Windows Platform Design Notes

Designing Hardware for the Microsoft Windows Family of Operating Systems

Keyboard Scan Code Specification

Abstract: This specification details the PS/2 Scan Codes and USB Usage Tables that are validated for
compliance to the Microsoft® Windows® Logo Program testing standard. This document details the
alternative make and break PS/2 scan code and USB code response for the Windows Logo Key and
Application Keys, plus Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) power controls.
This specification was previous published, with the same content, as “Windows Hardware Quality Labs
Keyboard Specification” and also referred to as “Windows Keys Specification” and “New Keys
Specification.”
Revision 1.3a — March 16, 2000

Disclaimer: The information contained in this document represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation on the issues discussed as of the
date of publication. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of
Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information presented. This document is for informational purposes only.
MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS DOCUMENT.
Microsoft Corporation may have patents or pending patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering
subject matter in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to the patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other
intellectual property rights except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft does not make any representation or warranty regarding specifications in this document or any product or item developed based on
these specifications. Microsoft disclaims all express and implied warranties, including but not limited to the implied warranties or merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose and freedom from infringement. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Microsoft does not make any
warranty of any kind that any item developed based on these specifications, or any portion of a specification, will not infringe any copyright, patent,
trade secret or other intellectual property right of any person or entity in any country. It is your responsibility to seek licenses for such intellectual
property rights where appropriate. Microsoft shall not be liable for any damages arising out of or in connection with the use of these specifications,
including liability for lost profit, business interruption, or any other damages whatsoever. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of
liability or consequential or incidental damages; the above limitation may not apply to you.
Microsoft, Win32, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other
countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
© 1996-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 2

Contents
Windows Keys Support for Windows Software Applications.............................................4
Key Codes for Scan Code Set 1:..................................................................................4
Key Codes for Scan Code Set 2:..................................................................................4
Key Codes for USB Usage Tables:..............................................................................4
What Software Applications Vendors Should Support and How.................................4
Windows Logo Key Support (Reserved for Operating System Use)...........................5
Windows Keys Support for OEMs and Keyboard IHVs.....................................................6
Software Support of the Windows Keys in the Windows 95/98 Operating System.....6
Special Keys Reserved for OEM Usage......................................................................6
Multiple Key Operation Requirements...............................................................................7
Valid 2-Key Combinations.............................................................................................7
Valid 3-Key Combinations.............................................................................................8
Combinations of 3-Keys which are Unavailable...........................................................8
Additional General Requirements......................................................................................9
LWIN and RWIN Keys as modifiers..............................................................................9
Building a Keyboard with the Windows Keys....................................................................9
Tools Needed to Build a Keyboard with the Windows Keys........................................9
Microsoft Windows Legal Agreements.........................................................................9
Steps to Ship a Keyboard with the Windows Logo Keys...........................................10
ACPI Power Management Keys......................................................................................11
Key Codes for Scan Code Set 1:................................................................................11
Key Codes For Scan Code Set 2:...............................................................................11
Key Codes for USB Usage Tables:............................................................................12
Usage Page and Usages for Audio Control.....................................................................12
Important Design Aspects................................................................................................13
Sample Firmware Designs...............................................................................................14
Appendix A: Windows Standard PS/2 Scan Codes........................................................15
General Requirements................................................................................................15
Typematic Characteristics...........................................................................................15
Scan Code Assignments:............................................................................................15
Additional General Requirements...............................................................................16
Appendix B: Device Class Power Management v1.0a....................................................16
Scope..........................................................................................................................16
General Device Power Management Considerations................................................16
Input Device Power State Definitions.........................................................................16
Input Device Power Conservation Policy...................................................................16
Input Device Wake-up Events....................................................................................16
Minimum Input Device Power Capabilities.................................................................16
Recommendations for Human Interface Devices.......................................................16
Recommendations for i8042 keyboards.....................................................................16
Appendix C: USB Keyboard/Keypad Page (0x07)..........................................................16
Footnotes.....................................................................................................................16

Notice of Change

This version of the Keyboard Scan Code Specification details the PS/2 Scan Codes and USB Usage
Tables that are validated for compliance to the Microsoft Windows Logo Program testing standard.
This document details the alternative make and break PS/2 scan code and USB code response for
the Windows Logo key, Application Keys, and Advanced Configuration & Power Interface (ACPI)
power controls.
/

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 3

This document supercedes all versions of the New Keys Specifications for the Windows Keys and
Windows Hardware Quality Labs WHQL Keyboard Specification. There is no change required for
developers of Windows-based applications to support any compatible implementation.

***IMPORTANT ***
As of August 1, 1996, your keyboard must pass the Windows keyboard testing at the
Windows Hardware Quality Labs either prior to, or in conjunction with, the Windows Key
Logo testing.

The requirements for compatibility testing are not changed, and a keyboard vendor can implement
these new keys successfully following the 1.0, 1.1, or 1.2 versions of the New Keys Specification.
There is no change required for developers of Windows-based applications to support any compatible
implementation.

Revision History

Revision Date Comments

1.3a 3/16/00 Adjusted title and related references
1.3 2/23/99 Apps key removed as modifier, Hid audio control usages added
1.2 6/25/98 ACPI Codes corrected.
1.1 5/1/98 Scan Code Set 3 requirement removed.
1.0 3/27/98 Initial proposal for consideration.

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Windows Keys Support for Windows Software

Applications
The three Windows Keys report the following key codes in the Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98,
and Windows NT® operating systems, and future versions of Windows operating systems.

Key Codes for Scan Code Set 1:

Windows Key Make Break Windows Virtual Key
Left Windows E0 5B E0 DB 5B
Right Windows E0 5C E0 DC 5C
Application E0 5D E0 DD 5D

Key Codes for Scan Code Set 2:

Windows Key Make Break Windows Virtual Key
Left Windows E0 1F E0 F0 1F 5B
Right Windows E0 27 E0 F0 27 5C
Application E0 2F E0 F0 2F 5D

Key Codes for USB Usage Tables:

Windows Key Usage Page Usage Index Usage Index Typical AT-101
(Dec) (Hex) position
Left Windows 0x07 227 E3 127
Right Windows 0x07 231 E7 128
Application 0x07 101 65 129

What Software Applications Vendors Should Support and How

To provide support for the Windows Keys, an application should support the application key virtual
key scan code (5D) as a context menu event similar to a right mouse button click in some
applications today.

Applications vendors are encouraged to extend their support beyond the application key to include
support for application key combinations like CTRL+Application, ALT+Application and
SHIFT+Application. These key combinations are reserved for applications to support. Support for
Windows+Application is reserved for the operating system.

Application Key Combinations Recommended Support

CTRL + Application Key unspecified, application specific
ALT + Application Key unspecified, application specific
SHIFT + Application Key unspecified, application specific
Windows + Application Key reserved for operating system
Application Key + <alpha numeric keys> not supported as a modifier key, support
must be supplied by application

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Suggestions for Support of Application Key Combinations

 Context menu at the location of the text cursor (instead of the mouse pointer)
 Launch automated help agent
 Pop up list of last 5 actions (or list of commonly accessed functions)
 Enable/Disable macro recording or other user controllable features
 Switch to next open window in a multiple document
 User assignable key through an application UI
Application Key Support in the Microsoft Windows Operating Systems
The application key will primarily function to bring up a context menu at the selection or mouse
pointer. This functionality is the same as the right mouse button click in some applications today.

Application Key Response Supported by the Operating System

Operating System
Windows 3.x 1
no response
Windows NT 3.5x no response
1

Windows NT 4.0 context menu on selection

Windows NT 4.0 context menu on selection
Windows 95 context menu on selection
Windows 98 context menu on selection
1
Windows still reports a 5D virtual key code which means that applications can enable functionality

Using the Windows Logo Key Logo and Application Key Logo in
Documentation
The Windows Logo key and the Application Logo key may be used by OEMs, ISVs and IHVs in
documentation that describes the functionality of the Logo keys, provided such description is
consistent with Microsoft’s guidelines for use of the Logo keys.
• It is not necessary to obtain a Logo license from Microsoft in order to refer to the Logo keys in
documentation. This is the only permissible non-licensed use of the Windows Logo.
• The Logos may not be used in any way other than as specified in the Logo license guidelines.
• Upon request, Microsoft will provide camera-ready artwork of the Logos to be used in
documentation. Send your e-mail request to Microsoft Windows Hardware Quality Labs at
[email protected] with “Artwork Request” in your subject line. Alternatively, you may use
the Windows flag symbol provided in the “Wingdings®” font. This character is available by
pressing ALT + 0255 on the numeric keypad.
• You may not alter the Logos in any way.
• The Logos should be typed with an empty space before and after each symbol, followed by a plus
sign and another space, followed by the modifier if appropriate. Examples are shown:
Windows Logo key + B or ÿ + B
Application key + S or + + S

Windows Logo Key Support (Reserved for Operating System

Use)
The Windows Logo keys are reserved for system level functions. Software developers should not implement
support for the Windows Logo keys in Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT-based applications. The
Windows Logo keys are supported in the operating system and provide system level functionality to the end
user. The following table lists a few of the Windows Logo key combinations and their functionality. This list
is not exhaustive and additional combinations will be used by the Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, or
Windows NT operating systems.

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Windows Logo Key Functionality in Windows 95/98

Combination
Windows + F1 Display the popup menu for the selected
object.
Windows + TAB Activate next Taskbar button.
Windows + E Explore My Computer.
Windows + F Find Document.
Windows + CTRL + F Find Computer.
Windows + M Minimize All.
SHIFT + Windows + M Undo Minimize All.
Windows + R Display Run dialog box.
Windows + PAUSE (Break) Perform a system function.

Windows Keys Support for OEMs and Keyboard IHVs

OEMs that buy their keyboards with Windows Logo keys from a licensed keyboard manufacturer and
do not modify the keyboard product except to add their Logo and other cosmetic changes are not
required to license the Windows Logo keys from Microsoft. If the OEM product changes the layout or
BIOS of an already licensed keyboard the OEM must go through the same licensing and certification
procedure as described in the next section of this document.

Software Support of the Windows Keys in the Windows 95/98

Operating System
The Windows Keys are supported in the Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT operating
systems user interface. Application vendors will enable functionality for the Application key in their
applications. 10 Windows Logo key combinations are reserved for OEM use.

Key Event Supported Windows Support Application Support OEM System Utilities
Windows Logo Key open the Start menu
Windows Logo key 9 shortcut functions Win + 1-0 reserved for
Combinations OEM
Application Logo Key context menu on context menu on context menu on selection
selection selection
CTRL, ALT, varies by application varies by utility
SHIFT+Application

Special Keys Reserved for OEM Usage

Ten (10) Windows Logo keys combinations have been reserved for OEM use. These keys can be
used by OEMs to provide keyboard hotkey controls for Speaker Volume, Monitor/LCD Brightness or
Contrast, Password, or other value added functions.

Windows Logo Key Combination Status

Windows + 1 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 2 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 3 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 4 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 5 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 6 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 7 reserved for OEMs
Windows + 8 reserved for OEMs

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Windows + 9 reserved for OEMs

Windows + 0 reserved for OEMs
Windows + all other key combinations reserved for operating system

Multiple Key Operation Requirements

Valid 2-Key Combinations
The following list combined with the “Valid Final Keys” table, defines the valid 2-key combinations.
nd
When any one of the keys below is pressed, followed by a 2 key from the “Valid Final Keys” table,
the keyboard must properly indicate that those 2 keys are pressed. There are no exceptions to these
2-Key Combinations.

 LWIN
 RWIN
 LCTRL
 RCTRL
 LSHIFT
 RSHIFT
 LALT
 RALT
Valid Final Keys
The following table lists the final keys that are required to work for valid two and three key
combinations. Any key from the Valid 2-Key Combinations list combined with any key from the table
below must work properly. Any 2 keys indicated in a row from the Valid 3-Key Combinations table
combined with any key from the table below must work properly. Exceptions to this requirement are
listed in Combinations of 3-Keys which are unavailable. Invalid key combinations will generate a Key
Error code.

Esc Tab c Left Arrow

F1 q v Right Arrow
F2 w b Up Arrow
F3 e n Down Arrow
F4 r m
F6 y . Enter
F7 u / Print Screen
F8 i Insert Scroll Lock
F9 o Delete Pause
F10 p Home Num Lock
F11 [ End Numeric 0
F12 ] Page Up Numeric 1
` \ Page Down Numeric 2
1 a Numeric 3
2 s Numeric 4
3 d Numeric 5
4 f Numeric 6
5 g Numeric 7
6 h Numeric 8
7 j Numeric 9
8 k Numeric /
9 l Numeric *
0 ; Numeric -

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- ‘ Numeric +
= z Numeric Enter
Backspace x Numeric .

Indicates Traditional IBM Final keys.

Valid 3-Key Combinations

The following table combined with the “Valid Final Keys” table, defines the valid 3-key combinations.
For each row in the table below, an “X” indicates that key is selected. When the two keys in a row are
rd
pressed followed by a 3 key from the “Valid Final Keys” table, the keyboard must properly indicate
that those 3 keys are pressed. Exceptions to these tables are listed below. Any 3-key combinations
not listed are not required to work, but may do so at the keyboard manufacturer’s discretion.

LWIN RWIN LCTRL RCTRL LSHIFT RSHIFT LALT RALT

X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X

Indicates Traditional IBM 3-Key combinations.

Combinations of 3-Keys which are Unavailable

Based upon the standard industry accepted 16 X 8 scanning matrix, several keys will be “ghosted”,
meaning not uniquely detectable by the firmware during the key switch scanning of 3-Key
combinations. To accommodate this, the following table details the key combinations, which are

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excluded from the above tables. These 3-key combinations are not required to work, but may do so
at the keyboard manufacturer’s discretion.

st nd rd
1 Key 2 Key 3 Key
LWIN RWIN Up Arrow

RWIN LALT key 56

RWIN RALT key 42
RWIN RCTRL Caps Lock
RWIN LCTRL Caps Lock

LWIN LALT key 107

LCTRL LSHIFT Pause, Caps Lock

RCTRL RSHIFT Pause, Caps Lock

Additional General Requirements

LWIN and RWIN Keys as modifiers
This keyboard must generate unique scan codes for make and break. The LWIN and RWIN keys
must be treated as modifier keys, much in the same way as ALT, and Control keys are handled
today. It will be up to the operating system to decide on an implementation scheme for the modifier
key functionality.

Building a Keyboard with the Windows Keys

Tools Needed to Build a Keyboard with the Windows Keys
 Keyboard Scan Code Specification (this document).
 Microsoft Windows Logo License Agreement
 Windows Logo Key License Agreement.
 Windows Exhibit A from the Device Testing Agreement.
 Windows Exhibit B from the “Designed for Microsoft” Logo License Agreement.
 Windows Keyboard Test Kit: Test Procedures and Test Tools.

How to Get the WHQL Keyboard Test Kit and Keys Specification
The latest version of the Keyboard Scan Code Specification is available at
http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/desinit/scancode.htm.

The latest version of the WHQL Keyboard Test Kit is available electronically directly from the
Windows Hardware Quality Labs Web Site at http://www.microsoft.com/hwtest/testkits/. You will need
to individually download the Test Procedures and Test Tools document.

Microsoft Windows Legal Agreements

Complete and sign the Microsoft Logo License Agreement and the Testing Agreement. If your company
previously signed these agreements, you only need to include a newly completed “Exhibit A” of the Testing
Agreement with your Test Submission.

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Note: The following WHQL legal agreements, previously available through the Microsoft FAX Service, can
now be downloaded from the WHQL web site at http://www.microsoft.com/hwtest/testkits/ :
 Microsoft Windows Logo License Agreement - "Exhibit A5" (Windows Logo Agreement.tif)
 Testing Agreement (Testing Agreement.tif)
 "Exhibit A" of the Testing Agreement (Exhibit A.tif)
If you are unable to open these agreements, please send e-mail to [email protected] with
AGREEMENT REQUEST in the Subject line.

Send blank e-mail to the auto reply at [email protected] for a complete list of administrative
contacts.

Steps to Ship a Keyboard with the Windows Logo Keys

Develop your keyboard according to the tables in Appendix A of this specification.

Compatibility Requirement
1. Keyboards are required to be compatible at the Windows virtual key code level. You can
accomplish this by either:
a) Developing a keyboard with the electronics and firmware that comply with the
specification or by,
b) Developing a software driver for use with Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 that maps the
proper virtual key codes to keyboard events on your keyboard.
2. Test your implementation using the WHQL Keyboard Test Procedures to ensure that single-key,
two-key and three-key combinations work correctly, including the Windows Logo keys (if
implemented) and report the proper virtual scan codes in Windows.
3. Once you are satisfied that your keyboard passes the tests, run the full Test Suite and use it to
generate log files of encoded test results that must be included with the other information
required for your Test Submission. Full testing instructions are provided in the WHQL Keyboard
Test Procedures.
Retest Requirements
Any time that you implement the Windows Keys on a new keyboard technology, you must go through
this testing and certification procedure. You will also need to submit a retest any time that you change
the key layout or the BIOS firmware on a certified keyboard.

Recommended Physical Locations of the Windows Keys

For full travel desktop keyboards Microsoft recommends that the Windows Logo keys be located near
the current modifier keys like CTRL, SHIFT and ALT since the Windows Logo keys must also
function as modifier keys. The Application key can be located wherever it appropriately fits. In the
attached diagram the keys were placed on the bottom row on either side of the space bar. By
changing the current size of the space bar the Windows Keys can be located in a similar position on
a standard keyboard.

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Recommendations for Laptop Keyboards

Given the crowded nature of laptop keyboards it is difficult to add three Windows Keys. A minimal
implementation of the Windows Keys would require the addition of one Windows Logo Key and the
replacement of the [Fn] key for the Application key.

The two Windows Logo Keys are not distinguished individually by the Microsoft Windows 95
operating system and the IntelliType software only uses a Left Windows Logo key + Right Windows
Logo key press for the Logon/Logoff function.

Design Requirements:

 The Windows Logo Key needs to function as a modifier key (CTRL, SHIFT and ALT).
 There can be no other icons or words associated with the Windows Flag trademark on the
keycap.

Design Options:

 There do not need to be Left and Right Windows Logo keys to get full functionality in Windows
95.
 The Application key can be a dual function key and can be used to replace the Fn. key.

ACPI Power Management Keys

The three ACPI Power Management keys report the following key codes in the Microsoft Windows
95, Windows 98, and Windows NT and operating systems.

Key Codes for Scan Code Set 1:

ACPI key Make Break Windows Virtual Key
Power Event E0 5E E0 DE N/A
Sleep Event E0 5F E0 DF N/A
Wake Event E0 63 E0 E3 N/A

Key Codes For Scan Code Set 2:

ACPI key Make Break Windows Virtual Key
Power Event E0 37 E0 F0 37 N/A

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Sleep Event E0 3F E0 F0 3F N/A

Wake Event E0 5E E0 F0 5E N/A

Key Codes for USB Usage Tables:

ACPI Key Usage Page Usage Index Usage Index Typical AT-101
(Dec) (Hex) position
Power Event 0x01 129 81 N/A
Sleep Event 0x01 130 82 N/A
Wake Event 0x01 131 83 N/A

Usage Page and Usages for Audio Control

A device wanting to be to recognized as a HID audio control device must declare itself as being a
Consumer Control device (usage 0x01), as defined in the Consumer Page (page 0x0C) in the
Universal Serial Bus HID Usage Tables Version 1.0 specification. This means that its top-level
application collection should be Usage Page (Consumer), Usage (Consumer Control).
When such a device is enumerated by the operating system, the supporting software
(HIDSERVE.EXE) is installed and loaded on the host system. Table 1 outlines the Consumer
Page audio controls that are supported in Windows 2000.
Table 1. Consumer Page audio controls supported in Windows 2000.
Usage Usage Name Usage Type
0xE0 Volume* Linear Control (LC)
0xE2 Mute* On/Off Control (OOC)
0xE3 Bass Linear Control (LC)
0xE4 Treble Linear Control (LC)
0xE5 Bass Boost* On/Off Control (OOC)
0xE7 Loudness On/Off Control (OOC)
0xE9 Volume Increment* Re-trigger Control (RTC)
0xEA Volume Decrement* Re-trigger Control (RTC)
0x152 Bass Increment Re-trigger Control (RTC)
0x153 Bass Decrement Re-trigger Control (RTC)
0x154 Treble Increment Re-trigger Control (RTC)
0x155 Treble Decrement Re-trigger Control (RTC)
*) These controls are supported in Windows 98 (original release and Service Pack 1 release).

The Volume, Bass, and Treble usages (of type LC) should be deployed for controls that generate
both increment and decrement data represented by a 2-bit value, whereas the associated Increment
and Decrement usages (of type RTC) should be deployed for pairs of one-bit controls (traditional
button controls). The hardware design and implementation determines what usage types are
appropriate for the HID firmware implementation for a particular device.
It's also important to notice that any re-triggering of events should be done by software timers in the
host system, and not by hardware timers in the device itself. For example, if the user keeps pressing
the Volume Increment button, the device should only generate one input report with this state
information. Host software will perform the actual re-triggering of events that will lead to continuous
increments of the volume until the device generates another input report indicating that the button
has been released or until the maximum volume has been reached.

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Important Design Aspects

The supported HID audio controls:

 Affect audio playback only. There's no support for HID-based controls that affect audio recording,
etc.

 Affect audio playback by the default system audio device (same device as sndvol32.exe
controls).

 Should be declared right beneath the top-level application collection in the HID firmware in order
to be discovered and utilized by the host system. Important: do not wrap these controls in sub-
collections.

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Sample Firmware Designs

The following two samples illustrate how firmware that uses the audio controls listed above can be
implemented. The first sample uses the Volume usage (of type LC) for the volume control, and the
second sample uses the Volume Increment and Volume Decrement usages (of type RTC). Notice
that the mute button in both of these samples is implemented as a Relative, Preferred State type of
control, or a toggle, which means that 0-to-1 transitions will toggle mute on/off.

Sample 1.
Usage Page (Consumer)
Usage (Consumer Control)
Collection (Application)
Usage (Volume)
Logical Minimum (-1)
Logical Maximum (1)
Report Size (2)
Report Count (1)
Input (Data, Variable, Relative, Preferred)
Usage (Mute)
Logical Minimum (0)
Logical Maximum (1)
Report Size (1)
Report Count (1)
Input (Data, Variable, Relative, Preferred)
Report Count (5)
Input (Constant)
End Collection

Sample 2.
Usage Page (Consumer)
Usage (Consumer Control)
Collection (Application)
Logical Minimum (0)
Logical Maximum (1)
Usage (Volume Increment)
Usage (Volume Decrement)
Report Size (1)
Report Count (2)
Input (Data, Variable, Absolute, Preferred)
Usage (Mute)
Report Count (1)
Input (Data, Variable, Relative, Preferred)
Report Count (5)
Input (Constant)
End Collection

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Appendix A: Windows Standard PS/2 Scan Codes

General Requirements
This keyboard must be downward compatible with an enhanced type 101 keyboard. This keyboard
must be fully compatible with the PS/2 Keyboard Controller command set. It must support Scan Set
2. Three additional scan codes are to be generated from the three Windows Keys (Left Windows,
Right Windows, and Application).

The virtual key codes described in the following tables are specifically for Windows operation only
and are not generated by the keyboard directly. The keyboard manufacturer will need to provide a
Windows Logo keyboard driver to support the three virtual keys for use with the Windows v. 3.1
operating system (not required for Logo purposes). The support will be built into drivers shipped with
future versions of the Windows and Windows NT operating systems.

Typematic Characteristics
Typematic is the term used for keys that will automatically repeat after a specified time delay. In scan
code 1 and scan code 2, key 126 is the only key that is not Typematic. (This key is the only one that
does not send a break code as well).

Scan Code Assignments:

Under all Microsoft operating systems, all keyboards actually transmit Scan Code Set 2 values down
the wire from the keyboard to the keyboard port. These values are translated to Scan Code Set 1 by
the i8042 port chip.1 The rest of the operating system, and all applications that handle scan codes
expect the values to be from Scan Code Set 1. Scan Code Set 3 is not used or required for operation
of Microsoft operating systems.

The following recommendations are made for those who wish to define a new scan code for a
proprietary purpose. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to implement a software driver that
supports any such scan codes. New scan codes must not be chosen from those currently recognized
by the operating system. Keys that are called out with a Key Number or Key Name in the Scan Code
Table are currently recognized by and used by the operating system.

Single-Byte Scan Codes

The values discussed below are all Scan Code Set 1 values.

Avoid Set 1 scan codes above 0x79, since the release (key up) code would be 0xFA or greater,
and the keyboard driver is known to interpret such values as responses from the 8042 chip, not as
keystrokes (scan codes). Specifically, 0x7A, 0x7E and 0x7F are problematic for the Windows NT
keyboard driver in 3.51 and 4.0 since 0xFE is RESEND, 0xFA. is ACKNOWLEDGE and 0xFF seems
to be simply just swallowed up. The effect is that key releases would be lost, and error logs fill up.

1
This mode is set by issuing a 0xF0 command byte to the keyboard, and turning the translate bit
(0x40) in the 8042 command byte on. On Intel and Power PC machines, it is the firmware that
initializes the keyboard and 8042 chip this way, while Windows NT® explicitly sets this mode for
MIPS and Alpha.
In the very early days of Windows NT®, an attempt was made to use the much more orthogonal
Scan Code Set 3, but due to bugs in the implementation of this Scan Code Set on numerous OEM
keyboards, the idea was abandoned.

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 Avoid 0x60 and 0x61, since the release (up key) code would be 0xE0 and 0xE1, which are
reserved prefix bytes.
 Avoid 0x00, since that is likely to have some special meaning to code from driver level through
to application level.

Prefixed Scan Codes

Some keys on standard 101/102-key keyboards (and the Microsoft Natural keyboard amongst others)
emit a sequence of two bytes, where the 1st byte is either 0xE0 or 0xE1. This method is used
primarily to distinguish between left and right versions of the same key, e.g., Left Alt is 0x38 while
Right Alt is 0xE0 0x38. The 0xE0 prefix is indicated as the “extended bit” (bit 24) in the lParam of
messages such as WM_KEYDOWN. The 0xE1 prefix is much rarer, but operates similarly to the
0xE0 prefix. It’s presence or absence is not indicated through the API in any way.

If you use scan codes from the 0xE0 set, make sure the second byte is suitable in the same way as
single byte scan code values. In other words:
Not greater than 0x79
Not 0x60 or 0x61
Not 0x00

Scan Code Table

The following table lists the full set of Scan Codes as presently recognized by the Microsoft operating
systems. The US Key assignments are for reference to a type 101/102 Enhanced keyboard as
supported by the Type 4 Keyboard layout. If there is no entry in the 101/102 Enhanced keyboard
column, this scan code is currently not recognized by the operating system. The Key Location field
has been added to aid in the placement of keys as illustrated in the on page 10.

key 101/102 Enhanced scan 1 make scan 1 break scan 2 make scan 2 brake
location Keyboard
DO NOT USE 00 80 00 F0 00
DO NOT USE E0_00 E0_80 E0_00 E0_F0 00
1 ~ ` 29 A9 0E F0 0E
E0_29 E0_A9 E0_0E E0_F0 0E
2 ! 1 02 82 16 F0 16
E0_02 E0_82 E0_16 E0_F0 16
3 @ 2 03 83 1E F0 1E
E0_03 E0_83 E0_1E E0_F0 1E
4 # 3 04 84 26 F0 26
E0_04 E0_84 E0_26 E0_F0 26
5 $ 4 05 85 25 F0 25
E0_05 E0_85 E0_25 E0_F0 25
6 % 5 06 86 2E F0 2E
E0_06 E0_86 E0_2E E0_F0 2E
7 ^ 6 07 87 36 F0 36
E0_07 E0_87 E0_36 E0_F0 36
8 & 7 08 88 3D F0 3D
E0_08 E0_88 E0_3D E0_F0 3D
9 * 8 09 89 3E F0 3E
E0_09 E0_89 E0_3E E0_F0 3E
10 ( 9 0A 8A 46 F0 46
E0_0A E0_8A E0_46 E0_F0 46
11 ) 0 0B 8B 45 F0 45
E0_0B E0_8B E0_45 E0_F0 45
12 _ - 0C 8C 4E F0 4E
E0_0C E0_8C E0_4E E0_F0 4E
13 + = 0D 8D 55 F0 55
E0_0D E0_8D E0_55 E0_F0 55

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 17

key 101/102 Enhanced scan 1 make scan 1 break scan 2 make scan 2 brake
location Keyboard
15 Backspace 0E 8E 66 F0 66
E0_0E E0_8E E0_66 E0_F0 66
16 Tab 0F 8F 0D F0 0D
E0_0F E0_8F E0_0D E0_F0 0D
17 Q 10 90 15 F0 15
E0_10 E0_90 E0_15 E0_F0 15
18 W 11 91 1D F0 1D
E0_11 E0_91 E0_1D E0_F0 1D
19 E 12 92 24 F0 24
E0_12 E0_92 E0_24 E0_F0 24
20 R 13 93 2D F0 2D
E0_13 E0_93 E0_2D E0_F0 2D
21 T 14 94 2C F0 2C
E0_14 E0_94 E0_2C E0_F0 2C
22 Y 15 95 35 F0 35
E0_15 E0_95 E0_35 E0_F0 35
23 U 16 96 3C F0 3C
E0_16 E0_96 E0_3C E0_F0 3C
24 I 17 97 43 F0 43
E0_17 E0_97 E0_43 E0_F0 43
25 O 18 98 44 F0 44
E0_18 E0_98 E0_44 E0_F0 44
26 P 19 99 4D F0 4D
E0_19 E0_99 E0_4D E0_F0 4D
27 { [ 1A 9A 54 F0 54
E0_1A E0_9A E0_54 E0_F0 54
28 } ] 1B 9B 5B F0 5B
E0_1B E0_9B E0_5B E0_F0 5B
29* | \ 2B AB 5D F0 5D
E0_2B E0_AB E0_5D E0_F0 5D
30 Caps Lock 3A BA 58 F0 58
E0_3A E0_BA E0_58 E0_F0 58
31 A 1E 9E 1C F0 1C
E0_1E E0_9E E0_1C E0_F0 1C
32 S 1F 9F 1B F0 1B
E0_1F E0_9F E0_1B E0_F0 1B
33 D 20 A0 23 F0 23
E0_20 E0_A0 E0_23 E0_F0 23
34 F 21 A1 2B F0 2B
E0_21 E0_A1 E0_2B E0_F0 2B
35 G 22 A2 34 F0 34
E0_22 E0_A2 E0_34 E0_F0 34
36 H 23 A3 33 F0 33
E0_23 E0_A3 E0_33 E0_F0 33
37 J 24 A4 3B F0 3B
E0_24 E0_A4 E0_3B E0_F0 3B
38 K 25 A5 42 F0 42
E0_25 E0_A5 E0_42 E0_F0 42
39 L 26 A6 4B F0 4B
E0_26 E0_A6 E0_4B E0_F0 4B
40 : ; 27 A7 4C F0 4C
E0_27 E0_A7 E0_4C E0_F0 4C
41 “ ‘ 28 A8 52 F0 52
E0_28 E0_A8 E0_52 E0_F0 52
42** 2B AB 5D F0 5D
E0_2B E0_AB E0_5D E0_F0 5D
43 Enter 1C 9C 5A F0 5A
44 L SHIFT 2A AA 12 F0 12
E0_2A E0_AA E0_12 E0_F0 12
45** 56 D6 61 F0 61
E0_56 E0_D6 E0_61 E0_F0 61
46 Z 2C AC 1A F0 1A
E0_2C E0_AC E0_1A E0_F0 1A

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 18

key 101/102 Enhanced scan 1 make scan 1 break scan 2 make scan 2 brake
location Keyboard
47 X 2D AD 22 F0 22
E0_2D E0_AD E0_22 E0_F0 22
48 C 2E AE 21 F0 21
E0_2E E0_AE E0_21 E0_F0 21
49 V 2F AF 2A F0 2A
E0_2F E0_AF E0_2A E0_F0 2A
50 B 30 B0 32 F0 32
E0_30 E0_B0 E0_32 E0_F0 32
51 N 31 B1 31 F0 31
E0_31 E0_B1 E0_31 E0_F0 31
52 M 32 B2 3A F0 3A
E0_32 E0_B2 E0_3A E0_F0 3A
53 < , 33 B3 41 F0 41
E0_33 E0_B3 E0_41 E0_F0 41
54 > . 34 B4 49 F0 49
E0_34 E0_B4 E0_49 E0_F0 49
55 ? / 35 B5 4A F0 4A
E0_35 E0_B5 E0_4A E0_F0 4A
56*** 73 F3 51 F0 51
E0_73 E0_F3 E0_51 E0_F0 51
57 R SHIFT 36 B6 59 F0 59
E0_36 E0_B6 E0_59 E0_F0 59
58 L CTRL 1D 9D 14 F0 14
60 L ALT 38 B8 11 F0 11
E0_38 E0_B8 E0_11 E0_F0 11
61 Space Bar 39 B9 29 F0 29
E0_39 E0_B9 E0_29 E0_F0 29
62 R ALT E0 38 E0 B8 E0 11 E0 F0 11
64 R CTRL E0 1D E0 9D E0 14 E0 F0 14
75 Insert Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
76 Delete Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
79 L Arrow Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
80 Home Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
81 End Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
83 Up Arrow Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
84 Dn Arrow Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
85 Page Up Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
86 Page Down Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
89 R Arrow Note 1 Note 1 Note 2 Note 2
90 Num Lock 45 C5 77 F0 77
E0_45 E0_C5 E0_77 E0_F0 77
91 Numeric 7 47 C7 6C F0 6C
92 Numeric 4 4B CB 6B F0 6B
93 Numeric 1 4F CF 69 F0 69
95 Numeric / Note 3 Note 3 Note 3 Note 3
96 Numeric 8 48 C8 75 F0 75
97 Numeric 5 4C CC 73 F0 73
98 Numeric 2 50 D0 72 F0 72
99 Numeric 0 52 D2 70 F0 70
100 Numeric * 37 B7 7C F0 7C
E0_37 E0_B7 E0_7C E0_F0 7C
101 Numeric 9 49 C9 7D F0 7D
102 Numeric 6 4D CD 74 F0 74
103 Numeric 3 51 D1 7A F0 7A
104 Numeric . 53 D3 71 F0 71
105 Numeric - 4A CA 7B F0 7B
106 Numeric + 4E CE 79 F0 79
107*** 7E FE 6D F0 6D
DO NOT USE E0_7E E0_FE E0_6D E0_F0 6D
108 Numeric Enter E0 1C E0 9C E0 5A E0 F0 5A
110 Esc 01 81 76 F0 76
E0_01 E0_81 E0_76 E0_F0 76
112 F1 3B BB 05 F0 05

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 19

key 101/102 Enhanced scan 1 make scan 1 break scan 2 make scan 2 brake
location Keyboard
E0_3B E0_BB E0_05 E0_F0 05
113 F2 3C BC 06 F0 06
E0_3C E0_BC E0_06 E0_F0 06
114 F3 3D BD 04 F0 05
E0_3D E0_BD E0_04 E0_F0 05
115 F4 3E BE 0C F0 0C
E0_3E E0_BE E0_0C E0_F0 0C
116 F5 3F BF 03 F0 03
E0_3F E0_BF E0_03 E0_F0 03
117 F6 40 C0 0B F0 0B
E0_40 E0_C0 E0_0B E0_F0 0B
118 F7 41 C1 83 F0 83
E0_41 E0_C1 E0_83 E0_F0 83
119 F8 42 C2 0A F0 0A
E0_42 E0_C2 E0_0A E0_F0 0A
120 F9 43 C3 01 F0 01
E0_43 E0_C3 E0_01 E0_F0 01
121 F10 44 C4 09 F0 09
E0_44 E0_C4 E0_09 E0_F0 09
122 F11 57 D7 78 F0 78
123 F12 58 D8 07 F0 07
124 Print Screen Note 4 Note 4 Note 4 Note 4
125 Scroll Lock 46 C6 7E F0 7E
E0_46 E0_C6 E0_7E E0_F0 7E
126 Pause Note 5 Note 5 Note 5 Note 5
59 D9 0F F0 0F
E0_59 E0_D9 E0_0F E0_F0 0F
5B DB 1F F0 1F
Left Win E0_5B E0_DB E0_1F E0_F0 1F
5C DC 27 F0 27
Right Win E0_5C E0_DC E0_27 E0_F0 27
5D DD 2F F0 2F
Application E0_5D E0_DD E0_2F E0_F0 2F
5E DE 37 F0 37
ACPI Power E0_5E E0_DE E0_37 E0_F0 37
5F DF 3F F0 3F
ACPI Sleep E0_5F E0_DF E0_3F E0_F0 3F
DO NOT USE 60 E0 47 F0 47
DO NOT USE E0_60 E0_E0 E0_47 E0_F0 47
DO NOT USE 61 E1 4F F0 4F
DO NOT USE E0_61 E0_E1 E0_4F E0_F0 4F
62 E2 56 F0 56
E0_62 E0_E2 E0_56 E0_F0 56
63 E3 5E F0 5E
ACPI Wake E0_63 E0_E3 E0_5E E0_F0 5E
64 E4 08 F0 08
E0_64 E0_E4 E0_08 E0_F0 08
65 E5 10 F0 10
E0_65 E0_E5 E0_10 E0_F0 10
66 E6 18 F0 18
E0_66 E0_E6 E0_18 E0_F0 18
67 E7 20 F0 20
E0_67 E0_E7 E0_20 E0_F0 20
68 E8 28 F0 28
E0_68 E0_E8 E0_28 E0_F0 28
69 E9 30 F0 30
E0_69 E0_E9 E0_30 E0_F0 30
6A EA 38 F0 38
E0_6A E0_EA E0_38 E0_F0 38
6B EB 40 F0 40
E0_6B E0_EB E0_40 E0_F0 40
6C EC 48 F0 48
E0_6C E0_EC E0_48 E0_F0 48

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 20

key 101/102 Enhanced scan 1 make scan 1 break scan 2 make scan 2 brake
location Keyboard
6D ED 50 F0 50
E0_6D E0_ED E0_50 E0_F0 50
6E EE 57 F0 57
E0_6E E0_EE E0_57 E0_F0 57
6F EF 6F F0 6F
E0_6F E0_EF E0_6F E0_F0 6F
DBE_KATAKANA‡ 70 F0 13 F0 13
E0_70 E0_F0 E0_13 E0_F0 13
71 F1 19 F0 19
E0_71 E0_F1 E0_19 E0_F0 19
72 F2 39 F0 39
E0_72 E0_F2 E0_39 E0_F0 39
74 F4 53 F0 53
E0_74 E0_F4 E0_53 E0_F0 53
75 F5 5C F0 5C
E0_75 E0_F5 E0_5C E0_F0 5C
76 F6 5F F0 5F
E0_76 E0_F6 E0_5F E0_F0 5F
DBE_SBCSCHAR‡ 77 F7 62 F0 62
E0_77 E0_F7 E0_62 E0_F0 62
78 F8 63 F0 63
E0_78 E0_F8 E0_63 E0_F0 63
CONVERT‡ 79 F9 64 F0 64
E0_79 E0_F9 E0_64 E0_F0 64
DO NOT USE 7A FA 65 F0 65
DO NOT USE E0_7A E0_FA E0_65 E0_F0 65
NONCONVERT‡ 7B FB 67 F0 67
DO NOT USE E0_7B E0_FB E0_67 E0_F0 67
DO NOT USE 7C FC 68 F0 68
DO NOT USE E0_7C E0_FC E0_68 E0_F0 68
DO NOT USE 7D FD 6A F0 6A
DO NOT USE E0_7D E0_FD E0_6A E0_F0 6A
DO NOT USE 7F FF 6E F0 6E
DO NOT USE E0_7F E0_FF E0_6E E0_F0 6E

Note * Key 29 is available on the US and not on the International Keyboard.

Note ** Keys 42 and 45 are available on the International Keyboard and not on the US Keyboard.
Note *** Keys 56 and 107 are used on Brazilian and some Far East keyboards. They not available on US
Keyboards.
Note ‡ Keys are used for Far East keyboards.
Note 1 for Scan Code 1:
These keys may have additional “shift” and/or “unshift” scan codes preceding the Base Make code
and following the Base Break code, depending upon the current state of Num Lock and the state of
Shift key/s (when multiple keys are held down at the same time).

These Keys are Typematic:

Key US key Base Make Base Break

Location assignment
75 Insert E0 52 E0 D2
76 Delete E0 53 E0 D3
79 Left Arrow E0 4B E0 CB
80 Home E0 47 E0 C7
81 End E0 4F E0 CF
83 Up Arrow E0 48 E0 C8
84 Dn Arrow E0 50 E0 D0

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 21

85 Page Up E0 49 E0 C9
86 Page Down E0 51 E0 D1
89 Right Arrow E0 4D E0 CD

Precede Base follow Base

Num Lock ON Make code with Break code
with
Final Key only E0 2A E0 AA
LSHIFT down + Final Key
RSHIFT down + Final Key
Both LSHIFT and RSHIFT down + Final Key

Precede Base follow Base

Num Lock OFF Make code with Break code
with
Final Key only
LSHIFT down + Final Key E0 AA E0 2A
RSHIFT down + Final Key E0 B6 E0 36
Both LSHIFT and RSHIFT down + Final Key E0 AA E0 B6 E0 36 E0 2A

As an example, consider the case where Num Lock is OFF and you choose to push and hold Left
SHIFT, then push and hold Right SHIFT, and finally push Insert. The scan codes sent would be:

2A (LSHIFT make)
36 (RSHIFT make)
E0 AA E0 B6 E0 52 (Insert make)

When these keys are released, the keys still held down at the time a key is released determine it’s
scan code. Assume Insert is released first then Right SHIFT and last Left SHIFT. The scan codes
would be:

E0 D2 E0 36 E0 2A (Insert break)
B6 (RSHIFT break)
AA (LSHIFT break)

Note 2 for Scan Code 2:

These keys may have additional “shift” and/or “unshift” scan codes preceding the Base Make code
and following the Base Break code, depending upon the current state of Num Lock and the state of
SHIFT key/s (when multiple keys are held down at the same time).

These Keys are Typematic

key US key Base Make Base Break

location assignment
75 Insert E0 70 E0 F0 70
76 Delete E0 71 E0 F0 71
79 Left Arrow E0 6B E0 F0 6B
80 Home E0 6C E0 F0 6C
81 End E0 69 E0 F0 69
83 Up Arrow E0 75 E0 F0 75
84 Dn Arrow E0 72 E0 F0 72
85 Page Up E0 7D E0 F0 7D
86 Page Down E0 7A E0 F0 7A
89 Right Arrow E0 74 E0 F0 74

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 22

Precede Base follow Base

Num Lock ON Make code with Break code
with
Final Key only E0 12 E0 F0 12
LSHIFT down + Final Key
RSHIFT down + Final Key
Both LSHIFT and RSHIFT down + Final Key

Precede Base follow Base

Num Lock OFF Make code with Break code
with
Final Key only
LSHIFT down + Final Key E0 F0 12 E0 12
RSHIFT down + Final Key E0 F0 59 E0 59
Both LSHIFT and RSHIFT down + Final Key E0 F0 12 E0 F0 E0 59 E0 12
59

Note 3 Key 95 for Scan Codes 1 and 2:

This Key is Typematic (Numeric / on US keyboards)

Scan base L-SHIFT + R-SHIFT + base L-SHIFT + R-SHIFT + base

Code base
1 make E0 35 E0 AA E0 35 E0 B6 E0 35 E0 AA E0 B6 E0 35
1 break E0 B5 E0 B5 E0 2A E0 B5 E0 36 E0 B5 E0 36 E0 2A
2 make E0 4A E0 F0 12 E0 E0 F0 59 E0 E0 F0 12 E0 F0 59 E0 4A
4A 4A
2 break E0 F0 4A E0 F0 4A E0 E0 F0 4A E0 E0 F0 4A E0 59 E0 12
12 59

Note 4 Key 124 for Scan Codes 1 and 2:

This Key is Typematic (Print Screen on US keyboards)

LCtrl or RCtrl + LCtrl or RCtrl + LAlt or RAlt LAlt or RAlt +

Scan Make Break LSHIFT or LSHIFT or + Make Break
Code RSHIFT + Make RSHIFT + Break
1 E0 2A E0 37 E0 B7 E0 AA E0 37 E0 B7 54 D4
2 E0 12 E0 E0 F0 7C E0 F0 12 E0 7C E0 F0 7C 84 F0 84
7C

Note 5 Key 126 for Scan Codes 1 and 2:

This Key is not Typematic and has no Break Code (Pause on US keyboards)

Scan Code Make L-Ctrl or R-Ctrl + Make

1 E1 1D 45 E1 9D C5 E0 46 E0 C6
2 E1 14 77 E1 F0 14 F0 77 E0 7E E0 F0 7E

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 23

Additional General Requirements

Power On Reset Routine
During a Power On Reset condition, this keyboard must perform a self-test and respond with a
diagnostic completion code (AA for pass, otherwise return an error code). Completion codes must be
sent within 450 msecs and 2.5 seconds after the Power On Reset. After Reset, this keyboard
defaults to Scan Code Set 2.
Reset Command
Upon receiving a FF (soft Reset command) from the host, this keyboard responds with a completion
code, within 300 and 500 msecs after acknowledging the Reset command.
Keyboard Command Acknowledge
All keyboard commands are acknowledged with an FA (ACK) or FE (Re-send). The Acknowledge
response time must be within 20 msecs.

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 24

Appendix B: Device Class Power Management v1.0a

Scope
This specification defines the behavior of the input device class as it relates to power management,
and, specifically, to the four device power states defined for the OnNow Architecture. This
specification applies to standard types of input devices such as keyboards, keypads, mice, pointing
devices, joysticks, game pads, to devices that combine these kinds of input functionality (composite
devices, etc.), and to new types of input devices such as virtual reality devices, simulation devices,
etc. It is intended that input device vendors will be able to design consistent power-manageable
products, and that OS vendors will be able to implement an appropriate input device power
management policy based on the contents of this specification.

General Device Power Management Considerations

In the OnNow architecture, power management of individual devices is the responsibility of a policy
owner in the operating system, generally a class-specific driver. This policy-owner will implement a
power conservation policy that is appropriate for devices in its class. The policy will operate in
conjunction with a global system power policy implemented in the operating system (i.e., is the
system Working or Sleeping?). In general, the device-class power conservation policy strives to
reduce power consumption while the system is Working by transitioning amongst various available
power states according to device usage.

Since the policy-owner in the operating system has very specific knowledge of when a device is in
use, or potentially in use, there is no need for hardware timers or such to determine when to make
these transitions. Similarly, this level of understanding of device usage makes it possible to use fewer
device power states. Generally, intermediate states attempt to draw a compromise between latency
and consumption due to the uncertainty of actual device usage. With the increased knowledge in the
OS, crisp decisions can be made about whether the device is needed at all. With this ability to turn
devices off more frequently, the benefit of having intermediate states diminishes.

The policy-owner also determines what class-specific events can cause the system to transition from
Sleeping to Working, and enables this functionality based on application or user requests. Note that
the definition of the wake-up events that each class supports will influence the system’s global power
policy in terms of the level of power conservation the Sleeping state can attain while still meeting
wake-up latency requirements set by applications or the user.

In the OnNow architecture, bus drivers also implement power policy for their bus class (e.g. PCI,
USB, etc.). In general, the Bus driver has responsibility for tracking the device power states of all
devices on its bus, and transitioning the Bus itself to only those power states that are consistent with
those of its devices. This means that the Bus state can be no lower than the highest state of one of
it’s devices. However, enabled wake-up events can affect this as well. For example if a particular
device is in the D2 state and set to wake-up the system, and the bus can only forward wake-up
requests while in the D1 state, then the Bus must remain in the D1 state even if all devices are in a
lower state.

Device power state transitions are explicitly commanded by the driver and invoked through bus-
specific mechanisms (e.g., ATA Standby command, USB Suspend, etc.). In some cases, bus-
specific mechanisms are not available and device-specific mechanisms must be used. Note that the
explicit command for entering the D3 state may be the removal of power.

The following definitions apply to devices of all classes:

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 25

 D0: Device is on and running. It is receiving full power from the system, and is delivering full
functionality to
the user.
 D1: Class-specific low-power state (defined below) in which device context may or may not be
lost.
 D2: Class-specific low-power state (defined below) in which device context may or may not be
lost. Attains
greater power savings than D1.
 D3: Device is off and not running. Device context is lost. Power may be removed from the
device.

Input Device Power State Definitions

D0
Input device is on and running:
 device is receiving full power from its power source,
 device is delivering full functionality to the user,
 device is preserving applicable context and state information.
D1
Input device power consumption is greatly reduced:
 in general, device is in a power conservation state and is not delivering any functionality to
the user except wake-up functionality if applicable,
 device status, state, or other information indicators (e.g., LED’s, LCD displays, etc.) are
turned off to save power,
 the following device context and state information should be preserved by device driver
software:
 Keyboard: Num, Caps, Scroll Lock states – and Compose and Kana states if applicable
- and associated LED/indicator states, Repeat delay, Repeat rate,
 Joystick: forced feedback effects (if applicable),
 Any input device: all context and state information that cannot be preserved by the
device when it’s conserving power.
D2
This state is not defined for input devices, use D1 as the power conservation state instead.
D3 (Power may be removed)
Input device is off and not running:
 in general, device is off and is not delivering any functionality to the user except wake-up
functionality if applicable,
 device context and state information is lost.

Input Device Power Conservation Policy

The runtime power conservation policy for input devices is simple and straightforward:
 devices are by default always on (D0).
 devices transition to other power states only when requested by the system (or when power is
removed).
 devices with wake-up capability enabled can request a power state transition by generating a
wake-up event.

Present Next State Cause

State
D3 D0  Requested by system.

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 26

D0 D1 or D3* 
Requested by system (e.g. system goes to sleep w/ wake-up
enabled).
D0, D1 D3  Requested by system (e.g. system goes to sleep w/ wake-up
disabled).
 Power is removed.
D1, D3 D0  Device with wake-up capability enabled request transition by
generating a wake-up event; request is ultimately granted by
system.
 Requested by system.
* Depends on capability of device (if device features D1 or D3 wake-up capability or not); device will
be put in state with lowest possible power consumption.

Input Device Wake-up Events

It is recommended, but not required, that input devices implement and support bus-specific wake-up
mechanisms if these are defined for their bus type. This is recommended because a user typically
uses an input device of some kind to wake up the system when it is in a power conservation state, for
example, when the system is sleeping.

The actual input data (particular button or key pressed, etc.) that’s associated with a wake-up event
should never be discarded by the device itself, but should always be passed along to device driver(s)
for further interpretation. It is up to the device driver(s) to implement a policy for how this input data
should be interpreted, and decide what should be passed along to higher-level software, etc.

It is recommended that the device button(s) or key(s) used for power management purposes are
clearly labeled with text and/or icons. This is recommended for keyboards and other input devices on
which all buttons or keys are typically labeled with text and/or icons to identify their usage.

Examples of wake-up events include (but are not limited to):

Keyboards:
 press special purpose power management button (e.g., POWER button) to generate wake-
up event, OR
 press designated dual usage key (e.g., Spacebar key) to generate wake-up event.
Mice and pointing devices:
 press any button (e.g., left or right button) to generate wake-up event.
Any other type of input device:
 press special purpose power management button (e.g., POWER button) to generate wake-
up event, OR
 press designated dual usage button or key to generate wake-up event.

Examples of more advanced wake-up events include keyboard wake-up signaling when any key is
pressed, mouse wake-up signaling on detection of X/Y motion, joystick wake-up signaling on X/Y
motion, etc. However, in order to avoid accidental or unintentional wake-up of the system, and to give
the user some control over which input events will result in a system wake-up, it’s suggested that
more advanced types of wake-up events are implemented as features that can be turned on/off by
the user via, for example, a control panel type of software application.

Minimum Input Device Power Capabilities

State Compliance Requirement
D0 Mandatory.
D1 Optional.
D2 Not defined for input devices.

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 27

D3 Mandatory.

Recommendations for Human Interface Devices

Input devices compliant with the Human Interface Devices (HID) firmware specification v1.0 should
deploy usages defined in the supplemental HID Usage Table specification v1.0 for power
management buttons, i.e. POWER and SLEEP buttons. The Generic Desktop Page (page 0x01) has
been extended with the following usages compared to what’s defined in the core HID 1.0
specification:
 System Control (Usage ID 0x80),
 System Power Down (Usage ID 0x81),
 System Sleep (Usage ID 0x82),
 System Wake Up (Usage ID 0x83).

These usages should be used in following manner with the power management buttons:
POWER button:
 Should send usage “System Power Down” when the button is pressed to power down the
system. The system power policy manager will look up the POWER button action in the current
power policy (by default, shutdown) and take that action.
 Should send usage “System Wake Up” when the button is pressed again to power up the
system.
SLEEP button:
 Should send usage “System Sleep” when the button is pressed to put the system to sleep. The
system power policy manager will look up the SLEEP button action in the current power policy
(by default, sleep) and take that action.
 Should send usage “System Wake Up” when the button is pressed again to wake up the system.

The power management buttons should be reported in a System Control application level collection
(a.k.a. “top level” collection) in order to be interpreted correctly by the host system software. Power
management buttons appearing in other application level collections will be ignored.

Note: In previous revisions of this specification, the “Keyboard Power” usage (index 102dec/66hex)
as defined in the Keyboard/Keypad Page (page 0x07) in the core HID 1.0 specification was
recommended as the way to implement a POWER button on a keyboard. However, this
recommendation should not be followed anymore and has been replaced with the recommendations
above.

Recommendations for i8042 keyboards

i8042-Based keyboards should deploy the following scan codes for power management buttons, i.e.,
POWER and SLEEP buttons:
Power event
Set1: Make = E0, 5E Break = E0, DE
Set2: Make = E0, 37 Break = E0, F0, 37
Sleep event
Set1: Make = E0, 5F Break = E0, DF
Set2: Make = E0, 3F Break = E0, F0, 3F
Wake event

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 28

Set1: Make = E0, 63 Break = E0, E3

Set2: Make = E0, 5E Break = E0, F0, 5E

The Power, Sleep, and Wake event scan codes are the i8042 equivalents to the System Power
Down, System Sleep, and System Wake Up HID usages as defined above.

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Appendix C: USB Keyboard/Keypad Page (0x07)

This section is the Usage Page for key codes to be used in implementing a USB keyboard. A Boot
Keyboard (84-, 101- or 104-key) should at a minimum support all associated usage codes as
indicated in the “Boot” column below.

Note: Due to the variation of keyboards from language to language, it is not feasible to specify exact key
mappings for every language. Where this list is not specific for a key function in a language, the closest
equivalent key position should be used, so that a keyboard may be modified for a different language by
simply printing different keycaps. One example is the Y key on a North American keyboard. In Germany, this
is typically Z. Rather than changing the keyboard firmware to put the Z Usage into that place in the descriptor
list, the vendor should use the Y Usage on both the North American and German keyboards. This continues to
be the existing practice in the industry, in order to minimize the number of changes to the electronics to
accommodate other languages.

Usage Usage Ref:typical

index Index AT-101 PC- Mac-
(dec) (hex) Usage position AT intosh UNIX Boot
0 00 Reserved (no event N/A    84/101/104
indicated) 9
1 01 Keyboard ErrorRollOver9 N/A    84/101/104
2 02 Keyboard POSTFail9 N/A    84/101/104
3 03 Keyboard ErrorUndefined9 N/A    84/101/104
4 04 Keyboard a and A4 31    84/101/104
5 05 Keyboard b and B 50    84/101/104
6 06 Keyboard c and C4 48    84/101/104
7 07 Keyboard d and D 33    84/101/104
8 08 Keyboard e and E 19    84/101/104
9 09 Keyboard f and F 34    84/101/104
10 0A Keyboard g and G 35    84/101/104
11 0B Keyboard h and H 36    84/101/104
12 0C Keyboard i and I 24    84/101/104
13 0D Keyboard j and J 37    84/101/104
14 0E Keyboard k and K 38    84/101/104
15 0F Keyboard l and L 39    84/101/104
16 10 Keyboard m and M4 52    84/101/104
17 11 Keyboard n and N 51    84/101/104
18 12 Keyboard o and O4 25    84/101/104
19 13 Keyboard p and P4 26    84/101/104
20 14 Keyboard q and Q4 17    84/101/104
21 15 Keyboard r and R 20    84/101/104
22 16 Keyboard s and S4 32    84/101/104
23 17 Keyboard t and T 21    84/101/104
24 18 Keyboard u and U 23    84/101/104
25 19 Keyboard v and V 49    84/101/104
26 1A Keyboard w and W4 18    84/101/104
27 1B Keyboard x and X4 47    84/101/104
28 1C Keyboard y and Y4 22    84/101/104
29 1D Keyboard z and Z4 46    84/101/104

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Usage Usage Ref:typical

index Index AT-101 PC- Mac-
(dec) (hex) Usage position AT intosh UNIX Boot
30 1E Keyboard 1 and ! 4
2    84/101/104
31 1F Keyboard 2 and @4 3    84/101/104
32 20 Keyboard 3 and #4 4    84/101/104
33 21 Keyboard 4 and $4 5    84/101/104
34 22 Keyboard 5 and %4 6    84/101/104
35 23 Keyboard 6 and ^4 7    84/101/104
36 24 Keyboard 7 and &4 8    84/101/104
37 25 Keyboard 8 and *4 9    84/101/104
38 26 Keyboard 9 and (4 10    84/101/104
39 27 Keyboard 0 and ) 4 11    84/101/104
40 28 Keyboard Return(ENTER) 5 43    84/101/104
41 29 Keyboard ESCAPE 110    84/101/104
42 2A Keyboard DELETE 15    84/101/104
(Backspace) 13
43 2B Keyboard Tab 16    84/101/104
44 2C Keyboard Spacebar 61    84/101/104
45 2D Keyboard - and 12    84/101/104
(underscore) 4
46 2E Keyboard = and+4 13    84/101/104
47 2F Keyboard [ and {4 27    84/101/104
48 30 Keyboard ] and }4 28    84/101/104
49 31 Keyboard \ and | 29    84/101/104
50 32 Keyboard Non-US# and ~2 42    84/101/104
51 33 Keyboard 4 40    84/101/104
52 34 Keyboard ‘ and “4 41    84/101/104
53 35 Keyboard Grave Accent and 1    84/101/104
Tilde4

54 36 Keyboard , and <4 53    84/101/104

55 37 Keyboard . and >4 54    84/101/104
56 38 Keyboard / and ? 4 55    84/101/104
57 39 Keyboard CapsLock11 30    84/101/104
58 3A Keyboard F1 112    84/101/104
59 3B Keyboard F2 113    84/101/104
60 3C Keyboard F3 114    84/101/104
61 3D Keyboard F4 115    84/101/104
62 3E Keyboard F5 116    84/101/104
63 3F Keyboard F6 117    84/101/104
64 40 Keyboard F7 118    84/101/104
65 41 Keyboard F8 119    84/101/104
66 42 Keyboard F9 120    84/101/104
67 43 Keyboard F10 121    84/101/104
68 44 Keyboard F11 122    101/104
69 45 Keyboard F12 123    101/104
70 46 Keyboard PrintScreen1 124    101/104
71 47 Keyboard ScrollLock11 125    84/101/104

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Usage Usage Ref:typical

index Index AT-101 PC- Mac-
(dec) (hex) Usage position AT intosh UNIX Boot
72 48 Keyboard Pause 1
126    101/104
73 49 Keyboard Insert 1 75    101/104
74 4A Keyboard Home1 80    101/104
75 4B Keyboard PageUp1 85    101/104
76 4C Keyboard Delete Forward1 76    101/104
77 4D Keyboard End1 81    101/104
78 4E Keyboard PageDown1 86    101/104
79 4F Keyboard RightArrow1 89    101/104
80 50 Keyboard LeftArrow1 79    101/104
81 51 Keyboard DownArrow1 84    101/104
82 52 Keyboard UpArrow1 83    101/104
83 53 Keypad NumLock and 90    101/104
Clear11
84 54 Keypad /1 95    101/104
85 55 Keypad * 100    84/101/104
86 56 Keypad - 105    84/101/104
87 57 Keypad + 106    84/101/104
88 58 Keypad ENTER5 108    101/104
89 59 Keypad 1 and End 93    84/101/104
90 5A Keypad 2 and Down Arrow 98    84/101/104
91 5B Keypad 3 and PageDn 103    84/101/104
92 5C Keypad 4 and Left Arrow 92    84/101/104
93 5D Keypad 5 97    84/101/104
94 5E Keypad 6 and Righ tArrow 102    84/101/104
95 5F Keypad 7 and Home 91    84/101/104
96 60 Keypad 8 and Up Arrow 96    84/101/104
97 61 Keypad 9 and PageUp 101    84/101/104
98 62 Keypad 0 and Insert 99    84/101/104
99 63 Keypad . and Delete 104    84/101/104
100 64 Keyboard Non-US\ and |3;6 45    84/101/104
101 65 Keyboard Application10 129   104
102 66 Keyboard Power9  
103 67 Keypad = 
104 68 Keyboard F13 
105 69 Keyboard F14 
106 6A Keyboard F15 
107 6B Keyboard F16
108 6C Keyboard F17
109 6D Keyboard F18
110 6E Keyboard F19
111 6F Keyboard F20
112 70 Keyboard F21
113 71 Keyboard F22
114 72 Keyboard F23
115 73 Keyboard F24
116 74 Keyboard Execute 

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 32

Usage Usage Ref:typical

index Index AT-101 PC- Mac-
(dec) (hex) Usage position AT intosh UNIX Boot
117 75 Keyboard Help 
118 76 Keyboard Menu 
119 77 Keyboard Select 
120 78 Keyboard Stop 
121 79 Keyboard Again 
122 7A Keyboard Undo 
123 7B Keyboard Cut 
124 7C Keyboard Copy 
125 7D Keyboard Paste 
126 7E Keyboard Find 
127 7F Keyboard Mute 
128 80 Keyboard Volume Up 
129 81 Keyboard Volume Down 
130 82 Keyboard Locking Caps 
Lock12
131 83 Keyboard Locking Num 
Lock12
132 84 Keyboard Locking Scroll 
Lock 12
133 85 Keypad Comma
134 86 Keypad Equal Sign
135 87 Keyboard Kanji115
136 88 Keyboard Kanji216
137 89 Keyboard Kanji317
138 8A Keyboard Kanji418
139 8B Keyboard Kanji519
140 8C Keyboard Kanji620
141 8D Keyboard Kanji721
142 8E Keyboard Kanji822
143 8F Keyboard Kanji922
144 90 Keyboard LANG18
145 91 Keyboard LANG28
146 92 Keyboard LANG38
147 93 Keyboard LANG48
148 94 Keyboard LANG58
149 95 Keyboard LANG68
150 96 Keyboard LANG78
151 97 Keyboard LANG88
152 98 Keyboard LANG98
153 99 Keyboard AlternateErase7
154 9A Keyboard SysReq/Attenti1
155 9B Keyboard Cancel
156 9C Keyboard Clear
157 9D Keyboard Prior
158 9E Keyboard Return
159 9F Keyboard Separator

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Usage Usage Ref:typical

index Index AT-101 PC- Mac-
(dec) (hex) Usage position AT intosh UNIX Boot
160 A0 Keyboard Out
161 A1 Keyboard Oper
162 A2 Keyboard Clear/Again
163 A3 Keyboard CrSel/Props
164 A4 Keyboard ExSel
165- A5-DF Reserved
223
224 E0 Keyboard LeftControl 58    84/101/104
225 E1 Keyboard LeftShift 44    84/101/104
226 E2 Keyboard LeftAlt 60    84/101/104
227 E3 Keyboard Left GUI 10;23 127    104
228 E4 Keyboard RightControl 64    101/104
229 E5 Keyboard RightShift 57    84/101/104
230 E6 Keyboard RightAlt 62    101/104
231 E7 Keyboard Right GUI10;24 128    104
232- E8-FF Reserved
255

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 34

Footnotes
1. Usage of keys is not modified by the state of the Control, Alt, Shift or Num Lock keys. That is, a
key does not send extra codes to compensate for the state of any Control, Alt, Shift or Num Lock
keys.
2. Typical language mappings: US: \| Belg: µ`£ FrCa: <}> Dan:’* Dutch: <> Fren:*µ Ger: #’ Ital: ù§
LatAm: }`] Nor:,* Span:}Ç Swed: ,* Swiss: $£ UK: #~.
3. Typical language mappings: Belg:<\> FrCa:«°» Dan:<\> Dutch:]|[ Fren:<> Ger:<|> Ital:<>
LatAm:<> Nor:<> Span:<> Swed:<|> Swiss:<\> UK:\| Brazil: \|.
4. Typically remapped for other languages in the host system.
5. Keyboard Enter and Keypad Enter generate different Usage codes.
6. Typically near the Left-Shift key in AT-102 implementations.
7. Example, Erase-Eaze™ key.
8. Reserved for language-specific functions, such as Front End Processors and Input Method
Editors.
9. Reserved for typical keyboard status or keyboard errors. Sent as a member of the keyboard
array. Not a physical key.
10. Microsoft Windows key for Microsoft Windows 95 and “Compose.”
11. Implemented as a non-locking key; sent as member of an array.
12. Implemented as a locking key; sent as a toggle button. Available for legacy support; however,
most systems should use the non-locking version of this key.
13. Backs up the cursor one position, deleting a character as it goes.
14. Deletes one character without changing position.
15. See next page
16. See next page
17. See next page
18. See next page
19. See next page
20. See next page
21. Toggle Double-Byte/Single-Byte mode.
22. Undefined, available for other Front End Language Processors.
23. Windowing environment key, examples are Microsoft Left Win key, Macintosh Left Apple key,
Sun Left Meta key
24. Windowing environment key, examples are Microsoft Right Win key, Macintosh Right Apple key,
Sun Right Meta key.

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 Keyboard Scan Code Specification — 35

Revision 1.3a — March 16, 2000

© 2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.