NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.

2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

The solution of a second order nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of

the form
ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x)
where a, b, c are constants, a 6= 0 and G (x) is a continuous function of x on a
given interval is of the form

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

where yp (x) is a particular solution of ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x) and yc (x) is the

general solution of the complementary equation/ corresponding
homogeneous equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

The solution of a second order nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of

the form
ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x)
where a, b, c are constants, a 6= 0 and G (x) is a continuous function of x on a
given interval is of the form

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

where yp (x) is a particular solution of ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x) and yc (x) is the

general solution of the complementary equation/ corresponding
homogeneous equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0.
I Since we already know how to find yc , the general solution to the
corresponding homogeneous equation, we need a method to
find a particular solution, yp , to the equation. One such methods is
described below. This method may not always work. A second method
which is always applicable is demonstrated in the extra examples in your
notes.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

The method of Undetermined Coefficients

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).

If G (x) is a polynomial it is reasonable to guess that there is a particular
solution, yp (x) which is a polynomial in x of the same degree as G (x) (because
if y is such a polynomial, then ay 00 + by 0 + c is also a polynomial of the same
degree.)
Method to find a particular solution: Substitute yp (x) = a polynomial of
the same degree as G into the differential equation and determine the
coefficients.
Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

The method of Undetermined Coefficients

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).

If G (x) is a polynomial it is reasonable to guess that there is a particular
solution, yp (x) which is a polynomial in x of the same degree as G (x) (because
if y is such a polynomial, then ay 00 + by 0 + c is also a polynomial of the same
degree.)
Method to find a particular solution: Substitute yp (x) = a polynomial of
the same degree as G into the differential equation and determine the
coefficients.
Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
I We first find the
solution of the complementary/ corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 3r + 2 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r + 2) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = −2. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation:
yc = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I We consider a trial solution of the form yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I We consider a trial solution of the form yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I We consider a trial solution of the form yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.
I We plug yp00 , yp0
and yp into the equation to get
2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2
→ 2Ax 2 + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x 2 .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I We consider a trial solution of the form yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.
I We plug yp00 , yp0
and yp into the equation to get
2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2
→ 2Ax 2 + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x 2 .
I Equating coefficients, we get
1
2A = 1 → A = , 6A + 2B = 0, 2A + 3B + 2C = 0.
2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I We consider a trial solution of the form yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.
I We plug yp00 , yp0
and yp into the equation to get
2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2
→ 2Ax 2 + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x 2 .
I Equating coefficients, we get
1
2A = 1 → A = , 6A + 2B = 0, 2A + 3B + 2C = 0.
2
I Plugging the value for A into the middle equation, we get
3
3 + 2B = 0 → B = − .
2
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I Let us assume yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get 2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2

2 2
→ 2Ax + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x .

1
I Equating coefficients, we get 2A = 1 → A = , 6A + 2B = 0, 2A + 3B + 2C = 0.
2
3
I Plugging the value for A into the middle equation, we get 3 + 2B = 0 → B = − .
2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I Let us assume yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get 2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2

2 2
→ 2Ax + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x .

1
I Equating coefficients, we get 2A = 1 → A = , 6A + 2B = 0, 2A + 3B + 2C = 0.
2
3
I Plugging the value for A into the middle equation, we get 3 + 2B = 0 → B = − .
2
I Using values for A and B in the third equation, we get
7
1 − 92 + 2C = 0 → C = .
4
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I Trial Solution: yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get 2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2

2 2
→ 2Ax + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x .

1 3 7
I A= , B=− , C =
2 2 4

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I Trial Solution: yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get 2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2

2 2
→ 2Ax + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x .

1 3 7
I A= , B=− , C =
2 2 4
1h 2 7i
I Hence a particular solution is given by yp = x − 3x + ,
2 2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Undetermined coefficients Example (polynomial)

y (x) = yp (x) + yc (x)

Example Solve the differential equation: y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x 2 .
yc (x) = c1 e r1 x + c2 e r2 x = c1 e −x + c2 e −2x
We now need a particular solution yp (x).
I Trial Solution: yp (x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C .
I Then yp0 (x) = 2Ax + B, yp00 (x) = 2A.

I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get 2A + 3(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2

2 2
→ 2Ax + (6A + 2B)x + (2A + 3B + 2C ) = x .

1 3 7
I A= , B=− , C =
2 2 4
1h 2 7i
I Hence a particular solution is given by yp = x − 3x + ,
2 2
I and the general solution is given by
1h 2 7i
y = yp + yc = x − 3x + + c1 e −x + c2 e −2x .
2 2
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 9y 0 = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0
Roots: r 2 = −9 → r1 = 3i, r2 = −3i. Complex roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation :
yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 9y 0 = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0
Roots: r 2 = −9 → r1 = 3i, r2 = −3i. Complex roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation :
yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 9y 0 = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0
Roots: r 2 = −9 → r1 = 3i, r2 = −3i. Complex roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation :
yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 9y 0 = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0
Roots: r 2 = −9 → r1 = 3i, r2 = −3i. Complex roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation :
yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get
16Ae −4x + 9Ae −4x = e −4x → e −4x [16A + 9A] = e −4x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 + 9y 0 = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 9 = 0
Roots: r 2 = −9 → r1 = 3i, r2 = −3i. Complex roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation :
yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get
16Ae −4x + 9Ae −4x = e −4x → e −4x [16A + 9A] = e −4x .

1
I Since e −4x > 0, we can cancel to get 25A = 1 A= .
25
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .

I 00 0
We plug yp , yp and yp into the equation to get

−4x −4x −4x −4x −4x

16Ae + 9Ae = e → e [16A + 9A] = e .

1
I Since e −4x > 0, we can cancel to get 25A = 1 A= .
25

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .

I 00 0
We plug yp , yp and yp into the equation to get

−4x −4x −4x −4x −4x

16Ae + 9Ae = e → e [16A + 9A] = e .

1
I Since e −4x > 0, we can cancel to get 25A = 1 A= .
25
1 −4x
I Hence a particular solution is given by : yp = e ,
25

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = Ce kx . Example (Exponential)

We wish to search for a particular solution to ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G (x).
If G (x) is of the form Ce kx , where C and k are constants, then we use a trial
solution of the form yp (x) = Ae kx and solve for A if possible.
Example Solve y 00 + 9y = e −4x .
I yc = c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x) .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution is of the form
yp (x) = Ae −4x .
I yp0 (x) = −4Ae −4x , yp00 (x) = 16Ae −4x .

I 00 0
We plug yp , yp and yp into the equation to get

−4x −4x −4x −4x −4x

16Ae + 9Ae = e → e [16A + 9A] = e .

1
I Since e −4x > 0, we can cancel to get 25A = 1 A= .
25
1 −4x
I Hence a particular solution is given by : yp = e ,
25
1 −4x
I General solution: y = yp + yc = e + c1 cos(3x) + c2 sin(3x)
25
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 4r − 5 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 5) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 5. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 4r − 5 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 5) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 5. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form:
yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 4r − 5 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 5) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 5. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form:
yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get
−4A cos(2x) − 4B sin(2x) − 4[−2A sin(2x) + 2B cos(2x)] − 5[A cos(2x) +
B sin(2x)] = cos(2x)

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 4r − 5 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 5) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 5. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form:
yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get
−4A cos(2x) − 4B sin(2x) − 4[−2A sin(2x) + 2B cos(2x)] − 5[A cos(2x) +
B sin(2x)] = cos(2x)
I Tidying up, we get
(−4A − 8B − 5A − 1) cos(2x) + (−4B + 8A − 5B) sin(2x) = 0 →
(−9A − 8B − 1) cos(2x) + (−9B + 8A) sin(2x) = 0.
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get

−4A cos(2x) − 4B sin(2x) − 4[−2A sin(2x) + 2B cos(2x)] − 5[A cos(2x) + B sin(2x)] = cos(2x)

I Tidying up, we get (−4A − 8B − 5A − 1) cos(2x) + (−4B + 8A − 5B) sin(2x) = 0

→ (−9A − 8B − 1) cos(2x) + (−9B + 8A) sin(2x) = 0.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get

−4A cos(2x) − 4B sin(2x) − 4[−2A sin(2x) + 2B cos(2x)] − 5[A cos(2x) + B sin(2x)] = cos(2x)

I Tidying up, we get (−4A − 8B − 5A − 1) cos(2x) + (−4B + 8A − 5B) sin(2x) = 0

→ (−9A − 8B − 1) cos(2x) + (−9B + 8A) sin(2x) = 0.

I We must have −9A − 8B = 1, 8A − 9B = 0.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I We plug yp00 , yp0 and yp into the equation to get

−4A cos(2x) − 4B sin(2x) − 4[−2A sin(2x) + 2B cos(2x)] − 5[A cos(2x) + B sin(2x)] = cos(2x)

I Tidying up, we get (−4A − 8B − 5A − 1) cos(2x) + (−4B + 8A − 5B) sin(2x) = 0

→ (−9A − 8B − 1) cos(2x) + (−9B + 8A) sin(2x) = 0.

I We must have −9A − 8B = 1, 8A − 9B = 0.
I From the second equation, we get B = 89 A and substituting this into the
first equation, we get
64 145 9
−9A − A=1 → − A=1 → A=− .
9 9 145

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I From the second equation, we get B = 98 A and substituting this into the first equation, we get

9
−9A − 64 A = 1
9
→ − 145 A = 1
9
→ A=− .
145

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I From the second equation, we get B = 98 A and substituting this into the first equation, we get

9
−9A − 64 A = 1
9
→ − 145 A = 1
9
→ A=− .
145
8
I Substituting we get B = 89 A → B=− .
145

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = C cos kx or C sin kx. Example (Trigonometric)

If G (x) is of the form C cos kx or C sin kx, where C and k are constants, then
we use a trial solution of the form yp (x) = A cos(kx) + B sin(kx) and solve for
A and B if possible.
Below we use the fact that if K1 cos(αx) + K2 sin(αx) = 0 for constants
K1 , K2 , α, where α 6= 0, Then we must have K1 = K2 = 0.
Example Solve y 00 − 4y 0 − 5y = cos(2x).
I Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Our trial solution takes the form: yp (x) = A cos(2x) + B sin(2x).
I From the second equation, we get B = 98 A and substituting this into the first equation, we get

9
−9A − 64 A = 1
9
→ − 145 A = 1
9
→ A=− .
145
8
I Substituting we get B = 89 A → B=− .
145
9 8
I Hence a particular solution is given by yp = − 145 cos(2x) − 145 sin(2x),
and the general solution is given by
9 8
y = yp + yc = − cos(2x) − sin(2x) + c1 e −x + c2 e 5x .
145 145
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 1 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 1) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 1. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 1 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 1) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 1. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the
corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore cannot be a solution
to the non-homogeneous equation.

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 1 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 1) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 1. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the
corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore cannot be a solution
to the non-homogeneous equation.
I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I We first find the solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
y 00 − y = 0:
Auxiliary equation: r 2 − 1 = 0
Roots: (r + 1)(r − 1) = 0 → r1 = −1, r2 = 1. Distinct real roots.
Solution to corresponding homogeneous equation : yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the
corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore cannot be a solution
to the non-homogeneous equation.
I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .
I yp0 (x) = Ae x + Axe x , yp00 (x) = 2Ae x + Axe x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore

cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation.

I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

I yp0 (x) = Ae x + Axe x , yp00 (x) = 2Ae x + Axe x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore

cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation.

I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

I yp0 (x) = Ae x + Axe x , yp00 (x) = 2Ae x + Axe x .
I We plug yp00 and yp into the equation to get

2Ae x + Axe x − Axe x = e x → 2Ae x = e x → 2A = 1 → A = 1/2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore

cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation.

I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

I yp0 (x) = Ae x + Axe x , yp00 (x) = 2Ae x + Axe x .
I We plug yp00 and yp into the equation to get

2Ae x + Axe x − Axe x = e x → 2Ae x = e x → 2A = 1 → A = 1/2

1 x
I Hence a particular solution is given by yp = xe
2
Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)
NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore

cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation.

I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

1 x
I Particular solution: yp = xe
2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

Trouble: Trial solution fits corresponding hom. eqn.

Troubleshooting
If the trial solution yp is a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,
then it cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation. In this case, we
multiply the trial solution by x (or x 2 or x 3 ... as necessary) to get a new trial
solution that does not satisfy the corresponding homogeneous equation. Then
proceed as above.
Example Solve y 00 − y = e x .
I yc = c1 e −x + c2 e x .
I Next we find a particular solution. Note that Ae x , is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation and therefore

cannot be a solution to the non-homogeneous equation.

I As recommended, we use yp (x) = Axe x .

1 x
I Particular solution: yp = xe
2
1 x
I general solution: y = yp + yc = xe + c1 e −x + c2 e x
2

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)

NonHomogeneous Second Order Linear Equations (Section 17.2) Example Polynomial Example Exponentiall Example Trigonometric Troubleshooting

G (x) = G1 (x) + G2 (x).

To solve the equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G1 (x) + G2 (x), we can find particular

solutions, yp1 and yp2 to of the equations

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G1 (x), ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G2 (x)

separately. The general solution of the equation

ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G1 (x) + G2 (x) is yp1 + yp2 + yc , where yc is the solution of
the corresponding homogeneous equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0.

Example For the equation y 00 + y 0 + y = x 2 + e x , we use a trial solution of the

form
yp = (Ax 2 + Bx + C ) + De x .

Annette Pilkington Lecture 22 : NonHomogeneous Linear Equations (Section 17.2)