefits of being more physically active. Research has
shown that physical activity can fend off obesity, reduce the risk of
cardiovascular disease, improve cognitive functions (such as memory and
attention), and positively impact mental health (Walker, 2015).
I somewhat assumed that the lack of physical activity in schools was an
American problem—a natural by-product of long school days and limited
opportunities for recess. But when I started teaching in Finland, I saw the same
thing happening at my public school in Helsinki. At first, this didn’t add up.
Kids in Finland have short school days and frequent fifteen-minute breaks. And
even though the breaks keep them more focused in the classroom, they don’t
necessarily keep them more active at school.
On the playground, sunshine or snowfall, I’d find many young Finnish
children spending recess passively. Some would be tapping away on their
smartphones, hooked by the latest mobile game, while others would be huddled
together, sitting down on benches, or standing in small groups and chitchatting.
Usually, I could find a handful of students playing tag or soccer. But the number
of passive kids typically seemed to exceed the number of active ones. In the
hallways of my school, older students were often slouched against the wall or
even lying down, waiting for their next lesson to begin.
Finnish researchers confirmed my observations. On the “Finnish Report Card
2014 on Physical Activity for Children and Youth,” kids in Finland received a D
for overall physical activity levels. In 2013, one study revealed that only half of
the participating Finnish elementary students met the national guideline of
engaging in at least one hour of “moderate-to-vigorous” physical activities each
day. Among middle school students, the figure was even worse: 17 percent
(Walker, 2015).
Finland wasn’t the only country that did poorly on its physical activity report
card. On the “2014 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children
and Youth,” America received a D– for overall physical activity levels. Roughly
a quarter of American children ages six through fifteen are active an hour per
day on at least five days of the week, according to the report card (Walker,
2015).
Though children in both countries suffer from low activity levels, a key
difference exists between Finland and the United States: hundreds of schools
across this tiny Nordic nation are now endeavoring to keep kids active
throughout the day through a relatively new government initiative called Finnish
Schools on the Move. This experiment could serve as an example of what
America could do to get kids more active.
Between 2010 and 2012, forty-five Finnish schools piloted the program. And
the results were hopeful, demonstrating schools can increase the physical
activity of children as long as they make the effort. According to a survey
conducted after the pilot program, half of participating elementary school
students and a third of middle school students reported an increase in physical
activity (Walker, 2015).
Earth-shattering outcomes? No. “It takes some time for the actions taken to
manifest and as a result, long-term and systematic development work is required
to increase children’s physical activity during the school day,” said one summary
of the pilot program. But humble as it was, Finnish Schools on the Move was a
step in the right direction (Walker, 2015).
Tuija Tammelin, the research director of LIKES, the foundation that
conducted the study of the pilot program, told me that she was impressed with
the rapid adoption of Finnish Schools on the Move. In just a couple of years, the
number of participating comprehensive schools had grown from forty-five to
nearly eight hundred. In the fall of 2014 my school launched this initiative, and I
was able to see Finnish Schools on the Move in action.
 • • •

IT WAS JUST PAST NOON ON A MID-DECEMBER SCHOOL day, and I

wandered outside during one of those fifteen-minute breaks. (This took place
during my second year of teaching in Helsinki, when I looped with my Helsinki
students to teach them in sixth grade.) Because my school had recently launched
Finnish Schools on the Move, I wondered if anything had changed about my
students’ behavior. Would I see fewer kids slothing around the playground?
In neon-yellow vests, two of my sixth graders, Emmi and Marianne, were
facilitating a popular game known as Banana Tag. Around them, about a dozen
younger children were dashing back and forth.
Emmi and Marianne were “recess activators,” meaning they were trained to
work with their younger peers, especially first and second graders, once a week.
A few minutes before I arrived, the two girls had huddled up with these seven-
and eight-year-olds and decided on a game to play.
I walked up to Emmi during the middle of her game, and as the youngsters
cheerfully zigzagged to avoid us, I asked her whether the little kids were more
active during recess since she started leading these games. She gave me one of
those looks kids give when adults ask them a question that has an obvious
answer. With her eyebrows raised, she nodded vigorously—a cue that I should
jump out of their way.
Eventually it became clear that what I had observed that day with Emmi and
Marianne was a daily routine. Every day at noon, several recess activators
engaged in similar activities, dispersing across the blacktopped playground and
recruiting younger children to join them in active games like Banana Tag.
I visited another school in the Finnish city of Salo, a 1.5-hour drive from
Helsinki. There, I found sixth graders helping out in a different way. A lesson
had just ended, and I watched as dozens of elementary school students flocked to
the foyer where their winter coats and outdoor shoes were kept. But instead of
zooming outside, which might have been the case in the past, several children
stayed behind and formed a straight line in front of a table near the front door.
Each child grasped a slip of paper the size of a business card. These papers, I
discovered, were “passports” granting them the right to borrow exercise
equipment during recess.
A few moments later, two older students slid behind the table. With a key
from the teacher’s lounge, they unlocked the compartment underneath the table
and called up the first child—a petite, blond-haired boy.
“What do you want?” one of the older kids chirped after collecting the boy’s
“passport.” The boy asked for a basketball and, once it was presented, snatched
it happily and rushed outside. Next, a round-faced brunette stepped up and
it happily and rushed outside. Next, a round-faced brunette stepped up and
requested a jump rope. And so it went until the long line of eager children
disappeared.
Curious as to whether this program had been as successful as the one at my
Helsinki school, I stepped up to the counter and asked the older students if they
had also witnessed a change in the level of physical activity during break times.
Their answer, unsurprisingly, was also yes.
But that wasn’t enough to convince me that the program is producing results
across the board. Although I saw younger children moving a lot during their
breaks, I still wondered about the impact of Finnish Schools on the Move on
older students. After all, the pilot program revealed that sedentary behavior at
school increased steadily by age. Later surveys, moreover, reported that just a
third of students in grades seven through nine increased their level of physical
activity each day despite participating in the pilot (Walker, 2015).
So I caught up with one of the PE teachers at my Helsinki school who was
coordinating the program. Although she was pleased with the work of recess
activators like Emmi and Marianne, she acknowledged that something needed to
be done about the older children. But she had a plan.
My Helsinki school would transition to a different daily schedule that would
be designed to allow students extra time to engage in the physical activities that
interest them most. Instead of only providing short, fifteen-minute recesses, the
school would offer at least one thirty-minute break on a daily basis. This change
would especially benefit the students in grades seven through nine at my school,
who have outgrown games like tag and need something more developmentally
appropriate to get their heart rates up.
Under this new model, the older students would have the chance to come up
with their own diversions to keep themselves active during the school day:
yogalates, floor hockey, or gymnastics, to name a few of the possibilities. The
kids get to dream it up; as long as it’s something vigorous, it’s an option.
Students run and direct these activities—and that’s intentional. Finnish schools
are encouraging children to take ownership by inviting their ideas and carving
out the time and space for these activities to happen at school.
But this model doesn’t just underscore the value of student empowerment. It
also demonstrates that increasing physical activity shouldn’t be a goal reserved
only for recess or PE class.
In fact, I’ve come to realize that class time should also involve physical
activity. When my school’s faculty introduced Finnish Schools on the Move, the
coordinators came up with various strategies for getting students to be more
active during lessons, for example, offering “energizers” (short breaks from
sitting for students during lessons), allowing kids to complete work while
standing, and replacing conventional chairs with exercise balls so that students
can bounce and learn simultaneously.
Since that fall, I started searching for even more ways to activate my students
during lessons. One of the strategies I experimented with is an adaptation of
something I first observed in the United States: I call it the active gallery walk,
which keeps kids moving yet ensures they’re focused during class.
This tactic grew out of my frustration with a very traditional way of doing
school. All too often, students present their work passively; they stand at the
front of their classrooms with a poster or a slideshow presentation and lecture
the class on what they’ve learned, for example. Not only does this common
practice consume a lot of instructional time, but it’s also (relatively)
unproductive. Sitting down and listening to numerous presentations in a row can
become eye-glazingly boring for everyone in the class—including the teacher—
no matter how skillfully the students share their work.
While giving students the opportunity to present their learning is, of course,
important, I’d argue that it’s not worth doing if it’s not engaging and active for
kids, hence the active gallery walk. Here’s how it works: Students fasten their
presentations to the walls of the classroom or hallway as if they were exhibiting
their work in an art gallery. Each display is numbered, and the children rotate
from exhibit to exhibit systematically, spending a minute or two carefully
studying each one. To make this experience more meaningful, students provide
written feedback to one another as they’re visiting each display. Before they start
the active gallery walk, I hand out sticky notes in two different colors: on one
color my students write questions about the work for the presenter to consider,
and on the other they jot down positive observations.
And although they appear to bob happily throughout an active gallery walk,
as they lean in to view each presentation and scrawl feedback on sticky notes,
perhaps the best part for them comes after the activity is over. They rush to take
down their presentations and return to their desks, where they then scrutinize the
feedback from their classmates. Naturally, I give them time to revise their work.
And to my delight, students have always chosen to improve their presentations
without any prodding from me.

• • •

HALFWAY THROUGH ONE OF THOSE ACTIVE GALLERY walks with my

Helsinki sixth graders, I checked my watch and was amazed at how quickly time
was flying by. Twenty minutes had already passed, but it felt as if we had just
begun. Emmi turned around when she heard me exclaim “wow!” and asked for
an explanation. I showed her the time, and like me, she couldn’t believe the
number of minutes that had elapsed. We agreed that learning should feel this
way all the time.
Jukka, another of my students, approached me after the active gallery walk,
gave me a high five, and thanked me for the lesson. But in my mind his
expression of gratitude—as if I had just given Jukka and his classmates an
unexpected gift—seemed unwarranted. All students deserve active, engaging
lessons like the one he and Emmi just experienced.
Finnish Schools on the Move has helped me to see that schools in America—
and around the world—can increase the physical activity of children by nudging
all students to take ownership of their active lifestyles and encouraging us
teachers to come up with creative ways of getting kids to move inside their
classrooms.
Something like an active gallery walk can work at any grade level. Here are
some other ideas for doing what the Finnish initiative aims to accomplish—
increasing physical activity and reducing the amount of time that students are
sitting. The following suggestions are partly derived from the Finnish Schools on
the Move website (Liikkuva Koulu, n.d.):

• Look for ways to incorporate standing, or movement, somewhat naturally

into lessons. If you’re an elementary school teacher and you’re reading a
book to your students, ask the children to stand up and act out a small
portion of the text as you’re reading. In my second year of teaching in
Helsinki, I worked with a second grade classroom and during a read-aloud
of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, we danced around the classroom
while I read a long “Oompa Loompa” chant, for example. (The kids loved
it, and it gave everyone a chance to stand up and move.) For older students,
how about hosting “standing-room only” discussions? For added measure,
you and the students could push the chairs and desks away from the middle
of the classroom as you dive into the topic of the day.
• Sometimes, you might notice your students looking drowsy after sitting
down for an extended period of time, despite your best efforts to keep
lessons engaging. During these occasions, why not get into character (with
your best army commander impression) and call for an impromptu exercise
break? Twenty jumping jacks or twenty seconds of running in place could
breathe life into your lesson, while your students receive that valuable break
from sitting.
• If you’re an elementary school teacher, you could appoint “recess
activators” in your classroom who could carry out their duties on the
 activators” in your classroom who could carry out their duties on the
playground on a rotating basis, like my Helsinki students Emmi and
Marianne. I wouldn’t force children to participate in activator-led games,
but as I’ve seen in Finland, providing students with daily opportunities to
play fun, active games like Banana Tag encourages them to be much more
physically active on the playground. If you’re considering this idea of
appointing recess activators, I recommend you provide a little bit of training
to those students by working with them to compile a short list of games to
lead and teaching them how to support others as they play. Initially, it
would be important to supervise their beginning attempts at facilitating,
until they appear comfortable in their roles.
• When I was teaching first and second graders in the Boston area, I had one
student—a small, restless boy—who had trouble sitting properly. It seemed
like every time he was assigned to his table to complete independent work,
he wanted to stand. Eventually, I eased up on directing him to sit, and in my
opinion, the quality of his work didn’t suffer. While it’s important for
students, especially the young ones, to learn proper handwriting technique
and good posture, I think it’s also valuable to give our students the freedom
to move around, wiggle, and stand up. Some teachers, I’ve heard, have
brought “standing desks” into their classrooms, and this seems like one
good solution. But other, less expensive steps could be to allow students to
read books while being on their feet, or provide clipboards for children to
complete tasks while standing around the classroom.

Recharge after school

The regular full-time teaching load at my Helsinki school was only twenty-four
hours each week, which translates—if fifteen-minute breaks are considered—as
only eighteen hours of classroom instruction per week. This is a typical full-time
teaching load for elementary school teachers in this Nordic country. At my
previous school in America, my former colleagues and I would usually spend
about 50 percent more time with students than teachers at my Helsinki school. In
fact, U. S. teachers report the most hours (26.8), on average, of weekly
classroom instruction compared to their OECD counterparts (Walker, 2016c).
Given that my Finnish colleagues were spending significantly fewer hours in
the classroom, I expected, initially, that they’d spend significantly more hours of
their free time working after school, prepping their classrooms, sending e-mails,
and planning lessons. I thought this way because when I taught in the United
States I used to dream of working a part-time schedule (something like a full-
time teaching schedule in Finland), just so that I could spend more of my free
time investing in my teaching.
But my Finnish colleagues surprised me. Typically, my school—a gigantic
refurbished hospital building—appeared to be completely empty by 4:00 P.M.
During my first year in Helsinki, my wife was pregnant with our second
child, and just one week before the baby’s due date the principal confronted me
one afternoon: “Shouldn’t you be at home?”
Additionally, on a Friday at 3:30 P.M., I was working in an empty teachers’
lounge, and the same principal whispered in my ear, “Time to go home.”
Her words contrasted sharply with the message of an American principal I
met in the Boston area. According to him, teachers could be categorized,
basically, in two ways: those who worked late into the afternoon, and those who
“beat the bus out of the parking lot.” One group, he suggested, represented a
group of committed professionals, while that other cohort fell far short.
Teaching in Finland has taught me that this dichotomy is inaccurate and
unhelpful. Although I’d often see my colleagues rushing home just minutes after
their last classes would finish, I learned to view them as wise, not lazy, for
limiting their hours of work. They knew the importance of leaving work to
recharge, in order to stay strong as teachers.
Any teacher, with at least a full year of experience, knows that teaching is
more like a marathon than a sprint. But based on what I’ve observed in
American schools, it seems like many teachers, my old self included, have a
difficult time pacing themselves, even when their bodies tell them to slow down.
During my rookie year in the Boston area I tried the sprinting approach,
where I’d work until my head hit the pillow, cut my hours of sleep to arrive at
school earlier, and prep during my lunch break. My nonstop working method led
to a predictable outcome: I completely burned out, suffering from crippling
anxiety, and I thought I’d leave the profession for good.
One of my biggest mistakes during that first year was the way I assessed
myself. I figured that the more hours I worked, the more successful I would be
as a teacher. And, for me, that just wasn’t the case. I was working hard, but I
wasn’t working smart. In that first year, I’d often spend many hours after school
fussing over classroom decorations or trying to script my lessons perfectly. What
I needed, on most afternoons, was not another hour of prep but an extra hour or
more of disconnecting from my work.
Once, I met with an American teacher visiting Helsinki who told me that at
his public high school in Virginia he was required to clock in and clock out of
school each day, as if he and his colleagues were working in the construction
business. The strange thing, according to this teacher, was that the school district
said the data would not impact evaluations in any way, and still teachers were
required to use this time-keeping system. As he described this policy, I started to
imagine the pressure that he and his colleagues would feel to clock in earlier and
clock out later, even when it wasn’t required. The emphasis in that school
district, it seemed to me, was not on the quality of the teaching but on the
amount of teaching.
To prioritize joy in our classrooms, we need to start pushing back on this
unhelpful ideology, which tells us to assess ourselves based on how much we
work. Indeed, American teachers work incredibly long hours compared to other
teachers around the world, and this reality, in my opinion, should encourage U.S.
teachers to allocate at least a portion of their limited free time on a daily basis to
activities after school that refresh them.
I don’t think it’s self-serving to get recharged every day. What could be
viewed as self-serving, ironically, is doing the opposite: working, working,
working until we’re stressed out, anxious, and unavailable to our students. The
children look to us for stability, and when we’re on a leave of absence (or on the
path to burnout), we can’t be there for them. In fact, forty-six percent of U.S.
teachers say they encounter a large amount of daily stress, tied with America’s
nurses for the highest percentage among all professional categories (Walker,
2016b).
Recharging after school comes in different forms for different teachers.
Some might be refreshed by a short run; others could find nourishment by
playing trains with their toddlers; many probably enjoy just a few minutes of
reading for leisure. The most important thing, I’ve found, is that boundaries—
when to work and when to rest—are identified and kept. All teachers know their
own workload, and all educators have ”have-tos” in their schedules, so I’m not
suggesting that we start shirking our responsibilities—I’m recommending that
we put the emphasis on pacing ourselves.
Years ago, I spoke with one American teacher who told me that she’d aim to
spend as much time as possible after school with her school-age children, and
then, after they had fallen asleep, she’d plan lessons and return e-mails. For her,
this routine worked well—she knew when she was recharging and when she was
working. I prefer something a little different: I’d rather leave my work at school.
That way, I can disconnect from teaching for the rest of the evening, even if it
means returning home a couple hours later. In Helsinki, I aimed to leave school
about two hours after my last lesson, because that deadline would usually
provide me with just enough time to take care of the teaching essentials:
planning the next day’s lessons, preparing classroom materials, assessing student
work, and clearing my e-mail inbox.
I’ve learned that I’m usually incapable of recharging after school if I’ve left
essential schoolwork undone. My mind continues to ruminate on what needs to
be accomplished, even if I’m engaged in a leisurely activity like playing with my
children at home. Setting a deadline, I’ve found, nudges me to do the most
important things first before leaving school. And once I have those basic items
taken care of, I feel a healthy sense of confidence about the next day of teaching,
which helps me to disconnect from work in the evening.
During the school year, it can be tempting to participate in exciting (but
nonessential) initiatives like Twitter chats, volunteer committees, and book
clubs. Those opportunities can be a lot of fun, of course, but they can also
distract us from taking care of the essential teaching tasks, which would then
reduce the already limited amount of free time we have for recharging.
(Summer, I’ve found, is the best time for teachers to participate in these types of
professional initiatives because we don’t have to worry about preparing for that
next day of school.)
But even when we set reasonable boundaries for ourselves, making sure to
recharge on a daily basis, there are times when our jobs require incredibly long
days. During the end-of-term report card season, which would happen twice
each year at my Helsinki school, I’d often see my Finnish colleagues working
late into the evening. The same thing would happen on special evenings, such as
the annual Parent Night. There are some days when we don’t have the chance to
recharge after work, but when we’re in the habit of recharging most days, we’ll
be ready for them.

• • •

ONCE WE GRASP THE VALUE OF REGULARLY RECHARGING our

teaching batteries, I think we’ll begin to see how important it is for our students,
too. (It’s especially valuable for kids in America, because long days of school
already significantly diminish their available free time.)
As teachers, there’s little that we can do to influence how the children in our
classroom will spend their hours after school. That being said, there’s one
obvious area where we can encourage our students to recharge every day:
homework.
It’s been said many times before, on the Internet and elsewhere, that there’s
no homework in Finland. Sorry to disappoint you, but that’s a popular myth.
What I’ve found, though, is that Finnish teachers are reasonable about the
amount of homework they assign their students. The ones I’ve spoken with don’t
want to overload kids with extra schoolwork, because they recognize the value
of their free time. Surprisingly, Finnish teachers seem to hold this belief about
keeping homework generally light, even when Finland’s students have been
recognized as having significantly fewer hours of classroom instruction than
many of their peers in other developed nations.
In Finland, I’ve yet to encounter such a thing as a school homework policy.
I’ve found that it’s up to Finland’s teachers to decide how much homework is
appropriate for their students. In my experience, Finland’s educators often assign
(relatively) small homework tasks, which can be completed over the span of
several days. Furthermore, the tasks are generally straightforward, allowing the
students to complete them on their own without help from adults.
I think it’s wise for us to think about keeping homework to a necessary
minimum, so that our students can spend more time recharging in the evenings.
If you work in a school in which you’re required to assign a certain amount of
homework each night, then one way you can help students to recharge in the
evening is by keeping the homework tasks as simple as possible, so that students
can complete them easily on their own.

Simplify the space

Once, as I was leading a tour of my Helsinki school for American visitors, one
administrator turned to face me, with a slight look of concern. “I noticed there’s
not much on the walls,” he said. That visitor wanted to know why.
The easy answer was that my Helsinki school was out for the summer, and
many students, including my own, had taken their work home. But that wasn’t
the whole story. If you were to visit my school in May of that year, the sight
wouldn’t have been all that different. You would have found, I’d imagine, a set
of posters students completed during a recent geography unit, or drawings that
students created during their visual arts class. In my visits to other Finnish
schools, I saw the same kinds of items being displayed. In my experience,
teachers in Finland prefer to minimize the amount of stuff on the walls in their
classrooms and the hallways. It’s something that may come naturally to them.
The mantra “less is more” is often celebrated by the Finns, evidenced by the
minimalism of Finnish design. Visit a Finnish home, and it’s likely that you’ll
find an uncluttered, cozy space (think Ikea style). A nice compliment you can
pay a Finnish host, I’ve found, is a positive remark about the home’s tunnelma
(atmosphere). In my years of living in Finland, I’ve learned that a cozy home,
from a Finnish perspective, depends largely on keeping one’s living space as
simple as possible.
I think the same principle informs the design of Finland’s classrooms. Many
visitors who see Finnish schools in action notice the calmness of students and
teachers. Surely there are many factors behind this phenomenon, but one reason
for the lack of overwhelm, I believe, is the simplified learning space.
In 2014, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University explored this idea,
investigating how a highly decorated classroom might sidetrack children from
focusing on learning. In the study, kindergarten students were taught six
introductory science lessons in a laboratory classroom, where researchers would
experimentally change the learning environment—for some lessons, the walls
were crowded with decorations, and at other times, the walls were completely
bare. The study revealed that children “were more distracted by the visual
environment, spent more time off task, and demonstrated smaller learning gains
when the walls were highly decorated than when the decorations were removed”
(Fisher, Godwin, & Seltman, 2014, p. 1362).
As teachers, reducing the external stimuli in our classrooms is especially
important for young students, because the ability to focus is something that
develops as children age. The authors of this study pointed out that sixth graders
are able to ignore irrelevant stimuli much more easily than preschoolers
(Hoffman, 2014).
Anna V. Fisher, the study’s lead author, told The New York Times in an
interview that academic results are affected by numerous factors, but many of
them are beyond the control of educators. That being said, the appearance of a
classroom is something that teachers can easily influence, the researcher noted
(Hoffman, 2014).
Displaying high-quality student work can be a joyful endeavor. Students can
(and should) feel proud of the good work they’ve done, and as educators we can
be proud of the ways that we’ve shepherded them. At the same time, research
suggests that there might be such a thing as overdoing it.
As teachers, I think we can sometimes become too focused on how learning
appears. We can spend an inordinate amount of time obsessing about and
affixing student work to our walls, when there are more essential aspects of
teaching to attend to. With embarrassment, I remember I used to staple my first
graders’ math worksheets to the bulletin board, during my early years of
teaching in the Boston area. A balance is needed, and yet I recognize that it may
feel like a struggle to simplify your classroom.
Years ago, I met teachers from a public school in Massachusetts who told me
that their school received scathing criticism for failing to display an adequate
amount of student work, even though it was still early in the school year. The
evaluators felt that the (mostly) bare walls suggested that there was a lack of
student learning. So what do you think those teachers prioritized from that day
forward?
This idea that paper on walls connotes good learning seems silly, in my
opinion, because it’s possible that a teacher could be spending a significant
amount of classroom time directing students to complete wall decorations. That
teacher’s classroom may look impressive, but scratch beneath the surface and I
suspect you will find a lack of meaningful learning taking place during the
school day.
So how can teachers keep learning spaces simple, despite greater pressure,
perhaps, to bombard classroom walls with evidence of learning? It starts with
thinking through the purpose of displaying student work. Is it primarily for
vanity’s sake, the appearance of learning? If it is, I’m convinced, from my own
experience in American classrooms, that it will ultimately burden us teachers,
distracting us from our most essential work.
I’m not suggesting that teachers keep their classrooms completely bare. If
we’re purposeful about the stuff that goes up on the walls, there’s joy there. But
we probably need to exercise restraint because of external pressure. That urge to
festoon the walls with paper might come from the perceived threat of tough
evaluators, such as the ones I heard about in Massachusetts, but the pressure will
most likely come from colleagues down the hall, who are affixing lots of paper
to their walls, or parents, who seem to think that more stuff on display equates to
better learning.
But we know, deep down, that showing off a lot of student work and posters
doesn’t necessarily mean that there’s a lot of meaningful learning happening in
our classrooms. One of the most important aspects of learning is thinking, and
that is a messy, invisible process. In other words, not everything we do with our
students can be packaged as evidence, ready for display.
One kindergarten teacher in California, Ingrid Boydston, confessed that she
used to completely cover the walls of her classroom, but these days, according to
The New York Times, she intentionally reserves empty spaces. When she taught a
lesson on the French artist Claude Monet, she wore a smock and a wide-
brimmed straw hat and talked to the children in the sort of European accent one
would expect to hear on such an occasion. After completing her speech, she
turned to a white-board and supplied it, The New York Times reported,

with key words that her twenty-seven young students remembered from
her talk. Then the children went to the room’s paint center, where they
went to work with cotton swabs.
Finally, it was time to adorn a blank wall. Mrs. Boydston filled it
 Finally, it was time to adorn a blank wall. Mrs. Boydston filled it
with artwork: the children’s Monets, not Claude’s. (Hoffman, 2014)

As teachers, we have a responsibility to have an answer ready as to why we do

counterintuitive things, such as keeping our classrooms simple. A colleague, a
parent, or a student might ask, why are your walls so (relatively) bare? But
instead of feeling attacked and embarrassed, we can calmly offer clear rationale.
Here are my reasons:

• I want the walls of my classroom to exude a sacred quality to the children.

When I say to my students, “I’m hoping that this work that you’re doing
will be displayed,” I want that to mean something special. I want them to
feel like it’s an honor to get something displayed in our classroom. If I’m
exhibiting a lack of discernment about what gets displayed, throwing
(almost) everything on the walls, such as hastily completed homework
assignments, the students get the opposite message. In my experience, they
care less about what gets shown.
• Time is our most precious commodity as teachers, and because the supply is
limited, I’ve chosen to restrict the amount of time I spend on something as
auxiliary as classroom displays. That doesn’t mean I don’t value it. It
simply means that I recognize that I have lots of competing responsibilities.
One way to limit the time I invest in affixing work to the walls is to involve
students. Even young children, in my experience, enjoy displaying their
own work in the classroom. There’s no reason, in my opinion, why a
teacher should be spending his or her time after school displaying the work
of students. Recruiting students to help in this way, during the school day,
saves us valuable time and promotes greater ownership of their learning.
• Displaying less stuff will, undoubtedly, put a greater emphasis on the few
items displayed on the wall. That’s a very good thing.
• Putting up less stuff will reduce the external stimuli in the classroom, and it
could, according to research, help the students to stay focused.

The decision to keep our classrooms uncluttered is something, in my

experience, that can ultimately save us time, facilitate higher-quality work, and
promote less distracted teaching and learning. And if you keep the learning
environment simple, I predict that when you stand in the middle of your
classroom and spin around, surveying its walls, you won’t feel overwhelmed or
shameful about the relative lack of stuff on display. You’ll feel, along with your
students, a sense of joy.
Breathe fresh air
When I visited Minna Räihä and her sixth grade classroom in Kuopio, Finland, I
noticed something I probably would have missed if I didn’t have those two years
of teaching in Helsinki. As we chatted during a break, this veteran teacher
interrupted me, midsentence: “I need to open a window.” She rushed over to one
of the classroom windows to let in more fresh air. I chuckled, because it was a
familiar sight.
My Helsinki students were often opening the windows in our classroom,
without asking permission. Sometimes, I’d hear something like “I need some
fresh air” and I’d know that one of my students was making a move to the
windows. In hindsight, I see why several of my pupils were often concerned
with the air quality. Our classroom, formerly a dentist’s office, was tiny and
barely fit the twenty-five of us. The learning space was stuffy unless the
windows were open.
My Helsinki students seemed much more aware of air quality than I had ever
been. In my several years of teaching in the United States, I had never thought to
open the windows in the classrooms where I taught to let in fresh air. It was such
a little, simple thing, but my students (and other teachers in Finland, like Minna)
were helping me to see its importance.
Although research suggests that brain breaks are useful indoors or outdoors
(Walker, 2014), the Finnish students and teachers that I’ve chatted with typically
commend the value of going outside to get fresh air. This philosophy is perhaps
most visible in the policies of many Finnish schools, where elementary school
students are required to head outdoors unless it’s colder than –15°C (5°F). That
means a rainy day isn’t an excuse for staying indoors for a break. During my
first year of teaching in Helsinki, I remember looking out the window on one
autumn day and feeling a bit shocked as I watched scores of children running
around the playground in the rain. As my Finnish father-in-law often likes to
say, “We’re not sugar.”
At Kalevala Comprehensive School, where Minna works, teachers and
students partly condition the air the “natural” way by opening classroom
windows. “In Finland, there [are] very clear regulations about how many pupils
you can take in a certain space,” Minna told me. “It’s been calculated by the
officials that if you have so and so many square meters [and] so much height in
the classroom, then you can only take so and so many pupils.”
But Finland’s appreciation for fresh air wasn’t just a school thing. For
example, I saw Helsinki parents leaving their sleeping infants in strollers on their
balconies, even in freezing temperatures. When I asked Finns about this, they’d
often remark that babies nap better outside. (We did the same with our youngest
often remark that babies nap better outside. (We did the same with our youngest
child in Helsinki, and it was something I’d never imagine doing in America.)
In Finland, all the talk about fresh air got me questioning if I had been
missing out for years on a simple strategy for better well-being and better
learning in the classroom. During my visit to the Kalevala Comprehensive
School, I asked Minna about the benefits of fresh air, and she provided me with
a brief science lesson as we chatted by her desk: “When we inhale, we [exhale]
carbon dioxide. And if the level of carbon dioxide becomes too high in the
classroom, it really stops learning—because your [brain doesn’t] work!”
Minna’s finding seems to agree, partly, with a research finding involving
office workers. In this study, two dozen professionals worked for fourteen days
in two rooms, where air quality could be manipulated remotely to resemble the
environment of a standard office building, a “green building,” or a green
building with enhanced ventilation (“green+”). Every afternoon those
participants took cognitive tests on computers. The results showed that cognitive
function scores were significantly higher when the participants worked in the
two environments with better than conventional air quality; the results, on
average, were 61 percent better during a green building session and 101 percent
better during a green+ session (Higgins, 2015). Although the experiment was
created to simulate indoor office spaces, the researchers concluded: “These
exposures should be investigated in other indoor environments, such as homes,
schools, and airplanes, where decrements in cognitive function and decision
making could have significant impacts on productivity, learning, and safety”
(Allen et al., 2016, p. 812).
When I told Minna about the study of the office workers, she didn’t seem
surprised at all. “There are so many things in the environment that . . . affect the
learning,” she said. In my own research for this book, I’ve found several other
environmental factors that influence learning, several of which I discuss in these
chapters: classroom decorations, noise, insufficient lighting, and poor heating.
“[A] plethora of scientific evidence suggests that student learning and
achievement [are] deeply affected by the environment in which this learning
occurs,” wrote the authors of a research review (Cheryan, Ziegler, Plaut, &
Meltzoff, 2014, p. 10), which investigated how the physical classroom
environment influences student performance. While teachers have little control
over the structural design of the schools where they teach, there are small things
we can do to make the physical classroom environment better for our students.
Here’s a useful list, based on several recommendations provided by the
researchers in a 2014 press release by Sage Publications:

• When students are exposed to more natural light, they perform better. With
 • When students are exposed to more natural light, they perform better. With
this finding in mind, seek to minimize artificial lighting in your classroom.
• According to the researchers, the temperature range of 68°F and 74°F is
optimal for learning. So, while opening the classroom windows during the
winter might benefit air quality, the cold temperature might hinder student
achievement.
• Researchers have discovered that classroom objects showing educational
accomplishments of traditionally disadvantaged groups (such as posters that
depict female scientists) can bolster the performance of such groups.
• Displaying “token” symbols in the classroom setting, such as American
Indian mascots, can lead students of such groups to report lower self-
esteem.

Informed by the findings of these researchers, the Department of Computer

Science and Engineering at the University of Washington redesigned its facilities
(including the computer lab), and its faculty and students have responded
positively, suggesting that the learning environment has become more inclusive
and success oriented (Sage Publications, 2014). As teachers at the K-12 level,
we can do something similar by tweaking our classroom environments.

Get into the wild

Last spring, as I was walking my dog around the pond behind our home in
Finland, I discovered several boys, in fourth grade or so, fishing on their own.
As the days got sunnier, I continued to notice more and more Finnish children
outside without adults—riding their bikes, swimming in nearby ponds, and
walking around with fishing poles. But it wasn’t just the warm weather that
brought kids out to explore nature. I saw something similar during the coldest
season.
In the winter I’m in the habit of running around a larger pond by our home,
which is typically frozen, and one morning I was surprised to find about fifty
children on the ice, cross-country skiing with their teachers. Those students
looked like they were in first or second grade. On another occasion, on that same
frozen pond, I saw teenage students ice fishing with their teacher. On a separate
day, on a hill next to the pond, I found elementary school students sledding
during the school day. (Their teachers approved—they were the ones
supervising.) Just a few hundred yards from that hill I visited a kindergarten,
where teachers told me that they’d sometimes visit a nearby forest where their
students would learn math concepts.
 One of the most beloved part of elementary school in Finland—for many
children, at least—is something called “Camp School,” in which Finland’s fifth
graders or sixth graders, typically, spend several days with their teachers in a
natural setting. For Camp School, my students and I took an hour and a half bus
ride away from Helsinki to spend a few days at an athletic retreat center, where
we completed a variety of fun, physically demanding activities. Last year, Minna
Räihä took her sixth grade students on several Camp School excursions.
In my experience, Finland’s teachers seem eager to bring their kids outside
of their classrooms. In his 2008 book Last Child in the Woods, Richard Louv
praises this Nordic nation for encouraging environment-based education, in
which Finland “has moved a substantial amount of classroom experience into
natural settings or the surrounding community” (p. 205). Louv is best known for
coining the term nature-deficit disorder to communicate the yawning gap
between kids and nature (Louv, 2011). In light of nature-deficit disorder, Louv
(2008) suggests that America adopt Finland’s commitment to environment-based
education.
Initially, I felt reluctant to include the strategy get into the wild, because I
wondered if it was too Finland-centric. In this Nordic country, it’s relatively easy
to enjoy and explore nature. Pull up a satellite image of Finland, and you will see
a nation that’s almost completely covered with trees and lakes. I questioned
whether educators around the world, especially those teaching in urban school
districts, could realistically practice this strategy. But then I remembered that
connecting regularly with the natural world is vital for everyone. Once, I visited
a forest kindergarten in my Finnish city, where a group of five- and six-year-old
children spent about four hours outside each day (on average) and, afterward, I
emailed Louv to help me understand the benefits of such an arrangement.
“The research strongly suggests that time in nature can help many children
learn to build confidence in themselves; reduce the symptoms of Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, calm children, and help them focus,” Louv said
in an email. “There are some indications that natural play spaces can reduce
bullying. It can also be a buffer to child obesity and overweight, and offers other
psychological and physical health benefits” (Walker, 2016a).
Improved cognitive functioning, Louv added, has been associated with
nature-based learning for years. For a recent example, he pointed to a 6-year
study involving more than 900 public elementary schools in Massachusetts, in
which researchers found a link “between the greenness of the school in the
spring (when most Massachusetts students take the [state-wide] tests) and
school-wide performance on both English and Math tests, even after adjustment
for socioeconomic factors and urban residency” (quoted in Walker, 2016a).
Time spent in nature, Louv told me, is “obviously not a cure-all” for
 Time spent in nature, Louv told me, is “obviously not a cure-all” for
children, however, he suggested that something like a forest kindergarten could
“be an enormous help, especially for kids who are stressed by circumstances
beyond their control” (Walker, 2016a).
As Louv points out in Last Child in the Woods, the idea of environment-
based education is nothing new—it has been around for more than a hundred
years. John Dewey, in his 1899 book The School and Society, supported this
concept: “Experience [outside the school] has its geographical aspect, its artistic
and its literary, its scientific and its historical sides. All studies arise from
aspects of the one earth and the one life lived upon it” (quoted in Louv, 2008, p.
203). More recently, as Louv notes in his book, Howard Gardner—professor of
education at Harvard University and the researcher who developed the theory of
multiple intelligences—added another kind of intelligence to his list: “naturalist
intelligence” (Louv, 2008).
For many teachers, especially ones in urban schools, taking students cross-
country skiing or ice fishing isn’t feasible. So where should educators begin? I
find it helpful to think about several different tiers of getting students into the
wild, from a (relatively) low level to a high level of investment. The first tier is
about bringing nature into the classroom. The possibilities are near endless,
depending on your curriculum. For example, while I taught elementary school
students in America, we sprouted potatoes in different parts of the classroom for
a unit on the scientific method, cared for tadpoles for a unit on the frog life
cycle, and (under microscopes) studied pond water, which we retrieved from a
nearby reservoir.
The second tier involves stepping outside for a lesson, or part of a lesson.
Logistically, it’s easiest when you don’t need to arrange a field trip. Big
excursions (for example, hiking a mountain or visiting an arboretum) are
wonderful, but they often require a significant amount of management on behalf
of the teacher. Using the schoolyard as a habitat is an effective way of getting
students to interact with nature on a regular basis without investing a substantial
amount of time planning. These are a few activities I used to do with my
elementary school children in the Boston area: writing down observations and
wonderings in science journals about natural objects (such as stones, pinecones,
and feathers) found in the school yard, documenting wildlife around the school
premises using digital cameras and uploading those photos to our online field
guide, and collecting natural objects, such as decomposing leaves and large
rocks, to use in our tadpole habitats. I recommend thinking about what useful
natural sites might be within walking distance of your school. In the Boston area,
I taught at one elementary school that was just a half-mile away from a pond,
and there we gardened, documented wildlife (which we uploaded to our digital
field guide), collected pond samples to study in our classroom, and raced
different rubber ducks in a stream for a math and science lesson.
The third tier involves greening the school grounds by undertaking projects.
“[Schools] might begin with butterfly gardens, bird feeders and baths, tree
planting, or native plant gardens,” writes Louv (2008, p. 219). “Moving on to
larger projects, they can create ponds, nature trails, or restore streams.” Years
ago, I worked at an urban school in Massachusetts where a second grade teacher
led her class to develop and maintain a large school garden. This undertaking
was a major source of joy (and healthy pride) for that friend and her young
students. At another school, I taught with a teacher who set up bird feeders
outside of the classroom windows, where our students could easily observe and
identify birds throughout the school year. The children’s enthusiasm for these
winged creatures was sky-high, and it appeared to motivate them as readers,
writers, and learners.
As teachers, we don’t need to make ambitious efforts to reap the benefits of
environment-based education. We can take baby steps, experiencing the joy of
making connections from our classrooms to the natural world.

Keep the peace

In eastern Finland I visited Haapaniemi Elementary School, and the principal,
Jussi Kukkola, took me on a brief tour, showing me a couple of classrooms in
action. I found a remarkable sense of calm there—both teachers and students
seemed incredibly relaxed and unhurried, especially as they worked with their
shoes off (a tradition in Finnish homes and schools). The principal told me that,
starting in the fall of 2016, corresponding with the implementation of the latest
national core curriculum, his school would be launching a new set of rules.
Safety was the first one, he noted. But what was the purpose of the new rules?
“To create a peaceful school environment,” Kukkola told me.
This struck me. Here was a Finnish school that already seemed to excel in
this area of offering a calm atmosphere for teachers and students, but this
principal signaled that it should remain a priority. In America, I had heard of
schools aiming to be rigorous, or project based, or high achieving. But peaceful?
That was a new one for me.
In visits to other classrooms in Finland, I had noticed a similar peaceful
atmosphere. I wasn’t the only one who noticed this common characteristic. At
my Helsinki school, we’d often have visitors from abroad, and I’d hear them
comment on the same thing: the learning seemed so relaxed and so stress-free. I
believe that this typical feature of peacefulness in Finnish schools is a major
reason that Finland’s students learn so efficiently and have performed so well on
international tests like the PISA. “Learning is supported by a peaceful and
friendly working atmosphere,” declares Finland’s newest curriculum framework
(Finnish National Board of Education, 2016, p. 31), “and a calm, peaceful
mood.”
This respect for peace is something that’s also evident in the Finnish
language, in which several words describe occasions in which peace should be
kept, saunarauha (sauna peace), ruokarauha (food peace), and joulurauha
(Christmas peace), for example. This appreciation for tranquility is especially
apparent during Finland’s Independence Day celebration. Unlike the Fourth of
July, in which crowds of people gather to watch booming fireworks, the Finnish
holiday is observed by lighting candles in the quiet of one’s home and
remembering fallen soldiers.
In American classrooms, I’ve detected a healthy push for less teacher talk
and more active learning; “turn-and-talk,” for example, appears to be a popular
strategy, in which students process their thinking out loud with one another. I
wonder, though, if many American students are missing out on important
moments of calm in the classroom because of this pedagogical trend of
activating learning. While working silently may not qualify as active learning, I
think there’s wisdom in the approach of many Finnish classrooms I’ve observed,
where children can have long stretches of time—while completing independent
work—to work quietly.
Recently, I stumbled upon a body of research that seems to suggest the
importance of this practice. Decades ago, University of Oregon researchers
identified a relationship between the noisiness of a child’s place of residence and
a child’s ability to detect the difference between two alike words and reading
proficiency. In their experiment, they found that the louder the home
environment, the more difficult it was for children to identify two similar words
and read proficiently. More recently, University of Wisconsin researchers found
something similar in a classroom setting: when there’s background noise, very
young children struggle to acquire novel words (Khazan, 2016).
In her article “How Noise Pollution Impairs Learning,” Olga Khazan (2016),
an Atlantic staff writer, described this compelling research, involving 106
toddlers:

First, a group of 2-year-olds were taught two nonsense words . . . in the

presence of background noise that was either 5 or 10 dB quieter than the
voice of the teacher. The children successfully learned the words when
 voice of the teacher. The children successfully learned the words when
the background noise was quiet, but not when it was loud.

Khazan noted that the result was identical in the second test, in which the
researchers ran an experiment with toddlers who were a bit older. A third test
revealed that the young children were able to acquire the definitions of novel
words when exposed to loud background sounds, as long as they had first
encountered them when the learning environment wasn’t noisy.
Although further studies are needed to explore the impact of noise on
learning (especially on older children), the research suggests that background
noise in our classrooms can influence student learning. As a teacher, this
encourages me to ensure that my classroom is a place of peace for students.
This section’s strategy, keep the peace, is about promoting the well-being of
everyone in the classroom through offering a calm learning environment, where
students can work with little background noise and a lack of stress. The
following are a few possible solutions for keeping the peace.

Anchor charts: A sensible starting place is the creation of rules, made by the
teacher and the students. I’ve worked with each of my groups of students (in
America and Finland) to craft a list of classroom rules, guided by the Responsive
Classroom approach. The process is simple: typically during that first or second
week of school, I solicit their ideas for shared classroom expectations and then
guide them to whittle down a (usually) long list of rules to just a few overarching
precepts. Typically, our rules boil down to three things: respect yourself, respect
others, and respect the environment. While it’s useful to have only three rules
(it’s easy to remember), I’ve often found that my students, even upper
elementary ones, benefit from creating “anchor charts” together, which further
flesh out the rules. The purpose of an anchor chart is to make classroom
expectations clear as day by describing specific actions each student can take
toward a particular goal, such as listening well, or, for the sake of this strategy,
preserving a peaceful learning environment.
To make an anchor chart with your students, you need about ten to fifteen
minutes for a discussion, a sheet of paper (or poster board), and something to
write with. The layout is straightforward: the intended goal is at the top of the
paper, and several questions are printed, which guide the discussion. The teacher
can solicit ideas from students and write them down throughout the session. The
purpose of this exercise is to get students to identify the characteristics of a
peaceful learning environment. Once an anchor chart is made, the teacher and
students can refer to it throughout the year. Here’s an example:
The Peaceful Classroom
What does it look like? Student A: “It’s not messy. It’s
organized.”
What does it sound like? Student B: “It’s quiet.”
What does it feel like? Student C: “Cozy.”

Noise meter: Creating common expectations around this idea of a peaceful

learning environment (though rules and an anchor chart) is important, but it’s
likely that our students will need ongoing feedback to know how they’re doing,
especially regarding minimizing background noise. One idea is that the class
could have its own student-made “noise meter” prominently displayed at the
front of the classroom, which teachers and students could regularly use to
indicate the noise level of the classroom. I’m imagining that it would be best to
get students to take ownership of this aspect, because from my own experience
it’s tempting for the teacher to assume the role of regulating the sound. And
when this happens, students don’t learn to self-regulate because they begin to
depend on the teacher to intervene when they’re too noisy.

Strike a balance: While I appreciate the quietness I’ve observed in many

Finnish classrooms, where I’ve seen a lot of independent work, there’s also a
definite need for all students to discuss ideas and collaborate on a regular basis,
too. One way of striking a balance is to offer opportunities for both. For
example, students can work quietly at their desks while those students who need
to discuss an idea, get feedback, or collaborate on something else can visit a
designated spot in the classroom, where they won’t disturb the peace.

• • •

TODAY, ONE OF THE HOTTEST TRENDS IN CLASSROOMS around the

world is practicing something called “mindfulness.” When I first heard about
this practice, I admit that I was skeptical. (Honestly, I thought it sounded pretty
hokey.) But as I’ve read more and more about the benefits of this approach (and
the relatively small investment of classroom time), it seems like a practice worth
implementing in any classroom. Not only do mindfulness exercises help kids to
remain attentive, according to researcher Amanda Moreno, but also students
recover more quickly if they become unsettled and have an easier time
transitioning throughout the school day (Deruy, 2016). One study, in an
elementary school setting, found that children who received a mindfulness-based
program not only bettered their “stress physiology” and “cognitive control,” but
they also:

(b) reported greater empathy, perspective-taking, emotional control,

optimism, school self-concept, and mindfulness, (c) showed greater
decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated
aggression, (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial, and (e) increased
in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity). (Schonert-Reichl et al.,
2015, p. 52)

During the 1970s, the biologist Jon Kabat-Zinn introduced the term
mindfulness and he “defines it,” wrote Lauren Cassani Davis (2015) for The
Atlantic, “as a state of mind: the act of ‘paying attention on purpose’ to the
present moment, with a ‘non-judgmental’ attitude. But mindfulness is really a
secular philosophy and set of techniques adapted from thousands-of-years-old
Buddhist meditation traditions . . .”
In the classroom setting, mindfulness exercises can vary, but they typically
last just a few minutes, or even seconds. In New York City, one high school
teacher, Argos Gonzalez, schedules five-minute mindfulness breaks in his
English lessons, where students might conjure up mental images of their
emotions or pay attention to inhaling and exhaling (Davis, 2015). In Patricia
Jennings’s 2015 book Mindfulness for Teachers, she suggests several simple
exercises (appropriate for all students) that are “intended to promote self-
awareness; foster cognitive, emotional, and behavioral self-regulation; and
reduce stress” (p. 176).

• • •

ACCORDING TO JENNINGS, ONE OF THE MOST COMMON mindfulness-

based practices is “mindful listening,” and the only thing that’s needed is a bell
or a chime. This exercise seems especially useful when implemented during
transitions, such as returning to the classroom after lunch or just before
dismissal. Jennings recommends that teachers employ these words as they teach
the routine of mindful listening:

“We’re going to do a listening activity that will help our minds relax and
become more focused. First, let’s all sit up nice and tall in our seats with
our hands folded in our laps (or on the desk). In a few minutes, I’m going
to ring this chime, and we’re going to listen to the sound until it
disappears. I find that I can focus my attention on my hearing best when I
close my eyes. You can try that, but if you aren’t comfortable closing
 close my eyes. You can try that, but if you aren’t comfortable closing
your eyes, you can lower your gaze to your hands.” (p. 177)

Once all of the students appear ready, the teacher can ring the bell, and when the
ringing stops, the teacher can begin the lesson (Jennings, 2015).
Another effective mindfulness-based activity Jennings recommends to help
students transition is called “mindful walking.” When introducing this exercise,
it’s best if students have plenty of space to move around, such as the gym or the
playground. Jennings advises teachers to introduce this activity in the following
way:

“Today we’re going to practice paying attention to how we walk. I will

show you how.” Demonstrate walking slowly and describe how your
weight shifts from the heel to the ball and then to the toe of your foot.
“Pay attention to the feeling of the weight of your body on the soles of
your feet.” Have the students all face the same way and begin slowly
walking in a circle. After a few minutes, stop and ask them how that
feels. They may notice that it’s not so easy to walk slowly. (p. 178)

Once these mindfulness-based routines have been mastered, Jennings

recommends “[weaving] them into the fabric of your day,” which will “create
regular spaces in the day for everyone to calm down” (p. 176).

* The names used for students in this book are pseudonyms.

 CHAPTER

Belonging

ONE OF THE PRIMARY INGREDIENTS OF HAPPINESS, according to the

academic literature, is belonging (Pinsker, 2016). And as teachers, there are
different steps we can take to cultivate that sense of connectedness in our
classrooms.

Recruit a welfare team

Belonging, by the way, is not just something that we can share with our students
—it’s also something that, as teachers, we need to experience with other adults,
in school and out of school. Before diving into the six other strategies of this
chapter, which focus on strengthening relationships between teachers and
students, I want to affirm the importance of cultivating a supportive community
of adults, something I learned personally during my burnout year.
In my round-the-clock striving to teach well, I found that my connections
with others greatly suffered, including the ones with my colleagues, my friends,
and even my family. Simply put, I wasn’t prioritizing relationships. I was barely
investing in them, and consequentially, I felt isolated in my work.
It wasn’t until after I returned from that embarrassing leave of absence that I
understood how much I had missed from being disconnected from others. And
when I started to invest more time in relationships, I found the sense of
belonging returning.
At my Helsinki school, I witnessed my colleagues prioritizing connections
with one another in a way I hadn’t observed in many American schools. One
major reason for this phenomenon is probably a difference in the teaching
schedule. (With shorter days and more breaks throughout the day, Finland’s
teachers have more free time to meet with one another.) But I also think it has to
do with a particular attitude, which I discuss more in Chapter 5, that views the
job of teaching as a collaborative endeavor.
I’ve heard some American educators describe teaching as a lonely job, in the
sense that teachers spend a lot of time with their students but little time with
other adults. I don’t think this description would accurately describe the reality
in many Finnish schools. In my experience, Finland’s teachers spend a lot of
time with one another at school, sharing best practices, problem solving, and
developing friendships.
If we are committed to recharging after school (on a daily basis) and if we
recognize that belonging has a positive effect on our happiness and our teaching,
then it would be sensible to regularly use a portion of our free time investing in
connections with other adults. For me, that would look like eating lunch with my
colleagues regularly (not skipping the meal to prep in my classroom), catching
up with a good friend over the phone in the late afternoon, or drinking tea with
my wife after our children have fallen asleep.
In addition to investing time in relationships with other adults, I recommend
that we teachers practice an adaptation of something that’s implemented
throughout this Nordic country, including my Helsinki school: meeting with a
“student welfare team.” In Finland, a classroom teacher gathers with other
school professionals—the principal, the nurse, the social worker, the
psychologist, and the special education teacher—as needed to discuss the
individual needs of their classrooms. Before my first meeting with my school’s
welfare team, a Finnish colleague praised this powerful practice by suggesting
that I’d walk away from this gathering feeling that I’m not the only one
responsible for my students.
Before this meeting, I completed a brief survey, which asked me several
questions about the academic and social needs of my students, and during our
meeting I distributed copies of my responses. As my colleagues quietly glanced
over the filled-in questionnaire, my principal turned to me and asked, “So, how’s
your class so far?”
She had inquired about my class before, but this time, this simple question
seemed to possess special significance. It was still early in the school year
(October), and in that room I found myself surrounded by a diverse crowd of
school professionals, ready to listen and respond to my insights. My principal
was asking me to share the responsibility of caring for my class, so that the
needs of my students would be better addressed. By the end of the meeting, we
agreed upon several clear action items. I left the meeting feeling the way that my
colleague predicted I would: less alone as a teacher.
Later that day, I checked my school e-mail and I found a message from
another teacher, informing me about a concerning incident that took place
among several of my students. I was upset by the news, but I had a plan. The
next morning at school, I knocked on the door of the social worker’s office, and
I sought advice on this issue. She had a few moments to spare, and we had our
first one-on-one meeting. The idea of sharing greater responsibility with my
colleagues was crystallizing in me.
In Helsinki, I think I was starting to view my classroom in a helpful way. It
wasn’t just my classroom; it was our classroom. For many American teachers, I
think that feeling of loneliness is a sign that we need to be better connected with
other school professionals. And, while Finnish schools have student welfare
teams that meet on a regular basis to support this need, I think any teacher can
adopt a similar practice.
I’m imagining that teachers could call upon—without too much
inconvenience—a small, trusted group of professionals and request a short
meeting with them, once or twice a year, to discuss the academic and social-
emotional needs of their classrooms. It would be like an annual checkup at the
doctor’s office. Getting that outside perspective on your classroom, I’ve learned,
is so valuable, especially in the beginning of the school year.
Some teachers may be interested in recruiting team members beyond their
own schools, and I think this could work well. Because teachers would be
discussing their students during a welfare meeting, maintaining privacy is
essential—and it’s something that still can be honored, in my opinion, as long as
the children are discussed anonymously.
If you’re interested in promoting joy in your teaching, cultivating your
personal sense of belonging is essential. And my hunch is that those teachers
who maintain strong connections with other adults may find it easier to
implement the following six strategies for strengthening a strong sense of
belonging in the classroom: know each child, play with your students, celebrate
their learning, pursue a class dream, banish the bullying, and buddy up.

Know each child

Before they became my fifth graders, my group of Helsinki students had been
with the same classroom teacher for four years—first grade through fourth
grade. And I could see, during those early days of the new school year, that their
rapport with their previous teacher was exceptionally strong. On the first day of
school, in the cafeteria, I watched many of my fifth graders laugh with and hug
school, in the cafeteria, I watched many of my fifth graders laugh with and hug
their former teacher. (Throughout Finnish elementary schools, the practice of a
teacher remaining with a group of children for more than one school year is
common.)
In Helsinki, I further understood the wisdom of this Finnish practice when I
remained with my group of students for two years, starting in fifth grade. When I
returned to teach them in sixth grade, I was impressed with how quickly we
could reestablish healthy expectations and routines in our classroom. Not only
that, but I found that, with another year with my class, my knowledge of them as
unique individuals brought joy to our classroom and greatly benefited my
teaching and their learning.
As teachers, we know it takes time to get to know our students well, but for
many educators around the world, it seems as if they’re forced to wave a
permanent goodbye to the children at the end of each school year, just when
they’ve finally established strong rapport with them. While it’s relatively rare—
in my experience—to find educators in America who “loop” with their students,
just like teachers in Finland, there are simple steps to speed up the process of
building strong teacher-student relationships.
One practice, which I implemented for the first time in Finland, is as
straightforward as standing by the door and greeting students by name as they
enter the classroom. I prefer to exchange fist bumps, handshakes, or high fives,
too. Some of my Helsinki students would sometimes, playfully, try to sneak past
me without a greeting—and it became our fun inside joke. This routine is
something that allows teachers to recognize each student, signaling that we see
them as individuals, not simply as a group of kids. During those brief moments
by the door, I’d sometimes compliment a student on a new haircut or inquire
about a sporting event. They were little things, just to say “I see you.” If I was
ending the day with my students, I would try to conclude the day in the same
way I began it. Often I’d stand by our classroom door, ready to send them off
with a cheerful farewell.
Many American elementary school teachers set aside time for a regular
morning circle, where members of the classroom greet one another in different
ways, such as shaking a neighbor’s hand or chanting a choral greeting. Although
I’m a strong proponent of morning circle, which is something I’ve used in my
teaching since I started my career, I think we need to focus, too, on cultivating
personal connections, on a daily basis, with each of our students. Morning circle,
I’ve found, is especially effective at promoting a sense of joyful community in
the classroom, rather than strengthening the individual relationships between
teachers and students.
Another simple practice I utilized in Finland, which helped me to connect
 Another simple practice I utilized in Finland, which helped me to connect
personally with my students, was eating lunch with them. At my Helsinki
school, teachers were required to supervise their classes during lunch, so it
wasn’t difficult for me to share a meal with my class. It did require a little
intentionality, though. Typically, teachers—during my lunch block—could elect
to sit at a table with one another or at a table with a few of their students. I tried
to alternate between those two options, because I found that it was important to
invest time in relationships with both my colleagues and the children in my
class. Although our lunch break was only twenty minutes long, it provided me
with enough time to have casual conversations with my students. Often we’d
exchange jokes and discuss our hobbies and interests. Occasionally, I’d get
questions about life in America.
Because all twenty-five of us wouldn’t fit around one table, I’d try to visit
with different students throughout any given week. Typically, individual
students would invite me to join them for lunch—and if I couldn’t join them that
day, I’d agree to eat with them on a separate occasion. Having those
nonacademic moments at lunch, where we could freely discuss anything, was so
valuable for strengthening our personal relationships.
In the classroom, I’ve found that, as teachers, it’s important to model focused
intensity during lessons, so that our students know it’s time to focus intently on
the learning, but I’ve seen that those occasions of just slowing down with
students—at lunch, for example—are essential, too.
In Finland, it might be easier to arrange eating lunch with your students,
given a difference in school policy, but I’ve met a few teachers in America
implementing this practice, too. What’s great about this simple gesture is that it
will not only facilitate better rapport but also give you time to model respectful
conversations and good eating habits, things that will also benefit your students.
Eating with your students every day could be exhausting, even if you could,
hypothetically, make it work. In my experience, I’ve found that there are days
when I crave a few minutes to catch up with my colleagues or eat quietly in the
corner, where I have a few minutes to reflect on a challenging morning. Striking
a balance is essential.
If you’re interested in the idea of eating with your students, I recommend
starting small. Initially, you could try setting aside one lunch block each week to
sit with several students. Because it’s important to eat with each of your students
eventually, it might be helpful to have a simple system for keeping track of who
you’re sitting with and when.
In addition to greeting our students and eating lunch with them, there’s
something we can do outside of school that can have a profoundly positive
impact on our relationships with the children in our classroom: home visits. In
Helsinki I didn’t think to conduct home visits because I wasn’t available to meet
with my fifth graders before the school year began in mid-August, but I believe
it’s a practice that would work well anywhere in the world.
While I taught in America, I conducted several home visits during the
summer, and I found that, although it required a sacrifice of my time, it was well
worth the investment. The most challenging part, I learned, was arranging the
visits in advance, because families can be hard to reach during vacation season.
But once I had a home visit planned, the actual event required very little
preparation. The only thing I’d bring along was a pen and a notebook. Inside of
my notebook, I had a list of questions to consider during the visit, which was
something that my American mentor teacher gave me. Questions could range
from “What are the child’s hobbies?” to “What are the child’s expectations for
this school year?”
The actual visit consisted of two parts. First, I’d casually spend time with the
student, chatting, and, if they wanted, I’d get a brief tour of their home to hear
what they find most meaningful. Next, I’d meet with the guardians, when I could
hear their insights on their child, along with finding out their wishes for the
school year.
One of the greatest benefits of the home visit is the way it signals to students
and their guardians that we care about getting to know each child. I think home
visits are especially useful for teachers who have only a year with a particular
group of children, because those educators—unlike many Finnish teachers—lack
the possibility of getting to know students and their parents over the course of
several years.
These simple practices—routinely greeting students, regularly eating lunch
with them, and conducting home visits—are just several ways of deepening
teacher–student relationships. I believe that teachers who are committed to
getting to know their students will inevitably develop an assortment of methods
(like the ones I’ve mentioned) for getting to know their students better, which
will ultimately contribute to the children’s sense of belonging—and,
consequentially, the overall level of joy in their classrooms.

Play with your students

Initially, I doubted whether I would ever survive at a Finnish school, given the
high-performing kids and the well-trained teachers, but my confidence lifted
when I recalled one area of preparation I had received in the United States: how
to begin the school year. When I packed my luggage for our move to Helsinki in
2013, I made sure to bring my trusty college textbook, The First Days of School.
“Your success during the school year,” wrote Harry Wong and Rosemary
Wong (2009) in this classic American teaching guide, “will be determined by
what you do on the first days of school” (p. 2). In my copy of the book, I had
written an enthusiastic “true!” in the margins and circled this sentence in pencil.
“You must have everything ready and organized when school begins,” advised
the authors (p. 6).
Like many American teachers I had known, I had taken this philosophy to
heart—to such an extent that I had been in the habit of crafting detailed, minute-
by-minute lesson plans for the first few days of school since my first year of
teaching in Massachusetts. These plans were mostly centered on teaching my
elementary school students important procedures and routines, such as those for
fetching paper and visiting the restroom. So, in an effort to make “everything
ready and organized” for that big, first day of school in Finland, I did what I had
always done as a teacher in America: I spent summer days filling my planner
and arranging my classroom.
But in Finland, when that first week of school arrived, I noticed something
odd. Many of my Finnish colleagues hadn’t visited their classrooms all summer
long. The day before school began, I met one young teacher who admitted she
was still deciding what to do that week. I was a little shocked. To my American
eyes, my highly trained Finnish colleagues didn’t look particularly ready or
organized for the first days of school. They seemed naively laid-back.
Meanwhile, I felt incredibly stressed, as I strived to teach the textbook-perfect
way.
During one of my tightly scripted lessons that week, I told my Helsinki fifth
graders we would practice the routine of walking in a quiet, straight line—and,
immediately, I heard groans. Apparently, my Finnish students had been
navigating the hallways on their own since they were first graders, and my plan
irked them. Embarrassed, I ditched this task and quickly moved on to another
activity.
I had entered that school year thinking that, as long as I controlled the clock
and the physical environment, everything would turn out fine in my classroom.
But my Finnish colleagues and students challenged this notion. They seemed to
prefer to keep things a little loose at the beginning of the year. To understand
this philosophy better, I spoke with a handful of Finnish teachers, all of whom
had never been taught the “right” way to begin a school year.
“I think it’s important to have a ‘soft start’ in order to let the school routines
and procedures gently grow into the kids,” said Johanna Hopia, a classroom
teacher at Martti Ahtisaari Elementary School in Kuopio, Finland. In Hopia’s
classroom, the first days are usually spent discussing summer vacation, playing
games, and exercising together. During this time, she neither hands out
textbooks nor assigns homework. Jere Linnanen, a history teacher at Helsinki’s
Maunula Comprehensive School, prefers that his students have “an organic
process” of returning to school. “I want to start the school with as little stress as
possible,” Linnanen said, “both for myself and my students.” Last August, he
and his colleagues took four groups of ninth graders to a nearby park, where they
chatted, danced improvisationally, and played soccer, basketball, and Pokémon
Go. Linnanen described the first couple of school days as ryhmäyttäminen,
which literally translates as “grouping” but means something similar to the
English term “team building.” At my Helsinki public school I found a similar
policy, where teachers and students started with a half day and a regular class
schedule didn’t start until the following week. Even at the high school level in
Finland, it’s “very common” for students not to have regular classes on their first
day back, according to Taru Pohtola, a foreign-language teacher at Martinlaakso
High School in the Finnish city of Vantaa. At Pohtola’s school, freshmen get an
extra day to settle into the new school environment. “We want them to feel more
at home at their new school before the real work begins,” she said.
During my first days of teaching in Finland, I led my fifth graders to one of
our school’s gymnasiums for structured, group games during their only recess
blocks. I had picked the activities; they followed my rules. But this routine
quickly grew boring, mostly because I ran out of fun games to introduce.
Thankfully, one of my Finnish students suggested that we play Kick the Can,
something my class had played with their fourth grade teacher. I agreed, and the
little blond boy returned with an empty plastic soda bottle.
For the next few weeks of school, I played Kick the Can with my Helsinki
fifth graders at least once every day. Actually, it was the only group game they
wanted to play with me. Moreover, they wanted me to be “it” every time, which
meant that I’d count to twenty, they’d hide, and I’d try to find them. Every time
I’d spot my fifth graders and call out their names, we’d link arms, creating an
amoeba-like force. If I caught every one of my students, I’d win, but alas, that
never happened because a sneaky fifth grader would inevitably kick over the
soda bottle (with a triumphant shout), freeing all of my prisoners.
Through our wild rounds of Kick the Can, I saw that the most valuable thing
I could do during those early days of school was relax—like my laid-back
Finnish colleagues—and simply enjoy relationships with my students. I think
I’ve known for a while that strengthening relationships is very important,
especially in the beginning of the year. But one of the obstacles I faced was the
pressure to do everything right, from the start.
pressure to do everything right, from the start.
Many of the Finnish educators I spoke with recognized that classroom
structure, which typically stems from establishing rules, routines, and
procedures, is valuable, but they emphasized the importance of fostering a
welcoming, low-stress learning environment first. While many American
schools may lack the slow-start schedule that many Finnish schools implement, I
think we can start slow in our classrooms, in order to nurture relationships and a
laid-back atmosphere, to lay the groundwork for a great year of learning.
One of the best things I can do with my students, at the beginning of the
school year, is simply play with them. It’s something that calms those jitters on
the first days of school and develops our sense of camaraderie.
My favorite classroom game to play on the first day of school is human
bingo. What I love about the game is that it’s a fun, active, zero-stress way of
strengthening relationships—and it’s an activity that can work at any grade level.
While the rules of human bingo vary, I’ll tell you the simple way I’ve learned to
play the game (Ferlazzo, 2016).
Each student (and teacher) receives a bingo card, but instead of numbers
each square contains short descriptions, such as “I’ve traveled to Europe” or
“I’ve ridden a horse.” Then a timer is set for ten or fifteen minutes, and the
players circulate around the classroom with their cards in an effort to check off
as many bingo squares as possible before the time expires.
Each player works like a social scientist and treats their bingo card like a
survey. In order to check off as many bingo squares as possible, players must ask
one another questions that correspond with descriptions on their cards, such as
“Have you traveled to Europe?” or “Have you ridden a horse?” Once a player
finds another player who matches a bingo square description, the square can be
checked-off with that player’s signature. Before playing, I give my students two
rules. First, you can’t sign your own card, even if you match some of the
descriptions. Second, you can collect only one signature from each player.
After the time expires, I’ve found that it’s valuable to debrief the experience.
First, I recognize the effort of the students by asking a series of progress-related
questions, such as, “Anyone find more than one match? More than two
matches?” and so on until there are no longer any hands raised in the air.
Second, if there’s time, I’d ask my students to reflect briefly on what they
learned about one another: “Did anything surprise you?”
While it’s easy to find ready-to-print human bingo cards through Google, I
prefer to make my own in a spreadsheet, allowing me to make something
perfectly tailored to my students. Because human bingo is one of the first things
I do with my students, I want to make a great first impression. In Finland, for
example, I wouldn’t use a card with the description “I’ve traveled to Europe,”
example, I wouldn’t use a card with the description “I’ve traveled to Europe,”
but I might use “I’ve traveled to America.” And if I’m playing the game with
beginning readers (kindergartners, first graders, and second graders), I’d
probably choose to substitute word-based descriptions in the bingo squares for
simple pictures, which I can briefly preteach before the game begins.
While I appreciate structured games, like Human Bingo, I think there’s also a
need for students to feel ownership, right from the start of the school year, and
choose their favorite games to play with their teachers, like my fifth graders who
called for Kick the Can. I recommend joining your kids on the playground
during the first few days of school. I don’t think it’s necessary to “lead” any
games; rather, I suggest that you join the children in their play. If you’re a
middle school or high school teacher, how about the idea of coordinating a fun,
low-key get-together during that first week of school, like Jere Linnanen and his
colleagues did with four groups of ninth graders?

Celebrate their learning

During my two years of teaching at a Finnish public school, I found myself very
interested in the subjects I’d never seen taught in American public schools,
specifically home economics (“cooking class”), textiles, and woodworking. And
on several occasions, during my free time I’d sneak into my colleagues’
classrooms to get an inside look.
Once, I visited the home economics classroom—a large room with several
kitchenettes and dining tables in front of the teacher’s desk—and found that not
only were the ninth grade students learning how to cook, but also they were
given time to enjoy their work, time to celebrate their learning.
The classroom celebration looked simple, but I thought it was the most
appropriate way to honor the students’ efforts in home economics. The teacher
reserved the last fifteen to twenty minutes of the lesson for these ninth graders to
enjoy the food they made. After this initial visit, I returned several more times to
the home economics classroom, and I continued to see the same thing. There
always seemed to be time for students to savor their edible creations.
This simple practice, I argue, promoted their achievement and their
autonomy in the classroom, but it also benefited their sense of belonging—the
teacher and the students pursued a challenging goal together, and then they
celebrated their finished work together.
Before sitting down to dine at the tables, they needed to complete several
tasks in a limited amount of time: food preparation, cleaning the kitchenettes,
filling the dishwasher, doing the laundry, and setting the tables with dishes, cups,
and flatware. Remembering myself as a teenage boy, I had a hard time
imagining that I would have ever taken a cooking class seriously, but when I
looked around the classroom, on every occasion I saw girls and boys working
carefully to prepare tasty dishes and manage all of the other required tasks.
In that classroom, it seemed clear to me that these hardworking students
were developing into competent cooks because they were intrinsically
motivated. I didn’t see them pushing themselves to cook well because they
wanted to please their teacher or pad their GPAs. They cooked well, I deduced,
because the process was enjoyable (three ingredients of happiness, by the way,
were on full display: belonging, autonomy, and mastery), and they had adequate
time to enjoy their food at the end of class. Without those final fifteen to twenty
minutes of celebrating, I doubt that they would have worked with the same level
of concentration and enjoyment.
In my work as a writer I’ve experienced a similar phenomenon. The moment
I see my writing published, the hours I poured into the process feel worthwhile
and I derive great satisfaction from having a little time to stop and celebrate the
achievement. I can’t imagine if I was forced to keep producing words without
stopping to feel grateful for my labor. In my work as a teacher, on the other
hand, I admit that it has been harder for me to experience those moments of
healthy pride. But I wonder if that’s because, historically speaking, I’ve rarely
made it a point to celebrate my students’ learning.
The first step requires that we stop seeing a celebration of learning as an
unneeded add-on and start seeing it as something that brings meaning to the
students’ work, motivates them to learn more effectively, and promotes a
learning community. A celebration might take fifteen or twenty minutes of an
occasional lesson, as it does in a Finnish home economics classroom, but
imagine the benefits of this (relatively) small investment.
One thing I tried with my Helsinki students was “book talks.” The practice
was simple: I’d work with my students to choose appropriately leveled books,
they’d prepare little reports showing their understanding of the texts, and then
they’d give five-minute presentations (book talks) in front of their classmates.
Initially I didn’t conceive of book talks as a celebration of learning, but after
two rounds of them during my students’ sixth grade year, it appeared to achieve
this result. I received feedback from several students telling me how much they
enjoyed the opportunity to speak to their classmates about their books and hear
their classmates talk about their books. Also, I heard several of my sixth graders
say out loud, during presentations, how badly they wanted to get their hands on
particular books being discussed. I remember seeing, at least once, a student
lending her classmate the book she had just described in her presentation. My
lending her classmate the book she had just described in her presentation. My
students were inspiring one another to learn more, which was something that
brought me a lot of joy.
Reserving time for my students to publicly present their learning gave their
work—reading their books carefully and writing insightful reports—greater
purpose. Many of my students saw their book talks as opportunities to
recommend their books to their classmates, or warn them in advance. Perhaps
my favorite part about book talks was that it seemed to bring our classroom
closer together as learners. My students were teaching and learning from one
another, and that element of celebrating their work seemed to strengthen their
sense of belonging.
Here are some other ideas for celebrating the learning:

• You can reserve a few minutes, at the end of a writing lesson, to have
several students read their pieces (such as stories or poems) to the class.
During my last year of teaching in Boston, I implemented this routine in our
writer’s workshop, and my first and second graders loved it—it brought
them closer together as learners and motivated them to produce higher-
quality drafts during class.
• Your classroom could host an evening for the school community, in which
they exhibit their work. While I’ve seen large exhibition nights at schools,
which tend to require many hours on behalf of students and teachers, I think
smaller-scale productions can work well, too. In her 2002 book Reading
With Meaning, American teacher Debbie Miller describes her first grade
classroom’s Coffeehouse Poetry Day:

The muted trumpet of Miles Davis plays on the CD player, floating

among the voices in the crowded classroom. Hot chocolate simmers in
the PTA’s relic of a coffeepot; a mountain of miniature marshmallows
fills a bowl nearby. Long rolls of deep blue paper decorated with . . .
crescent moons cover the windows and darken the room. Table lamps
and tiny white lights draped from the ceiling provide the only light.
Freshly scrubbed tables are rearranged into cozy groups of two.
Handmade flowers in tiny clay pots, poetry books, bowls of pretzels, and
small containers of words from magnetic poetry kits have replaced
crayons, markers, scissors, sticky notes, pencils, and glue.
Parents and children sit together, munching pretzels and sipping
steamy hot chocolate in mugs brought from home, reading poetry by the
likes of Eloise Greenfield, Maya Angelou, Aileen Fisher, Jane Yolen,
Valerie Worth, and Georgia Heard. But the poems receiving the most
 Valerie Worth, and Georgia Heard. But the poems receiving the most
enthusiastic reviews? They’re the ones written by the children
themselves, published and bound into books with enough copies for
everyone. (p. 74)

• To celebrate the learning of your students, you can set up a class blog.
While this initiative could work well for any age group, I think it’s
especially meaningful to older students, who have the possibility of sharing
ownership with the teacher.

In the simplest terms, a good celebration of learning is a pause to give thanks,

communally, for the good work of the children.

Pursue a class dream

Camp School is a huge celebration of learning in Finland because it’s something
that comes at the end of the children’s elementary school career. Students
anticipate Camp School for years, and many classrooms start raising money
months in advance. There are two major reasons that I appreciate this Finnish
practice.
First of all, I admire how much responsibility is expected from students to
raise money for this sleepaway excursion. The amount needed for everyone to
attend Camp School is significant, often totaling thousands of euros, so
fundraising should start well before the trip through different student-led
initiatives, such as hosting bake sales and school dances.
Second, pursuing a class dream, by raising a large sum of money and
attending Camp School together, promotes a strong sense of classroom unity.
My Finnish colleague, who also taught a sixth grade classroom the same year I
did, had Camp School early in the fall, and when she and her students returned
to school, I remember noticing a positive change in their rapport.
In the spring of that school year, I saw a similar phenomenon with my group
of sixth graders. After returning from Camp School, my students looked more
like a team than a group of twenty-four individuals. The trip proved to be a
powerful bonding experience. My only regret was that it didn’t happen earlier in
my two-year journey with my class.
But my experience in Finland got me thinking about how important a major
social-bonding experience like Camp School is for promoting connectedness in
the classroom. And because belonging is a crucial ingredient of happiness (and
any joyful classroom), I recommend that teachers pursue similar class dreams.
 Finnish-style Camp School is great, but it requires a significant investment of
time and money, so it may not be a good fit for you and your students. But,
thankfully, there are many other class dreams to be realized. What if the dream
was to produce a music album, with songs written and played by the students?
Or hiking up a mountain? Or creating a learning app? The possibilities are
endless.
So how could a class go about pursuing a class dream? First, the teacher and
students need to make a decision together. As teachers, many of us would be
tempted to predetermine the dream for our class. During my first year of
teaching in Finland, I made the mistake of deciding on a class dream, without
consulting my students. Before the school year began, actually, I had already
committed to a particular vision. I imagined an interdisciplinary project I found
exciting, service oriented, and motivating for my students. I decided that we
would raise money for a good cause by financially supporting young Finnish
Paralympians while raising consciousness about the (relative) lack of funding
they receive as handicapped athletes. I envisioned that my class would conduct
several interviews with these athletes, write about their experiences on their
student blogs, and possibly start a national conversation in Finland! Even before
meeting my Helsinki students, I arranged classroom visits from Finnish
Paralympians, and I felt confident that my fifth graders, whom I didn’t know
personally, would share my enthusiasm.
In hindsight, this class dream seemed destined to fail, because if it was going
to be our dream, I needed to make the decision with my students.
During those first weeks of school, my Helsinki fifth graders seemed
inspired by particular aspects of this project, especially the classroom visits with
Paralympians, but they didn’t appear to catch my vision. For example, I thought
it would be meaningful to raise a lot of money for these handicapped athletes,
but some of my students voiced understandable concerns. They wondered how
they could achieve this additional fundraising goal, because they planned to raise
a lot of money for Camp School.
As the early weeks of school passed by, it became increasingly clear to me
this class dream wasn’t going to work. It wasn’t a shared vision, and it wasn’t
realistic. And I felt quite discouraged. I decided that it would be best to scrap the
project and simply move on. Although this early failure in Finland wasn’t
pleasant, it taught me a lot about the value of including students in the planning
process and the importance of deciding on a reasonable dream. Thankfully, I felt
like my initial mistake of choosing a class dream was redeemed as my students
and I pursued and enjoyed Camp School as a shared aspiration.
Once you’ve decided on a realistic dream with your students, I think it’s
important to start by discussing roles. For Camp School, my students were
primarily responsible for fundraising while I supported them by supervising their
progress. I’d allow them to meet in our classroom during fifteen-minute breaks
to plan, and during their fundraisers (bake sales and school dances) I’d make
myself available to them. However, I wouldn’t do the actual work of
fundraising, because that was viewed as the work of the children. This
philosophy, I’ve found, is something that other teachers, parents, and students in
Finland appear to share.
Behind the scenes, I did what would have been challenging for my young
students, for example, working with a parent liaison to pay for our class trip.
This parent opened a Camp School bank account where the money for the trip
would be deposited. After fundraisers, my students would count the money—in
math class, typically—and then I’d lock up the money until the parent
representative was ready to pick up the cash. Later, the parent would pay the
expenses of the trip, through the class bank account. Throughout the process, I
worked together with the parent liaison to communicate with other parents in the
class. One of my jobs was to make reservations for the trip. We needed food,
lodging, and a bus. And, after hearing about my colleague’s positive experience
at Camp School, I started to plan that we would have our trip at the same
location. I assumed that my students would be happy with the idea of attending
the same Camp School as the classroom next door. I was mistaken.
Many wanted to stay at a different venue, even after hearing that I had
already made a reservation at another Camp School site. That was a little
upsetting, but I felt like I knew what to do: we’d vote on those two options, and
whichever option fetched the most votes would be our choice. The
overwhelming majority of my sixth graders voted to attend the other Camp
School site, the one I hadn’t reserved. So I canceled the first reservation, and
made a new reservation based on my students’ selection. Ultimately, this change
brought joy to my students, and that brought me joy, even if it required a little
extra work. We also voted on which activities we’d participate in as a class,
before leaving for our sports-themed Camp School.
When negotiating a class dream, teachers and students will probably need to
make compromises, but that democratic process brings a classroom closer
together. At Camp School, we had the pleasure of doing so many fun activities
together in a just a few days, like Ultimate Frisbee, flag football, archery,
swimming, and a mini Olympics.
One evening we reserved a sauna by a little pond, where the water was frigid
(anyone who dove into it would scream, including me). Another night we
reserved a campsite by a lake, where we roasted marshmallows and ate pancakes
with strawberry jam as the sun was setting. That night I tried teaching my
with strawberry jam as the sun was setting. That night I tried teaching my
students how to skip stones, but when I demonstrated, I slid into the lake,
completely drenching one of my sneakers. We all laughed about this for a long
time.
After the trip, we had a reflection session in our classroom, and I was
impressed with how many joyful, memorable experiences we had shared
together in such a short span of time. Camp School felt like the most perfect way
to end our two years together. I was left feeling, too, that something like Camp
School would have been a perfect way to begin our journey as a class.
One downside of our Camp School trip was the absence of a few members of
our class. For personal reasons, several students decided to stay back, where they
joined my colleague’s classroom for a handful of days. I respected their choice
—at the same time, I wished they could have shared those memories with us.
When we returned, I suspected they might have felt a little left out as many
students fondly recalled Camp School.
For teachers who want to pursue a class dream with their students, I think it’s
important to keep this point in mind: a powerful group experience like Camp
School is meaningful only to those who participate. Students who sit out won’t
achieve the same sense of belonging as the other children. So it’s wise, in my
opinion, to cast a vision with your students that promotes the involvement of
everyone.
I was very pleased with our class dream, but it was not something I, the
teacher, could have accomplished on my own. Everyone connected with our
class played a role: other teachers, students, and their parents. I highly
recommend finding another teacher who can offer advice and join your project.
Perhaps you can be that supportive teacher for a colleague, too.
For our Camp School, I was incredibly grateful to have a veteran colleague
join our class for those three days, and before coming, she insisted on serving
our class in ways I didn’t expect: she called to confirm our reservation,
purchased groceries for our cookouts, and arranged a meeting with me to go over
an important Camp School checklist. (During the trip she even made pancake
batter with a couple of my sixth grade boys!) My colleague gave our class a big
gift, and that service not only made our trip operate smoothly, with much less
stress on my part, but also brought me a lot of joy, knowing that another teacher
was equally invested. While sharing Camp School with another teacher, I think it
was easier for me to focus on enjoying the experience rather than managing the
experience.
Class dreams can be as big as teachers and students make them, but the most
important thing to remember is that they should be shared and realistic.
Banish the bullying
As the leaders of our classrooms, there’s a lot we can do to discourage bullying
—or, in other words, stop it before it starts. The strategies I’ve mentioned so far
in this chapter—know each child, play with your students, celebrate their
learning, and pursue a class dream—support this goal. By strengthening the
sense of belonging in our classroom, they serve as preventive measures. But
sometimes, despite our best efforts to promote positive interactions in our
classroom, behavior that looks and sounds like bullying can happen. And when it
does, we need an approach for addressing it immediately.
From 18 percent to 31 percent of America’s kids and adolescents experience
school-based bullying, according to a report from the U.S. National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. While definitions of bullying vary,
notes reporter Roxanne Khamsi (2016), “the most common way to define the
behavior seems to be as repeated intentional and aggressive actions in which the
perpetrator has greater power—regardless of whether that power imbalance is
real or simply perceived.”
While living in the United States, I taught in three American schools (two
public and one private), and in each one I found sensible ways for stopping
bullying before it starts. I remember seeing morning circles, regular whole-
school gatherings, an antibullying workshop, and a huge poster that was signed
by students as a pledge to stand up to bullying. Those seemed like good
preventive measures, but the one thing I didn’t see was a school-wide system for
addressing bullying-like behavior.
For more than a decade, Finland has been seeking to address the problem of
bullying in its schools. And at my Helsinki school, I was introduced to the
nation’s most popular antibullying program, called KiVa, which is now
implemented in 90 percent of Finland’s schools. KiVa is an abbreviation of the
Finnish words kiusaamista vastaan, meaning “against bullying.” It’s also
wordplay, because the word kiva translates as “nice” (Khamsi, 2016).
This nationwide antibullying program appears promising. In a study of seven
thousand students in Finnish schools, researchers found that KiVa significantly
improved the mental health of children suffering from the highest frequency of
bullying (Ring, 2016).
There are preventive components of KiVa’s strategy: students receive
instruction about bullying (with the help of computer software, for example),
and they role-play in the classroom (Ring, 2016). As I taught in Helsinki, I saw
another valuable aspect of the program: a clear set of steps to follow when
bullying appears to happen. (To recall KiVa’s protocol, I spoke with my former
Helsinki colleague, Paula Havu, who attended training sessions for this
Helsinki colleague, Paula Havu, who attended training sessions for this
antibullying program.)
Let’s say there’s a conflict between several students. One child accuses a few
classmates of something that appears bullyish, like regularly being left out of
games on the playground. Those students can request a KiVa meeting by
speaking with a teacher. (This process can also be initiated by bystanders, such
as teachers and classmates who observed the bullying-like behavior.) Then the
teacher, with those students, completes a form, briefly describing the incident,
and agrees upon a negotiation date and place. Then the teacher puts this
completed form in a special folder, monitored regularly by a team of KiVa
teachers, who then communicate with a team of older students, who have been
trained to address these conflicts. This way these older students can attend and
facilitate these negotiations.
At this conflict resolution session, typically in an unused classroom during a
break, the teacher, the two parties, and the older students meet together. During
this KiVa conflict resolution session, both parties tell their respective sides of the
story. The initial focus is on listening to one another. Next, the facilitators ask
each party to reflect on their behavior, thinking about how they could have acted
differently. The idea is that these students will identify possible solutions for
preventing this situation. Once each side promises to implement a preventive
strategy, which is written down by the KiVa facilitators, the meeting is finished.
“In KiVa, you don’t need to say sorry unless you want to,” said Paula Havu.
“Because, usually, when you are told to say sorry you don’t necessarily mean it.
. . . In KiVa, you try to focus on where the problem is and how you behaved and
how you could have behaved differently.” Usually, a follow-up meeting is
scheduled with these two parties, two weeks into the future, when the conflict is
revisited. If the problem persists, additional protocol is followed and parents are
notified.
Bullying in Finnish schools isn’t tolerated, but the idea behind the KiVa
program is that there are lots of (relatively) small actions, such as holding
conflict resolution talks or role-playing situations in the classroom, that can be
taken to prevent bullying from happening. “It’s a really good program,” my
colleague Paula assured me.
While I taught in American schools, I think my students and I would have
benefited from implementing several key elements of the KiVa program. In
hindsight, bullying-type behavior would sometimes flare up in my classroom,
but I wasn’t sure how to address it. Having ongoing discussions with my
students about bullying and how to stand up against it would have been useful.
Also, I think it would have been important for me to establish a system for
addressing the complaints of my students. Usually, I’d address conflicts only
addressing the complaints of my students. Usually, I’d address conflicts only
when I saw them spilling over. Perhaps I could have left a mailbox in the
classroom, like the KiVa folder in Finnish schools, for my students to inform me
about difficult interactions with one another.
Lastly, I think I could have emphasized solutions, more than “sorrys,”
whenever conflicts would spring up in my American classroom. Typically, I’d
nudge my young students to apologize before putting the situation behind us, but
I rarely dwelled on the positive actions my students could have taken. Writing
down their forward-thinking solutions and scheduling a follow-up meeting with
them would have been wise, too.
Bullying in our schools is an obvious joy destroyer, but so too are the small
steps that students take toward that sad outcome. Thankfully, the KiVa program
suggests different ways that we can protect the joy in our classroom by helping
students take ownership for standing up to bullying.

Buddy up
At my Helsinki school, I noticed a unique tradition in which the sixth grade
classrooms would team up with first grade classrooms. Initially I admired the
practice from a distance, but when my fifth graders turned into sixth graders I
got to experience this approach with my class firsthand.
That fall my class visited the first grade classroom, where my students were
assigned to buddy up with the youngest members of our school. I remember our
collaboration started with a scavenger hunt throughout the school, prepared by
the first grade teacher. And from that day forward, this buddy system seemed to
boost the first graders’ sense of belonging at school. On the playground, during
those fifteen-minute breaks, I’d see first graders tagging along with my students
and hugging them incessantly. (At times the affection of some little ones became
so intense that I’d need to intervene and rescue my sixth graders—they’d thank
me.)
Throughout that school year, my class teamed up with the first grade class in
different ways. We had at least a couple of lessons together, where my students
assisted them with their schoolwork. Also, we did fieldwork together on at least
one occasion. The arrangement was modest, requiring little additional prep and
communication, but I think this practice contributed to a higher level of
belonging in our school, especially for the first graders. I’d argue, too, that my
sixth graders had a greater sense of purpose at school because of the buddy
system. I sensed that many of my students could see that their kindness to our
school’s youngest members made a difference.
 The buddy system is not a mandated practice in Finnish schools, or even a
widespread one, in my understanding, but through experiencing this tradition at
my Helsinki school I saw how well this approach can boost a sense of belonging
in the school setting. Paula Havu, my former colleague and the teacher of the
first grade class I’d sometimes observe during my first year in Helsinki, told me
more about her experiences with the buddy system:

With my twenty-eight kids in the classroom, including “integrated” kids,

we were still able to go to so many places because of the buddy system,
because I had [the sixth grade teacher] and the sixth graders with us. I
knew that every single kid would have an older student to stand next to.
And those older students, although they’re kind of teenagers, when they
are given responsibility, when they are trusted, [when] they get a little
buddy to walk with them . . . they change. They don’t need to be tough.
They don’t need to be cool. They need to take care of that little guy over
there and be [the role model].

Paula has an interesting theory for why the buddy system seems to work well:

Sometimes, the class has certain dynamics and students have certain
roles in the classroom. But then when you mix it up with another
classroom, those group dynamics change. And you don’t have to
necessarily be that tough guy in your own classroom—you can actually
be part of the different group.

During our phone conversation, I told Paula that many teachers in the United
States feel like they lack time for teaming up with colleagues, because they’re
too busy and stressed out. “But part of that,” Paula interrupted me, “is also that
you do [develop] stress when you have to do everything on your own. The
moment you share it with someone else, it becomes easier.”
While pairing sixth graders with first graders seems sensible, I think other
arrangements could work well, too. Why not pair an eighth grade class with a
sixth grade class? Or a second grade class with a kindergarten class? Even
children close in age can reap the benefits of buddying up with each other.
As I suggested before, the buddy up strategy is reasonably low prep. What’s
essential is that this kind of bond between your classroom and another classroom
is established early in the school year, so that students (and teachers) can enjoy
that heightened sense of belonging throughout that year.
 CHAPTER

Autonomy

IN MY FIRST YEAR OF TEACHING IN FINLAND, THE day before the first

day of school, there was a faculty meeting in the teachers’ lounge, and my
principal asked—before dismissing everyone—if there were any questions. I still
had many, but a specific one continued to burn in my mind: where would I
escort my fifth graders when the school day would end?
In America, at every elementary school I had ever visited, at the end of each
school day teachers would lead their students to the exits, where the children
would either ride the bus or get picked up by an adult (or, in very rare cases,
walk home). I assumed there was a similar protocol in Helsinki. But when I
posed this question to the faculty, my colleagues looked baffled.
In hindsight, their confusion made perfect sense. That’s because my fellow
Helsinki teachers weren’t typically escorting their students to the exits. Their
kids would simply leave the classroom, exiting the school on their own—even
the first graders.
So the next day I did what my Finnish colleagues were in the habit of doing.
When my last lesson concluded, I dismissed my fifth graders without leading
them to the exits and, out of curiosity, I watched them fetch their backpacks
from the coat rack in the hallway. Several of my students took out their own cell
phones and called their parents, which was a totally unfamiliar sight for me. Not
only that, but I overheard some of them telling their parents they were heading
home—on their own.
Later, I casually surveyed my fifth graders on this subject, and I saw three-
fourths of my class raise their hands to say they were commuting on their own.
I’d eventually learn that some took the subway, a few took the tram, and others
walked and biked.
walked and biked.
That same school year, I met a second grade girl who told me that she’d walk
home alone. (It was about one kilometer away, through the center of Finland’s
capital city.) She told me that often no one else was home when she arrived at
her family’s apartment, but instead of twiddling her thumbs, she’d complete her
homework (if she had any) and fix herself a snack. Fried eggs were her favorite.
When I told a couple of my fifth graders about this little girl, their attitude was
like, “No big deal, man.” One of my students claimed he had been commuting
home alone since preschool—and I remember thinking, What planet am I on?
Generally, Finnish children seem much more autonomous than American
kids, but they don’t possess an independence gene, of course. What they have,
I’ve observed, are many opportunities, at home and at school, to do things by
themselves without handholding, and through those opportunities, they seem
more self-directed as learners.
As a teacher in the United States, I had always tried to develop autonomy in
my students, especially in the beginning of the school year, but in Finland, where
I found that many of my fifth graders were already fiercely independent, I was
challenged to rethink my teaching practices. Academic literature suggests that a
sense of autonomy is a major ingredient of happiness (Pinsker, 2016), and during
those two years of teaching in Helsinki I saw that, too—my students seemed to
thrive whenever I would make decisions to develop their agency.
In an interview with a group of Finnish kindergarten educators at Niirala
Preschool in Kuopio, I asked them about the best ways to promote joy in the
classroom, and the second element they suggested—after good teacher–student
relationships (a sense of belonging)—was opportunities for children to impact
the classroom. They, too, had identified a link between joy and autonomy. In
Finland’s latest curriculum reform, developing student agency, inside and
outside of school, is one of the major emphases, along with prioritizing the joy
of learning and cultivating a collaborative learning environment (Halinen, 2015).
As a teacher, promoting the autonomy of students is something that I view as
incredibly important, but I admit, humbly, that it’s an area of my craft I still need
to prioritize and cultivate. That being said, through working with
superindependent children in Finland, I’ve identified several teaching strategies
that develop student agency.

Start with freedom

In my graduate training as a teacher, I had always heard that scaffolding was a
wise thing to do. Specifically, I held onto one theory: the gradual release of
responsibility, which suggests that we teachers limit the autonomy of students
responsibility, which suggests that we teachers limit the autonomy of students
until we see that our children are ready for greater freedom. For years I worked
hard to maintain a tight grip on classroom activities, from the very beginning of
a particular learning experience.
But when I started teaching in Helsinki, somehow this philosophy of the
gradual release of responsibility didn’t feel right anymore—my fifth graders
already seemed so capable, and when given freedom outside of the classroom,
they appeared to thrive. I began to wonder if the philosophy of gradually
releasing responsibility could be more effective if it was flipped around: what if,
instead of starting with significant restriction in my classroom, I started with
significant freedom? My breakthrough moment occurred several weeks into the
school year.
For Camp School fundraising, my fifth graders wanted to host a bake sale
during the school day. Honestly, I didn’t like the idea at first, because it sounded
like another responsibility for me to manage. But my students insisted they could
arrange the event without my help. So I gave them the green light, and they
surprised me. My fifth graders created advertisements, managed a class sign-up
form, carried in loads of baked goods, set up furniture, and priced all of the
treats. All of these things were completed without my direction. I made myself
available through supervising my students, but I didn’t hold their hands
throughout the process. That first bake sale was a success in my mind not only
because my class raised a large sum of money for Camp School but also because
they had demonstrated what they could accomplish individually and collectively,
when provided with a greater degree of autonomy.
Later that first year, the other fifth grade teacher and I experimented by
offering an “Independent Learning Week.” (Several of my students’ subject
teachers participated, too.) At the beginning of this week, we provided our
students with a list of tasks to complete in nearly every academic subject. And
we told them that we wouldn’t have regular lessons for the next few days.
Instead, they would have open blocks where they could finish these tasks at their
own pace. We trusted them to reach out to us when they needed help.
During Independent Learning Week, we weren’t circulating around the
classroom and peering over their shoulders. Instead, we provided our students
with opportunities to wrestle with their work first. My grade-level partner and I
were trusting our fifth graders with a significant amount of instructional time—
nearly fifteen hours’ worth—and yet, surprisingly, I didn’t feel anxious. From
the bake sale experience and other occasions, I knew my students were capable
of being successful while having a large degree of autonomy. Ultimately, my
students continued to impress me. All the children finished their work, even if
they needed extra time.
they needed extra time.
In America, I’ve heard teachers discuss the importance of evolving from the
traditional model of the “sage on the stage” who transmits knowledge to students
to the “guide on the side” who stands back, encourages students to construct
meaning, and offers coaching along the way. I think there’s wisdom in this latter
approach, but the strategy I’m suggesting here, start with freedom, differs
slightly.
Based on my experiences in Finland, I’m recommending we teachers provide
children with more low-stakes opportunities to approach their learning. Over
those two years, I kept finding that my Helsinki students would rise to the
occasion, surprising me with what they could already do on their own.
Start with freedom, in a parallel way, is similar to the practice of a pretest (an
assessment administered before instruction), in which students have an
opportunity to demonstrate what they already know during the early stage of
learning. Pretesting is a wise practice because, when designed well, it can inform
teachers about appropriate starting points for instruction. It paves the way for
more efficient teaching.
Before moving to Finland, I used to be wary of giving my students greater
autonomy in the beginning of a school year, classroom activity, or project,
because I feared that they’d get off track without my handholding, but
nowadays, I think it makes sense to begin with freedom, because it allows me to
see what the children are already capable of doing, just like a good pretest.
In the classroom, sometimes children want to do things we suspect are too
hard for them to accomplish independently, like reading a book beyond their
reading level or solving an incredibly complicated math problem. During these
occasions, we basically have two options as teachers: we can either let them dive
into those challenges or steer them away. In my teaching experiences, stretching
back to my time in American schools, my students have looked encouraged
whenever I’ve given them the green light, signaling that I believe in their
capabilities, even if I can foresee the potential pitfalls. If my students fail to do
the challenging things they hope to accomplish, no harm done. At least they’ve
proven to themselves that they weren’t ready, quite yet. And at this point in the
learning process, it’s likely that they’re more open to my guidance.
During my second year of teaching in Finland, I received an e-mail from one
of my students who suggested that we incorporate a quiz website called Kahoot!
in our classroom. He provided a brief testimonial saying he had used the website
outside of school and loved it. Initially I was skeptical of this idea, just as I had
been when my Helsinki students told me they wanted to host a bake sale. My
first thought was that a quiz website would raise the level of competition among
students, which was something I wanted to avoid completely. Not only that, but
students, which was something I wanted to avoid completely. Not only that, but
when I received this e-mail, I felt like I didn’t have the bandwidth to learn a new
program like Kahoot!
But in my reply, I didn’t provide a flat-out no to my student. I told this sixth
grader that we should discuss this idea in ethics class. (Ethics, by the way, is a
subject in Finland, which can be taken in lieu of a religion class, such as Islam or
Lutheran Christianity, in grades one to nine.) With this student and his
classmates, I wanted to explore the ethical implications of using a quiz website,
which engages in ranking students.
During this classroom conversation about Kahoot!, we agreed that the best
way to discern the appropriateness of this quiz website would be to test it out—
and this is where I saw my students rise to the occasion again. Led by the student
who e-mailed me, several of my sixth graders independently designed a Kahoot!
quiz, which posed questions coinciding with the content of an ethics unit. Later,
I’d see for myself that the setup was low maintenance, but my students’
ownership, at the time, made such a difference.
When we finally tested out the quiz with the other students in ethics class,
the excitement in our classroom was palpable. My sixth graders, who owned
smartphones, used their devices to participate in the quiz, working either alone
or with partners. Not only did we have a lot of fun answering those multiple-
choice questions, as suspenseful music played in the background, but I think
everyone was inspired that this playful assessment was designed not by me but
by them, the students.
If I had dismissed my enthusiastic sixth grader’s idea over e-mail, I doubt I
would have discovered this fun classroom tool, and most important, I would
have missed seeing what he and his classmates were capable of doing on their
own. For me, it was yet another anchor lesson, where I witnessed the value of
letting go of control and inviting my students to take on more responsibility,
from the start.

Leave margin
After a year with my Helsinki students, I decided to restructure many of our
language arts lessons. I wanted my sixth graders to spend the majority of class
time working on writing projects, which would require them to research, draft,
rewrite, edit, and conference with one another and with me. I figured that if they
were going to blossom into effective writers, they needed to have lots of
opportunities to work like them.
That year we spent many class periods in one of our school’s computer labs,
which was adjacent to the library. At the beginning of a new writing assignment,
which was adjacent to the library. At the beginning of a new writing assignment,
I’d provide them with a project description sheet, and after discussing it together,
I’d let them work independently. We created a section on the chalkboard where
my sixth graders could write down their names as a way to request meetings
with me (Ferlazzo, in press), and I could use the same system to request
meetings with them. Typically, during a writing conference, a student and I
would talk over written comments I had made on their piece of writing, and
we’d agree on next steps.
Once I implemented this new framework during language arts, I noticed a
positive change almost immediately: I was spending much more time giving
constructive feedback to my sixth graders, while my students were spending
much more time working on demanding writing projects (Ferlazzo, in press).
During these blocks, it was common for my sixth graders to be at different
places in their writing: some were brainstorming in their notebooks, some were
conferencing at the tables in the middle of the lab, some were drafting at the
computers, and some were reading in the library. I didn’t mind where my
students were in this process, as long as they were focused on their work.
Several of my students asked if they could listen to their MP3 players in class,
provided they remained on task, and I said sure.
But the new arrangement wasn’t all smooth sailing. Some of my sixth
graders seemed to respond perfectly to the self-directed nature of this workshop
approach, completing pieces of writing that far surpassed my initial expectations
for them. (These were the same students who would eventually develop the habit
of giving and receiving detailed feedback from one another, without my
encouragement.) But there were other students who appeared to need more
direction during these open writing blocks, and it was at this point where I saw
the importance of the strategy leave margin.
In my first few years of teaching, I’d rarely design lessons with margin—I’d
aim to script things so tightly that an off-task student (or some other
interruption) could easily highjack my lesson. It was in Finland that I firmly
grasped the value of leaving margin, or flexible time, throughout the school day,
when important tweaks could be made to teaching and learning.
In Finnish schools, where frequent fifteen-minute breaks throughout the day
are the norm, experiencing margin was natural. If a child in my classroom
wanted clarification on an assignment, we could discuss their work during one of
those recesses, or if there was a misunderstanding among several of my students,
we could troubleshoot during a fifteen-minute respite. Having a schedule in
Finland that allowed me to meet with my students, as needed, throughout the day
was incredibly helpful. Thankfully, this kind of timetable isn’t the only way to
accommodate flexible time in a classroom.
accommodate flexible time in a classroom.
As teachers, we can build margin into our lessons. It’s something I saw
clearly when I changed the format of my language arts lessons. Under the new
arrangement, I was glad to see that many of my students were thriving as writers,
but there were some who seemed lost. Initially, I remember seeing computer
screens with just a few words after forty-five minutes of work, or I’d hear chatter
coming from the library, where students were generally expected to read silently.
Initially, the workshop approach wasn’t working well for everyone, and
interventions were needed.
Those fifteen-minute breaks after lessons were useful for conferencing with
my sixth graders, but I found that it was most essential to have margin during
lessons. It was a waste of instructional time if I’d intervene only after a forty-
five-minute class period. My students needed immediate feedback, especially the
ones who were struggling. Thankfully, the structure of the workshop framework
allowed for this practice.
Because my students were working independently, I had lots of flexibility in
my teaching. I could conference with an individual student, meet with a small
group, or circulate around the classroom, checking in quickly with my sixth
graders. Providing the children with more autonomy provided me with more
autonomy, too.
During those writing workshops, I’d want to conference with students as
soon as possible, because these meetings often seemed to be the most beneficial
for my students. However, it didn’t make sense to start conferences until all of
my sixth graders were settled and focused on their work. So I’d usually devote
the first few minutes of class to a somewhat slow start, where I could address
such issues as forgotten notebooks or a shortage of school computers, as students
resumed their writing projects. Once everyone seemed settled, I’d start meeting
with individual students, based on the requests written on the chalkboard.
But sometimes, even after I had addressed those initial trouble spots, some
students still needed further direction. If I noticed, for example, that a child was
spending a significant amount of time scrolling through her MP3 player instead
of working, I knew it was a good time to intervene. Ideally, I’d finish a
conference and, before inviting another student for a meeting, I’d provide
feedback to a student in need.
During my second year of teaching in Finland, the writing workshop model I
implemented wasn’t perfect, but it provided many more opportunities—for my
students and for me—to work autonomously, with plenty of margin along the
way. Teachers who want to build in leeway don’t need to institute the workshop
model (although it’s definitely worth considering). What’s essential is that
students have lots of time to do meaningful independent work, which allows
students have lots of time to do meaningful independent work, which allows
teachers plenty of chances to offer meaningful feedback.
One of the most important times to build in margin is the first lesson of the
day. In my experience, children thrive with a few minutes to settle into the
school day before turning their attention to today’s lessons. In my experience,
it’s useful to write an age-appropriate message to your students, which my
students will read as soon as they enter the classroom (after I greet them, of
course!). Then, my students will know to complete worthwhile independent
work for about five minutes, such as reading an interesting, appropriately leveled
book or practicing math facts. When my students have mastered this routine
(through adequate rehearsal and coaching from me), it’s something that provides
my classroom with a few precious minutes of margin. With this system, I can
easily check in with my students—about their homework, about their health,
about anything really—as they slowly settle into another day of school.
In fact, I’ve found that this routine can be implemented effectively whenever
students enter the classroom, to provide margin and a smooth start to any lesson.
In his 2015 book Teach Like a Champion 2.0, Doug Lemov calls this a “Do
Now” and “the first step in a great lesson” (p. 161). He defines a Do Now as “a
short activity that you have written on the board or that, in printed form, is
waiting for students as they enter. Either way, the Do Now starts working before
you do” (p. 161). In Teach Like a Champion, Lemov identifies four key criteria:

• The directions for a Do Now need to be located in the same spot in the
classroom, whether it’s on a white board or a sheet of computer paper taped
on the wall, so students know exactly where to look when entering.
• Do Now activities should be independent tasks that don’t require further
instructions by the teacher or conversations among students.
• It’s important to keep a Do Now exercise to three to five minutes in length,
so that it doesn’t take too much time from the primary lesson of the day.
Lemov believes that a Do Now activity must be of the pencil-and-paper
variety, to make it “more rigorous and more engaging,” and something that
allows the teacher “to better hold students accountable” (p. 162). (I disagree
with him on this point; I’ve found that giving students time to read great
books, for example, works as a simple, effective Do Now, as long as the
children already have these texts with them.)
• In general, a good Do Now, according to Lemov, should “preview the day’s
lesson” or “review a recent lesson” (p. 162). (These are admirable aims, but
I think it works well, too, if students continue to work on an independent
project immediately, such as a writing assignment, or, as I mentioned
before, dive back into a great book.)
 before, dive back into a great book.)

“The single most common downfall I observe with Do Nows,” writes

Lemov, “is a teacher’s losing track of time while reviewing answers [to the
activity]. Fifteen minutes later, the Do Now has replaced the lesson that was
originally planned” (p. 162). To avoid this, Lemov recommends spending no
more than three to five minutes reviewing a Do Now with your students. This
sounds sensible. In my opinion, the most important reason for implementing a
Do Now routine is to provide a little margin, so that my students and I can hit the
ground running when we dive into the lesson. While Lemov suggests that we
teachers give our students the same Do Now assignment, I think students are
more motivated to do this work when they’re provided with choices. In fact,
students thrive, I’ve found, whenever they’re offered a variety of options.

Offer choices
While the experiment of Independent Learning Week was successful (in the
sense that all of my students completed their work), it had one major flaw: my
Helsinki fifth graders lacked choices. I could argue that my students had lots of
freedom during Independent Learning Week because they could choose when to
complete any given assignment during those fifteen classroom hours. But I don’t
think that argument would have satisfied many of my fifth graders.
Sitting in a circle on the floor, after completing Independent Learning Week,
I heard their feedback loud and clear. Many of my students felt that too much
work was assigned, especially in math. Not only that, but some of them also
complained that the week’s tasks felt irrelevant and boring.
Their feedback was valuable, but I admit that it wasn’t nice to hear. I wanted
to focus on the positive side (everyone eventually finished the mountain of
work!). But what seemed most important to dwell on—to many of my Helsinki
fifth graders, at least—was the major flaw they perceived in the Independent
Learning Week: a lack of good choices.
I found myself agreeing with their critique. By assigning everyone the same
boatload of tasks, Independent Learning Week had failed to account for their
individual learning strengths and interests. For that reason, my students weren’t
offered good choices. They were simply following my orders, aligned with the
curriculum.
After that experience, I felt reluctant to try Independent Learning Week
again. I knew it wasn’t a catastrophe—my students had worked autonomously
and found success—but I sensed that doing it again (and doing it better) would
require a significant shift. If I was going to offer them good choices, I’d need to
do a better job of connecting their interests to the curriculum (something I
discuss later). In hindsight, most assignments of the Independent Learning Week
were rigid and intentionally manageable for both teachers and students, like the
task of completing math problems from a workbook. There was little room for
students to exercise choice while working.
During my meeting with a small group of Finnish kindergarten educators at
Niirala Preschool in Kuopio, Finland, they suggested that their primary job, as
teachers, is to make the connection between student interests and the curriculum.
They explained that, in order to facilitate this convergence, they need to identify
the interests of their students first, so observing children and discussing their
interests is always a priority in their classrooms. One of these Finnish educators
remarked that if a child showed interest in Angry Birds, a teacher could leverage
this fascination in the classroom. Initially, it seemed like a stretch of the
imagination, but I decided to bite my tongue. At the end of the meeting I asked
her about this idea of connecting a child’s interest in Angry Birds to the
curriculum. I wanted concrete examples. Gleefully, these three kindergarten
educators suggested different possibilities: categorizing, counting, naming, story
building, role-playing . . . they could have continued to rattle off different
curriculum-related exercises, but I playfully shouted, Enough!
Those Finnish kindergarten educators had made it seem incredibly simple:
get to know your students’ passions, make curricular connections, and then offer
interesting choices to them. Although they instruct five-, six-, and seven-year-
old children, I think this approach is wise for teachers at all age levels. We need
to know the curricula well, as teachers, but we need to know the interests of our
students, too, if we’re committed to offering meaningful, interesting work in our
classrooms. Too often in my teaching, I think I’ve neglected to identify the
interests of all of my students—and that’s the first step.
One simple way of connecting student interests with the curriculum, I’ve
discovered, is providing tasks that are more open-ended. For example, instead of
assigning the same book for everyone to report on, I allowed my Helsinki
students to choose their own books of interest and present their learning through
a poster, a slideshow, or a website. They’d still need to demonstrate their
understanding of literary elements (the curriculum), but they would maintain
significant flexibility as they worked.
During my second year of teaching in Finland, my principal and I tried
something new in history class. (It’s common in Finland for principals to have a
couple hours of teaching each week, by the way.) We invited the students—then
sixth graders—to generate “juicy questions” in light of our current Finnish
history unit. For inspiration, we encouraged them to flip through their readings
and their notes. My students knew, from a previous study, that a juicy question
differs from any old question, because it’s a query that requires solid research
and sound reasoning. Typically, it begins with why or how. Once students had
developed a list of juicy questions—such as, why did it take so long for bronze
to arrive in Finland?—my principal and I gave them the green light to circulate
around the classroom and share their questions with one another. Their task was
to find classmates who shared an interest in investigating a particular juicy
question.
As these small groups formed, my principal and I met with each group to
look at its juicy question, just to see if any tweaking was needed. Once small
groups received our approval, they began researching their questions for the
purpose of creating a large concept map with their findings. Later, they
presented these posters. This history project wasn’t fancy, but I think it
represented a decent connection between student interests and the curriculum,
and our students seemed to enjoy it.
Providing our students with interesting curricular activities (as suggested by
the Finnish early childhood educators) or open-ended assignments with built-in
choices (like the Finnish history project) is a good step for promoting student
autonomy in the classroom. But those strategies—in my opinion—don’t
compare with one simple, powerful gesture: planning with students.

Plan with your students

During my last month of teaching in Helsinki, I involved my students in
planning more than I had ever done before, and in this area I chart my progress
all the way back to my first week of teaching in Finland. If you recall from
previous chapters, there was this one fifth grader, with angry red dots on his
forehead, who nudged me to implement Finnish-style breaks, and then there was
the feedback from my students about how they usually move around in the
hallways, which saved me from the embarrassment of practicing with them how
to walk in a straight line. From the beginning I had witnessed the power of
involving my students in the planning process. My students had a lot of wisdom
to offer, as long as I was willing to give them a voice in the classroom.
Before that first week of school in Finland, I had largely believed that
planning was the sole responsibility of the teacher, and for years I missed out on
a joyful practice, which effectively develops the agency of children. Since that
first week of school, I have had several key experiences that reinforced the
importance of planning with students. One of them occurred during an ethics
unit, in which my small group of ten students and I studied the concept of
democracy (then a central part of the fifth and sixth grade curriculum).
In a cluster of desks in the middle of our classroom, we discussed democracy
at the macrolevel and identified its key ingredients. We also investigated the
Finnish system of government, with the help of a Helsinki candidate running for
a parliamentary position. However, the biggest highlight—from my perspective,
at least—was a discussion about what democracy would look like in school.
To kick-start our lesson, I showed the students a You-Tube clip of the
Sudbury Valley School, where students are given almost complete freedom in
their learning. This model has been widely hailed as the embodiment of a truly
democratic education, so I was curious to hear my sixth graders’ reactions. I
suspected that my students would fall in love with this unique approach, where
so much freedom is granted to children.
At Sudbury Valley, students decide their own curriculum and structure their
own days. Rules exist at the school, but they are enforced not by grownups but
by a student-run disciplinary committee. A few adults are on standby throughout
the school day, offering assistance when requested by the students. In this
particular video clip, one teenage student confessed that, initially, he played
computer games throughout each school day, but he eventually grew out of that
phase.
In the conversation afterward, I was surprised to hear that many of my sixth
graders felt that this model was too radical. Specifically, a couple of my students
seemed upset that some Sudbury Valley students were wasting school days on
computer games. Their criticism shocked me a little, because the most outspoken
children in my classroom were the ones who seemed to spend a significant
amount of their free time on digital devices. That day, my sixth grade ethics
class was suggesting to me that they didn’t want to do schooling alone. They
wanted autonomy, of course, but they also didn’t want the Sudbury Valley
model of (nearly) total freedom. This distinction has stuck with me.
That general reaction of my ethics students brought me unexpected relief
because, before this discussion, I thought that, once they had heard about a
model like Sudbury Valley School, they’d express resentment about the more
traditional teacher–student arrangement at my school and so many others.
Instead, my students seemed to want a combination of teacher leadership and
student leadership.
This is where the notion of coplanning—sharing the responsibility of
determining the direction of learning—makes so much sense. It allows teachers
and students to work together to make the most out of school. As Finland seeks
to emphasize the importance of developing student agency in its new curriculum
to emphasize the importance of developing student agency in its new curriculum
reform, it’s requiring that all Finnish comprehensive schools (grade one to grade
nine) develop and offer one interdisciplinary unit of study, which is of particular
interest to the children, per school year for all students. Additionally, it’s
expected that the children help to plan these interdisciplinary units of study
(Halinen, 2015).
As I was becoming more of a believer in planning with my students, I
decided to cocreate an ethics project with my sixth graders after our study of
democracy. We turned to another concept in our curriculum: sustainable
development. After defining it in basic terms, my students and I started to design
a final unit together. (That felt right, after investigating this idea of a democratic
school.)
We brainstormed different examples of sustainable development, and one of
the topics that seemed to interest my sixth graders was clean energy—
specifically, the use of solar energy. Many of my students heard about a project
at our school, involving older classmates, in which they planned to install solar
panels. Given my sixth graders’ enthusiasm, we decided to investigate this
particular area of sustainable development as our final unit. I wish there had
been more time in the school year, because my students were buzzing with ideas
as we designed our study. Originally, we talked about the idea of purchasing
solar panels for classroom use. (One of my sixth graders, I remember, even
provided me with a price quote he had found online.)
In the end, we decided to do something quite modest. My class would invite
the teacher who was overseeing the school’s solar energy initiative to a
presentation in our classroom. My students would share their learning about
solar panels with this teacher, with the intent of teaching this “expert” something
new. We also allocated time to hear more about our school’s project from my
colleague. And as something fun, my students planned to design a Kahoot! quiz
(based on the content of their presentation) as a way to better engage their
audience, which would include several younger students accompanied by my
colleague.
Because it was the very end of the school year, I remember that we only had
a couple of weeks (only about four classroom hours) to prepare. But my ethics
students, in that short period of time, continued to prove to me the instructional
value of coplanning. During the preparation phase, I saw their level of
motivation increase, along with their level of interest and their commitment to
high-quality work. Presenting on solar panels wasn’t a graded project, but I saw
my small group of ten sixth graders working harder than I had ever seen them
work on graded group work.
The first thing we did as a class—after we decided on the basic components
 The first thing we did as a class—after we decided on the basic components
of that day—was briefly design an outline for the slideshow (based on my
students’ questions about solar panels). Once we had this basic framework, my
sixth graders started to research their questions in small groups, using their
smartphones. Our class computer was used primarily to prepare the slideshow,
an effort led by a couple of students. As they started the first draft of the
presentation, they displayed it on the screen at the front of our classroom, so that
everyone in the classroom could see their progress. I remember a couple of my
students, without my recommendation or direction, uploaded their slideshow
presentation to Google Drive and began sharing it with one another, as a way to
collaborate outside of school. It wasn’t homework, but they saw their
presentation as important enough to make it their homework. As you’d expect, I
felt pretty happy.
When the day of the presentation rolled around, my students were ready. As
they took turns sharing their learning in front of my colleague and her class, their
ownership was clear. They spoke articulately and passionately about solar
energy. And when my colleague told my students more about our school’s
project, it felt like a refreshing exchange of learning. The icing on the cake was
the fun, student-designed Kahoot! quiz after the presentation.
There are so many ways to do coplanning. What matters most is that teachers
carve out time before launching a unit or a project, to discuss the direction of the
learning with their students, and then draw upon that discussion to shape the unit
or project.
Throughout my teaching career, I’ve sometimes wielded a popular
instructional strategy called a KWL chart, developed by Donna Ogle in the
1980s, to kick off units of study, but I admit that I’ve often treated this exercise
more as an obligation than something that has the potential to significantly
impact learning during the unit. A teacher uses a KWL chart to write down
(typically on a piece of chart paper or poster board divided into three columns)
what students know already about a particular curriculum-related subject, what
they want to know about it, and then, once the unit kicks off, what students have
learned about that topic. (The KWL strategy can be used with stand-alone
lessons, too.) Here’s an example of how a KWL chart can appear:

Things I know about: _________________

Things I want to know about: _________________
Things I learned about: _________________

A KWL chart is a sensible way of building background knowledge and

helping students see how they’ve grown in their knowledge, but the problem
I’ve had with KWL charts lies in the middle column. Often my students would
share earnestly what they want to know about a particular curriculum-related
subject, such as water or the life cycle of an animal, but ultimately these specific
areas of interest recorded on the KWL chart are not used to impact the direction
of the unit in any meaningful way. Perhaps the middle column is useful because
it gets kids excited to learn something new, but I think students benefit from
having more ownership in the planning process. As teachers who want to coplan,
we need to put more of an emphasis on the question, what do you want to know?
Years ago I attended a week-long institute on the subject of differentiated
instruction, led by Carol Ann Tomlinson at the University of Virginia, and I’ll
never forget what happened before it started. The evening before the kickoff, all
of the participants gathered in an auditorium, and we were divided into small
groups, facilitated by the university’s graduate students. Those facilitators
invited us to share our interests regarding differentiated instruction, and they
furiously wrote them down on pieces of chart paper in different corners of the
auditorium.
As I was returning to my hotel, I spotted Tomlinson outside of the
auditorium clutching those rolled-up sheets of chart paper, and I imagined that
she was on her way home, where she would spread out those pieces of paper on
her kitchen table and study our feedback that same evening. Despite having
taught this institute numerous times before, Tomlinson signaled that she wanted
to let us, the “students,” shape the learning of that entire week. That’s
coplanning, where students are given a voice, and then their feedback is used to
impact the direction of learning.

Make it real
It’s 9:45 A.M., and the “game” officially begins in one hour. Dozens of Finnish
sixth-graders are standing nervously in cubicles in a 6,000 square-foot space
resembling a miniature city, equipped with its own city hall, grocery store, and
bank. Many of the children are whispering and finger-pointing, as they adjust to
this unusual learning environment during their brief orientation. Each student
has been assigned a profession (such as a reporter, a sales associate, or a
custodian) in a particular business, in a specific cubicle, where he or she will
work until the last shift ends at 1:25 P.M.
For weeks, these sixth-graders have prepared in their classrooms for this one-
day visit, studying the topics of entrepreneurship, working life, citizenship, and
the economy. In their cubicles, these 12- and 13-year-olds carefully review their
the economy. In their cubicles, these 12- and 13-year-olds carefully review their
daily schedules and professional responsibilities on tablet computers, as trained
adults offer their assistance. Meanwhile, their classroom teachers are encouraged
to sit back and relax; some of them elect to sip coffee from the city’s tiny cafe as
they watch the action unfold.
The first shift begins at 10:45 A.M., and the miniature city springs to life.
The profit of every business is at stake, as is its reputation. Some children start
with free time, in which they fetch their own bank cards, allowing them to
purchase goods and services from the city’s other businesses. Most sixth-graders
begin working: Bosses pay the salaries of employees (through a digital banking
system) and establish contracts with the city’s energy and waste-management
companies, while other professionals turn their attention to customer service.
The place buzzes as the 80 children role-play.
This school year, more than 70 percent of Finland’s sixth-graders have
undertaken a similar experience through a program called Yrityskylä (“Me &
MyCity” in English). This initiative has gained traction in this Nordic country,
growing from a 2010 pilot group of 800 sixth-graders to 45,000 students
annually, who visit one of eight different locations. The Me & MyCity program
is organized by Finland’s Economic Information Office (a 70-year-old
nonprofit), and its costs are covered through the Ministry of Education and
Culture, municipalities, private foundations, and a handful of Finnish
corporations that are featured as actual businesses in the learning environment
(Walker, 2016d).
Although Me & MyCity is already internationally recognized as innovative,
this Finnish learning model was in part inspired by an American program called
“BizTown,” started by an organization called Junior Achievement. According to
Pasi Sahlberg, Finland has a habit of borrowing pedagogical ideas from the
United States, developing them, and implementing them on a national scale
(Walker, 2016d). But why hasn’t America done the same with its own
innovative learning concepts?
Sahlberg told me it has to do with a difference in national educational policy:
“Much of what goes on in American schools is about what school boards
decide,” he said in an email. But in Finland, Sahlberg explained, there is a clear,
agreed-upon national educational policy, which “sets the priorities, values, and
main directions for the entire system”—and this ultimately provides the nation’s
educators with sufficient leeway to implement ideas like Me & MyCity.
The learning benefits of Me & MyCity are compelling, based on research
presented at the Association of European Economics Education conference in
August, 2016. In this recent study, about 900 Finnish sixth-graders completed
two surveys (a pre- and post-test) with multiple-choice questions seeking to
gauge their economic knowledge and (reported) savings behavior. Here’s a
sample question: “A library is a public service. How are its costs covered?”
Based on the results, Panu Kalmi—a professor of economics at Finland’s
University of Vaasa and the author of the study—concluded that participation in
Me & MyCity was “clearly” associated with greater economic knowledge.
Furthermore, more than 75 percent of sixth-graders reported that the program
increased their interest in economic issues and saving money. According to
Kalmi, this shows that these students felt motivated by Me & MyCity. In fact,
the researcher found that those sixth-graders whose interest in saving money had
grown substantially (after completing the program) also reported a significant
increase in their own savings behavior (Walker, 2016d).
“My students were extremely motivated [by Me & MyCity],” Mona
Paalanen, a Finnish elementary-school teacher who taught sixth-graders in
Helsinki last year, said in an email. Many of Paalanen’s sixth-graders had
already heard about Me & MyCity before she announced their participation in
the program, and “for once” she didn’t need to motivate her kids to do their
schoolwork, given their soaring enthusiasm. One of the most exciting moments
for Paalanen and her class was a round of job interviews she conducted prior to
their one-day visit, which was something the program’s curriculum encouraged.
One by one, she met with her students, grilling them with questions about the
roles they wanted to play in the miniature city. After the interviews, her sixth-
graders laughed about how “tough” she had been, and how it had been “a bit
scary.” That same day, one parent emailed her asking if her daughter could have
an interview over the phone, since her child was too sick to come into school.
Her sixth-grader badly wanted to interview for the job of mayor. Paalanen told
me that her student’s “devotion” helped her to win this job.
In conversations with other Finnish teachers who have experienced Me &
MyCity, I’ve heard a common takeaway: The program was exceptionally
motivating for students, and this appeared to boost the learning, both in the
classroom-setting and in the 6,000 square-foot learning space. When my
Helsinki students participated in the program, I had the same impression.
On the big day, my sixth graders were nervously excited. I watched from the
sidelines as they worked like little adults in their different professions.
Admittedly, I felt proud seeing them do their jobs competently, and most of
them possessed a glow of satisfaction throughout the one-day experience.
However, it wasn’t a smooth ride for everyone.
In at least one group, there was a breakdown in collaboration among
workers. And although this issue wasn’t easily resolved during the day, it was a
realistic problem in any job setting. It was exactly the kind of learning all
students would benefit from having as they head into the working world one day.
All in all, Me & MyCity was a special experience for my class. And it
looked like a celebration and an application of their learning. When classroom
learning resembles real-world learning, it’s easier for kids to see the intended
purpose of their schoolwork.
As a teacher, I see my professional learning as directly connected to my
vocation. When I learn how to teach better, I experience joy. I know I’m not the
only one because I’ve met many educators—in America, Finland, and elsewhere
—who are also driven by this sense of professional purpose. But I’ve often
detected a disconnect in schools. Just because teachers may feel a strong sense of
purpose in the classroom, their students may not. Children, I’ve found, usually
need our help seeing how their schoolwork connects to the “real world.”
Throughout my teaching career I’ve known this to be true, and yet, while
I’ve tried a few small things to make learning more purposeful for my students, I
admit that I’ve often felt lost. (Confession: I haven’t always grasped the
classroom–to–real-world connection myself.)
I used to think it was enough to tell my students the rationale for learning
something (a math concept, for example). But my words rarely seemed to satisfy
their need to understand their work’s relevance. As is so often the case, I’ve
needed good models to show me how to make learning more real for kids. I’m
grateful to have witnessed a few strong examples in Finnish classrooms, in
addition to seeing the Me & MyCity program in action.
Once, I walked into Paula Havu’s first grade classroom at my Helsinki
school, and I found tiny children with real needles in their hands. It was
especially scary, because I couldn’t find Paula initially. (Eventually I saw her
sitting at a little table coaching a child in how to sew.) I was impressed that my
colleague’s students were using real needles, but she seemed a little dissatisfied
with the lesson. Paula confided that her only regret was that the needles weren’t
sharp enough.
In my colleague’s classroom in Helsinki, I didn’t see little blond boys sword
fighting with the needles; they were using them for their intended purpose:
learning how to sew. Using real needles in the classroom might feel a little too
risky for many of us teachers (myself included), but Paula was clearly making
the schoolwork more relevant for her students by creating a more realistic
context for learning.
I saw a similar phenomenon in the woodworking classroom, which looked
much more like a carpenter’s workshop (the size of three or four traditional
classrooms). One afternoon I delivered a message to my colleague, the
woodworking teacher, and out of curiosity I circulated around the classroom to
woodworking teacher, and out of curiosity I circulated around the classroom to
see how my students were progressing in their work. In one corner of the
classroom I found one of my students welding. He was wearing a protective
mask with a large visor, and in one hand, he held a blowtorch!
Two floors above the woodworking classroom was the home economics
classroom, another strange learning environment, with kitchenettes, large knives,
a refrigerator, and a washing machine to clean dirty aprons. During my two
years of teaching in Helsinki, I’d make several visits to this classroom, and each
time I found students deeply engaged in their work. I think the level of freedom
allowed by the home economics teacher had something to do with it (the kids
would prepare everything themselves), but I believe there were other factors,
too.
One major factor, I’d argue, was the clear purpose of their work. These teens
were learning how to cook, which was something they’d take with them into
adulthood. And that overarching purpose brought greater significance to the
(relatively) mundane aspects of the students’ learning, such as cleaning dishes,
setting the table, and managing the laundry.
In one Finnish kindergarten classroom, I had seen children running an ice
cream shop, with fake ice cream and fake money. Indeed, the arrangement could
have been more real if the teachers had offered their students actual cash and
actual ice cream, but I think this fairly low-prep gesture did a solid job of
connecting the math learning to the real world. (For the record, a kindergarten
teacher at this Finnish preschool told me that they would occasionally take their
students to a nearby ice cream kiosk and buy frozen treats with real money
provided by the parents.)
Wielding the strategy make it real doesn’t need to look as ambitious as Me &
MyCity, or even as significant as setting up an ice cream station in your
classroom—it can look as tiny as the decision to use real needles. The goal of
make it real is to promote a sense of purpose in the classroom, which will
ultimately bring joy to learners.

Demand responsibility
Through teaching in Helsinki and interviewing Finnish teachers, I kept hearing
the word “responsibility” repeated. I wasn’t used to hearing this word in
conversations with American educators. Instead, the substitute word I heard
most often in the United States was accountability. Although educators in
Finland aren’t held accountable by standardized tests or school inspections, I’d
argue that this low level of accountability works in Finnish schools because
argue that this low level of accountability works in Finnish schools because
there’s a high level of professional responsibility, which is afforded by a high
level of professional trust.
The idea that Finland’s teachers are trusted more than America’s teachers is
one that I’ve heard repeated in education circles, and I’ve heard different
theories for why Finland’s teachers garner this level of societal confidence. One
popular theory is that the status of teachers is sky-high in Finland. To become
qualified, Finns must complete the equivalent of a master’s degree in the field of
education. Unlike America, Finland has only a handful of university teaching
programs, where the acceptance rate is famously low, and education students are
required to complete a rigorous master’s thesis. Teach for America, the
organization that’s famous for recruiting high-achieving U.S. college graduates
and depositing them in urban American schools, is known for requiring five
weeks of training. Finland’s elementary education program requires five years.
While I do think that Finland’s teachers are generally trusted more than
America’s teachers, I think it’s less about a difference in status and more about a
difference in culture. In both countries, I’ve met many hardworking, dependable
educators. I think the problem in America’s school system, in this regard, is that
there’s too much emphasis on “accountability,” which is fear based, and too little
emphasis on “responsibility,” which is trust based.
Beginning at an early age, Finnish children are trusted with many
responsibilities. If you remember, the vast majority of my Helsinki students were
commuting to and from school on a daily basis. I noticed subtle things, too, such
as little kids—the age of kindergartners—roaming around Helsinki’s parks
without parents, or children serving themselves food in the school cafeteria, or
kids walking the hallways without their teachers. These children weren’t trusted
with these responsibilities because they were “high status” individuals; they
were trusted because adults believed they could be successful on their own.
Educators in Finland experience something similar, in my opinion. I’ve
found that Finland’s administrators and parents trust the nation’s teachers
because they respect their professionalism. I’ve detected a common belief that
teachers can do their jobs well, without external pressure—and, in the end,
everyone seems happier that way. Fear-driven accountability efforts can
essentially squeeze out opportunities for a person to experience the joy of
exercising meaningful responsibility.
This applies to both adults and children. Recently, I’ve seen this dynamic
play out in my relationship with my son, Misaiel. When Misaiel was four years
old, he figured out how to lower and raise the windows in the car. Initially my
wife and I were a little worried about his newfound skill. Although he was
securely strapped into his car seat, lacking the ability to get out on his own, we
feared that he would (somehow) fall out of the car. So, we’d exert accountability
by letting him lower the window only by a few inches, and then we’d lock his
window.
But our lack of trust, evidenced by his locked window, greatly bothered our
four-year-old. Suddenly, the activity of lowering his window no longer seemed
satisfying to him, and he’d often pout on those car rides. After a few experiences
like this one, we told our son that we’d try something new—we’d no longer lock
the window, to see if he could be successful on his own. Once my wife and I
made this change, we saw his attitude shift immediately for the better, and he
continued to respect our rule of only a few inches.
Initially, due to our fear and our lack of trust, we had provided him so little
freedom that he lacked meaningful responsibility. But when we showed him that
we would trust him to carry out his responsibility to manage the window, he was
successful and happy.
While it’s infeasible to think that the American school system could import
Finland’s culture of trust, we teachers can bring this same attitude into our
classrooms by trusting our students with a little more autonomy, in order to give
them more opportunities to assume age-appropriate responsibilities. Earlier in
this chapter, I suggested the strategy start with freedom, which is certainly an
approach that requires trust, but the strategy I’m suggesting in this section,
demand responsibility, goes one step further. It’s more like a guiding principle
that teachers can seek to apply every day in their classrooms, not just at the
beginning of a lesson or a unit.
Taru Pohtola, a foreign language teacher in the Finnish city of Vantaa and a
2015–2016 Fulbright scholar who was based in Indiana for the fall semester, told
me that she believes that giving students more responsibility in the classroom
will also reduce the stress that American teachers experience:

I can’t generalize, but I noticed that it was quite common in many

American schools (at least a lot more common than in Finland) for
teachers, for example, to collect their students’ homework every single
day and spend hours grading these assignments, every single day. The
teachers might feel the need to do so because of the pressure of
standardized tests, and so on, but it might be quite stressful for students,
too, if everything is constantly evaluated. I wondered whether it might
also reduce the actual joy of learning. In Finland, even though we do give
homework and the students do various things in class and at home, we
hardly ever grade their homework (only some specific assignments).
 What we do is go over the work and exercises with the students in class
together. Everything is considered part of the learning process. Giving
the students more responsibility is naturally one way to reduce the
workload of teachers, but taking responsibility is also an important skill
the students need in life, and I believe it’s important to let them practice
it.

As teachers, we can provide our students with responsibilities in the area of

assessment, too. Taru told me she has learned to let her students evaluate
themselves more and sometimes allows them to grade their own papers.
According to her, it has reduced her workload and stress:

For example, instead of me correcting small vocabulary tests and grading

them myself, I can just show the students the correct answers right away
and let them check how well they did. This way I might be able to focus
on something more important perhaps than testing, and I believe the
students also eventually learn more this way since they get immediate
feedback. Even a “test” can be considered a learning event. I can still
collect these “tests” at the end to see who needs more help and practice,
for example. I get the same information as I would have gotten if I had
corrected everything myself, but I have saved a lot of time.

There are many ways we can encourage responsibility taking in our

classrooms, but no matter what we decide to do, it starts with trust. Will we
allow our students, on a regular basis, enough freedom to take meaningful
responsibility of their learning? There’s risk involved in providing reasonable
freedoms to the children in our classroom (they might fail!), but the potential
benefits are outstanding: less stress, a lighter workload for teachers, and, best of
all, more student ownership of learning, which facilitates their academic success
and their joy.
When I started teaching in Finland, I panicked a little when I noticed that
there weren’t enough binders, or folders, for all of my fifth graders. Along with
other classroom teachers at my Helsinki school, I had been provided with new
notebooks: lined, gridded, and blank ones. How, I wondered, were my students
going to keep track of all the loose-leaf sheets of paper without binders or
folders? In the United States, I don’t think I ever saw a student survive on just
notebooks.
Thankfully, I found enough (cardboard) magazine holders for my Helsinki
fifth graders to use, and I distributed them to my students for organizational
purposes. They kept them on their desks, and my students would usually throw
their loose-leaf sheets into them. Over time, I detected a major problem: my
system of organization and the handouts I gave them weren’t exactly helping
them to stay organized. Often I’d provide them with graphic organizers, and then
I’d see these sheets pile up in their cardboard containers. Eventually their
magazine holders started to overflow, and after school I’d sometimes find their
handouts or books scattered around the classroom—then I’d deliver their
misplaced work into their storage spaces. Also, I noticed that, although I had
given them notebooks, I wasn’t giving them enough opportunities to take notes,
so I’d find a lack of organization inside of their notebooks.
After that first year ended, I threw away all of those cardboard magazine
holders (most of them were in pretty bad shape already), and I decided that I’d
try something different the following year. I’d do what I saw many of my
Helsinki colleagues doing with their students: provide my students with only
notebooks. The children would take responsibility for keeping track of their
things.
This was a simple shift, but that next year I saw my students improve in the
area of organization. Rarely did I find their work lying around the classroom
after school. That year I decided it would be better for me to go easy on the
graphic organizers, so that my students could take care of this responsibility of
jotting down information, and I saw their note-taking skills improve, too.
Through this experience, I learned that limiting “crutches,” such as magazine
holders and graphic organizers, ultimately helped my students develop their own
methods for staying organized. It had become clearer to me: I had an important
role as a teacher to cultivate a classroom where students had enough freedom to
take responsibility over their own learning.
 CHAPTER

Mastery

ON DECEMBER 4, 2001, THE FIRST PISA RESULTS were published, and

among the member nations of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development, Finland was the highest performing in all three academic areas:
reading, mathematics, and science (Sahlberg, 2015). In Finnish Lessons 2.0
(2015), Pasi Sahlberg offers this analysis:

This new international study revealed that earlier student performance

gaps with Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong were closed. Finns seemed to
learn all the knowledge and skills they demonstrated on these tests
without private tutoring, after-school classes, or the large amounts of
homework that are particularly prevalent among students in East Asia.
Furthermore, the relative variation of educational performance between
schools in the sample was exceptionally small in Finland. . . . The next
two PISA cycles, in 2003 and 2006, advanced and consolidated Finland’s
reputation even further, thus elevating the world media’s interest in
Finnish education. (Chapter 1, loc. 1215–1228)

Although the academic results of Finland’s fifteen-year-olds dipped in the

2009, 2012, and 2015 PISA cycles, the PISA data broadly reveal that this Nordic
nation, according to Sahlberg, “[produces] consistently high learning results
regardless of their students’ socioeconomic status” (Chapter 1, loc. 1232).
To be happy, one of the basic things that we must have is feeling competent
in a particular area, such as sculpting, coding, or writing. Raj Raghunathan
(2016) says it is our demand for mastery. As teachers, we can infuse our
classrooms with joy by addressing this need for expertise. Through teaching in
Helsinki and visiting schools throughout Finland, I’ve gathered a handful of
classroom strategies for developing mastery, inspired by Finnish educators:
teach the essentials, leverage the tech, coach more, prove the learning, and
discuss the grades.

Teach the essentials

While I taught in the United States, I found myself gravitating toward inspiring
models of teaching, such as differentiated instruction, Responsive Classroom,
and project-based learning (PBL). As a teacher, each of these approaches offered
me something useful. Differentiated instruction encouraged me to consider the
needs of all of my learners and then how to teach flexibly in order to address
them. Responsive Classroom provided me with a framework for social-
emotional learning, which served as the foundation of my classroom. And PBL
gave me a holistic approach for organizing the curriculum. I considered each of
these methodologies to be exciting and challenging. That being said, the most
demanding model to implement, in my opinion, was PBL.
Different definitions of PBL exist, but I’ll explain how I have come to
understand this interdisciplinary approach to teaching. A PBL unit is typically
organized around the completion of an authentic, high-quality product, which a
teacher and students find interesting and motivating. In my experience, the
product (which may be a class book, a student-directed play, an app, and so on)
is the most important aspect of the unit, because it’s designed to represent and
drive the interdisciplinary learning.
Typically, PBL units are led by science or social studies content, with
reading and writing goals always integrated. In PBL, the idea is to make the
curriculum come to life, where students experience interdisciplinary learning,
service, fieldwork, and visits from experts as they seek to make a meaningful,
high-quality product.
When I started teaching in Finland, I was eager to bring PBL into my
Helsinki classroom. Equipped with my school’s five-hundred-page curriculum
document, I started to plan—beginning in July—a big interdisciplinary unit,
even before I had met my principal and seen my teaching schedule. My idea was
that we’d begin the year with a bang. Unfortunately, I think the opposite
occurred.
In my planning, I titled the PBL unit Pathways to the Olympics, and my idea
was that we’d use the Olympics as an interesting lens for my students to learn
the required history and geography content. In this ten-week unit, I imagined that
we’d “walk through the centuries” by first investigating the Olympics in a study
of ancient Greece, and then we’d gradually progress to modern history. Once I
had this organizing principle in mind, I recorded which objectives and content
areas we’d specifically address in this PBL unit, based on my school’s
curriculum.
To breathe life into this unit, I invited a Finnish Olympian and her coach into
our classroom. Additionally, before the school year began, I contacted a Finnish
Paralympian, who graciously agreed to work with my students on a possible
service project, in which my class would help raise money for underfunded,
young Finnish Paralympians.
Here’s a lightly edited description I wrote in my unit plan, during the
summer of 2013 (days before I started my teaching stint in Helsinki):

Pathways to the Olympics is specifically designed to develop respect,

student ownership of learning, empathy, the inquiry–learning cycle, and a
culture of high quality in the classroom while learning essential
understandings, knowledge, and skills in geography, history, and English
language arts. Additionally, the students will participate in meaningful
service that will benefit young Paralympians. Fieldwork and visits from
experts will enrich the process of learning.
In project based learning, one or two content areas will often take the
lead; in this case, it’s geography and history. Literacy skills will always
be integrated. What does this mean for science content this year? It
means that science content will lead during the next project. The bottom
line is that all of the content of this year will be engaged by the students.
More than one or two content areas may overlap at times, but not always.
This is done for the sake of achieving deeper learning in each subject.
Students will be knee-deep in writing during this ten-week study.
Keeping a student blog will be something that’s required of every
student. For the first three weeks, we will be doing our blog posts in
school, which means that we will be emphasizing high-quality work.
Additionally, we will be doing other homework assignments (in reading
and math) at school during the first weeks, too.
Although there are many skills that need to be learned in the
beginning of the year, there is a sense of urgency about learning history
content. Creating a class wiki would capture our learning along the way
and encourage the degree in which we engage the content. Since we will
be investigating thousands of years of history, we need ways to track our
walk through the centuries.
 Can you detect the problem(s) in my plan? There are several I’ve found, but
the major one, in my opinion, was the significant number of demanding, novel
initiatives: student blogging, a class wiki, a major fundraising campaign for
Paralympians. I see nothing inherently wrong with any of these ingredients, but
the plan didn’t seem like it was rooted in the essentials of the curriculum, nor, as
I mentioned earlier, was it based on my students’ interests, necessarily.
As I reread my project description, it appears as if I was trying to make the
curriculum serve the activities, not the other way around. I had fallen in love
with my idea of making everything connected to the Olympics. When a teacher
writes “since we will be investigating thousands of years of history” you know
that plan is in deep trouble. In my effort to implement PBL in Finland, I
ultimately failed because I didn’t have a good handle on the contents of my
school’s curriculum.
I think there were several reasons that my PBL unit Pathways to the
Olympics never got off the ground. One major problem was that my plan lacked
focus: I didn’t let the curricular objectives and content lead the unit. My early
flop in Helsinki revealed a weakness in my teaching: I could get distracted by
the auxiliary aspects of planning classroom instruction. During those early
weeks of school, for example, I spent a significant amount of time arranging
inspirational visits from Olympians and Paralympians, launching student
blogging, and fretting about fundraising for a young Paralympic team. Those
weren’t essential tasks.
With an American teaching schedule in the Boston area, where I had
significantly more instructional time each week, this problem of getting
distracted in my planning was never apparent to me. I could afford to keep my
units and lessons a little loose around the edges. Sure, I’d always aim to teach
the essentials, but I think often I didn’t plan as efficiently as I could have.
In Finland, where I had much less time with my students, there just wasn’t
time to maintain loose connections to content and objectives in my classroom. I
needed to prepare tighter units and tighter lessons. It wasn’t my ideal way of
planning, but the limited hours of instruction demanded it. That new
environment pushed me to put the auxiliary aspects of planning where they
belong—in a supporting role. That first year of teaching in Helsinki, I had
certain subjects with my fifth graders where we’d meet only once each week for
forty-five minutes: biology and geography, chemistry and physics, and ethics.
Also, I felt squeezed in math, because we had only three forty-five-minute
periods. Honestly, I felt pinched for time in every subject I taught.
When I first started teaching in Finland, I found this lighter schedule to be a
blessing and a curse. It was wonderful to have more time to plan and collaborate
with colleagues, but it was also a curse to have less time to teach my students. In
Helsinki, my Finnish colleagues helped me to conceive of planning in a different
way, to focus on teaching the essentials. Given that lessons in several subjects
were in short supply, I found that my fellow teachers were adept at budgeting
lessons. In my experience planning with them, I’d sometimes hear them talk
about the number of remaining lessons in a term, and then plan backward, with
the curriculum and materials close at hand.
Through observing Finnish classrooms, I’ve found that Finland’s most
popular methods of promoting mastery in the classroom aren’t exactly cutting
edge. Contrary to what I initially expected, Finland’s teachers typically employ
traditional, teacher-directed classroom instruction.
As one of my Finnish colleagues informed me during my first year of
teaching in Helsinki, textbooks are a tradition in Finland’s schools. Even
Finland’s first graders, typically, spend a significant amount of classroom time
completing exercises from workbooks in different subjects. In my dozens of
hours of observing classrooms throughout Finland, I’d often see textbooks,
lecturing, and students copying text off the blackboard (or whiteboard) into their
notebooks. This “on the ground” picture of classroom instruction in Finland
didn’t match the glowing image represented by the international media—and,
initially, I didn’t know what to make of this finding.
One of the reasons that Finnish teachers seem to embrace textbooks, I’ve
deduced, is that those materials help them to pace their units and their lessons.
It’s common, I’ve found, for the chapters of Finnish textbooks to correspond
with the number of lessons in a particular subject. For example, if there are
thirty-six lessons of history in a school year, it’s reasonable to expect to find
thirty-six chapters in that subject’s textbook.
This notion that Finland’s teachers keep their classroom instruction fairly
rigid may seem paradoxical, given the reputation that they have for having so
much freedom in their work. But I think it’s this characteristic that gives them
stability in their day-to-day efforts, allowing them and their students to master
content areas.
For years, I’ve been seeking to improve as a teacher, but I admit that it’s
only recently that I’ve felt much more focused in my instructional planning.
With this strategy, teach the essentials, I’m not suggesting that teachers abandon
student-centered practices for teacher-directed practices. Instead, I’m
recommending that we adopt a healthy sense of urgency in our planning, in an
effort to prioritize the essentials, based on the curricula.
In Finland, once I started reallocating my planning time by aligning my
lesson plans and units more closely with the curriculum, I found that it was
easier for my students to achieve mastery in our classroom. They needed me to
prioritize the essentials in our classroom and not get distracted by auxiliary
aspects of teaching, such as inviting Olympians and launching student blogging.
One of the best ways to stay focused, I’ve found, is through a practice I call mine
the textbook.

Mine the textbook

While teaching in the United States, I was a little suspicious of commercial
curricula. Subtly, these materials were marketed as “teacher-proof,” an idea that
any literate person could follow the scripted lessons found in the teaching
guides. Among my fellow American teachers I detected resentment, because
sticking to the curriculum (“following the script”) limited their creativity and
ultimately diminished their sense of professionalism. I remember meeting one
new teacher in an American public school who seemed horrified by the pressure
to keep pace with her math curriculum, one scripted lesson per day; she knew
that many of her kids weren’t learning the math content, but she felt pressure to
plow ahead anyway.
Some American educators I’ve known mistrust the commercial curricula
because they question the motives of the publishing companies. They wonder,
are these learning materials designed with children’s best interests in mind? I’ve
heard the argument that commercial curricula can sometimes serve as a tool to
prepare students for standardized tests, which are designed by the same
publishing company.
But in Finland, I discovered, my Finnish colleagues appeared to possess a
much more positive view of commercial curricula. It surprised me—instead of
dreading the stuff, they appeared to embrace the materials. In the fall of my first
year in Helsinki, one of my Finnish colleagues, then a first-year teacher, praised
the commercial curricula she used. As we chatted in her classroom, she held up
different teaching guides, assuring me that these materials were designed by
actual classroom practitioners. In other words, this teacher trusted the curricula.
Her view of the textbooks was pragmatic. She reasoned, if these resources are
solid, why would I not use them in my classroom?
I understood my colleague’s point, but I couldn’t help but notice how this
teacher’s embrace of the commercial curricula contrasted sharply with what I
would often observe in American schools. My Helsinki colleagues signaled that
they viewed the use of these materials as valuable in their classrooms, not as a
joy-diminishing obligation. According to teachers I spoke with, the curricula
helped them teach well; specifically, the resources helped them to stay focused
helped them teach well; specifically, the resources helped them to stay focused
on essential content, keep pace, and lighten the planning load, so they wouldn’t
have to prepare units and lessons from scratch.
In Finland my attitude toward commercial curricula changed significantly. I
started to see these materials as very useful resources. I wasn’t going to let “the
textbook” be the master of my classroom and follow it to a tee, but I was going
to do something I hadn’t done much of in America: mine the textbook.
In his book The Well-Balanced Teacher (2010), Mike Anderson, a veteran
educator and teaching consultant, describes a similar shift in his approach to
textbooks:

After a few years, I started to move away from using the math curriculum
as my sole teaching tool and began to think of it more as a resource. I
followed the general scope and sequence of the math book, using the
activities that fit my students particularly well. Some games in the
program were especially fun and useful. I then created my own lessons
that fit the goals and guidelines of the curriculum that were more
engaging—more hands-on with more differentiation and choice for
students—and skipped lessons that were particularly bland or
developmentally a bad fit for my students. We created a geometric quilt
using the framework of the chapter on geometry that we proudly hung in
our classroom. We did scavenger hunts around the classroom and the
school for real-world uses of fractions and decimals. We played games to
practice place value. Not only did the students enjoy math more, but so
did I! The daily lessons were more fun for me because I knew that they
matched my students’ needs and that students would enjoy them. The
planning itself was fun as I became deeply engaged in the creative
process of crafting lessons and activities based on what was best for my
students. Instead of feeling like the robotic conduit of the scripted math
curriculum, I felt like a teacher again. (pp. 85–86)

Over those two years in Helsinki, I found that the approach of many of my
Finnish colleagues was wise: solid commercial learning materials, when used
strategically, help kids master content. Ideally, the curricular resources that are
given to you as a teacher are high-quality. But even when they’re not, I’ve found
that they’re still usable.
“Keep the good stuff,” says Anderson, “and make it the focus” (p. 86). In
Helsinki, my principal and I taught sixth grade history together, and we’d often
flip through the students’ textbook, using only the content relevant for our class.
The kids needed an anchor text, and the textbook, although flawed, served this
The kids needed an anchor text, and the textbook, although flawed, served this
purpose. My principal and I weren’t plodding through the history textbook—we
were mining it.
As I taught math in Helsinki, I often followed the commercial curriculum (I
thought it was well sequenced), but I encouraged my students to take a critical
perspective as they completed practice problems. Their math textbooks were
translated from Finnish into English, and on many occasions they identified
subtle errors made by the publishing company. In their ongoing attempt to
outsmart these materials, they worked hard to understand the math.
In recent history, the country of Estonia has performed well on the PISA,
especially in math. So when a group of Estonian educators visited my Helsinki
school, I was eager to talk to them about their nation’s success on these
international tests. Over lunch I chatted with one Estonian teacher, and when I
mentioned that I had observed a culture of textbook usage in Finland’s
classrooms, she told me that she had seen the same thing in Estonia. It was
something she thought that helped explain her country’s success on the PISA. I
wondered, too, if Finland’s consistently high performance on international tests
could be partly attributed to teachers using commercial curricula skillfully in
their classrooms.
As teachers, if we want to promote mastery, we don’t need to, as one 2015
teaching book is assuredly titled, Ditch That Textbook. We can mine the
textbook and use those learning materials in a way that supports good teaching
and learning.

Leverage the tech

When I first visited my Helsinki school, my Finnish principal gave me a tour.
She showed me my classroom, the teachers’ lounge, and our library. She also
wanted to show me the school’s two computer labs, which were shared by my
colleagues and about 450 students. At this urban public school in the middle of
Helsinki, I think I had modest expectations about the technology I would
discover.
Years ago, before I became a classroom teacher, I worked at a complex of
four primary schools in a poor urban neighborhood in Massachusetts as a
substitute computer teacher, and although the district seemed underfunded—one
school even fired its only secretary while I was there—they possessed stunning
Mac labs with about twenty-five new-looking desktop computers in each one.
Every few years, these devices would be replaced. Annually, the complex would
employ two full-time computer teachers and an information technology
specialist, who would oversee all of the tech equipment and software. As I
specialist, who would oversee all of the tech equipment and software. As I
walked with my Finnish principal through my Helsinki school, which was
located in a much wealthier neighborhood than those Massachusetts public
schools, I expected to find something similar to what I had seen in America.
The first lab I visited at my Helsinki school held about twenty laptops, which
looked as if they had been purchased about ten years earlier. Later, I noticed a
section on the blackboard where teachers could write down which laptops—each
one had a number—was out of service; several of them were completely broken.
Although this lab didn’t meet my expectations, I bit my tongue as we walked
through that room and climbed two flights of stairs to another set of computers.
That second lab, I thought, wasn’t much different from the previous one. There
were about twenty-five desktop computers, and to my eyes, all of them looked
like they were soon due for replacement.
Typically every classroom in my school had one desktop computer, an
adjacent “doc camera” and a projector that could display images on a pull-down
screen. A few classrooms had SMART Boards, but there wasn’t a discernible
push from the administration for teachers to use them. Unlike my experience at
those urban public schools in America, my school didn’t employ a full-time
computer teacher. Educators were expected to use the technology as they saw fit,
and when problems would (inevitably) arise, we were directed to contact a
couple of tech-savvy teachers who were modestly compensated for their help.
Technology integration, at my Helsinki school, wasn’t a major emphasis, and
this was something I observed at other Finnish schools. Before moving to
Finland, I expected that all high-quality schools would have the best and the
latest tech equipment. But I’ve changed my mind since spending time in Finnish
schools, where the investment in technology seems to lag behind what I’ve seen
in American schools.
In Helsinki, I found that it was easier to put learning first in the classroom
setting when my access (and my students’ access) to technology was limited. I
didn’t have the same pressure—internal or external—to integrate technology,
which meant that I was more likely to use tech when it enhanced the teaching.
I don’t believe classroom technologies are unimportant. Truly, there is a
digital divide in our schools that must be addressed, but in many schools the
investment of money and time seems too great. Those flashy technologies can
easily distract us teachers from working on the most essential things with our
students. I know this from personal experience, and research seems to suggest
this, too.
In 2015, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), the same organization that designed the PISA tests, published the
results of a PISA assessment of digital skills. It found that, “overall, students
results of a PISA assessment of digital skills. It found that, “overall, students
who use computers moderately at school tend to have somewhat better learning
outcomes than students who use computers rarely.” But here was the kicker:
“Students who use computers very frequently at school do much worse, even
after accounting for social background and student demographics” (OECD,
2015).
But the OECD didn’t suggest that technology be ditched from schools in
light of this finding. “Technology is the only way to dramatically expand access
to knowledge,” said Andreas Schleicher, OECD director for education and skills.
“To deliver on the promises technology holds, countries need to invest more
effectively and ensure that teachers are at the forefront of designing and
implementing this change” (OECD, 2015).
The key to tapping into the potential learning benefits of technology, it
seems, rests in our hands as teachers. In Finland I saw my colleagues using
technology on a regular basis, but in modest ways. One of the most common
methods was the use of a “doc cam”—a simple piece of technology I’ve found in
every Finnish school I’ve visited. Picture something that looks like an old-
fashioned overhead projector, except that it’s equipped with a miniature video
camera.
On a nearly daily basis, I would observe teachers at my school using doc
cams to provide visual aids while they were teaching. Not only that, but it was
also a great way for students to communicate their learning to the class. For
example, I’d often ask my students to demonstrate their solutions to math
problems by using the doc cam at the front of our classroom. I’m not suggesting
that every teacher go out and purchase one, just that the classroom technology
that we use doesn’t have to be sophisticated to be effective.
“I think the talk about technology in education has gotten way out of hand,”
Jere Linnanen, a middle school history teacher at Helsinki’s Maunula
Comprehensive School, told me. “[Education technology] can help you . . . but
it’s not about the tool. Or it shouldn’t be about the tool.”
Linnanen often uses the Google Classroom suite with his eighth and ninth
graders to support the learning in his classroom, in which his students use the
free software to create slide shows and documents together. He calls these tools
“basic,” but he finds that they’re working well for his students. As a former
executive at a Finnish educational technology start-up with an international
reach, Linnanen has closely followed the technology scene over the last few
years:

[Politicians] want education to be a problem that can be solved top down.

 They want to be able to say that, “If we put this much money into
education technology, then we get these results. And we want to move up
[in] the rankings so we press this button.” But I think it should be more
like bottom up, like grass roots, like teachers connecting [with] teachers,
sharing stuff, and connecting to their students. That’s where the focus
should be.

Technology integration, when it supports learning, can bring joy to teachers and
students, especially when it allows us to do what educator Will Richardson
(2016) calls “the extraordinary”:

To connect live or asynchronously with people from all over the world.
To publish stuff to a global audience. To make things, programs,
artifacts, inventions that can’t be made in the analog world.

While it’s relatively rare, in my experience, to find Finnish schools where

technology is used to do “the extraordinary,” I think the common practice of
using technology to support learning, rather than distract from it, is wise. For
years, Finland’s schools have proved that their students can master important
content and skills without investing heavily in the latest tech gadgets. I think it’s
an important lesson for all educators. If we want to teach for mastery, let’s put
tech in its rightful place, as a tool for learning.

Bring in the music

One of the first things I noticed when I visited Minna Räihä’s sixth grade class at
the Kalevala Comprehensive School in Kuopio was a drum set in the back of the
classroom, along with a few other musical instruments. In the morning, I shared
with her students that my four-year-old son loved drumming but I couldn’t play
a lick of it. Minna assured me that one of her students could teach me. Sure
enough, right before heading to lunch with Minna’s class, one of her sixth
graders, a skillful drummer, graciously led me over to the drum set in the
classroom. A small group of children formed a semicircle around us. First, the
boy modeled the proper technique, involving the base drum, the snare drum, and
the high hat. He handed me the drum sticks, and I sat on the stool. Initially I was
overwhelmed, struggling to put those three elements together. But that sixth
grader, and another one of his classmates, didn’t give up on me. Like good
teachers, they kept giving me pointers and exuding optimism, and eventually I
got the hang of it. The small group of children cheered.
That day Minna showed me a professional-looking CD that she and her
students helped to create. I was impressed. Minna explained that her sixth
graders have a few extra music lessons each week, because her students had
chosen, years earlier, to have a special emphasis on music studies. It was an
arrangement I had seen at a couple of other Finnish public schools.
Although Minna’s class had a special focus on learning music, I had
observed something similar in “regular” classrooms at my Helsinki school. We
had a large music classroom, where most instruments were kept, but I noticed
that my Finnish colleagues would sometimes bring musical instruments into
their classrooms. Occasionally I’d hear the pulse of a base drum coming from
the sixth grade classroom next door.
In recent years, schools across America have cut back on the arts, leaving
some students without any music instruction. This hasn’t been the case in
Finland. In my first year of teaching in Helsinki, I was shocked to find that my
fifth graders had the same number of lessons of math as music: three hours,
every week. I used to think it was a little funny to give so many hours to a
“special” subject, but over time I’ve stumbled across research linking music
training to academic success, and I no longer question this Finnish practice.
For example, in a 2014 study, involving hundreds of children from low-
income homes, researchers found that music lessons can help such kids improve
their literacy and linguistic skills. Nina Kraus, a researcher and a neurobiologist
at Northwestern University, discussed this link at the American Psychological
Association’s 122nd Annual Convention: “Research has shown that there are
differences in the brains of children raised in impoverished environments that
affect their ability to learn. . . . While more affluent students do better in school
than children from lower income backgrounds, we are finding that musical
training can alter the nervous system to create a better learner and help offset this
academic gap” (APA, 2014).
Music lessons, the researchers concluded, seem to strengthen how the
nervous system handles noise in a bustling atmosphere, such as a schoolyard.
Because of this improvement in brain functioning, the children may develop
better memory and a greater ability to focus in the classroom setting, which will
help them to communicate better (APA, 2014).
Although Finland’s classrooms are easily able to reap the benefits of having
more music in their class schedules, there are certain steps that any teacher can
take to infuse their classrooms with more music, even if formal music lessons
are no longer offered at school. The idea of bringing in a drum set or carrying in
a dozen classical guitars (as I experienced in my Helsinki classroom) would be
fun, but I don’t think efforts to bring in more music need to be this extensive.
Also, it would be difficult for teachers to justify focusing on musical instruction
if the curriculum doesn’t call for it. The best arrangement, I can imagine,
involves integration: mixing music with academic instruction.
For example, with my Helsinki fifth graders, I brought hip-hop into my
classroom when we studied the elements of a story (in English language arts)
and the water cycle (in a science class). On YouTube, I’ve found many fun hip-
hop videos, with lyrics that reinforce the learning in the classroom. Singing those
songs together, while rhyming and keeping the beat, wasn’t just a fun way to
engage the curriculum: Kraus’s research suggests to me that efforts like these
can, in part, help students develop stronger neural connections and better
language skills.
Anne-Marie Oreskovich, a musician, a math scholar, and the founder of
Math Musical Minds, believes that integrating music into math lessons can
improve academic learning. For younger children, she suggests the simple
exercise of playing enjoyable music with a discernible rhythm: the kids keep the
beat (while counting, forward and backward) with simple objects, such as
spoons. This activity can strengthen the children’s ability to recognize patterns,
grasping the structure and sequencing of numbers. For older children,
Oreskovich suggests letting them make strings of numbers and portray them as
chords. “Music decomposes to math,” said Oreskovich, “and math decomposes
to music” (quoted in Schiff, 2016).
During one lesson when I was in high school, one of my English teachers
played a Bruce Springsteen song, on a boom box, as we analyzed its lyrics. It
was such a (relatively) small effort by the teacher, but I remember this particular
lesson because it was unusually fun and engaging; the musical component
breathed life into this assignment.
At the elementary level, I’ve heard of some teachers who use music to get
their students to transition from one activity to another. Additionally, I’ve met
American educators in the public school setting who have used music to teach
their young students essential content, such as the names of the continents. In
one Massachusetts elementary school, where I taught computer lessons for
several months, I remember hearing different variations of the “Continents
Song,” sung by students and their teachers. (It was a delightful experience to
hear these children singing in the computer lab, which happened spontaneously
when I started a Google Maps lesson.) Their elementary school teachers had
taught them the names of the continents set to different melodies from classic
songs, such as “Three Blind Mice.” Later, when I became a classroom teacher,
their creativity inspired me to do the same with my first and second graders, and
I firsthand saw that this was a fun way for my young students to learn something
I firsthand saw that this was a fun way for my young students to learn something
well.
As teachers, we don’t need to shy away from the strategy bring in the music,
even if we’re not musically inclined. We can experiment with different
arrangements that feel comfortable for us and our students and, ultimately, tap
into the joys and academic benefits of incorporating music in the classroom.

Coach more
One of the first things I noticed in my Helsinki school’s woodworking classroom
was a little wooden sign that read “Learning by Doing.” Every time I visited, I’d
see this maxim put in practice. Students were happily busy, working on
individual projects they found interesting and challenging. I found that my
colleague, the woodworking teacher, was usually circulating around the
classroom and coaching, meeting with students and offering feedback (Ferlazzo,
in press).
I saw the same thing in the home economics classroom and the textiles
classroom where children often sew and knit. I’m convinced that this group of
former Finnish colleagues has subscribed to the “learning by doing” approach
for years, and that this belief powerfully informs their teaching, in which they
spend a significant portion of classroom instruction working like coaches.
Many adults know from firsthand experience that the best way to master
something is through practice in a “real-world” setting. The problem is that
classroom learning, traditionally speaking, hasn’t looked this way. At school,
children often learn about science through watching videos, reading nonfiction
texts, and completing exercises, rather than designing and implementing their
own experiments like actual scientists. The practice of coaching puts the
ownership of the learning process in the right place, squarely on the shoulders of
the learners.
I don’t think teachers need to be teaching unique subjects, such as
woodworking or home economics, to tap into the genius of the learning-by-
doing philosophy. All that’s needed, I’ve found, is a shift in our thinking and a
subsequent shift to our teaching approach.
In my first year of classroom teaching in the Boston area, I heard a mantra
from a mentor teacher that I’ve never forgotten: the person who does the work
does the learning. When I recall that first year of teaching, I cringe. I used to talk
until the cows come home, usually while sitting on the rug with my first graders.
“I’m learning a lot this year,” I told a veteran coteacher one afternoon (Ferlazzo,
in press).
in press).
“Sure,” she said, “but how much are the students learning?” Ouch. I knew
that my students, sitting and listening on the rug most of the day, weren’t
learning much at all.
To reverse this, I knew I needed to give up the “sage on the stage” routine.
So I started experimenting, beginning in American classrooms and then in
Finnish classrooms, with the aim of getting my students to do more of the
learning. Earlier, I mentioned how I once brought a stopwatch to class to help
keep my mini lessons short. In just a few days, I found that those shorter lessons
now felt comfortable, and my students were having significantly more time—
after the mini lesson—to learn through doing (Ferlazzo, in press).
While I felt satisfied with this pedagogical shift, once I moved to Finland it
felt insufficient. My Finnish colleagues, especially those who taught
woodworking, home economics, and textiles, showed me the joys of giving
children even more opportunities to learn through doing.
In Chapter 3 I described how I made a significant change to how I would
teach English language arts in Helsinki by letting my students spend most of the
lessons working more like real writers. They’d look to me as an editor or, to put
it another way, a coach. In the section about the strategy leave margin, I
discussed how this particular practice of restructuring my sixth graders’
language arts lessons helped to develop the autonomy of my students. Now, I’m
investigating how this shift and other similar practices promote mastery.
Giving my Helsinki students more time to work like writers during language
arts was a good start, but it was insufficient on its own. My teacher-friend Jere
Linnanen told me that students often need a “push” to progress; otherwise,
they’ll stay at their current levels. For me, pushing looks like giving good
feedback.
When I mention good feedback, I’m not talking about distributing stickers
and shouting, “Way to go!” I’m referring to feedback that’s specific, honest, and
constructive. Through blogging, crafting articles, and book writing, I’ve
personally seen the importance of good feedback. In my experience, professional
editors limit their praise. They might mention one or two things that they
appreciate about a work, but they spend most of their time naming what needs
improvement. Initially, I felt a little offended. Wasn’t the primary job of a
writing coach to applaud?
Nowadays I embrace this methodology: by limiting praise, editors emphasize
feedback that’s specific, honest, and constructive. These days, I’m no longer
crushed if I hear only a few words of positive feedback from an editor, because I
know my “coach” and I share the same goal: we both want to produce a high-
quality work together. I’m convinced that nurturing this kind of attitude in the
classroom would help students to learn better.
The best way to improve, I’ve found, is through addressing weak spots, and
that’s exactly where coaching is needed. The good coach shines a light on the
undeveloped areas of the learning and then offers adequate support to the learner
—through modeling and good feedback, primarily. There is a place for praise in
our classrooms, but I suspect that praise is not something that skillful teachers
will need to work to incorporate in their classrooms. It’s something they provide
quite naturally, in my experience.
If you’re like me and you want to develop as a coach, the structure of your
lessons must accommodate this role. We need a framework that facilitates
learning by doing and plenty of opportunities for good feedback. For me, that
structure is something called the workshop model. While I’ve seen variations of
this approach, it’s composed of three basic parts: a mini lesson introducing the
day’s aim, active independent work, and group reflection on how students have
progressed toward that particular aim. (Paula Havu, my former colleague, once
told me that this was billed as the ideal lesson structure during her teacher-
training program.)
I was an elementary teacher in the Boston area when I first heard about this
model and started to implement it in my classroom. In hindsight, I didn’t always
maximize this approach, because I’d sometimes spend too much time on mini
lessons and reflections. My students would have benefited from having more
time to complete independent work. Giving children adequate time to work
paves the way for good teacher feedback.
To guide student work and teacher feedback, our classrooms need clear,
achievable goals. I’ve found that one of the most effective things we can do as
teachers, which helps us and our students to stay focused on mastery, is to
incorporate learning targets into our teaching on a regular basis. Educators
Connie Moss and Susan Brookhart (2012) define a learning target as follows:

A learning target is not an instructional objective. Learning targets differ

from instructional objectives in both design and purpose. As the name
implies, instructional objectives guide instruction, and we write them
from the teacher’s point of view. Their purpose is to unify outcomes
across a series of related lessons or an entire unit. . . .
Learning targets, as their name implies, guide learning. They
describe, in language that students understand, the lesson-sized chunk of
information, skills, and reasoning processes that students will come to
know deeply. We write learning targets from the students’ point of view
and share them throughout today’s lesson so that students can use them
 and share them throughout today’s lesson so that students can use them
to guide their own learning. (p. 3)

In my experience, the workshop model works seamlessly with learning targets,

because it puts the emphasis on kids learning by doing, which allows teachers to
work like coaches.
How do you write a learning target? According to Moss and Brookhart
(2012), the process begins with a teacher choosing a standard and boiling it
down to an objective for a lesson or a set of lessons, to make it clear what the
teacher wants the children to achieve in the classroom. The next step involves
reframing the objective to reflect what the children themselves should seek to
achieve in the classroom. Moss and Brookhart recommend that an educator
follow several steps when designing learning targets. The most crucial, in my
opinion, is deciding on a “performance of understanding” (p. 39), informed by
the lesson’s teaching objective. During this step, teachers think about what their
students could do to prove that they’ve achieved the instructional objective for
the lesson or set of lessons.
In their book Learning Targets, Moss and Brookhart offer an example from a
sixth grade teacher who’s teaching a math lesson on variability. The teacher has
identified the following instructional objectives: “Students will explain how the
element of chance leads to variability in a set of data,” and “Students will
represent variability using a graph” (p. 38). With those objectives in hand, the
teacher crafts a learning target for the students: “We will be able to see a pattern
in graphs we make about the number of chips in our cookies, and we will be able
to explain what made that pattern” (p. 39, emphasis added). Thus, this teacher
designed the lesson’s learning target with a performance of understanding in
mind.
In my experience, one of the things that students need, in order to hit a
learning target in the classroom, is a clear example of what success looks like.
Although it’s tempting to just tell students the success criteria (it’s much faster
this way!), I’ve found that children produce higher-quality work when they
“discover,” or identify, the key ingredients on their own through studying
exemplars. (In a way, this is a start with freedom approach.)
Here are two scenarios at the high school level, adapted from one of Moss
and Brookhart’s examples. In one scenario, an English teacher tells his students
that they’re going to learn how to write an effective thesis statement for a
persuasive speech. He distributes a list of criteria. Then he announces that they
will have the next thirty minutes to practice writing strong thesis statements for
their speeches. “Good luck!” he says.
In the second scenario, an English teacher brings in a collection of thesis
 In the second scenario, an English teacher brings in a collection of thesis
statements of varying degrees of quality; some appear hastily written and
unintelligible, while others appear methodically written and eloquent. (These are
examples she has borrowed and cited from different sources, written on her own,
or saved from previous classes.) This teacher starts the lesson by saying that
they’re going to be learning how to write effective thesis statements. But instead
of handing out the success criteria and letting her students loose, she points to a
question on the whiteboard: “What are the ingredients of a strong thesis
statement for a persuasive speech?”
She splits the class into several small groups and distributes copies of the
different thesis statements to each group. She gives the groups five minutes to
investigate this collection of examples, as they consider the question on the
whiteboard. The teacher then calls everyone together and asks, “So, what are the
ingredients of a strong thesis statement for a speech?” At this point, the teacher
is already aware of several key criteria, which she has identified before class, but
she wants her students to take ownership of their learning by “discovering” these
ingredients. She can guide them during the discussion, if they’re struggling to
identify the most important components.
Through a short discussion, her students identify the most important
elements of a strong thesis statement. Then, with a clear picture of what success
looks like, guided by an appropriate learning target, they are ready to practice
well as they aim to master this skill of writing a strong thesis statement—and
this teacher is ready to coach them well.
“Learning targets make the difference, from a student’s point of view,
between complying with teachers’ requests and pursuing their own learning,”
Moss and Brookhart write. “Students who pursue their own learning demonstrate
increased motivation, learn more, and develop stronger metacognitive skills”
(2012, p. 40).

Prove the learning

Finnish education is famous for its (relative) lack of standardized tests, but this
reputation has led some to believe that Finland’s teachers abstain from testing
their students. In my experience, this just isn’t the case. At the elementary level,
for example, I’ve found that Finnish educators offer more summative
assessments than what I’d expect to see in American schools. This phenomenon
stems, I believe, from Finland’s traditional system of grading, in which children,
even in some primary grades, are given a number grade for each subject at the
end of each semester. The grading scale ranges from four, the lowest, to ten, the
highest. This traditional grading system puts pressure on Finnish teachers to
average the scores of tests, in order to come up with justifiable number grades.
That being said, the tide of traditional testing and grading seems to be
changing in this Nordic country. Finland’s newest national core curriculum,
which was implemented in the fall of 2016, deemphasizes number grades for
elementary school children, giving schools the opportunity to give narrative
feedback at the end of a marking period in lieu of number grades. Today, there’s
more of a push for formative assessment in Finnish schools, too.
While I’m opposed to traditional grading systems (I’ve often found that
grades distract students from the joy of learning simply for the sake of learning),
I am a fan of getting students to prove their learning, because it’s something that
develops mastery. At my Helsinki school, I would often notice my Finnish
colleagues making their own summative assessments. They might use aspects of
the end-of-unit tests provided by the school’s commercial curricula, but I rarely
noticed them making straight copies of black-line masters and administering
them to their students (something I was in the habit of doing in America).
Customizing tests was an obvious effort by my Finnish colleagues to align
assessments more closely to the teaching in their classrooms. And this strategy
paved the way for their students to prove their learning more effectively.
That wasn’t the only thing I noticed: typically, I’d see my colleagues
applying a simple principle in their custom-made assessments. My Helsinki
mentor teacher was the first person to open my eyes to this particular aspect of
testing in Finland. She said that she’d often ask her students, when answering
exam questions, to perustella. Initially she wasn’t sure how to translate this
Finnish word into English, but after discussing the concept, we decided that it
means “justify.” On my mentor teacher’s tests, she’d often ask her students to
show what they know by providing evidence of their learning.
Sure enough, when I’d study my colleagues’ customized tests in the
teachers’ workroom or the teachers’ lounge, I kept seeing the same philosophy at
work. This simple practice of getting students to prove their learning, by
justifying their answers on assessments, is something that may partially explain
Finland’s consistently high PISA scores, in which fifteen-year-olds must think
critically and creatively.
The concept of perustella is perhaps most easily seen in Finland’s high
school matriculation tests. Once Finnish students have passed the required
courses for high school, they are allowed to sit for the national Matriculation
Examination, which is arranged by the Matriculation Examination Board and
administered simultaneously throughout all high schools. Before graduating
from high school, students must pass at least four individual tests from this
national examination. They can choose which tests to complete, with the
exception of one assessment: evaluating a student’s ability in a native language
—Finnish, Swedish, or Sami (Sahlberg, 2015). In Finnish Lessons 2.0 (2015),
Pasi Sahlberg explains what makes Finland’s Matriculation Examination unique
among typical standardized assessments around the world:

The nature of these individual exams is to try to test students’ ability to

cope with unexpected tasks. Whereas the California High School Exit
Examination . . . , for example, is guided by a list of potentially biased,
sensitive, or controversial topics to be avoided, the Finnish examination
does the opposite. Students are regularly asked to show their ability to
deal with issues related to evolution, losing a job, dieting, political issues,
violence, war, ethics in sports, junk food, sex, drugs, and popular music.
Such issues span across subject areas and often require multidisciplinary
knowledge and skills. (Chapter 1, loc. 1083)

Here’s a collection of sample questions for the Matriculation Examination,

provided by Sahlberg:

• Native language: “Media is competing for audiences—what are the

consequences?”
• Philosophy and ethics: “In what sense are happiness, good life and well-
being ethical concepts?”
• Health education: “What is the basis of dietary recommendations in Finland
and what is their aim?” (Strauss & Sahlberg, 2014)

• • •

IN HELSINKI, INSPIRED BY MY FINNISH COLLEAGUES, I started to

design end-of-unit (summative) assessments that centered on getting my students
to prove their learning better through open-ended, challenging questions, which
required them to think creatively and critically. In responses to these kinds of
questions, I’d award my students points for providing pieces of evidence,
showing their knowledge and understanding of a particular content area.
Once I made this shift in how I designed these assessments, I found that I
had a much better grasp on whether or not my students had mastered content in a
particular subject at the end of a unit. That’s because the children in my
classroom had to literally prove their learning, whereas in the past I think the
questions on my summative tests were often too easy and too narrow for this to
happen. Furthermore, these Finnish-style assessments gave my students the
happen. Furthermore, these Finnish-style assessments gave my students the
leeway to demonstrate more than just a basic level of understanding and
knowledge on tests.
These summative evaluations were often demanding for my Helsinki
students, but I found that many of them seemed proud of their critical, creative
responses to these challenging, open-ended questions. Previously, I had rarely
noticed my students expressing healthy pride for answering test questions.
Here are a few example questions from tests I designed in different sixth
grade subjects:

• Physics: Explain how “earthing” works. In your explanation, refer to the

term “lightning conductor.” Write sentences and create a labeled diagram to
support your explanation.
• Geography: What is the difference between a vegetation zone and a climate
zone? Explain in words and create a diagram, if it supports your
explanation.
• History: Why did people migrate to Finland? Explain your thinking.
• Ethics: On the first ethics exam, you wrote about one “ethical dilemma”
you might face in your life. Now, choose one “democratic dilemma” to
write about. This can be a conflict in the world that’s either real or
imagined, so it doesn’t necessarily have to be a problem that you may face
in your life. It could be something that you’ve heard about on the news, or
used your imagination to make up. Provide one specific example of a
“democratic dilemma” and then, explain why it’s a “democratic dilemma”
with sentences.
• Chemistry: Imagine that you have been asked to find out whether toothpaste
is acidic or alkaline. Thinking like a scientist, what would you do?

If we teachers want to further promote mastery in our classrooms, I think we

need to do what I’ve noticed Finnish educators doing when designing custom-
made exams: get students to justify their answers to difficult, open-ended
questions. This strategy of getting students to prove their learning can be applied
not just when we’re producing summative assessments but on a daily basis: in
classroom discussions, in group work, and in formative assessments.

Discuss the grades

When I first stepped into Pekka Peura’s classroom at Vantaa’s Martinlaakso
High School, I wasn’t sure what I’d find. I had heard that this high school math
teacher, with blond hair that nearly covered his ears, no longer administers any
teacher, with blond hair that nearly covered his ears, no longer administers any
tests. His tenth grade students sat in small clusters throughout the room, looking
relaxed.
If Pekka taught a mini lesson that morning, I didn’t notice it. After
introducing me and a couple of other visitors, he let his students loose, and they
knew exactly what to do. Throughout the lesson, nearly all of the students had
their notebooks open, along with their math textbooks, as they worked to master
different areas of math. Pekka floated around the classroom, stopping often to
confer with students.
I asked one tenth grade student to explain Pekka’s system. How did everyone
know what to do? This student showed me a reference guide, which revealed a
selection of math concepts based on the curriculum. These concepts were
organized from the most basic to the most advanced, and under each category of
concepts was a list of math exercises to complete. Also, I found a key, which
suggested which number grade a student could receive upon reaching a tier of
math concepts.
In the back of the classroom, I found two boys wearing baseball caps
working on computers. Sitting in an empty chair behind them, I noticed that they
were watching a You-Tube clip. But that video wasn’t math related: it was an
Ultimate Fight Club match. I was a little surprised that they didn’t even try to
hide this from me, and I asked one of them about this level of freedom. He told
me that Pekka trusts them to do what they need to do. At that moment, the
teenage boy told me, he didn’t feel like doing math—he felt like surfing
YouTube. The work he wasn’t doing during the lesson could also be completed
at home.
In Pekka’s math classes, there’s no homework, at least not in the traditional
sense. A student in his math class could, hypothetically, avoid doing any
homework during the entire seven-week period. But there’s a natural
consequence: that student would have much less time to solve problems and,
subsequently, much less time to move from mastering the basic concepts to the
most advanced ones.
For the last seven years, Pekka has developed this system in which his
students are constantly assessing themselves. Once every six or seven weeks (the
typical length of a high school marking period in Finland), his students will meet
with him individually for a brief conference, for about five to ten minutes, in
which they’ll agree on a final grade together. Usually, the student first suggests a
grade, and according to Pekka, it’s normally an accurate representation of the
student’s progress. Pekka found that, once he implemented this sort of system,
he didn’t think it was any less accurate than the traditional method of assigning a
grade through averaging test scores.
grade through averaging test scores.
As a teacher, I’m most impressed with how Pekka has given his students
more ownership of assessment and grading, two areas that have traditionally
remained exclusively in the hands of educators. The previous section, which
explored the strategy prove the learning, focused on the topic of assessment; this
section shifts our gaze to the subject of grading and the powerful strategy of
discussing grades with students.

• • •

AT MY FINNISH PUBLIC SCHOOL, I’D OVERHEAR SEVERAL of my

colleagues, before publishing their report cards at the end of a semester, having
conversations with each of their students about grades. These communications
were typically brief. A teacher would share the grade she planned to assign a
child, and then that student would have an opportunity to respond. I found this
practice to be incredibly respectful. Not only were these teachers communicating
clearly with their students and strengthening rapport, but they were also inviting
these children to reflect on their own learning.
Reflecting on learning needs to happen in our classrooms before report cards,
but I think this simple practice I observed in Finland, communicating grades to
students and inviting their response, is essential. I’ve found that, at the end of a
marking period, most students—even the ones who seem to have little interest in
this thing called reflection—seem ready to take a step back and assess their
progress. Grades, as arbitrary as they can sometimes seem to us as teachers,
often appear to mean a lot to children. For that reason, report card season is a
great time to seize the opportunity and help students reflect on their learning.
I’ve never liked grading. Specifically, I’ve often felt that handing out
numbers has the potential to greatly diminish the joyful classroom environment
I’m trying to cultivate. One major problem is that many students appear to tether
their self-esteem to the grades they receive: good grades, smart kid; bad grades,
dumb kid. As adults, we know that’s ridiculous—of course grades shouldn’t
define you.
But grading, at least for many of us teachers, is a problem that we just can’t
avoid. I confess that, in my classroom teaching, I’ve often dealt with this issue
poorly, even after seeing good examples from my Finnish colleagues. Often I
wouldn’t feel comfortable discussing grades with my Helsinki students, so I’d
rarely initiate conversations with them. I’d assign grades, print out report cards,
administer them to my students, and hope that they wouldn’t be too upset with
the final numbers.
I wonder how much of my own experience as a student in American public
and private schools has affected my thinking about grading as a teacher. In all
and private schools has affected my thinking about grading as a teacher. In all
my years of schooling in the United States, I can’t remember a single instance in
which a teacher took one minute to individually discuss my grades with me. I
think it would have been relatively easy to arrange (during independent work in
the classroom, for example), but somehow I can’t recall it ever happening. What
I do remember, though, is discussing grades with my parents, which seemed, in
hindsight, good yet insufficient. I think I would have benefited greatly from
having quick conversations with my teachers.
In the future, I want to do a better job of discussing grades with my students.
Pekka Peura and other Finnish teachers have shown me why it’s such a
worthwhile endeavor, even if it feels uncomfortable. Through private
discussions, we can provide our students with more understanding and
ownership of their grades. It’s a strategy that helps them to reflect on their
learning and, ultimately, supports them as they seek to achieve mastery in our
classrooms.
 CHAPTER

Mind-set

DESPITE THE TYPICAL CHALLENGES OF TEACHING in the United

States, where school hours are relatively long, state standards are usually
prescriptive, and standardized testing (and other demands) add considerable
stress, I’ve met many American teachers who are brimming with passion for
their work. Instead of seeing their professions just as jobs, they regard them as
vocations.
Admittedly, one of the things I miss most about teaching in the United States
is a vast community of purpose-driven teachers who are passionate about their
craft. In my experience, it’s common to find American educators who are so
devoted to their professional growth that, every year, they spend a substantial
amount of their own money and their free time on professional learning. This
reality contrasts somewhat with what I’ve seen in Finland.
As I’ve visited different schools in Finland, I’ve seen many competent, hard-
working teachers, who seem astute as professional problem solvers. One of the
things I haven’t observed, however, is a large number of Finnish educators who
take intentional, voluntary steps to improve significantly as practitioners,
whether it be through reading professional literature of their choice, attending
summer institutes, or implementing new pedagogies in their classrooms. In
Finland, I think I may have stumbled upon a cultural difference, which doesn’t
just concern the teaching profession. Over the years, I’ve spoken with a number
of Finns, in different professional fields, who seem to embrace the motto “work
to live” rather than “live to work.” These individuals appear content with their
jobs, but during their free time, they seem to prefer to pursue their own hobbies
rather than making sizeable investments in their professional growth.
While I’ve seen many devoted American teachers who work with a strong
 While I’ve seen many devoted American teachers who work with a strong
sense of purpose, I do wonder about their approach for carrying out their calling.
So far in this book, we’ve explored four different ingredients of happiness: well-
being, belonging, autonomy, and mastery. But the fifth ingredient, mind-set, is
perhaps the most crucial in terms of fostering a joyful classroom.
There are two predominant types of worldviews that people bring to life,
according to happiness researcher Raj Raghunathan. “One extreme is a kind of
scarcity-minded approach, that my win is going to come at somebody else’s loss,
which makes you engage in social comparisons,” he said in a 2016 interview
with The Atlantic’s Joe Pinsker. “And the other view is what I would call a more
abundance-oriented approach, that there’s room for everybody to grow.”
The researcher points to children as being models of people who adopt the
abundance-oriented approach because “extrinsic yardsticks” fail to sidetrack
them (Pinsker, 2016). Kids pursue whatever offers them a significant amount of
joy, Raghunathan said in the interview.
In Finland, I’ve met many teachers who seem to adopt this abundance-
oriented approach. They seem unfazed by how they stack up to other teachers,
and that attitude infuses their work with a sense of joy. One of the clearest signs
of this mind-set in action is the significant amount of collaboration I’ve seen in
Finnish schools. Even with the fifteen-minute breaks and the shorter school
days, I doubt I would have seen Finnish educators collaborating very much if
they viewed one another as competitors.
In the United States, the scarcity-minded approach might be a common one
among educators. For example, I’ve lost count for how many times I’ve heard
the term master teacher used to describe an American educator. Often I’ve
wondered if the use of this title is less about describing a teacher’s skillfulness
and more about declaring a person’s superiority. Surely there are “master
teachers” in Finland, but I haven’t heard anyone elevating them as such.
While Twitter may not be the best barometer, I’m fascinated by how many
times I’ve seen American educators craft their short bios so that the focus, it
seems, is on their accolades rather than their passions. Furthermore,
“microcredentials” appear to be growing in popularity among American
teachers, in which individuals receive digital badges that can be displayed on
social media accounts for demonstrating mastery over particular aspects of
teaching. While this kind of microcredentialing seems like a nice gesture of
recognizing teachers for their strengths, I fear that it could be another form of
professional posturing.
These are small, subtle pieces of evidence, but they suggest to me that many
teachers in the United States bring a scarcity-minded approach to their work. If
this is truly the case, Raghunathan suggests that this is a major problem: “The
this is truly the case, Raghunathan suggests that this is a major problem: “The
recipe for leading a life of happiness and fulfillment ultimately boils down to
weaning oneself away from scarcity orientation, and toward abundance
orientation” (2016, p. 242).
To increase the joy in our classrooms, we teachers need to cultivate an
abundance-oriented approach. That doesn’t mean tossing aside our strong sense
of purpose—it means shifting our viewpoint away from competition, in which
we no longer seek to be better than others, and instead focusing on being the best
that we can be, regardless of how fellow educators are progressing.
This chapter is composed of six strategies for fostering an abundance-
oriented worldview in our teaching, all of which are inspired by how I’ve
observed Finnish educators approaching their work: seek flow, have a thicker
skin, collaborate over coffee, welcome the experts, vacate on vacation, and don’t
forget joy.

Seek flow
In the Boston area, I once worked with a young teacher who preferred to keep
the hallway space outside of her classroom covered with her students’ work.
There was no bulletin board in that section of the hallway, but that didn’t deter
her. She’d usually stick dozens of sheets of paper to the walls. Often I’d pass her
classroom and feel a twinge of resentment. My classroom’s bulletin board was
just around the corner, where only a few people in the school would normally
walk, and there I’d display only a few student creations.
As pathetic as this sounds today, I grew bitter toward this teacher. As I
walked through the hallway, I started to think that all of her students’ sheets of
paper suggested that I was an inferior educator. But the truth, I’d reason with my
nose in the air, was that I was the superior teacher, because I was careful to put
up only “high-quality” work on my bulletin board.
In hindsight, I can see how clearly my insecure attitude decreased the joy in
my teaching. I’d bring those negative emotions, stemming from bitterness, into
the classroom, and I’d put increasing pressure on myself to perform better than
my colleague. Instead of feeling free to enjoy my work, I’d often get distracted
by this exhausting task of striving for superiority.
Superiority is an attractive goal, notes Raj Raghunathan. Researchers have
found that higher-status individuals experience higher self-esteem and a greater
sense of autonomy in their lives, indicating that being “superior” can actually
increase happiness levels. But this finding doesn’t mean that it’s worthwhile to
seek superiority—that’s because the pursuit of superiority will probably
decrease your level of joy, according to Raghunathan. It would be wiser to seek
something called “flow” (Raghunathan, 2016).
But what is flow? The positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
commonly seen as the guru of flow, describes this mental state in the following
way:

Being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls
away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows
inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is
involved, and you’re using your skills to the utmost. (quoted in Cherry,
2016b)

As a teacher, I savor this mental state, in which I feel happily lost doing
challenging, interesting work with the students. But research suggests that flow
doesn’t just bring on nice feelings—achieving flow is something that can
enhance performance and develop one’s skills (Cherry, 2016a; Cherry, 2016b).
In other words, you experience positive emotions while working efficiently
toward mastery. Csikszentmihalyi suggests that there are several factors that
happen alongside flow. A person who is achieving this mental state may be
working on a task, for example, that is intrinsically satisfying, goal-directed,
demanding, and yet feasible (Cherry, 2016a; Cherry, 2016b).
The experience of flow is fostered, too, when we’re totally focused on the
goal we’re seeking to achieve (Cherry, 2016a; Cherry, 2016b). When I reflect on
those times when I feel like I’m doing my best work as a teacher, it’s when I feel
least distracted. It’s during writer’s workshops, for example, when my students
are happily engaged in independent work, while I’m conferring with a child
without any interruptions. Typically I’ve needed to coach my students to work in
a focused way, so I can give my full attention to my teaching. As many
experienced teachers know, a classroom environment where children do
successful work independently doesn’t happen magically.
If we want everyone in our classroom to achieve flow, minimizing obvious
distractions (such as cell phones and chattiness) is essential. Crafting a short list
of rules, with your students, could help in this regard. But one of the biggest
distractions I’ve needed to prune is something hidden: a culture of competition.
In the Boston area, caring about being the “superior” teacher distracted me
from doing my best work. I’d spend valuable time and energy worrying about
proving myself instead of seeking flow. These days I think I’ve become more
abundance oriented in my approach toward teaching. In Finland, I’ve met many
teachers who don’t seem interested in being superior. Simply put, they’re quite
happy to be competent in their work, and this noncompetitive mind-set seems to
happy to be competent in their work, and this noncompetitive mind-set seems to
help them work better together. Also, I think it helps them to achieve flow on a
regular basis.
Being teachers who seek flow, not superiority, is something that’s not just
good for us; it’s also good for our students. Our students are watching us, and if
they see that we’re seeking to do our best work, free of comparing ourselves to
others, I’m confident that this kind of example will foster a noncompetitive
culture in our classrooms. We want our children to experience flow on a regular
basis, and minimizing the major distraction of competition is crucial. This
positive change we want to see—as is so often the case in teaching—starts with
us.

Have a thicker skin

During my two years of teaching in Helsinki, I was grateful to have a terrific
mentor teacher, who always seemed willing to meet with me—even when it was
unexpected. Once, we had a parent–teacher night early in the fall, and I was
swarmed by parents in the hallway. My mentor teacher stood by, watching
silently until the last parent waved goodbye. Then she opened her mouth, and
her words caught me by surprise: she wondered, aloud, if I was too
accommodating with parents.
Initially I was a little defensive. I had always prided myself on
communicating well with parents, and I didn’t think I was doing anything wrong
that evening. I can’t recall exactly what I had said in those hallway
conversations, but my mentor suggested that I seemed too eager to please. My
Finnish colleague explained that, in some conversations with parents, she would
communicate the following message: you’re the expert at home, and I’m the
expert at school. My colleague told me that since I was a professional, I should
start seeing myself that way. I should have a thicker skin, she suggested. Like
Kevlar.
My mentor’s boldness surprised me. Before this interaction, I had talked
with many teachers about the occasional challenges of working with parents, but
I’d never seen such mental toughness on display. In my previous conversations
with American teachers, I sensed that the “difficult” parents intimidated them.
(Historically, I’ve felt this way, too.) Two of the most popular methods for
pacifying these parents seemed to be either flat-out accommodation or running
and hiding.
That evening I began to grasp the importance of having a tough skin.
Sometimes interactions with parents, students, and colleagues can be
Sometimes interactions with parents, students, and colleagues can be
challenging, and it can be tempting to get discouraged, but that place of
discouragement is where our happiness can quickly disappear. As teachers, we
need to develop resilience to keep our classrooms joyful.
To be clear, having a tough skin is different from being obstinate. My mentor
wasn’t suggesting that I ignore the feedback of others but, instead, that I be
confident in my expertise as a teacher. I was a professional, and I should carry
myself in that way.
Much has been written about the importance to raising resilient (or “gritty”)
students, but I haven’t seen too much literature on the importance of developing
resilient teachers. Some of the most joyful teachers I know are some of the
toughest—their confidence seems rooted in something beyond their
performance. When these educators make mistakes, they bounce back quickly.
In Finland, many of my colleagues impressed me with how they’d deal with
conflicts—with parents, fellow teachers, and even students. As teachers, it’s not
a matter of if we’ll face issues in the workplace; it’s a matter of when. Having a
tough skin is something that helps protect the joy of teaching.
The Finnish word sisu might be celebrated more than any other word in this
tiny Nordic country. It’s a human attribute—usually attached to the people of
Finland—that can be translated as “guts” or “bravery in the face of adversity.”
It’s that same attitude of sisu I saw reflected in my mentor’s words: you’re a
professional!
In Helsinki, I found myself developing more sisu. Being the new guy at a
new school in a foreign land didn’t exactly make me immune to sharp feedback
—I received my fair share. Often that feedback, though, prompted me to make
useful changes to my work. But there were other instances in which I heard
tough feedback, disagreed with it, and didn’t make accommodations. That surely
upset some people, but in the end I felt like I could handle the pushback. I was a
professional, and I was seeking to do my best as a teacher. Having that thick skin
helped me to keep my classroom joyful.
Specifically, having a tough skin means taking a deep breath when you
receive a long, barbed e-mail from an upset parent and leaving it alone until you
feel ready to address it. It means, too, not getting crushed when your principal
publicly praises one of your colleagues but then doesn’t recognize your similarly
solid work. Also, it means not taking it personally when one of your students
curses you to your face.
One of the practices I’ve adopted as a teacher, when I’m feeling especially
overwhelmed by professional challenges, is setting aside time before I crawl into
bed to journal about that day’s concerns. Generally speaking, I don’t sleep very
well until I’ve identified these underlying issues and put them into perspective.
I’ve noticed that often the words I’ve heard during that school day—from
I’ve noticed that often the words I’ve heard during that school day—from
parents, colleagues, and students—can be the things that seem to gnaw at me the
most. I’m not a regular journal keeper, but I’ve found that the simple act of
sitting down to name those sources of anxiety can alleviate much of my stress.
I’ll sleep so much better, too.
Typically, I set up my journal in a very simple way by drawing a line down
the middle of the page to create two columns. On one side I write “anxieties”
and on the other side I write “realities.” Then I’ll spend the next few minutes
recalling and jotting down as many things that bothered me about that school
day under the anxieties column. Once I’m finished, I’ll move onto the realities
column, writing down a sentence or so to correspond with each anxiety.
This second column helps me to not blow that day’s frustrations out of
proportion. The idea is that I can see those anxieties for what they are, as
objectively as possible. When I write a sentence of reality, I try to think
positively about the frustration in the first column. I might even suggest an
action I can take the next day at school. Here’s an example:

Anxieties Realities
Parent sent an e-mail criticizing our Our new unit clearly aligns with the
new biology unit. biology curriculum. Tomorrow, I can
send that parent a brief message
communicating this point.
Student accused me of overlooking Bullying is a serious issue, but I’ve yet
bullying. to observe it in our classroom. In the
morning, I’ll speak with this student,
just to listen, and then I’ll decide what
to do next.

Journaling in this way is a useful intervention when you feel discouraged as a

teacher, but a helpful ongoing practice involves exercising gratitude. I’ve found
that the simple act of giving thanks, publicly and privately, is something that
sustains me, in the good and the bad times of teaching. Sonja Lyubomirsky of
the University of California, Riverside refers to “gratitude” as a “metastrategy”
because, in the words of Raj Raghunathan (2016, p. 77), “it helps boost
happiness in many different ways.” A handful of studies, for example, reveal
that giving thanks fortifies relationships (Raghunathan, 2016).
The exercise of giving thanks is a practice that diminishes the harmful desire
to pursue superiority—that’s because, according to Raghunathan, it “hinges on
the idea that no one achieves anything just by themselves” (2016, p. 77).
Collaborate over coffee
For this book, I interviewed several Finnish teachers—at different levels, in
different schools—to hear more about their classroom experiences and gain their
professional insights. There were two questions I’d ask in each of these
interviews: “What brings you joy as a teacher, and what brings your students
joy?”
One of the most popular answers I heard from Finnish teachers, regarding
what brings them joy, is collaboration. This result doesn’t exactly surprise me.
Here’s a short excerpt from my essay in the book Flip the System: Changing
Education from the Ground Up (Elmers & Kneyber, 2016):

In Finland, I found a school structure that fostered rich collaboration

among teachers. In nearly 50 percent of my lessons, I was paired with
one or two of my colleagues. Teachers in my school were not just
collaborating in the traditional sense, by planning and teaching lessons
together—they were truly laboring together, sharing the burdens of
teaching with each other. They were helping each other track down the
resources they’d need for an upcoming lesson. They were discussing
better ways to support needy students. They were analyzing the
curriculum together. They were talking about how to improve recess for
the kids. They were grading tests together. They were offering tech
support to each other. To my surprise, this work often happened in
between sips of coffee, during those fifteen-minute breaks throughout the
day. (pp. 176–177)

Researchers Andy Hargreaves and Dennis Shirley (2012) also noticed this
collaborative atmosphere in Finnish schools:

Teachers in Finland cooperate as a matter of habit, not just to complete

assigned tasks. . . . Cooperation is not just an add-on when the workday
is over. It’s not about temporary teamwork or interpreting student
achievement data together after busy days at school. Cooperation is about
how they create curriculum and how the work itself gets done. A
ministry official explained: “If you give resources to them, they find a
way to solve the problem.” Vision and goals in Finnish schools are often
implicit and shared through daily acts of cooperation, rather than just set
out in a printed strategic plan. (p. 51)
 Over the years, I’ve gotten the sense that teachers in the United States want
to work together, like so many Finnish teachers are in the habit of doing. They
understand the rationale for more cooperation, but they feel like their busy
schedules are holding them back.
As teachers who want to experience the joys and benefits of collaboration, I
think it’s wise for us to focus on something we have more control over: adopting
a different mind-set. Finnish educators benefit from a lighter schedule (with
frequent fifteen-minute breaks and shorts days), but I’ve concluded that the
reason they collaborate so frequently is that they don’t view collaboration as a
luxury. Instead, they see it as a necessity.
As I described earlier, I had the privilege of coteaching about half of my
lessons during my first year of teaching in Helsinki—but, surprisingly, I spent
most of that year doing little coplanning. Resource teachers would come by my
classroom, lend a hand, and then leave. I didn’t possess a mind-set in which I
welcomed cooperation during my free time—I saw this kind of joint work as
slightly inconvenient, and if I’m honest, I thought I was just fine on my own.
But it was during that second year when I relied on my colleagues more
often. One of the major reasons for this stemmed from a crisis I experienced in
the fall, in which I felt very discouraged as a teacher. Throughout that second
year, several of my colleagues lifted up me up though collaboration, and in my
opinion, it ended up being a terrific year. I largely credit them for this triumph.
The shift in my mind-set happened when I believed I was a better teacher
when I relied more on my colleagues. With this strategy, collaborate over coffee,
I’m recommending that teachers start looking for casual, “natural” ways of
working with fellow teachers. While many teachers have benefited from
working with other teachers online (myself included) through Twitter and other
social media platforms, I think we need to get back to doing more of the old-
fashioned form of collaboration: face-to-face interactions with our colleagues.
Indeed, these are the people that we see every day, and just as we thrive when
our coworkers support us, those same coworkers thrive when we support them—
it’s a two-way street.
I used to think collaboration had to be something serious and structured. I
had this mental image of teachers putting their heads together, looking
exhausted, as they pored over unit plans. Generally speaking, I rarely
experienced this kind of collaboration at my Finnish school. Typically,
collaboration seemed to happen organically—and often in the teachers’ lounge.
Nowadays, I define collaboration, in the school context, as anything that two
or more people do together to enhance the quality of teaching and learning. So
that means that a two-minute conversation about how to respond respectfully to
a parent’s e-mail would count as collaboration. So, too, would a five-minute chat
a parent’s e-mail would count as collaboration. So, too, would a five-minute chat
about how to accommodate the learning needs of a struggling student.
More than anything, I think collaboration is all about mind-set. If you truly
believe that you are a better teacher when you’re working in concert with others,
then I think you will quite naturally find small, simple ways of collaborating. I
don’t think my colleagues in Helsinki had to work hard to collaborate. Their
work together seemed like a by-product of their teaching mind-set.
To collaborate better, cultivating that “us” attitude is important, but so too is
the frequency in which you’re checking in with your colleagues. In the
beginning of this book, I described how three of my Finnish colleagues, after
one month of school, told me that they were concerned that I wasn’t spending
enough time in the teachers’ lounge. One of these teachers told me she needed to
pay a daily visit to the lounge, where she would slow down and reconnect with
others. When I started to visit the lounge more often, I found that the simple act
of sitting down for a few minutes with my colleagues (typically on a daily basis)
paved the way for greater collaboration.

Welcome the experts

While I taught in Helsinki, I noticed that my Finnish colleagues seemed to invite
one another’s classes into their classrooms somewhat regularly. These gestures
were often small, but they seemed meaningful, bringing joy to them and their
students.
Once, one of the physics teachers invited my class into one of the middle
school science labs for an introductory lesson on electricity. Graciously, he
taught this lesson during one of his free blocks. On another occasion, I was
teaching a lesson on the pH scale, and I hoped to use the same lab. After school,
another of my middle school colleagues helped me to prepare materials. That
afternoon, she also taught me a little lesson on chemical compounds, which I
used the following day.
When I felt uncomfortable about teaching a biology unit on sex, a female
colleague volunteered to host a private Q&A with my female students in her
classroom, while I met with my male students. Beforehand, she helped me to set
up a question box, where the children could ask anonymous questions about sex.
Later, the same colleague invited me into her classroom, where I shared about
my experiences living in the United States. Her students were studying the
concept of budgeting and seemed shocked to hear that, during my last year of
living in the Boston area, one-third of my gross income went toward paying for
health insurance.
Predictably, I wasn’t comfortable with the practice of welcoming my
colleagues into my classroom until I had seen this strategy modeled. But by the
end of my second year of teaching in Helsinki, I had become a convert. I invited
several of my colleagues into my classroom throughout the year, and they spent
hours of their time investing in my students’ learning. Sometimes they visited
during their regular teaching hours, while on other occasions they came during
their free time. It wasn’t difficult to arrange—ultimately, all I needed to do was
invite them.
I found that the more I welcomed experts into my classroom, the more I
began to view myself as a resource manager who could design great learning
experiences for my class by tapping into talents outside of my own. This new
way of thinking took pressure off of my shoulders, because I didn’t need to be
some jack-of-all-trades.
If we teachers want to combat this scarcity-minded worldview, I think we
need to start recognizing and benefiting from the expertise of others (inside and
outside our school communities). The strategy welcome the experts affirms the
abundance-oriented worldview.
Inviting your colleagues into your classroom, I’ve found, is a good starting
point. And given that you work together in the same building, it should be fairly
easy to arrange. From the examples I provided earlier, you know that this kind of
collaboration doesn’t need to be anything elaborate. Perhaps you have a
colleague who has visited Mexico before and you’re teaching a unit on that
country. Could you ask that teacher to share a few photos from her trip and a few
insightful stories? Or perhaps you want your students to keep a journal, and you
have a colleague who’s a passionate writer, who has been filling notebooks with
his own thoughts for years—you could ask him into the classroom to talk about
the benefits of journaling and share his advice on how to get started.
While welcoming other colleagues into your classroom may seem like an
unnecessary extra, I think you’ll find that it’s worth the small effort. If you’re
concerned about one another’s time, consider a “teacher swap”: while a teacher
is serving as the expert in your classroom, you could serve as the expert in that
colleague’s classroom. Once, two of my Helsinki colleagues exchanged roles in
this way: the first grade classroom teacher, Paula Havu, switched places with a
fifth grade classroom teacher. I spoke with Paula about this experience, and she
recalled it wistfully.
Welcoming fellow teachers (and other experts, such as parents) into your
classroom sends a message to your students that you’re looking to learn from
others. And if you’re like me, cultivating this type of attitude makes it easier to
view students as experts, too. I asked Paula to describe what brings children joy
view students as experts, too. I asked Paula to describe what brings children joy
in the classroom, and she spoke to the importance of giving kids more ownership
by letting them teach sometimes. “They are experts in many areas, so using them
more in the classroom instead of you being the leader . . . the kids get more
excited, they have choice.”
Before coming to Finland, I had embraced the idea of bringing experts into
the classroom, but my vision, I admit, was quite narrow. Often I’d overlook the
experts within the walls of my school building. During my first year in Helsinki,
if you recall, I spent a significant amount of effort getting Finnish Olympic and
Paralympic athletes to visit during those first weeks of school. In hindsight, it
would have been much more efficient if I first tapped into the resources within
my school community. These days, I still believe that welcoming experts outside
the school can be valuable, but I think it’s best to start by considering the people
around you. Not only will their contributions benefit your classroom, but also
it’s likely that your invitation will affirm their expertise—it’s a win-win.

Vacate on vacation
When I accepted the job of teaching fifth graders in Helsinki, I was ecstatic. But
I was also tentative. I had a million questions about how to teach well in Finland.
My Finnish principal must have guessed that I’d be brimming over with
queries, because she told me that she’d be away on something called a summer
holiday until late July. The principal’s unavailability surprised me slightly,
because the principals I’d known in America seemed to work throughout the
entire summer. The Finnish principal graciously suggested that I contact a
Finnish colleague with my questions.
So I e-mailed this fellow teacher and asked to speak with her the following
week on the phone, and then another curious thing happened: I didn’t hear from
this colleague until July, and when she e-mailed me, she politely suggested that
we chat after the holiday, saying something about her summer cottage. A pattern
was emerging. It seemed that my Helsinki coworkers were literally vacating
during the summer.
Initially I was skeptical of this approach. The American educators I had
grown to respect never seemed to stop working just because school was out for
the summer. I used to do the same thing. In the United States, I’d often spend a
large portion of the summer attending teaching seminars, reading professional
literature, and conducting home visits where I’d meet with parents and students.
I loved the summer holiday, because I had more free time to do work. However,
in Finland, where teachers are often depicted in the international media as top-
notch, I found scores of educators who disconnected for the majority of the
summer. Today, I’ve grown to appreciate this popular practice among the Finns.
For years, setting aside a significant period of time for rest and relaxation
each summer wasn’t a priority of mine, but these days I’ve found that I thrive
from having longer stretches of time to recharge. It’s what helps me to prepare
for another school year. In my experience, I’ve found that Finland’s educators do
very little school-related work during their summer holidays, generally speaking,
but even after a few years of living in this Nordic country, I confess that this
approach feels too extreme for me. I’m in favor of a hybrid approach, in which
there’s a healthy chunk of time for disconnecting and a healthy chunk of time for
professional development during the long break. As a teacher, I’ve found that
there’s no better time than summer months to reflect on my work and encounter
new inspiring ideas I can incorporate into my classroom.
The problem I’ve detected among American educators is that we sometimes
neglect to leave sufficient time for recharging during the summer. Catching up
on sleep and reading interesting books are good basic things, but so too is this
Finland-inspired strategy of setting aside sufficient time to vacate on vacation.
As I hinted before, I’m not proposing that teaching-related work go completely
untouched for the entire summer. Rather, I’m suggesting that we teachers
prioritize designated stretches of putting work aside.
In her book Overwhelmed, Brigid Schulte (2014) described a compelling
study, conducted by Harvard Business School, which seems to bolster the case
for taking adequate time off:

[The researchers] compared two groups of workers at a Boston

consulting firm. One group worked fifty or more hours a week, didn’t use
all their vacation time, and were constantly tethered to the office with
electronics. The other group worked forty hours, took full vacations, and
coordinated time off and after-hours on-call time so clients’ needs could
be covered but people could regularly, predictably, and without guilt
totally unplug from the office. Which group produced better work? The
team with time off, not surprisingly, reported higher job satisfaction and
better work-life balance. But they also increased learning, improved
communication with their team, worked more efficiently, and were
ultimately more productive than their ideal worker colleagues. Other
studies have found that employees who take full vacations are not only
more likely to stay with the firm but also receive higher performance
reviews, and that workers are not only more creative but that turning off
 the constant barrage of e-mails and the ideal worker requirement to
respond to them immediately enables people to concentrate and get more
done with less stress. (p. 91)

I think it’s wise, if you can afford it, to physically vacate with your family,
with friends, or on your own during the summer, fleeing to the hills for a day
trip, going on a cruise, relaxing on the beach for a few days, and so forth. That
being said, I don’t think it’s absolutely necessary to get away to reap the benefits
of a vacation. What matters most is our mind-set. In other words, it’s possible to
“go on a vacation” but not actually vacate, because you’ve brought your work
along with you. (I know this, because I’ve tried it before; those “vacations”
weren’t refreshing.)
What’s helpful, I’ve found, is when I embrace that summer holiday mind-set
(the one I’ve seen so often applied in Finland) and set aside a few days, or
weeks, to stay off e-mail and social media, especially during the summer. It’s
something that has encouraged me to be more physically active, more
appreciative of nature, more rested, and more present with my family and
friends.

Don’t forget joy

Around the world, there appears to be a growing movement to prioritize
happiness in schools. Alejandro Adler, while pursuing a PhD in positive
psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, ran a study of eighteen schools,
involving more than eight thousand secondary students, in the country of
Bhutan. Classrooms implemented either a happiness curriculum, which
emphasized ten nonacademic life skills like mindfulness, interpersonal
relationships, and self-awareness, or a placebo curriculum (Adler, 2015; Parker,
2016).
The study indicated that student well-being and standardized test scores were
significantly boosted by the happiness curriculum. “Well-being and academic
achievement seem not to be antagonistic, as some have suggested,” wrote Adler
(2015). “On the contrary, increased well-being raised academic achievement.”
In 2016, Finnish comprehensive schools implemented Finland’s newest core
curriculum, where joy is being prioritized as a learning concept. What I love
about this simple gesture is that it’s exactly the kind of thing that, research
suggests, can boost happiness.
In an experiment conducted by Raj Raghunathan (2016), one group of
workers got a daily e-mail for one week suggesting that they make choices to
workers got a daily e-mail for one week suggesting that they make choices to
increase their level of happiness, and when that week concluded, that group said
they were much happier than those employees who didn’t get the e-mail.
Through that study and others, Raghunathan found that when people receive a
reminder on a daily-basis to maximize happiness, they make tiny decisions that
contribute to greater happiness in their lives (Pinsker, 2016).
This book’s most important strategy is probably the simplest: Don’t forget
joy. On difficult days (everyone has them), it might be tempting to forget about
prioritizing joy in our classrooms. We might feel like caving in to the
unreasonable demands of some pushy parents, or prodding our kids to work
nonstop without breaks, or rushing ahead without celebrating student learning.
Chances are, given the difficult situations that many American teachers face in
this age of test-based accountability, it may be easier to not prioritize joy in our
classrooms.
But it’s joy that keeps me going as a teacher, and I’m committed—whether
I’m teaching in Finland, the United States, or somewhere else in the world—to
remember it and prioritize it in my classroom. How about you?
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Schwartz, K. (2014, October 6). Why daydreaming is critical to effective learning. Mindshift. Retrieved
October 20, 2016, from https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/10/06/why-daydreaming-is-critical-to-
effective-learning/
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 Acknowledgments

ABOUT THREE YEARS AGO, I RECEIVED A BRIEF EMAIL from an editor

named Deborah in New York City. (I was halfway through my first year of
teaching in Helsinki and I was running a little blog called Taught by Finland.)
Deborah wanted to know if I’d thought of writing a book. I hadn’t.
I’m so grateful to Deborah Malmud for believing, from the very beginning,
that I could write Teach Like Finland. Also, I’m thankful for the rest of the
Norton team for their world-class assistance throughout this project.
Additionally, I want to thank Pasi Sahlberg who, since my first year of
teaching in Helsinki, has encouraged me to keep writing about Finnish education
from an outsider’s perspective; I’m so glad he wrote this book’s foreword. Also,
I’m grateful for my former colleagues and students at Ressu Comprehensive
School, where I worked for two good years. In writing this book, I chatted with a
handful of Finnish educators from other schools, and I’m thankful for their
willingness to speak with me.
Before teaching in Helsinki, I was mentored by several gifted American
educators. Many thanks to Brian, Henry, Joanna, Kathy, Linda Lue, Lisa,
Steven, and Tricia. Additionally, I want to express my gratitude for my wife
Johanna and our children Misaiel and Adalia, whose love brings me a lot of joy.
And lastly, I give my deepest thanks to God for his gracious provision.
 Index

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function
to locate particular terms in the text.

abundance-oriented approach to teaching, 169–89

collaboration in, 178–82
don’t forget joy in, 188–89
seek flow in, 170–73
tough skin in, 174–78
vacate on vacation in, 185–88
welcome experts in, 182–85
academic achievement
well-being and, 189
accolade(s)
passions vs., 169–70
accountability
fear-based, 122, 123
responsibility vs., 122
active gallery walk, 22–24
Adler, A., 188–89
American Psychological Association’s 122nd Annual Convention, 147
American students
food insecurity among, 9
homelessness among, 9
push to succeed for, 6–7
American teachers
leaving profession, xxiii
microcredentials of, 169–70
neglect to leave sufficient time for recharging during summer, 185–88
stress of, 124–25
teaching approaches of, 168–70
anchor charts
in creating calm learning environment, 50–51
Anderson, M., 138–40
Angelou, M., 76
Angry Birds, 106
anxiety(ies)
 realities vs., 177
approaches to life, 168–69
assessment(s)
custom-made, 158–60
student responsibility related to, 125
Association of European Economics Education conference, 116
athletic retreat center
Camp School at, 43
atmosphere
calm, 47
attentiveness
after fifteen-minute breaks, 11
autonomy, 91–127
coplanning in, 110–14
demand responsibility in, 121–27
leave margin in, 98–104
make it real in, 114–21
Me & MyCity program in, 115–21
offer choices in, 104–8
plan with your students in, 108–14
start with freedom in, 94–98

balance
in creating calm learning environment, 51–52
Banana Tag, 19, 25
belonging, 57–89
banish bullying in, 82–88
buddy up system in, 86–89
celebrate learning in, 72–76
cultivating personal sense of, 61
eating lunch with students in, 63–64
greeting students by name in, 62–63
home visits in, 64–66
know each child in, 61–66
play with your students in, 66–71
pursue class dream in, 76–82
recruit welfare team in, 57–61
teachers’ need for, 57–61
in teaching, 58–59
better-trained teachers, xv
between-school competition
absence of, xiv
binders
notebooks vs., 126–27
bingo
human, 70–71
Biztown, 116
book talks, 74–76
Boydston, I., 36
brain breaks. see also fifteen-minute breaks
regular, 13
 regular, 13
scheduling of, 9–15
ways of offering, 13–15
whole-group, 13
breathe fresh air
in well-being, 38–42
Brookhart, S., 154–57
buddy up system
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 86–89
success of, 88
bullying
banishing, 82–88
defined, 83
KiVa program against, 83–86
natural play spaces in reducing, 44
U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine on, 83
burn out, 5–6

California High School Exit Examination, 160

calm
sense of, 47
calm atmosphere, 47
calm learning environment, 47–55
anchor charts in, 50–51
mindfulness in, 52–55
noise meter in, 51
strike balance in, 51–52
calmness
in Finnish schools, 33–34
calm spot, 15
Camp School, 43
at athletic retreat center, 43
benefits of, 77
as bonding experience, 77
as class dream, 76–82
fundraising for, 94–95
Carnegie Mellon University, 33
celebrate learning
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 72–76
challenge(s)
journaling in dealing with, 176–78
chart(s)
anchor, 50–51
KWL, 113–14
child(ren)
freedom of, 122
know each, 61–66
responsibilities of, 122
choice(s)
in autonomy building, 104–8
choice time
choice time
qualities of, 14
class dream
as bonding experience, 77
Camp School as, 76–82
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 76–82
negotiating, 78–81
pursue, 76–82
classroom(s)
home economics, 72–74, 120
mindfulness in, 52–55
opportunities for students to impact, 93
responsive, 131
simplicity of, 33–34
woodworking, 120
classroom environment
ways to improve, 41
classroom instruction
rigidity in, 136
classroom walls
simplicity of, 32–38
students’ work displayed on, 33–36
uncluttered, 32–38
classroom windows
open, 38–42
class time
physical activity during, 21–22
coaching
in developing mastery, 150–57
Coffeehouse Poetry Day, 75–76
cognitive functioning
time in nature and, 44
collaboration
defined, 181
in Finnish schools, 169
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 178–82
as necessity, 180
collaboration over coffee
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 178–82
commercial curricula
embracing, 137–41
competition
between-school, xiv
comprehensive schooling, xiv–xv
confidence
time in nature and, 44
connection(s)
cultivating personal, 63
coplanning
in autonomy building, 110–14
KWL charts in, 113–14
 KWL charts in, 113–14
methods for, 113
“crutch(es)”
limiting use of, 127
Csikszentmihalyi, M., 172
culture of trust, 124
curriculum
balance in, xiv
commercial, 137–41
students interests connected with, 106–8
custom-made assessments, 158–60

Davis, L.C., 53
demand responsibility
in autonomy building, 121–27
democracy
in school, 109
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
at University of Washington, 41–42
Dewey, J., 44–45
differentiated instruction, 114, 130–31
digital skills
OECD on, 143
discuss grades
in developing mastery, 163–66
Ditch That Textbook, 140–41
doc cam(s), 142–44
Do Now activities, 103–4
don’t forget joy, 189
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 188–89
dream(s)
class, 76–82 see also class dream

Eagle Mountain Elementary School, 12

eating lunch with students, 63–64
Economic Information Office, 116
education
environment-based, 42–47
special, xvi
teacher, xv
educator(s)
experienced and qualified, xvi
“energizers,” 21–22
enjoyment
in choice time, 14
environment(s)
calm learning, 47–55 see also calm learning environment
classroom, 41
as factor in child’s ability to identify two similar words and read proficiently, 49
home, 49
 learning see learning environment(s)
environment-based education, 42–47
essential material
teaching of, 130–37
exercise equipment
“passports” to borrow, 20–21
experienced and qualified educators, xvi
expert(s)
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 182–85
external stimuli
reducing, 34

family background
impact on in-school learning, xvii
fear-based accountability, 122
adverse effects of, 123
feedback
to students, 152
fifteen-minute breaks, xxii–xxiii, xxvii. see also brain breaks
attentiveness after, 11
leave margin in, 100–1
Rhea’s research project on, 12
scheduling of, 9–15
time spent during, 4–5
in well-being, 9–15
Finland’s Independence Day celebration
appreciation for tranquility during, 48
Fourth of July celebration vs., 48
Finnish language
respect for peace in, 48
Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland, xviii, 129, 159–60
Finnish Paralympians, 78–79
“Finnish Report Card 2014 on Physical Activity for Children and Youth,” 17
Finnish Schools on the Move, 17–26
Finnish students
critical elements in excellent faring of, xiv–xvii
first days of school
success determined by, 66–68
first graders teaming up with sixth graders, 86–89
first lesson of day
leave margin in, 102–3
Fisher, A.V., 34, 76
Flip the System: Changing Education from the Ground Up, 178–79
flow
described, 172
experience of, 172–73
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 170–73
superiority vs., 171–72
focus
in achieving flow, 172–73
time in nature and, 44
 time in nature and, 44
food insecurity
in American student population, 9
Fourth of July celebration
Finland’s Independence Day celebration vs., 48
freedom
in autonomy building, 94–98
of Finnish children, 122
fresh air
benefits of, 39–40
breathing, 38–42
fundraising
for Camp School, 94–95

Gardner, H., 45
get into the wild
in well-being, 42–47
Gonzalez, A., 53
grade(s)
discussion of, 163–66
grading system, 157–58
gratitude
as metastrategy, 178
Greenfield, E., 76
greening of school grounds, 46
greeting students
by name as they enter classroom, 62–63
grouping, 68

Haapaniemi Elementary School, 47, 50

happiness
autonomy in, 91–127 see also autonomy
belonging in, 57–89 see also belonging
foundation for experiencing, 8–9
ingredients of, xxix
mastery in, 129–66 see also mastery
mind-set in, 167–89 see also mind-set
as precursor to success, 8
student well-being and standardized test scores boosted by, 188–89
well-being in, 3–55 see also well-being
Hargreaves, A., 179
Harvard Business School, 187
Harvard University, 45
Havu, P., 84, 85, 87–88, 119–20, 184
health
establishing permanent mechanisms in securing and enhancing, xv–xvi
Heard, G., 76
hierarchy
leadership, xvi
hip-hop
in developing mastery, 148
 in developing mastery, 148
hobby(ies)
impact on in-school learning, xvii
home economics classroom, 72–74, 120
home environment
as factor in child’s ability to identify two similar words and read proficiently, 49
homelessness
in American student population, 9
home visits, 64–66
homework policy, 31–32
Hopia, J., 68
“How Noise Pollution Impairs Learning,” 49
human bingo, 70–71

ice cream shop

children running fake, 120–21
If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You Happy?, xxix
inclusiveness
spirit of, xv
independence
in choice time, 14
Independent Learning Week, 95, 104–6
in-school learning
out-of-school situations impact on, xvi–xvii
instruction
differentiated, 114, 130–31
rigidity of, 136
intelligence(s)
“naturalist,” 45
theory of multiple, 45
International Baccalaureate programs, xviii

Jennings, P., 53–55

joulurauha, 48
journaling
in dealing with professional challenges, 176–78
joy
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 188–89
as strategy, xxviii–xxix
“Joy Factor,” xxviii
Junior Achievement, 116

Kabat-Zinn, J., 53
Kahoot!, 97–98
Kalevala Comprehensive School, 39–40, 145–46
Kalmi, P., 117
keep the peace
in well-being, 47–55 see also calm learning environment
Khamsi, R., 83
Khazan, O., 49
Kick the Can, 69, 71
KiVa conflict resolution session, 85
KiVa meeting, 84
KiVa program, 83–86
against bullying, 83–86
strategy of, 84
KiVa teacher, 84
know each child
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 61–66
knusaamista vastaan (KiVa), 83–86. see also KiVa
Kraus, N., 147, 148
Kukkola, J., 47
KWL charts, 113–14

language
respect for peace in, 48
language arts lessons
restructuring with margin, 98–104
Last Child in the Woods, 43–46
leader(s)
school, xvi
leadership hierarchy, xvi
learner(s)
self-directed, 93
learning
“appearance” of, 34
celebrating, 72–76
in-school, xvi–xvii
nature-based, 42–47
noise effects on, 48–50
project-based, 130, 131
proving, 157–62
“real-world” setting for, 150–57
reflecting on, 165–66
relaxed, 47–48
stress-free, 47–48
“learning by doing,” 150–57
learning environment(s)
calm, 47–55 see also calm learning environment
welcoming, low-stress, 69–70
learning space
simplified, 32–38
learning target(s)
defined, 154
workshop model with, 154–57
Learning Targets, 154
learn on the move
in well-being, 15–26
leave margin
in autonomy building, 98–104
fifteen-minute breaks in, 100–1
in first lesson of day, 102–3
 in first lesson of day, 102–3
Lemov, D., xxviii, 103–4
“less is more,” 33
lesson(s)
length of, 16
sitting during, 16
Levitin, D., 13
LIKES, 18
Linnanen, J., 68, 71, 144–45, 152
listening
mindful, 53–54
loneliness
of teachers, 58, 60
Louv, R., 43–46
lunch
with students, 63–64
Lyubomirsky, S., 177–78

make it real
in autonomy building, 114–21
margin
leave, 98–104
restructuring with, 98–104
Martinlaakso High School, 68, 163
Martti Ahtisaari Elementary School, 68
masters-degree programs
research-based, xv
master teachers, 169
mastery, 129–66
coaching in, 150–57
discuss grades in, 163–66
mine textbook in, 137–41
music in, 145–50
prove learning in, 157–62
teach essential in, 130–37
technology in, 141–45
Math Musical Minds, 148
Matriculation Examination, 159–60
Maunula Comprehensive School, 68, 144
McCombs School
at University of Texas at Austin, xxix
McGill University, 13
Me & MyCity program, 115–21
breakdown in collaboration among workers in, 118
greater economic knowledge associated with participation in, 117
inspiration for, 116
learning benefits of, 116–17
motivation via, 117–18
organization of, 116
use of, 115–16
metastrategy
metastrategy
gratitude as, 178
microcredentials
of American teachers, 169–70
Miller, D., 75–76
mindful listening, 53–54
mindfulness
in classrooms, 52–55
mindfulness exercises, 53
Mindfulness for Teachers, 53
mindful walking, 54–55
mind-set, 167–89
collaboration in, 178–82
don’t forget joy in, 188–89
seek flow in, 170–73
tough skin in, 174–78
vacate on vacation in, 185–88
welcome experts in, 182–85
Ministry of Education and Culture, 116
Moreno, A., 15, 52
morning circle, 63
Moss, C., 154–57
motivation
Me & MyCity program in, 117–18
multiple intelligences
theory of, 45
music
in developing mastery, 145–50

National Center for Children in Poverty, 8

national educational policy
agreed-upon, 116
“naturalist intelligence,” 45
nature
in reducing bullying, 44
time in, 42–47
nature-based learning
benefits of, 42–47
nature-deficit disorders, 43
noise
effects on learning, 48–50
noise meter
in creating calm learning environment, 51
Northwestern University, 147
notebooks
binders vs., 126–27
novelty
in choice time, 14

obesity
time in nature as buffer to, 44
 time in nature as buffer to, 44
obstinate
tough skin vs. being, 175
OECD. see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
offer choices
in autonomy building, 104–8
Ogle, D., 113
open-ended, challenging questions, 160–62
open windows
in classroom, 38–42
Oreskovich, A-M, 148–49
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), xii–xiii, 129
on digital skills, 143
out-of-school situations
impact on in-school learning, xvi–xvii
overweight
time in nature as buffer to, 44
Overwhelmed, 13–14, 187

Paalanen, M., 117–18

Paralympians
Finnish, 78–79
passion(s)
accolades vs., 169–70
passivity
in free time, 16–18
“passports” to borrow exercise equipment during recess, 20–21
Pathways to the Olympics, 131–34
PBL. see project-based learning (PBL)
peace
in Finnish language, 48
Pellegrini, A., 10–11
personal connections
cultivating, 63
perustella, 158–59
Peura, P., 163–64, 166
physical activity
during class time, 21–22
suggestions for increasing, 24–26
physical activity levels, 17–18
physical health benefits
of time in nature, 44
Pinsker, J., 169
PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), xii, xiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii, 129
plan with your students
in autonomy building, 108–14
play with students
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 66–71
Pohtola, T., 68, 124–25
private schools
absence of, xiv
 absence of, xiv
productivity
worth quantified by, 4
professional responsibility
in Finnish schools, 121
professional trust
in Finnish schools, 121
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), xii, xiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii, 129
project-based learning (PBL), 130, 131
defined, 131
project-based learning (PBL) units, 131–34
prove learning
in developing mastery, 157–62
psychological benefits
of time in nature, 44
pulsing
in well-being, 13–14

question(s)
open-ended, challenging, 160–62

Raghunathan, R., xxix, 130, 168–71, 178, 189

Räihä, M., 38–41, 43, 145–46
Reading With Meaning, 75–76
real
making it, 114–21
reality(ies)
anxieties vs., 177
“real-world” setting
for learning, 150–57
Recess: Its Role in Education and Development, 10
“recess activators,” 19, 25
recharge after school
in well-being, 26–32
recruit welfare team
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 57–61
relaxed learning, 47–48
research-based masters-degree programs, xv
responsibility(ies)
accountability vs., 122
assessment-related, 125
demand, 121–27
of Finnish children, 122
gradual release of, 94
professional, 121
responsive classroom, 131
Ressu Comprehensive School, xviii
Rhea, D., 12
rhymäyttäminen, 68
Richardson, W., 145
rigidity
in classroom instruction, 136
 in classroom instruction, 136
ruokarauja, 48

safety, 47
Sage Publications, 41
Sahlberg, P., xi, 116, 129, 130, 159–60
saunarauha, 48
scarcity-minded approach to teaching, 168–70
Schleicher, A., 143
school(s)
democracy in, 109
highest performing, 129–30
private, xiv
recharge after, 26–32
school boards
in American education decision making, 116
school grounds
greening of, 46
as habitat, 45–46
school homework policy, 31–32
schooling
comprehensive, xiv–xv
school leaders, xvi
Schulte, B., 13–14, 187
self-directed learners, 93
sense of calm, 47
Seppälä, E., 7–8
sew
learning how to, 119–20
Shirley, D., 179
simplified learning space, 32–38
simplify space
in well-being, 32–38
sisu, 175–76
sitting
prolonged, 16
suggestions for reducing amount of time students are, 24–26
sixth graders teaming up with first graders, 86–89
slower pace, 4
space
simplification of, 32–38
special education
structure for, xvi
spirit of inclusiveness, xv
Springsteen, B., 149
standardized test scores
happiness in boosting, 188–89
Stanford University, 7
start with freedom
in autonomy building, 94–98
status of teachers, 121–22
status of teachers, 121–22
stimuli
reduce external, 34
stress
of American teachers, 124–25
stress-free learning, 47–48
student(s)
American see American students
circle of, 63
feedback to, 152
greeting by name at door, 62–63
opportunities to impact classroom, 93
plan with your, 108–14
playing with, 66–71
teachers eating lunch with, 63–64
student interests
curriculum connection with, 106–8
Student Welfare Team, xvi, 59–61
student well-being
happiness in, 188–89
student work
displaying, 33–36
success
happiness as precursor to, 8
Sudbury Valley School, 109–10
superiority
flow vs., 171–72

talk(s)
book, 74–76
Tammelin, T., 18
teacher(s)
American see American teachers
better-trained, xv
eating lunch with students, 63–64
experience of belonging by, 57–61
Finland’s trust of, 122–23
KiVa, 84
leaving profession, xxiii
loneliness of, 58, 60
looking for casual, “natural” ways of working with fellow teachers, 180–81
master, 169
pacing themselves, 29–30
recharging for, 26–32, 185–88
remaining with group of children for more than one school year, 61–62
status of, 121–22
trust of Finnish vs. American, 121–22
vacate on vacation, 185–88
teacher education, xv
teach essential
in developing mastery, 130–37
 in developing mastery, 130–37
Teach for America, 122
teaching
abundance-oriented approach to, 169–89 see also abundance-oriented approach to teaching
belonging in, 58–59
as lonely job, 58, 60
models of, 130–31
scarcity-minded approach to, 168–70
Teach Like a Champion 2.0, xxviii, 103–4
team building, 68
technology
in developing mastery, 141–45
textbook(s)
in developing mastery, 137–41
use of, 136
The Atlantic, 49, 53, 169
The First Days of School, 66
“the first step in a great lesson,” 103–4
The Happiness Track, 7–8
The New York Times, 36
theory of multiple intelligences, 45
The School and Society, 44–45
The Well-Balanced Teacher, 138–40
time spent in nature
in well-being, 42–47
Tomlinson, C.A., 114
tough skin
being obstinate vs., 175
described, 176
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 174–78
traditional testing, 157–58
tranquility
in Finland’s Independence Day Celebration, 48
trust
culture of, 124
of Finnish vs. American teachers, 121–23
professional, 121
tunnelma, 33
“turn-and-talk,” 48
“2014 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth,” 17

University of California, Riverside, 178

University of Minnesota, 10
University of Oregon, 48–49
University of Pennsylvania, 188
University of Texas at Austin
McCombs School at, xxix
University of Vaasa, 117
University of Virginia, 114
University of Washington
Department of Computer Science and Engineering at, 41–42
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering at, 41–42
University of Wisconsin, 49
university teaching programs, 122
U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine
on bullying, 83

vacate on vacation
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 185–88

walk(s)
active gallery, 22–24
Walker, J., xxi–xxiv
Walker, M., 123
Walker, T., xviii, xix, 4
walking
mindful, 54–55
wall space
classroom, 32–38
welcome experts
in fostering abundance-oriented worldview in teaching, 182–85
welcoming, low-stress learning environment
fostering of, 69–70
welfare team
in cultivating sense of connectedness in classrooms, 57–61
well-being, 3–55
academic achievement related to, 189
brain breaks in, 9–15
breathe fresh air in, 38–42
establishing permanent mechanisms in securing and enhancing, xv–xvi
get into the wild in, 42–47
keep peace in, 47–55
learn on the move in, 15–26
pulsing in, 13–14
recharge after school in, 26–32
simplify space in, 32–38
strategies for promoting, 13–14
whole-group brain breaks, 13
window(s)
open classroom, 38–42
Wong, H., 66
Wong, R., 66
woodworking classroom, 120
word identification
home environment effects on, 49
workshop model
with learning targets, 154–57
Worth, V., 76

Yolen, J., 76
Yrityskylä, 115–21. see also Me & MyCity program
 NOTE TO READERS
Models and/or techniques described in this volume are illustrative or are
included for general informational purposes only; neither the publisher nor
the author can guarantee the efficacy or appropriateness of any particular
recommendation in every circumstance.

Copyright © 2017 by Timothy D. Walker

All rights reserved

FIRST EDITION

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