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Experiment - 1: Date: 01/02/2020 Aim: Objective

This experiment aims to study the field patterns of various modes inside a rectangular waveguide. Electromagnetic waves are confined inside the metallic waveguide structure. Modes are analyzed by solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Field patterns depend on mode numbers and waveguide dimensions and differ for TE, TM, and TEM modes. The experiment involves creating a rectangular waveguide model and defining ports and field monitors to simulate and observe S-parameters and electric and magnetic field patterns at various frequencies. Field patterns for different modes are observed in xy, yz and zx planes, helping understand rectangular waveguide propagation.

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PINTU GANDHI
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93 views11 pages

Experiment - 1: Date: 01/02/2020 Aim: Objective

This experiment aims to study the field patterns of various modes inside a rectangular waveguide. Electromagnetic waves are confined inside the metallic waveguide structure. Modes are analyzed by solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Field patterns depend on mode numbers and waveguide dimensions and differ for TE, TM, and TEM modes. The experiment involves creating a rectangular waveguide model and defining ports and field monitors to simulate and observe S-parameters and electric and magnetic field patterns at various frequencies. Field patterns for different modes are observed in xy, yz and zx planes, helping understand rectangular waveguide propagation.

Uploaded by

PINTU GANDHI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTH GANDHI (U17EC050)

EXPERIMENT - 1
Date: 01/02/2020
Aim: Study of field patterns of various modes inside a rectangular waveguide.
Objective:
This experiment provides the field patterns of various modes inside a rectangular
waveguide. This gives the basic idea of the change in the field pattern; that is, electric and
magnetic field patterns with the change in modes inside a rectangular waveguide. One can
observe the field patterns of various modes in xy, xz and yz planes for different frequency
bands. Surface current density can also be observed on the walls of a rectangular waveguide.

Fig.1 Rectangular Waveguide

Theory:
Electromagnetic waves propagating in open space travel out in all directions. The power
intensity of these waves decreases as the distance increases - it is proportional to the power of
the source divided by the square of the distance. The waveguide operates by confining the
electromagnetic wave inside a metallic structure so that it does not spread out, and losses
resulting from this effect are eliminated. In electromagnetics, the term waveguide may refer
to any linear structure that guides electromagnetic waves between two endpoints. Typically, a
waveguide is thought of as a transmission line comprising a hollow conducting tube, which
may be rectangular or circular within which electromagnetic waves are propagated. Unlike
coaxial cable, there is no center conductor within the waveguide. Signals propagate within
the confines of the metallic walls that act as boundaries. The signal is confined by total
internal reflection from the walls of the waveguide. Waveguides are used principally at
frequencies in the microwave range. Waveguides will only carry or propagate signals above a
certain frequency, known as the cut-off frequency. Below this the waveguide is not able to
carry the signals. The cut-off frequency of the waveguide depends upon its dimensions.

Rectangular Waveguide

A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with a rectangular cross section. The
conducting walls of the waveguide confine the electromagnetic fields and thereby guide the

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electromagnetic wave. The rectangular waveguide is basically characterized by


its dimensions i.e., length ‘a’ and breadth ‘b’.

Fig. 2 Waveguide structure with dimension ‘a’ and ‘b’

Modes: Electromagnetic waveguides are analyzed by solving Maxwell's equations, or their


reduced form, the electromagnetic wave equation, with boundary conditions determined by
the properties of the materials and their interfaces. These equations have multiple solutions,
or modes, which are eigen functions of the equation system. Each mode is therefore
characterized by an eigenvalue, which corresponds to a cutoff frequency below which the
mode cannot exist in the guide

Waveguide propagation modes depend on the operating wavelength and polarization and
the shape and size of the guide. The modes of the waveguide are typically classified into
following types:

• TE modes (Transverse Electric) have no electric field component in the direction of


propagation.
• TM modes (Transverse Magnetic) have no magnetic field component in the direction of
propagation.
• TEM modes (Transverse Electromagnetic) have neither electric nor magnetic field
component in the direction of propagation.

Field Theory: As we know, an electromagnetic field is comprised of electric and magnetic


fields which are perpendicular to each other. These fields have different patterns for each
mode. These patterns depend upon the mode numbers (m and n) and the dimensions (‘a’ and
‘b’) of the waveguide. The electric field and magnetic field pattern are different for various
modes in different waveguides. The electric field component of an EM wave is characterized
by Ex, Ey and Ez components of the wave. Similarly, the magnetic field component of an
EM wave is characterized by Hx, Hy and Hz components of the wave. These components are
usually plotted on an XY plane which shows the field pattern for both the fields.

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Field Equations:
For mode, the field equations for a rectangular waveguide are:[2]

For mode, the field equations for a rectangular waveguide are:

Procedure:
Step 1: Create a rectangular waveguide by selecting brick(box) structure and configuring
it with the assumed dimensions. Dimensions must be set such that the waveguide is
aligned centrally. Z-axis is by default assumed as the propagation direction. Use any
conductive material for the structure.

Step 2: Create another box structure with dimensions along X and Y axis having length 1mm
less than the previously created box on each edge. Use any conductive material for the
structure.

Step 3: Subtract the outer box (having larger dimension) from the inner box (having smaller
dimension).
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Step 4: Pick face from both sides facing positive and negative z-axis respectively (one at a
time) and define waveguide port for the same taking twice the dimensions along x and y-axis
with reference to the outer box.
Step 5: Define field monitors for different frequencies calculated for different modes of both
E-field and H-field.

Step 6: Use setup solver to start calculation and simulation.

Step 7: Study the results obtained from S-parameter and field plots for E-field and H-field.

Observations:
For rectangular waveguide dimensions of:
a: 20mm
b: 10mm
z: 100mm

S-Parameter:
1. S (1,1)

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2. S (2,1)

3. S (1,2)

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4. S (2,2)

E-field:
i. f = 6Ghz

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ii. f = 7Ghz

iii. f = 8Ghz

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iv. f = 9Ghz

v. f = 10Ghz

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H-field:
i. f = 6Ghz

ii. f = 7Ghz

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iii. f = 8Ghz

iv. f = 9Ghz

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v. f = 10Ghz

Conclusion:
From the experiment, we can observe the field patterns of various modes inside a
rectangular waveguide in xy, yz and zx planes. Here, one can observe the field patterns for
various frequency bands. One can correlate the above-mentioned field equations with the
field patterns of various modes and can develop better understanding of the modes of the
rectangular waveguides.

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