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Assignment # 2

The document is an assignment submission on computer communication and networking. It contains the student's name, ID, department, and date submitted. It then provides the name of the lecturer being submitted to. The body of the document contains 9 questions on topics relating to digital communication, data transmission, and networking. For each question there is a short explanation or working of the answer provided. There are also 2 additional exercises involving encoding schemes depicted in diagrams.

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Zeeshan Ajmal
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109 views

Assignment # 2

The document is an assignment submission on computer communication and networking. It contains the student's name, ID, department, and date submitted. It then provides the name of the lecturer being submitted to. The body of the document contains 9 questions on topics relating to digital communication, data transmission, and networking. For each question there is a short explanation or working of the answer provided. There are also 2 additional exercises involving encoding schemes depicted in diagrams.

Uploaded by

Zeeshan Ajmal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment on Computer Communication and Networking

Submitted By

Name: Zeeshan Ajmal


ID: mcf2000596
Dep: MSc (IT) 1st-Semester
Shift: Morning

Submitted To

Name: Miss Faiza


Senior Lecturer
Dep: Division of Science and Technology

Submitted On 8th January 2021


1. Assume a system uses five protocol layers. If the application
program creates a message of 100 bytes and each layer
(including the fifth and the first) adds a header of 10 bytes to
the data unit, what is the efficiency (the ratio of application
layer bytes to the number of bytes transmitted) of the
system?

Answer:

66.7 %

Explanation:
If the message created by the application layer, is 100 bytes size, and any of
the five protocol layers add 10 bytes to the data unit, when transmitted, the
packet will have 150 bytes, from which, 50 bytes are overhead bytes.
So, the efficiency (ratio of application layer bytes (excluding the header) to the
number of bytes transmitted) of the system is as follows:

E = 100 / 150 = 66.7 %

2. A sine wave is offset 1/9 cycle with respect to time 0. What


is its phase in degrees and radians? Which simple signal
has a wider bandwidth, a sine wave with a frequency of 200
Hz or a sine wave with a frequency of 500 Hz?

Answer:
A.) Phase in degree= 40°; phase in radian
B.) Bandwidth is the same.
Explanation:
1 complete cycle = 360°
Therefore, 1/9 of a cycle;
Phase in degree;
(1/9) × 360° = 40°
Phase in radian:
40 × (2π/360)
80π/360 = 0.222πrad
0.698rad
In simple terms, A bandwidth could be explained as the difference between the
upper and lower frequencies of the signal. However, the signal described above is a
simple signal with no upper or lower frequency boundary.
hence, the bandwidth is assumed to be the same.

3. A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps. How


long does it take to send out (a)10 bits, (b) a single
character (8 bits) and (c)100,000 characters?

Step 1:
We can calculate this by dividing the data rate by the amount of data we
want to send. Below is the answer:
Step 2:
Here bps means bits per second so this device can send 1000 bits per
second
a) We have to find time taken to send 10 bits
time taken to send 1000 bits = 1 sec
time taken to send 1 bit = 1/1000 sec
time taken to send 10 bits = 10/1000 sec
=0.01 sec
b) we have to find time taken to send 8 bits
time taken to send 1000 bits = 1 sec
time taken to send 1 bit = 1/1000 sec
time taken to send 8 bits = 8/1000 sec
=0.008 sec
c) We have to find time taken to send 100,000 characters =
100000*8=800000 bits
time taken to send 1000 bits = 1 sec
time taken to send 1 bit = 1/1000 sec
time taken to send 800000 bits = 800000/1000 sec = 800 seconds
4. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal
power is 100 W. At point B, the power is 90 W. What is the
attenuation in decibels?

Answer:
Attenuation = 0.458db (Appromixmated)
Explanation:
Given
Power at point A = 100W
Power at point B = 90W
Required
Determine the attenuation in decibels
Attenuation is calculated using the following formula
Attenuation = 10 Log10 (Pi / Po )
Where Pi = Power Input and Po = Power Output
Pi = 100W
Po = 90W
Substitute these values in the given formula
Attenuation = 10 Log10 (Pi / Po )
Attenuation = 10 Log10 (100 / 90)
Attenuation = 10 * 0.04575749056
Attenuation = 0.458 dB (Approximated)

5. The attenuation of a signal is -10 db. What is the final signal


power if it was originally 5 W?

Step 1
Given data:
The attenuation of the signal is given as dB = -10 db.
The original power of the signal is P1 = 5 W.
The mathematical relationship of attenuation is given as,
dB=10 × log10 (P2 / P1) dB = 10× log10 (P2 / P1)
Here, P2 is the final power.

Step 2
On putting the values as,
dB−10 dB−1==10× log10 (P2 / P1)10× log10 (P2 / 5W) log10 (P2 / 5W) dB=10× log10
P2/P1-10 dB=10× log10 P2 / 5W-1 = log10 P2 / 5W
Taking anti-Log as,
10−1P2 / P1 == (P2 / 5W) 510 W0.5 W10-1=P2 5WP2=510 WP2=0.5 W
Thus, the final power of the attenuation signal is 0.5 W.

6. We measure the performance of a telephone line (4 kHz of


bandwidth). When the signal is 20V, the noise is 6 mV. What is
the maximum data rate supported by this telephone line?

Capacity: B * log2 (1+SNR) = 4000 * log2 (1 + (20 / 0.006) = 46812.7305 bps

7. What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the


following cases? (a)Bandwidth: 20 kHz SNRdB = 40 dB
(b)Bandwidth: 200 kHz SNRdB = 4 dB (c)Bandwidth: 1 MHz
SNRdB = 20 dB

Step 1
Solution:

As per the given data,

The theoretical capacity of a channel is given as:

C=B × SNRdB / 3C = B × SNRdB / 3

Where;

C= channel capacity
B=Bandwidth
SNR (in dB) = Signal to noise ratio in decibel units

Step 2
a)

Given Values,

Bandwidth: 20 kHz
SNR dB=40 SNRdB =40

Now,
By substituting the below formula, we get:

C = B x (SNRdB / 3) = 20 kHz× (40 / 3) = 267 kbps

Step 3
b.

Given Values,

Bandwidth: 200 kHz

SNRdB = 4SNRdB =4

Now,
By substituting the below formula, we get:

C = B x (SNRdB / 3) = 200 kHz× (4 / 3) = 267 kbps

Step 4
C.

Given Values,

Bandwidth: 1 MHz
SNRdB = 20 SNRdB =20

Now,
By substituting the below formula, we get:

C = B x (SNRdB / 3) = 1 MHz × (20 / 3) = 6.67 Mbps

8. In a digital transmission, the sender clock is 0.2 percent faster


than the receiver clock. How many extra bits per second does
the sender send if the data rate is 1 Mbps?

Step 1
It is can be solved by finding the extra percentage of the total data sent in one
second. Below is the answer.
Step 2
We have given that the sender clock is 0,2% faster and the data rate is 1Mbps
So, the extra bits sent can be calculated by finding 0.2% of 1Mb
1 Mb in bits is 1000000 bits extra bit sent = 1000000 * 0.2/100=2000 bits

So, 2000 extra bits per second will be sent

9. A signal with 200 milliwatts power passes through 10 devices,


each with an average noise of 2 microwatts. What is the SNR?
What is the SNRdB?

Step 1
Given:

Signal = 200 milliwatts = 20 * 10-3 Milli = 10-3


= 0.2 W Micro = 10-6
Total Noise = 10*2*10-6 which will be equal to 2*10-5
So, the SNR=Average signal power / Average Noise Power = 0.2 / 2*10-5
Average signal power / Average Noise Power=0.2 / 2*10-5 = 10000
So, the SNRdB will be equal to = 10 log10 (SNR)
So, in this case the10 log10(10000) = 10 log10 (10000) = 40

Step 2
SNR:
It is the signal to noise and it is a measure that is used in the engineering and
in science which is used for comparing the level of desired signal that is to the
level of the back ground noise.

Q2: What is the result (draw the graph)?


1. For NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding
schemes against the following data streams assuming that the last
signa11evel has been positive.
a. 00000000
b. 11111111
c. 01010101
d. 00110011

a) 00000000

b) 1111111

c) 01010101
d) 00110011

b): - Repeat Exercise for the Manchester scheme.

a) 0000000

b) 11111111

c) 01010101
d) 00110011

2. Find the 8-bit data stream for each case depicted in the Figure:

Solution:

For a: 4-bit data stream


For b: 14-bit data stream
For c: 6-bit data stream

End of Assignment No 2

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