What Is Technical Communication
What Is Technical Communication
What Is Technical Communication
UNDERSTANDING PURPOSE
Technical communication begins with identifying a problem and thinking about how to solve it.
Because of the variety of problems and solutions in the working world, people communicate
technical information for a number of purposes, many of which fall into one of two categories:
Communication that helps others learn about a subject, carry out a task, or make a
decision. For instance, administrators with the Department of Health might hire a media
production company to make a video that explains to citizens how to use a website to manage
their Medicare benefits. The president of a manufacturing company might write an article in the
company newsletter to explain to employees why management decided to phase out production of
one of the company’s products. The board of directors of a community-service organization
might produce a grant proposal to submit to a philanthropic organization in hopes of being
awarded a grant. Figure 1.1 shows a screen capture from an online video that explains how to
create a facebook web page.
FIGURE 1.1 A Communication That Helps Others Carry Out a Task
The purpose of this online video is to help viewers carry out the task on how to create
their own web page.
Communication that reinforces or changes attitudes and motivates readers to take
action. A wind energy company might create a website with videos and text intended to
show that building wind turbines off the coast of a tourist destination would have many
benefits and few risks. A property owners’ association might create a website to make the
opposite argument: that the wind turbines would have few benefits but many risks. In
each of these two cases, the purpose of communicating the information is to persuade
people to accept a point of view and encourage them to act — perhaps to contact their
elected representatives and present their views about this public-policy issue. Figure 1.2
shows an excerpt from a website that promotes the building of wind turbines off the coast
of Massachusetts.
UNDERSTANDING AUDIENCE
When you communicate in the workplace, you have not only a clear purpose — what you want
to achieve — but also a clearly defined audience — one or more people who are going to read
the document, attend the oral presentation, visit the website, or view the video you produce.
Sometimes audience members share the same purpose, but not always. It’s possible, even likely,
that a piece of technical communication will have multiple audiences with different purposes.
In most of your previous academic writing, your audience has been your instructor, and your
purpose has been to show your instructor that you have mastered some body of information or
skill. Typically, you have not tried to create new knowledge or motivate the reader to take a
particular action — except to give you a “95” for that assignment.
By contrast, in technical communication, your audience will likely include peers and supervisors
in your company, as well as people outside your company. For example, suppose you are a
public-health scientist working for a federal agency. You and your colleagues just completed a
study showing that, for most adults, moderate exercise provides as much health benefit as
strenuous exercise. After participating in numerous meetings with your colleagues and after
drafting, critiquing, and revising many drafts, you produce four different documents:
a journal article for other scientists
a press release to distribute to popular print and online publications
an infographic for use in doctors’ offices
an animated blog post for your agency to share on social media
In each of these documents, you present the key information in a different way to meet the needs
of particular audience.