S 12 Tim 41

idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

12 jeks fY%aKsh
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
ix{dmkh
j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 hk fY%aKsj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï b.ekaùï m%fõYh
l%ufhka jißka jir 7" 8 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, úIh ud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fhdod .kakd ,o w;r
2009 jif¾ § th w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& mka;sj,g wod< úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka o jHdma;
lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,d iïmdoljreka iu;a ù ;sfí' tuksid 12 yd 13 jk
fY%aKsj, úúO úIh yd wod< úIh ks¾foaY o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y o isiqka ;=< m%.=K l<
hq;= ksmqK;d o ksmqK;d uÜgï o ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' fuu
f;dr;=re ;u úIh yd wod< bf.kqï-b.ekakqï wjia:d iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag uy;a fia
m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& úIh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï § úIhud,d iïmdoljreka
úiska lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj yd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^10" 11 fY%aKs& úIhud,dj ilik úg
wkq.ukh fldg we;s m%fõYhg jvd fjkia jQ m%fõYhla wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj i|yka
lrkq leue;af;ñ' 6" 7" 8" 9" 10 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, § úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï § wkq.ukh l<
hq;= bf.kqï yd b.ekakqï m%fõY iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka wNsu; wdlD;shlg fhduq lrk ,o
uq;a w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& úIh ks¾foay yd .=re ud¾f.damfoay ix.%y iïmdokfha § .=rejreka ;u
wNsu;h mßÈ l%shdlsÍug;a m%Yia; ksoyila N=la;s ú§ug;a bv m%ia:dj i,id ;sfí' fuu ;,fha
§ .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId lrkqfha ta ta úIh tallhg fyda mdvug fyda ksñ; ksmqK;d iy
ksmqK;d uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi fhdað; b.ekakqï l%uj,ska ;uka wNsu; b.ekakqï l%uhla
fhdod .ekSu h' ;uka fhdod .kakd b.ekakqï m%fõYh i;=gqodhl yd ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod
.ksñka wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï <.d lr .ekSu .=rejreka úiska fkdmsßfy,d bgq
lrkq ,eìh hq;= h' fuu ksoyi .=rejrekag ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&
úNd.fha we;s jeo.;alu iy tu úNd.h flfrys wOHdmk moaO;sfha ish¨ u wh olajk ixfõ§
nj ie,ls,a,g f.k nj igyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejreka yg udye.s w;afmd;la fõjd hs m%d¾:kh lrñ' wfma
orejkaf.a keKei mdokakg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s f;dr;=re" l%ufõo iy
Wmfoia wmf.a .=rejreka yg ksis u.fmkaùula lrkq we;e hs wfmalaId lrñ'
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
I
fmrjok
okakd foa mj;ajd f.k hdug yd mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh lrk ,o foa bf.kSug ld,hla ;siafia
lghq;= lsÍu ksid" mj;sk foa kej; f.dv ke.Sug mjd wo wmg yelshdj we;af;a iq¿ jYfhks'
mdi,a uÜgfï bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha uyd mßudK fjkila we;s lrñka fodrg jäk
fuu oaù;shl
s wOHdmkh ms<ns | kj iyY%lfha m<uq jk úIhud,d m%;i
s xialrKh" tlS fkdyelshdj
ch .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r okakd foa ixialrKhg;a" mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh fkdl< foa
.fõYKhg;a" fyg mej;sh yels foa f.dv ke.Sug;a yelshdj we;s rgg jevodhS mqrjeis msßila
ìys lsÍu wruqKq fldg y÷kajd § ;sfí'
Tn" 6-11 fY%aKsj, fuu úIhh u fyda fjk;a úIhhla fyda W.kajk .=re Nj;l= kï w'fmd'i
^Wiia fm<& i|yd;a ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska wfmalaId lrk kj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%u
ms<sfj;aj,g wkq.; ùu jvd;a myiq jkq we;' ta ta ksmqK;d Tiafia ksmqK;d uÜgï y÷kd
.ksñka tajd idlaId;alrKhg iqÿiq l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSu fï m%;sixialrKh hgf;a
jeo.;a fjhs' bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< .=rejrhd fï ;dla biau;= l< l%u ms<sfj;a
j¾;udkhg fkd.e,fmk nj;a" isiqka ;ks ;ks j bf.k .kakjdg jvd w;aoelSï fnod yod
.ksñka iyfhda.fhka bf.kSu w¾:j;a nj;a kj N+ñldjlg msúfik .=re Nj;=ka f;areï .;
hq;= fjhs' ta wkqj .=rejrhd miq miska isáñka" YsIhHd bÈßhg f.k tk bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
l%u yels;dla f;dard .ksñka b.ekaùu kj u.lg f.k taug lghq;= lsÍu fuys § wfmalaId
flf¾'
oaù;shl
s wOHdmk úIhud,d m%;is xialrKh hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 6-11 fY%K a j
s ,
.Ks;h" úoHdj" fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh" ;dlaIKh yd jdKsc úoHdj hk úIhhkag wod<
j iïmdokh lrk ,o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y mßYS,kh l< fyd;a YsIH flakaøSh" ksmqK;d
mdol yd l%shdldrlï fmrgq lr .;a bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s woyila Tng ,efnkq
we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y u.ska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï W;aidy .kafka
bf.kqu" b.ekaùu yd we.hSu tl u fõÈldjla u;g f.k taug hs' tfia u 5E wdlD;sh mokï
lr .ksñka o iyfhda.S bf.kqï (Co-operative Learning) l%ums<sfj;a fhdod .ksñka o fuf;la
fidhd f.k we;s foa kej; f.dv k.ñka bka Tíng f.dia kj ksmehqï ìys lrñka Wodjk
fyg Èkhg l,a we;s j iQodkï ùug;a fï l%shdldrlï YsIHhdg bv i,id fokq we;'
ks¾udKYS,S .=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍfï wruqKk

s a b.ekaùï l%h
s dj,shg wod< l%h
s dldrlï ika;;sfhka
f;dard.;a l%shdldrlï lsysmhla muKla w'fmd'i ^W'fm& .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhkag we;=<;a
lr ;sfí' tfy;a imhd we;s wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï mßYS,kfhka o w'fmd'i îd'fm& m%;sixialrKh
mokï lr.;a uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeäÈhqKq lr .ksñka o úIhhg yd mka;shg .e<fmk
mßÈ l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï úYd, ksoyila Tng we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhg
we;=<;a wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï isõ wdldr jQ f;dr;=re iuQyhla Tng imhhs' iEu l%shdldrlula
wdrïNfha u Tn olskafka tu l%shdldrlu Tiafia YsIhHd f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
wjidk b,lalh hs' ksmqK;dj hkqfjka kï lr we;s fuh mq¿,a h' §¾>ld,Sk h' B<`.g
i|yka ksmqK;d uÜgu fuu ksmqK;dj fj; <`.d ùu i|yd isiqka úiska idlaId;a lr .;hq;=
úúO yelshdj,ska tla yelshdjla muKla biau;= lrhs' fï wkqj n,k l, ta ta ksmqK;d uÜgu
II
wod< ksmqK;djg jvd iqúfYaIS h" fláld,Sk h' B<`.g we;af;a wod< l%shdldrlï wjidkfha
.=re Nj;d ksÍlaIKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk p¾hd lsysmhls' .=re isiq fomd¾Yjhg u nrla
fkdjk fia fï p¾hd .Kk mylg iSud lsÍug W;aidy ord ;sfí' bf.kqï M, jYfhka
y÷kajd we;s fï p¾hd" ksmqK;d uÜgug jvd iqúfYaI jk w;r úIh lreKq mokï lr .;a
yelshd ;=klska o bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka u;= lr .kakd fmdÿ yelshd follska o
iukaú; fõ' úIh yelshd ;=k ÿIalr;d wkqms<sfj,ska fm< .iajd we;s w;r wvq ;rñka m<uq
folj;a idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd mka;sfha iEu isiqfjl= u bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlfï
yoj; f,i ie,flk .fõIKh fj; fhduq lr .ekSug .=re Nj;d lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh
l%shdldrlfï ó<`. fldgiska bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' kshqla;lrKh (Engagement) kï jk tlS
mshjfrka iEu l%shdldrlula u wdrïN jqj o l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu wdrïN jkafka 5E
wdlD;sfha fojk "E" wl=rg wod< .fõIKfhka nj Tn wu;l fkdl< hq;= h'
.fõIKhg (Exploration) u`. fmkajk Wmfoia wdo¾Y l%shdldrlïj, B<`. fldgi hs' .eg¿fõ
úúO me;sj,ska ;u lKavdhug ,efnk me;a; muKla .fõIKfhka bf.kqug fhduqjk
isiqka" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u rdYshla Tiafia wod< wka; fj; f.k hdu i|yd .=rejrhd fï
Wmfoia fm< .iajhs' m%Yak Tiafia isÿlrkq ,nk úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkh (Inquiry-based
Learning) fyda l%shdfjka bf.kqug u`. mdok w;aoelSï mdol bf.kqu (Experiential Learning) fyda
f;dard .ekSug fuys § .=reNj;dg ksoyi ;sfí' by; lskï wdldrfhka fyda isiqka ,nk oekqu
mdol lr .ksñka úIhhg iqúfYaIS jQ fyda úIhud,dfõ úIh lsysmhla yryd Èfjk fyda .eg¨
úi£u i|yd Tjqka fhduq lr .ekSu w'fmd'i^W'fm& úIh .=re Nj;=kaf.a j.lSu fõ'
fujka .eg¨ mdol bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%u Ôú; h:d¾: mokï lrf.k ie,iqï lsÍu w¾:j;a
h' u;fNaohg ;=gq § we;s ;;a;aj" Wml,ams; ;;a;aj" iudka;r woyia fuka u m%d:ñl uQ,dY% fï
i|yd fhdod .ekSug Tng ksoyi ;sfí' lsheùu" f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu yd l<ukdlrKh"
m%;HfõlaIKh" ksÍlaIKh" idlÉPd lsÍu" l,ams; f.dv ke.Su yd mÍlaId lsÍu" mqfrdal:k
mÍlaId lsÍu" m%Yak yd ms<s;=re ilia lsÍu" iurEmKh" .eg¨ úi£u yd fi!kao¾hd;aul ld¾hh
wdÈh .fõIKh i|yd fhdod .; yels l%u Ys,am lsysmhls' hdka;%sl bf.kqïla fia ie,flk
lgmdvï lsÍu jqj o fkdjeo.;a hhs wu;l lr oeóug fuys § bv ;nd ke;'
isiqyq l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka .fõIKfha fhfo;s' .=re Nj;d i;= oekqu neyeßka ,nkq
fjkqjg .=re iydh ,nd .ksñka oekqu yd wjfndaOh f.dv k.;s' lKavdhfï fiiq wh iu`.
woyia yqjudre lr .ksñka fidhd .;a oekqu jeäÈhqKq lr;s' fï ish,a, m%Yia; uÜgfuka isÿ
jkafka isiqkag wjYH lshùï øjH yd fhojqï imhd §ug .=re Nj;d bÈßm;a jqjfyd;a h' tfiau
<uqka bf.kSfuys fhfok uq¿ ld,h mqrd u lKavdhï w;r .ejfiñka bf.kqu i|yd <uqkag
iydh jqjfyd;a h' fun÷ bf.kqï m%fõYhl § wkdjrKh uQ,sl jqj o" th ksoyia wkdjrKhla
fkdjk nj;a u`. fmkajk wkdjrKhla (Guided Discovery) nj;a Tn f;areï .; hq;= fjhs' .=re
Nj;df.ka fuka u iujhia lKavdhfuka o fmdaIKh fjñka fufia bf.k .kakd isiqkag
Ôú;h i|yd jeo.;a w;aoelSï /ila u ,efnk nj wuq;=fjka lsjhq;= ke;'
.fõIKfhka miq j t<fUkafka újrK (Explanation) wjia:dj hs' fuys § l=vd lKavdhï
iQodkï jkafka iajlSh wkdjrK iduQyslj;a" ks¾udKYS,Sj;a iuia; lKavdhug bÈßm;a lsÍug
hs' bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu lKavdhfï ish¿ fokd w;r iu fia fn§ ;sîu;a bÈßm;a lsÍu
III
i|yd kjH l%u f;dard .ekSug isiqkag we;s ksoyi;a fuys úfYaI;ajh hs' bka wk;=re j
t<fUk úia;rdrK (Elaboration) mshjf¾ § wmeyeÈ,s foa meyeÈ,s lsÍug" idjoH foa ksjerÈ
lsÍug" .s,syqKq foa iïmQ¾K lsÍug isiqkag bv ,efí' tfia u oekgu;a okakd fohska neyerg
hñka w¿;a u woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug jqj o isiqkag wjldY we;' iEu l%shdldrlula u wjika
jkafka .=rejrhd bÈßm;a lrk flá foaYkhlsks' iïfm%aIK N+ñldj fj; hdug fuh .=re
Nj;dg bv i,id fok w;r wjOdkhg ,la j ;sfnk ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a úIh ks¾foaYh
u.ska y÷kajd § ;sfnk ish¿u jeo.;a lreKq wdjrKh jk mßÈ fï foaYkh meje;aùug .=re
Nj;d j. n,d.; hq;= fõ' iEu .=re Nj;l= u wksjd¾hfhka l< hq;= fï úia;drKhg
u.fmkaùu i|yd ta ta l%shdldrlï ie,eiafï wjidk fldgi ie,iqï lr ;sfí'
idudkH wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< wo oDIHudk jk .eg¨ ch .ekSu i|yd .kqfokqjlska wdrïN
ù §¾> .fõIKhla" isiq újrK yd úia;drK fm<la yd iudma;sl .=re iïfm%aIKhlska ieÿï
,;a mßKduk .=re N+ñldjlska iukaú; kj wOHdmk l%uhla fufia moaO;shg y÷kajd §ug
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh lghq;= lr we;' .=re Nj;d m%uqL j lrk b.ekaùula fjkqjg .=re
u`.fmkaùï hgf;a isiqka ksr;jk bf.kqula f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yelsh' isiqyq lshùï øjH
mßYS,kh lrñka o .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lrñka o .fõIKfha fhfo;s' Èkm;d mdi,a
meñfKñka m%S;sfhka W.ks;s' Ôú;hg yd jev f,dalhg wjYH ksmqK;d /ila u mdi,a
wOHdmkh yryd idlaId;a lr .ks;s' Ñka;k yelshd" iudc yelshd yd mqoa., yelshd jvjd
.ksñka cd;sh f.dv ke.Su i|yd iQodkï fj;s' fï ish,af,a id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdo¾Y m%Yak
j,g ms<;
s r
= e ,shñka u;lfha r|jd .;a oekqu úuid n,k úNd. l%uhla fjkqjg Ôú; h:d¾:hkag
uqyqK §ug YsIHhd i;= iQodku fidhd n,k úNd. l%uhl wjYH;dj lemS fmfka'
fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka l%shdldrlu mqrd u Èfjk
fohdldr jQ o w¾:dkaú; jQ o we.hSï (Evaluation) l%shdj,shhs' kshqla;lrKh o .=re wNsu;h mßÈ
fmr oekqu iïnkaO we.hSula i|yd fhdod .; yels h' tfia u .fõIKh;a" újrKh;a"
úia;drKh;a ;=<ska we.hSu Yla;su;a lr .ekSu m%ùK .=re Nj;l=f.a j.lSu fjhs' ,sÅ;
mÍlaIK wju lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï jevms<sfjf<a h:d¾:jd§ iajNdjh /l.ekSu i|yd;a"
jdr mÍlaIK i|yd wksjd¾h m%Yak we;=<;a lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï jevms<sfj< fj; mdi,a
msßia keUqre lr .ekSu i|yd;a" bf.kqï kshu M, idlaId;a lr .;a nj lshefjk iq;;H we.hSï
(Authentic Evaluations) jevms<sfj<la rgg y÷kajd §u i|yd;a lghq;= rdYshla oekgu;a cd;sl
uÜgfuka wdrïN ù ;sfí' l<ukdlrK md¾Yajfha ukd WmfoaYk kdhl;ajh yd ;;a;aj
iy;sl lsÍfï j.lSu hgf;a fï kj jevms<sfj< id¾:l lr .ksñka w¨;a Y%S ,xldjla i|yd
fodrgq újD; lsÍu rfÜ hym; m;k ish¨ fokdf.a u ifudaOdksl j.lSu fjhs'
foaYudkH wdpd¾h ûy;añh& whs' t,a' .sksf.a

iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
IV
Wmfoa Y kh( uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd
wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wdpd¾h ûy;añh& bkaÈrd ,s,dukS .sksf.a

iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wOHla I Kh( tÉ' chisxy uhd

wOHlaI
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnka ë lrKh( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß$jHdmD;s kdhl
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh ks ¾ foa Y ( wdpd¾h ta' mS' uÿrmafmreu

ixfYda O k lñgq j mSGdêm;s" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK mSGh
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h tka' Ô' fÊ' vhia

wxY m%OdkS" mß.Kl úoHd yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h flda,sh mq,isxy

wxY m%Odk" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
Y%S ,xld f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wdh;kh" ud<fò
wdpd¾h tka' ã' fldäldr

wxY m%Odk" f;dr;=re moaO;s fomd¾;fïka;=j"
mß.Kl úoHd,h" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl úoHd,h
fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
tï' Ô' wd¾' l=udrisß uhd

úIhud,d yd jHdmdr ixj¾Ok l<ukdlre
ÿria: wOHhk uOHia:dkh" u,,fialr udj;" fld<U 07
V
tï' t*a' tia' mS' chj¾Ok uhd
m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ã' ta' ch,d,a uhd

m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ta' tï' ldka;s ñh

jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ví,sõ' ta' tia' ví,sõ' úfÊiQßh ñh

iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI"
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfõo tallh"
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
ví,sõ' ta' ã' úl%u;s,l uhd

úÿy,am;s" Ydka; finiaáhka úoHd,h" lgqfkaßh
ã' tia' tia' rdukdhl uhd

lÓldpd¾h" m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dkh
jdßhfmd,
wd¾' tï' mS' nKavdr uhd

lÓldpd¾h" m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dkh
.=refoksh
ví,sõ' tï' ta' tia' úfÊiQßh uhd

l<ukdlre" l,dm mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh
yd,swe, uOH uyd úoHd,h" yd,swe,
tka' fkdan,a rù uhd

.dñKS uOH uyd úoHd,h" kqjrt<sh
ta' tï' jIS¾ uhd

lyf.d,a, uOH uyd úoHd,h" lyf.d,a,
î' t,a' tia' iS' l=udr uhd

fldf,dkak uyd úoHd,h" weô,smsáh
VI
fla' mS' tka' lreKdkdhl uhd
WmfoaYl" l,dm mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh
.,ysáhdj uOH uyd úoHd,h" .,ysáhdj
tï' hQ' tï' wIal¾ uhd

f;da,x.uqj uOH uyd úoHd,h" f;da,x.uqj
tï' mS' hQ' tia' whs' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

Èh;s,l uOH uyd úoHd,h" y`.=rkafl;
wd¾' ù' tia' mS' rdcmlaI uhd

uydkdu uOH uyd úoHd,h" fudKrd.,
fla' Ô' wkqr uhd

fiajdia: mqyqKq WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h
fydrK
fla' hQ' fla' ohdr;ak uhd

fld<U
tia' tï' ã' fla' fla' ch;s,l ñh

l¿;r
à' tka' wuriQßh ñh

.=rejr" uyr.u uOH uyd úoHd,h" uyr.u
ta' ã' à' ù' wdßhr;ak ñh

.=rejr" wkq,d úoHd,h" kqf.af.dv
ã' ã' tï' tia' mS' fo,al÷r ñh

.=rejr" úYdLd úoHd,h" fld<U
mßj¾;kh îs x y,&( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
j¾Kfhda c kh( uÿydiskS m%shxjod pkaøfiak fuú

îs x y,& f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
VII
mßj¾;kh ^fou<&( tï' tÉ' tï' yika uhd
újD; mdi,
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
j¾Kfhda c kh( tï' tka' tka' ßydkd k,Sï fuú

^fou<& iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha f,aLl uvq,a,
wNHka ; r( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

jHdmD;s ks,Odß
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
tï' tka' mS' uoaÿuf.a ñh

iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdßkS
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ndys r ( ví' tï' ta' tia' úfÊfialr uhd

uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" l,dm mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh
wdpd¾h mS' ta' fla' ta' fla' mKaä;r;ak fuh

WmfoaYl" l,dm mß.Kl uOHia:dkh
u,shfoaj msßñ úoHd,h" l=reKE.,
ã' tia' î' rdukdhl uhd

lÓldpd¾h" m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dkh" jdßhfmd,
tia' fla' tka' iQßhdrÉÑ uhd

lÓldpd¾h" m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dkh" mkaksmsáh
fla' mS' tka' lreKdkdhl uhd

.,ysáhdj uOH uyd úoHd,h" .,ysáhdj
wd¾' ù' tia' mS' rdcmlaI uhd

uydkdu uOH uyd úoHd,h" fudKrd.,
VIII
whs' ã' ffu;%Smd, uhd
uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" l,dm mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh
lrkafoKsh
tka' fkdan,a rú uhd

.dñKS uOH uyd úoHd,h" kqjrt<sh
ta' tï' jIS¾ uhd

lyf.d,a, uOH uhd úoHd,h" lyf.d,a,
tia' tï' ã' fla' fla' ch;s,l ñh

fiajdia: WmfoaYl"
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" l¿;r
tÉ' iS' tï' chj¾Ok ñh

fiajdia: WmfoaYl"
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ms,shkao,
fla' hQ' fla' ohdr;ak uhd

fiajdia: WmfoaYl"
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fld<U
ã' ã' tï' tia' mS' fo,al÷r ñh

.=rejr" úYdLd úoHd,h" fld<U
tÉ' Ô' iS' chïm;s uhd

.=rejr" uydkdu úoHd,h" ;srmamfka" urokalvj,
úIh ixia l rKh( wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl úoHd,h"
fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

jHdmD;s ks,Odß" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
NdId ixia l rKh( fla' ã' ã' m¾isj,a uhd

úY%dñl lÓldpd¾h
.=re úoHd,h" uyr.u
IX
j¾K ixfhda c kh( uÿydiskS m%shxjod pkaøfiak fuh
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ví,sõ' tï' ta' tia' úfÊfialr uhd

uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" l,dm mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh"
mßj¾;kh yd ( tia' f;darfoKsh uhd

fida ÿ m;a ls h ùu úY%dñl lÓldpd¾h
îs x y,& .=re úoHd,h" uyr.u
j¾K ixfhda c kh( uÿydiskS m%shxjod pkaøfiak fuh

îs x y,& f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
fjí wvúh( www.nie.lk
X
mgq k
ix{dmkh - I
fmrjok - II - IV
iïm;a odhl;ajh - V - IX
bf.kqï M, yd kso¾Yl l%shdldrlï - 1 - 163
mdi,a mdol ;lafiarelrKh ms<sn| ye¢kaùu - 164 - 165
;lafiarelrK ie,eiau - 166 - 172
XI
ks m q K ;dj 1( ld,Sk m%;s,dN fk<d .ekSu i|yd mß.Klh yd tys úNjh
.fõIKh lrhs '
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1( mß.Klfha mßKduh tys m% O dk wjê i,ld n,ñka

.fõIKh lrhs '
ld,h( ld,Éfþo tl hs
bf.kq ï M,(
• wod< mß.Kl mrïmrdjkag iïnkaO bf,lafg%dksl ixrpl kï lrhs'
• wkd.;hg iQodkï j isàu i|yd w;S;h yd j¾;udkh .ek bf.kSfï wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• m%Odk mrïmrdjka wdY%s; j mß.Klfha mßKduh msßlaihs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(

• hka;%h iE§u i|yd Ndú; l< ;dlaIKh mokï lr mß.Kl" mrïmrd mylg j¾. l< yels
h'
• mß.Klfha mßKduh my; oelafjk whqre uQ,sl j tys bf,lafg%dksl ixrplj, j¾Okh
u; r|d mj;S'
ο uq,a mrïmrdj - ßla;l ng
ο fojeks mrïmrdj - g%dkaisiagrh
ο ;=kajeks mrïmrdj - wkql,s; mßm:h (IC)
ο isõjeks mrïmrdj - wêl uyd mßudKfha wkql,s; mßm:h (VLSI)" laIqø ilikh
ο miajeks mrïmrdj ^wkd.;& - VLSI, iqmsß ikakdhl
• úÿ,s n, mßfNdackh yd ;dm ckkh" mrïmrd fjka mrïmrdjg wvq ù we;s mß.Kl
,laIK lsysmhls'
• ieliqï fõ.h yd ld¾hidOkh wjqreoafoka wjqreoao jeä ù we;s ,laIKhka h'
ls h ùï øjH
mß.Kl mrïmrd my
mß.Kl ixj¾Okfha b;sydiy fndfyda úg y÷kajkq ,nkafka mß.Kl Wml%uj, úúO
mrïmrdjka yd iïnkaO j h' tla tla mß.Kl mrïmrdj" jvd;a l=vd" ,dn" m%n, ld¾hlaIu
yd úYajdiodhl Wml%uj,g fya;= jk mß.Kl l%shd;aul jk whqre uQ,sl j ksrEmKh fõ'
fjkia l< m%Odk ;dlaIKsl ixj¾Okhlska ta ta mrïmrdj yd wo wm Ndú; lrk j¾;udk
Wml%uj,g ux ie,iQ ixj¾Ok ms<sn| j we;s fï fldgi lshjkak'
uq , a mrïmrdj
mß.Klj, uq,a mrïmrdj 1940 oYlfha ueo isg 1950 oYlfha wjidkh
olajd h' uq,a mß.Klj, mßm:dj,sh i|yd ßla;l ng ^1'1'1 rEmh& o
u;lh i|yd pqïNl fnr o fhdok ,§' tajd w;s úYd, úh' uq¿ukska
ldurj, bv wiqrejd,Sh' tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu fnfyúka ñ, wêl úh'
úÿ,sh jeä m%udKhla mdúÉÑhg wu;r j wêl ;dmhla ckkh úh'
ßla ; l ngh
1'1'1 rEmh
1
fodaIldÍ;ajj,g fnfyúka u th u fya;= úh' fufyhqï l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd uq,a mrïmrdfõ
mß.Kl /§ isáfha hka;% NdIdj u; h' tajdg jrlg úi¢h yelsjQfha tla .eg¨jla muKls'
wdodkh" isÿre l< ldâm;a yd lvodis má u; mokï jQ w;r m%;sodkh uqøs; u; ixo¾Ykh úh'
UNIVAC yd ENIAC mß.Kl uq,a mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl Wml%u i|yd ksoiqka h'
UNIVAC mß.Klh g% d ka i s i a g rh
1'1'2 rEmh 1'1'3 rEmh
jHdmdr .kqfokqldrhl=g imhk ,o m%:u jdKsc mß.Klh UNIVAC ^1'1'2 rEmh& fõ' ta 1951
§ wefußld tlai;a ckmo ixLHdf,aLk ld¾hdxYhg h'
fojeks mrïmrdj
mß.Klj, fojeks mrïmrdj 1950 oYlfha wjidkfha isg 1960 oYlfha ueo olajd h' ßla;l
ng fjkqjg g%dkaisiagr ^1'1'3 rEmh& fhdod mß.Klj, fojeks mrïmrdj t<ìKs' 1947 § ksmo
jQ g%dkaisiagrh 1950ys wjidkh f;la mß.Klj, jHdma; j Ndú; fkdjqKs' g%dkaisiagrh"
ßla;l nghg jvd fnfyúka Wiia h' tajdhska mß.Kl jvd;a l=vd" blauka" ,dn yd uq,a
mrïmrdfõ mQfrda.dókag jvd Yla;s-ld¾hlaIu yd úYajdiodhS fõ' mß.Klh ydkshg ,la
flfrk wêl ;dm m%udKhla ckkh l< o g%dkaisiagrh" ßla;l nghg jvd úYd, jeäÈhqKqjls'
fojeks mrïmrdfõ mß.Klj, ^1'1'4 rEmh& wdodkh i|yd isÿre l< ldâm;a ^1'1'5 rEmh& o
m%;sodkh i|yd uqøs; o Ndú; flßK' fojeks mrïmrd mß.Kl .=ma; oaúuh hka;% NdIdfõ isg
jpkj,ska Wmfoia úfYaIKh lsÍug l%uf,aLlhkag wjldY ie,fik ixfla;d;aul fyj;a
tfiïí,s NdIdjg udre úh' fï wjia:dfõ § COBOL yd FORTRAN j, wkqjdo n÷ by< uÜgfï
l%uf,aLk NdId o ixj¾Okh fjñka ;snqKs' pqïnl fnrfha isg pqïnl yr ;dlaIKhlg
fjkia jQ u;lfha Wmfoia wdÑ; lr .;a uq,a u mß.Kl o fïjd fõ'
isÿre l< ldâm;la

1'1'5 rEmh
fojeks mrïmrdfõ
mß.Klh
1'1'4 rEmh
fï mrïmrdfõ uq,a mß.Kl mrudKql Yla;s l¾udka;h i|yd ixj¾Okh lrk ,§'
2
;= k a j eks mrïmrdj
mß.Klj, ;=kajeks mrïmrdj 1960 oYlfha ueo wdrïN ù 1970
oYlfha ueo f;la ;snqKs' wkql,s; mßm:h (IC) ^1'1'6 rEmh&
ixj¾Okh" ;=kajeks mrïmrdfõ mß.Klj, úYsIag;ajfha i,l=K
fõ' g%dkaisiagr l=vd lr" w¾Oikakdhl kñka ye¢kafjk is,slka uq,a wkql,s; mßm:h
Ñma u; ;nk ,§' tajdhska mß.Klj, fõ.h yd ld¾hlaIu;dj 1'1'6 rEmh
oeä f,i jeä úh' isÿre l< ldâm;a yd uqøs; fjkqjg h;=re mqjre
yd fudksgr u.ska yd tl u fõ,dfõ § úúO fhÿï Odjkh lsÍug wjldY ie,fik u;lh
kshdukh lrk uOHu l%uf,aLhla iys; fufyhqï moaO;shla iu`. w;=reuqyqK;a jQ ;=kajeks
mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl iu. mßYS,lhska wka;¾ l%shdfjys fhÿky' mQ¾j.dókag jvd l=vd yd ,dn
jQ fyhska m%:u jrg nyq;r iyNd.slhskag mß.Kl ,nd .; yels úh'
is õ jeks mrïmrdj
oekg mß.Kl we;af;a isõje,s mrïmrdfjys h' th wdrïN jQfha 1970
oYlfha w. § h'
wkql,s; mßm: oyia .Kkska tla is,slka Ñmhlg ^wê uyd mßudKfha
wkql,s; mßm: (VLSI)& f.dv kexjQ laIøq ilik u`.k
s a mß.Klj, isõjeks
mrïmrdj ìysúh' m<uq mrïmrdfõ § uq¿ukska ldurhla msr jQ foh oeka
w;a, u; ;eìh yels úh' 1971 § ieliQ bkafg,a 4004 Ñmh ^ 1'1'7 rEmh& uOHu
bkafieliq ï talla
g,a 4004 lfha
Iqø
(CPU) yd u;lfha isg wodk$m%;sodk md,l olajd mß.Klfha ish¨ ixrplilikh tl u Ñmhl
msysgqùh' 1981 § IBM ys m<uq mß.Klh .Dy mßYS,lg y÷kajd fok ,§'1'1'7 1984rEmh
§ wem,a"
uelskafgdIa y÷kajd ÿks' tÈfkod ksIamdok jeä jeäfhka laIqø ilik Ndú;h wdrïN lsÍu;a
iu. laIqø ilik fïi mß.Kl lafIa;%fhka neyer j Ôú;fha fndfyda lafIa;%hkag msúisK'
fï l=vd mß.Kl jvd n,j;a ùu;a iu`. cd,hla iEfok whqre tajd tlg ikaOdk l< yels úh'
th wka;¾cd,fha j¾Okhg fya;= úh' mß.Klj, isõjeks mrïmrdfõ § Ñ;%l mßYS,l
w;=reuqyqK; (GUI), uQislh yd w;ska orK Wml%u j¾Okh úh'
mia j eks mrïmrdj

mß.Klj, miajeks mrïmrdj j¾;udkhg yd bka tydg wh;a fõ' iudka;r ieliqu yd iqmsß
ikakdhl Ndú;h" nqoêa h h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍug Wojq fõ' iudka;r ieliqu hkq l%uf,aLhla
l%shd lrùu i|yd tla uOH ieliqï tallh tllg jvd iu.dó j Ndú;h hs' lafjdkagu
wd.Klh yd wKql yd kefkda ;dlaIKh t<fUk j¾Ij, § úma,ùh
whqre mß.Klj, iajNdjh fjkia lrkq we;' fuu ;dlaIK iys;
mß.Kl Ndú;fhka we;eï .Klhka iïm%odkql+, mß.Kl Ndú;h
fuka >d;Sh w.hlska blauka jkq we;' miajeks mrïmrdfõ mß.Klfha
b,lalh iajNdúl NdId wdodkhg m%;spdr olajk yd bf.kSug iaj
ixúOdkhg;a yelshdj we;s Wml%u j¾Okh lsÍu h'
IBM iqmsß mß.Klh

1'1'8 rEmh
3
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2( mß.Kl moaO;sh fmkakqï lsÍu i|yd uQ,sl fldgq igyka
Ndú; lrhs '
ld,h( ld,Éfþo fol hs
bf.kq ï M,(
• mß.Kl moaO;sfha uQ,sl fldgq rEmh úia;r lrhs'
• fldgq rEmfha tla tla fldgi iqúfYaIS ld¾hhka bgq lrk nj ms<s.kshs'
• .e,Sï m:hla iys; j fldgq rEm wÈhs'

• o;a; yd WmfoaY mß.Klhg we;=,a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh wdodkh f,i ye¢kafõ'
• ieliqKq o;a;j, m%;sM,h m%;sodkh hs'
• o;a;" mß.Klhg we;=,a lsÍu i|yd wdodk Wml%u Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lsÍu i|yd m%;sodk Wml%u Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• uOHu ieliqï tallh (CPU) u.ska Ndú; lsÍu i|yd l%uf,aL yd o;a; m%Odk u;lfha ;sìh
hq;h
= '
• f;dr;=re úYd, mßud iaÓr j wdphkh i|yd oaú;shsl fyda ikakdhl fyda wdphl Wml%u
Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• CPU fldgia follska" tkï wxl .Ks; yd ;d¾lsl tallhlska (ALU) iy md,l tallhlska
(CU) iukaú; fõ'
• uOH ieliqï tallh" .Kkhkaf.ka nyq;rhla isÿ lrhs' mß.Klfha fufyhqu md,kh
lrhs'
• mß.Klh" mßYS,lf.ka wdodkh ,nd f.k § we;s WmfoaY wkqj tajd ilid" m%;sM,h
m%;sodkh lrhs'
• kQ;k iudka;r mß.Kl fjdka kshqudka ks¾ñ;hg (Von Neumann Architecture) fjkia h'
ls h ùï øjH
úúO ixrplj,ska bgq lrk ld¾hhka i,ld my; i|yka rEmfhys we;s whqre mß.Klhla
;d¾lsl ixrplj, tl;=jla f,i ksrEmKh l< yelsh' kQ;k mß.Kl moaO;shl m%Odk
oDvdx. ixrpl jkqfha uOHu ieliqï tallh (CPU)" m%Odk u;lh" oaú;shsl wdphkh yd wodk"
m%;sodk Wml%u fõ'
4
ilikh
md,k ta l lh
wdphk Wmfoia wkql%ñl j w¾:úkHdih
lrhs'
mß.Klfha ish¨ uQ,dx.j,g úOdk
ksl=;a lrhs'
ALU
wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl
fufyhqï bgq lrhs'
m% ; s o dkh
wdodkh
f;dr;=re
o;a; yd WmfoaY m% O dk u;lh
ieliqï m%;sM,
^m% O dk wdphkh&
o;a;" WmfoaY yd ieliqï m%;sM, r|jd .kshs'
iydhl wdphkh
^wdfoa Y l wdphkh&
m%Odk wdphkh g w;sf¾l j
o;a;$WmfoaY .e,Su
úOdk$ix{d .e,Su
1'2'1 rEmh
mß.Kl fldgq rEmh ^1'2'1 rEmh& my; i|yka fldgiaj,ska iukaú; fõ'
• md,k tallh
• wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh (ALU)
• m%Odk u;lh
• iydhl$oaú;shsl wdphkh
• wdodkh yd m%;sodkh
5
uOHu ieliqï tallh (CPU)
uOHu ieliqï tallh" .Kkh lsÍïj,ska nyq;rhla bgq lrhs' mß.Klfha fufyhqu md,kh
lrhs' WmfoaY l%shd;aul l< yels fõ.h wkqj uOHu ieliqï tallj, YS>%;dj i|yka fõ'
uOHu ieliqï tallhl fõ.h fu.dy¾Üia (MHz) j,ska ukskq ,efí' th fydard fõ.h f,i
ye¢kafõ' wo" úúO ksIamdolhka úiska uOHu ieliqï tall idokq ,efí' ,nd.; yels ckm%sh
tajd kï bkafg,a ^1'2'2 rEmh&" AMD, ihsßlaia yd fudfgdfrda,d" CPU fldgia follska iukaú;
fõ' md,k tallh (CU) iy wxl .Ks; yd ;d¾lsl tallh (ALU).
md,k tallh (CU)

md,k tallh" iuia; mß.Kl moaO;sh md,kh lr fufyhqu ksfhda. lrhs'
kshu jYfhka o;a; ieliqï fkdl, o fydard iamkao ckkh lsÍfuka mß.Klfha
wfkla ixrpl i|yd m%Odk iakdhq moaO;sh f,i l%shd lrhs' 1'2'2 rEmh
wxl .Ks; yd ;d¾lsl tallh (ALU)

wxl .Ks;" ;d¾lsl tallh o;a; iïnkaO j tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" .=K lsÍu yd fn§u nÿ .Ks;
l¾u bgq lrhs' o;a; ixikaokh we;=<;a AND, OR n÷ ;d¾lsl fufyhqï o th bgq lrhs'
m%Odk u;lh îiïNdù m%fõY u;lh RAM)

uOHu ieliqï tallhg Rcq j m%fõY úh yels tl u úYd, wdphk m%foaYh m%Odk
u;lh fõ' wo" mß.Klhl u;lh ukskq ,nkafka fu.dnhsÜj,sks' uOH ieliqï
tallh úiska Ndú; lsÍu i|yd l%uf,aL yd o;a; m%Odk u;lfha ;sìh hq;=h' m%Odk
u;lh fyj;a RAM, CPU g jydu wjYH o;a; yd WmfoaY ;djld,sl j r|jd isák
mß.Klfha fláld,Sk u;lh fõ' o;a; yd WmfoaY RAM ys ´kEu ;ekl wdphkh
lr iuqoaOrKh l< yelsh' RAM ys wdphkh lr we;s ia:dk ljrla jqj o tn÷
fufyhqï i|yd .;jk ld,h o< jYfhka iudk fõ' RAM kIH fõ' bka woyia
lrkqfha mß.Klfha n, iemhqu úikaê jQ úg o;a; ke;s jk nj h' RAM imhkq
,nkafka fudähq,j,sks' ^1'2'3 rEmh& tajd mß.Klh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd úfYaI flfjks1'2'3
j,skrEmh
a
uõ mqjrejg iïnkaO l< yels l=vd mßm: mqjre h'
iydhl wdphkh
f;dr;=re úYd, mßudjla jvd iaÓr j wdphkh i|yd oaú;shsl fyj;a iydhl wdphk Wml%u
fhdod .kq ,efí' oaú;shsl wdphk Wml%u j¾. fndfyduhls' oDv äialh oaú;shsl wdphkh
i|yd jQ tla ckm%sh Wml%uhls'
oDv äia l
oDv äial Odjlh" miq j iuqoaOrKh i|yd o;a; wdphkh lrkq ,nk mß.Klh ;=< ia:dk.;
lr we;s Wml%uhls' mß.Klhl hg;a msßfihska tla oDv äialhla ;sfí' oDv äial" wdphkfha
jvd;a úYajdiodhS l%uh f,i i,lkq ,efí' o;a; OdrKh lsÍu i|yd oDv äial pqïNl
udOHhla fhdod .kS' oDv äial wdphk Odß;d wo ukskq ,nkafka .s.dnhsgj,sks' oDv Odjlhl
fõ.h ukskqfha idudkH m%fõY ld,h" oDv äialh o;a; fidhd .kq ,nk fõ.h wkqj h'
6
idudkH m%fõY ld,h uekSu ñ,s ;;amr ^;;amrhlska 1$100 la& j,sks' wfkla oaú;shsl wdphl
Wml%u jkqfha kuH äialh" iefk,s má" CD/DVD wdÈh hs'
wdodk ld¾hh
fï o;a; yd WmfoaY mß.Kl moaO;shg we;+<;a lrk l%shdj,sh hs' mß.Klh wdodkhla f,i
wuq o;a; f.k hï ieliqula l%shd;aul lr mß.Klhg iemhQ WmfoaY mokï lr ieliQ o;a;
msg;g imh hs' mß.Klhlg o;a; yd WmfoaY wdodkhg Ndú; lrk Wml%u wdodk Wml%u
f,i ye¢ka fõ' jvd;a fmdÿ wdodk Wml%u f,i h;=re mqjrej yd uQislh Ndú; flf¾'
m% ; s o dk ld¾hh
fï m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd o;a;j,ska m%;sM, ksmojk l%shdj,sh hs' ieliqfuka
miq mß.Klfhka ksmojkq ,enQ o;a; ukdj lshúh yels wdldrhg msg;g §ug fmr mß.Klh
;=< ;nd .; hq;=h' ;j ÿrg;a ieliSu i|yd m%;sodkh o mß.Klh ;=< wdphkh lrkq ,efí'
f;dr;=re m%;sodk Wml%u f,i ye¢kafõ' jvd;a fmdÿ m%;sodk Wml%u f,i ixo¾Yl fudksgrh
yd uqølh fhdod .kq ,efí'
7
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 1'3( mß.Kl moaO;sj, o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd ixLHd moaO;s
Ndú; lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• ixLHd moaO;sh kï lr úia;r lrhs'
• tl u o;a; úúO wdldrhg ksrEmKh lsÍfï § ixLHd moaO;sfha w.h ms<s.kshs'
• § we;s ixLHd moaO;shg wkqj oYu ixLHd y÷kajhs'
• úúO wdldrhg f;dr;=re ksrEmKh lsÍfï yelshdj wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

• ixLHd moaO;s y;rla fõ'
ο oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh
ο oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh
ο wIagl ixLHd moaO;sh
ο IâoYu ixLHd moaO;sh ^fidf<dia oYuh&
• oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh
ο mdoh oyh fõ'
ο ixLHd oyhlska iukaú; h'
ο tys ia:dkSh w.hhka oyfha n,hka h'
• oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh
ο mdoh fol fõ'
ο ixLHd follska iukaú; h'
ο tys ia:dkSh w.hhka fofla n,hka h'
• wIagl ixLHd moaO;sh
ο mdoh wg fõ'
ο ixLHd wglska iukaú; h'
ο tys ia:dkSh w.hhka wfÜ n,hka h'
• IâoYu ixLHd moaO;sh ^fidf<dia oYuh&
ο mdoh oyih fõ'
ο ixLHd oyihlska iukaú; h'
ο tys ia:dkSh w.hhka oyifha n,hka h'
mß.Klh
• ´kE u fohla ksrEmKhg oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh Ndú; lrhs'
• myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .ekSu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd È. oaúuh ixLHd ksrEmKhg fjk;a
ixLHd moaO;s Ndú; lrhs'
8
ls h ùï øjH
125 ixLHdj oelaùu i|yd .Kl rduqj fhdod .kak'
ixLHdxl
103 102 101 10
1000 100 10 1
ia:dkSh w.h
oYu ixLHdj 125 ixLHdxl ia:dkSh w.h
5 x 1 (100) = 5
1
2 x 10 (10 ) = 20
2
1 x 100 (10 ) = 100
125
ish¨ oYu ixLHd by; mßÈ ksrEmKh l< yelsh'

oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha mdo w.h 10 fõ'
oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ixLHdxl 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9 fõ'
ia:dkSh w.hka 103" 102" 101" 100 fyda 1000" 100" 10" 1 fõ'
9
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 1'4( oYuh ixLHd" oaúuh ixLHd njg iy oaúuh ixLHd" oYuh
ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• oYuh ixLHd yd oaúuh ixLHd wkqf,dau m%;sf,dau jYfhka mßj¾;kh lsÍfï § Ndú; lrk
l%u úia;r lrhs'
• mß.Kkfha § oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd moaO;shg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï
wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• oYuh ixLHd yd oaúuh ixLHd wkqf,dau m%;sf,dau jYfhka mßj¾;kh lrhs'
• úYajdifhka hq;= j woyia bÈßm;a lrhs'
• úúO wdldrfhka f;dr;=re ksrEmKh lsÍfï yelshdj wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

• ixLHdjla tla moaO;shl isg ;j;a moaO;shlg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï § kS;s ud,djla wkq.ukh
l< hq;=h'
• mßj¾;kh lrk ,o ixLHdfõ ixLHdxl bÈßm;a lsÍug iïu; mßmdáhla ;sfí'
ls h ùï øjH
ixLHd mßj¾;kh
oYu oa ú uhg
fYaIh iys; foflka fn§u
1. wms 15610 oYu ixLHdj" oaúuhg mßj¾;kh lruq' Wv hál=re l< "§¾> fn§fï" cd,lhl
NdcHh f,i oYu ixLHdj ,shkak' fn§fï cd,lfha jl%hg msg;ska Ndclh f,i .ukdka;
moaO;sfha mdoh ,shkak' ^wfma wjYH;djhg" oaúuh i|yd —2˜&
2 156
2. §¾> fn§fï§ cd,lfha háka ;sfnk W;a;rh ^,íêh& ,shkak' fYaIh ^0 fyda 1& NdcHfha
ol=Kq miska ,shkak'
2 156 0
78
10
3. tla tla w¨;a ,íêh foflka fnoñka ta ta NdcHfha ol=Kq miska fYaIh ,shñka my<g idod
f.k hkak' ,íêh tl jQ úg k;r lrkak'
2 156 0
2 78 0
2 39 1
2 19 1
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
4. my< 1ka mgka f.k 1 ys tajd yd 0 ys tajd wkql%uh by<g lshjkak' Tng ,efnkqfha
10011100 h' fï 156 oYu ixLHdfõ oaúuh iulh fõ'
mdo há ,l=Kqj,ska ,shQ úg
15610 = 100111002
oa ú uh oYuhg
1. wms" 100110112 oaúuh ixLHdj oYuhg mßj¾;kh lruq' ol=Kq mi isg jï mig foflys n,"
f,aLk.; lrkak' —1˜ f,i w.hñka 20 ka wdrïN lrkak' tla tla n,h i|yd >d;h
tllska jDoaêh lrkak' f,aLkfha uQ,dx. m%udKh oaúuh ixLHdfõ ixLHdxl m%udKhg
iudk jQ úg k;r lrkak' kso¾Yk ixLHdj 10011011 ys ixLHdxl wgla we;' tfyhska
uQ,dx. wgl f,aLkh fufia jkq we;'
128" 64" 32" 16" 8" 4" 2" 1
2. f,aLkh bÈßfha oaúuh ixLHdj ,shkak'

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
3. oaúuh ixLHdfõ tla tla ixLHdj ixLHdxlh 1 kï ixLHdxlhg háka brg my<ska foflys
wkqrEmS n,h ,shkak' ixLHdxlh 0 kï ixLHdxlhg háka brg my<ska 0 ,shkak'
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
128 0 0 16 8 0 2 1
bfrka my< ,shd we;s ixLHd tl;= lrkak' tl;=j 155 úh hq;=h'
11
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 1'5( ;¾lK fodrgq ^f.aÜgq& i|yd i;H;d j.= w¢hs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• uQ,sl ;d¾lsl fufyhqï kï lrhs" úia;r lrhs'
• mßYS,l wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd ir, mßm: ie,iqï lsÍfï § úúO fufyhqï WÑ; j
taldnoaO lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• wfmalaIs; m%;sodkhg <`.dùu i|yd úúO wdodk taldnoaO Ndú; lr i;H;d j.= j¾Okh
lrhs'
• ;d¾lsl j is;Sfï yelshdj wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh(

ks r ; lrùu(
• my; fmkajd we;s mßm: fol ^1'5'1 rEmh yd 1'5'2 rEmh& wkdjrKh lrkak' ke;fyd;a"
V Lab Electricity ^1'5'3 rEmh& uDÿldx. u.ska ie,iqï l< mßm: fol i|yd mß.Kl úvïnk
îurEmk& mka;shg wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• iaúpj, oeuQ$jeiQ ia:dk yd iïnkaO j n,anh oe,afjkafka flfia oehs YsIHhkag idlÉPd
lsÍug i,iajkak'
• my; i|yka tajd wjOdrKh lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο rEm fol mßm: j¾. fol iudka;r yd fY%aKs.; ksfhdackh flf¾'
ο fY%aKs.; mßm:j, § A yd B iaúp —oeuQ˜ ia:dkfha we;s úg § muKla n,anh oe,a fõ'
ο iudka;r mßm:j, § tlaflda A fyda B fyda iaúph ke;fyd;a A yd B fol u —oeuQ˜
ia:dkfha we;s úg § n,anh oe,a fõ'
ο fï mßm: fol mß.Klj, ;d¾lsl fufyhqï fol kso¾Ykh flf¾'
A iaúph
n,a n h A iaúph B iaúph n,a n h
R R
B iaúph
negßh negßh
1'5'1 rEmh 1'5'2 rEmh
12
1'5'3 rEmh
bf.kq u i|yd fhda ð ; Wmfoia (

uQ,sl ;¾l fufyhjk i|yd wms i;H;d j.= w¢uq'
• imhd we;s lshùï øjH n,d uQ,sl ;¾l f.aÜgq yd tajdfha i;H;d j.= wOHhkh lrkak'
• ;¾l fufyhqïj,g iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq ,shkak'
• my; i|yka tajdhska ^1'5'4" 1'5'5" 1'5'6 rEmh& Tfí lKavdhug mjrd we;s i;H;d j.=j
iïmQ¾K lsÍug wjYH ;¾l fufyhqï y÷kd .kak'
• Tfí W;a;rh if;HlaIKh i|yd MM Logic uDÿldx.h (www.softronix.com/download/mmlogic
14.exe ys ksoyia j WmfhdacH& Ndú; lr Tfí lKavdhug mjrd we;s i;H;d j.=j i|yd
;¾l mßm: iulh ks¾udKh lrkak'
• ieisfha § Tfí fidhd .ekSï uq¿ mka;shg u bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'
i;H;d j.=j 1
A B C A’ A’.B B+C (A’.B).(B+C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
1'5'4 rEmh
13
i;H;d j.=j 2
A B C B’ A+B’ B.C (A+B’).(B.C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
1'5'5 rEmh
i;H;d j.=j 3
A B C C’ A.C’ B.C (A.C’)+(B.C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
1'5'6 rEmh

• lKavdhïj,g Tjqkaf.a fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'
• Tjqka w;ay< ysveia ;sfí kï tajd mqrjk fuka bÈßm;a lrkakkaf.kau b,a,d isákak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd bÈßm;a lrk fuka wfkla lKavdhïj,g wdrdOkd lrkak'
• my; i|yka tajd flfrys wjOdKh fhduq lrñka ieish wjika lrkak'
ο ish¨ wdodk 1 kï AND fufyhqu 1 m%;sodkhla ,nd fohs'
hï wdodkhla 0 kï m%;sodkh 0 jkq we;'
ο hï wdodkhla 1 kï OR fufyhqu 1 m%;sodkh ,nd fohs'
ο OR fufyhqul ish¨ wdodk 0 kï m%;sodkh 0 fõ'
ο NOT fufyhqu wdodkfha m%;sf,dauh ,nd fohs' tkï" wdodkh 0 kï m%;sodkh 1 yd
m%;sf,dau jYfhks'
ο i;H;d j.=j" úúO wdodk ixfhdaclhkag ;¾l mßm:hla m%;spdr olajk wdldrh ksfodia
i|yd 1 o ifodia i|yd 0 o wkqidrfhka fmkakqï lrk rEmsl ksrEmKhls'
ο i;H;d j.=jl wdodk folla ;sfí kï ixfhdack y;rla we;' wdodk ;=kla ;sfí kï
ixfhdack wgla we;'
ο W;a;r i;HdfõIKh i|yd MM Logic uDÿldx. Ndú; l< yelsh'
14
ls h ùï øjH
i;H;d j.==" ksfodia i|yd ;¾l 1 o ifodia i|yd ;¾l 0 o Ndú; lrñka ;¾l mßm:hl m%;sodk
wdodkhkays úúO ixfhdack i|yd m%;spdr olajk wdldrh fmkajkak' wdodkhkays ish¨
ixlrK jïmi o mßm:fha m%;sodkh ol=Kq mi o f,aLk.; lrkq ,efí' wjYH m%;sodkh ;¾l
f.aÜgq ixfhdackhlska ,nd .; yels h'
úp,H folla w;r OR fufyhqu i|yd i;H;d j.=j ^1'5'7 rEmh&
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1'5'7 rEmh
úp,H folla w;r AND fufyhqu i|yd i;H;d j.=j ^1'5'8 rEmh&
A B A*B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
1'5'8 rEmh
f.a Ü gq j
;¾l f.aÜgq hï wdldr bf,lafg%dksl mßm: fõ' tajdg wdodk tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda o ;ks
m%;sodkhla o we;' fï ish¨ wdodk 0"1 oaúuh w.hkag m%;spdr olajd f.aÜgqj ie,iqï lr we;s
;d¾lsl Y%s;h wkqj ix{dj m%;sodkh lr;a' uQ,sl f.aÜgq 3la we;' tajd ;d¾lsl AND, OR yd NOT
Y%s; ksfhdackh lr;a'
OR fufyhqu
tla tla A, B wdodkh 1 kï X m%;sodkh 1 fõ'
X = A + B m%ldYkh X iudkhs A OR B f,i lshjkq ,efí' ^1'5'9 rEmh& + ,l=K idudkH tl;=
lsÍu i|yd fkdj OR fufyhqu i|yd fhfoa' hï wdodk úp,Hhla 1 jQ úg OR fufyhqu 1l
m%;sM,hla ,nd fohs'
ish¨ wdodk úp,H 0 jQ úg muKla OR fufyhqu 0l m%;sM,hla ,nd fohs'
A B X=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1'5'9 rEmh
15
AND fufyhqu
X = A * B m%ldYkh X iudkhs A AND B f,i lshjkq ,efí' ^1'5'10 rEmh& 1 ys tajdfha yd 0 ys
tajdfha idudkH .=K lsÍu i|yd fuka u .=K lsÍfï ,l=K AND fufyhqu i|yd fhfoa'
ish¨ wdodk úp,H 1 jk ;ks wjia:dj i|yd muKla AND fufyhqu 1 m%;sM,h ,nd fohs'
A B X=A*B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
1'5'10 rEmh
NOT fufyhqu
NOT fufyhqu OR yd AND fufyhqï fuka fkdj th tla ;ks wdodk úp,Hhla u; l< yelsh'
WodyrK jYfhka" A úp,Hh NOT fufyhqug Ndckh lrk ,o kï" m%:ulh ^1& NOT fufyhqu
ksfhdackh lrk m%;sM,h X = A' f,i m%ldY l< yelsh'
fï m%ldYkh "X iudkhs NOT A" f,i fyda "X iudkhs A ys m%;sf,dauh" f,i fyda "X iudkhs A
ys wkqmQrlh" f,i fyda lshúh yelsh' fï tla tla m%ldYkh idudkH jHjydrfha mj;S' ta
ish,a, olajkqfha X = A' ys ;d¾lsl w.h A ys ;d¾lsl w.hg m%;súreoaO nj h'
NOT fufyhqï i;H j.=j oelafjkqfha ^1'5'11 rEmh&

NOT 1,0 ksid 1' = 0
NOT 0,1 ksid 0' = 1
NOT fufyhqu wmj¾;kh fyda wkqmQrlh fyda f,i o i|yka lrkq ,efí' fï mo udrefjka
udrejg fhfoa'
A X=A'
0 1
1 0
1'5'11 rEmh
uQ,sl ;¾l f.aÜgq i|yd mßm: ixfla;

by; idlÉPd lrk ,o uQ,sl f.aÜgq y÷kd .ekSu i|yd my; i|yka ixfla; Ndú; lrkq
,efí'
NOT f.aÜgqj AND f.aÜgqj OR f.aÜgqj
1'5'12 rEmh
16
MM Logic uDÿldx.h ^.=rejrhdf.a mÍlaIdj i|yd muKs& Ndú; lsÍfuka ie,iqï l< hq;= ;¾l
mßm: ^1'5'13 rEmh&
SIMULATE la,sla
lrkak' RUN f;dard .kak' m%;sM,h
n,d .ekSu i|yd A, B yd C wkqfhda. lrkak'
1 jeks j.=j i|yd

mßm: rE igyk
2 jeks j.=j
i|yd mßm: rE
igyk
3 jeks j.=j i|yd

mßm: rE igyk
1'5'13 rEmh
17
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6( mß.Kl tys ,dlaIKsl u; mokï j j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• mß.Kl moaO;s j¾.SlrKh i|yd Ndú; lrk úúO l%u kï lr tajd úia;r lrhs'
• mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh i|yd úúOdx. l%u Ndú;fha wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• j¾.SlrK l%u ixLHdj mokï lr mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• ;u ;ukaf.a woyia úúO l%uj,ska m%ldY lrhs'

• mß.Kl j¾.l< yelafla
ο wd.KkSh l%uh ^j¾.h& wkqj
ο ;ru yd yelshdj wkqj
ο ld¾hh wkqj
• ;¾lh wkqj" mß.Kl my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yelsh'
ο ixLHdxl mß.Kl
ο m%;siu mß.Kl
ο ñY% mß.Kl
• ;ru yd yelshdj wkqj" mß.Kl my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yelsh'
ο iqmsß mß.Kl
ο uyd mß.Kl
ο uOH mß.Kl
ο laIqø mß.Kl
fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl
Wl=,a mß.Kl
w;a, mß.Kl
• ld¾hh wkqj mßKl my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yelsh'
ο fmdÿ ld¾h mß.Kl
ο úfYaI ld¾h mß.Kl
18
ls h ùï øjH
mß.Kl j¾.S l rKh
mß.Kl my; oelafjk mßÈ j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
1' wd.KkSh l%uh ^j¾.h&
2' ;ru yd yelshdj
3' ld¾hh
wd.KkSh l%uh mokï lr j¾.SlrKh

moaO;sh úiska wd.Kkhka bgq lrkq ,nk wdldrh mokï lr mß.Kl my; i|yka mßÈ
j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
• ixLHdxl
• m%;siu
• ñY%
ixLHdxl mß.Kl
úúO wdodk Wml%u u.ska ixLHdxl mß.Klhlg ixLHd yd wl=re .Kka lsÍu l< yd Ndr
.ekSu l< yelsh' wdodk Wml%u úiska o;a;" bf,lafg%dksl iaMkaohkag mßj¾;kh lr úúla;
wdldrhg ixLHd iïnkaO j wxl .Ks;uh l¾u l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí' wxl .Ks;uh l¾u
l%shd;aul lsÍug wu;r j
1' ieliSu i|yd o;a; wdphkh
2' ;d¾lsl fufyhqï l%shd lrùu
3' wdodk o;a; ixialrKh fyda f,dma lsÍu fyda l< yels h'
ixLHdxl mß.Kl Ndú;fha tla m%Odk jdishla jkqfha wjYH ;rï oYu ia:dk m%udKhla
ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuka wNs,dIs; ksrjoH;d uÜgula ,nd .; yels ùu h' tfyhska jHdmdßl
Ndú;h i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq fõ' m%Odk wjdish jkqfha ñf,ys l%ñl wvq lsÍïj,ska miq j jqj o
tajdfha wêl ñ, .Kka yd l%uf,aLkfha ixlS¾K;dj hs'
ks o ¾Ykh
tla;rd ld,dka;rhl § fudag¾ r:hla .uka l< ÿr .Kkh lsÍu i|yd msßjeáh .Kkh lsÍug
ghrfha úIalïNh o ñks;a;=jl § frdaofha mßN%uK ixLHdj o ld,h ñks;a;=j,ska f.k ta
ish,a, .=K lr p,kh jQ ÿr ,nd .kq we;' fuh ixLHdxl .Kkh f,i ye¢kafõ' ixLHdxl
.Kkhkays uQ,O¾uh Ndú; lrk mß.Klhla ixLHdxl mß.Klhla f,i kï l< yelsh'
m% ; s i u mß.Klh
m%;siu mß.Kl ika;;sl wdldrhlska o;a; wdodkh ilihs' fjda,aàh;dj"
m%;sfrdaOh fyda WIaK;ajh fyda n÷ o;a; ielish hq;= rdYs wLKav j by<
hk yd my< jefgk fjda,aàh;d" mSvk wdÈfha ;rx. wdldrfhka mj;sk
bxðfkare yd úoHd;aul fhÿïj, fuka wLKv fkdleä f;dr;=re m%jdyhla
f,i mß.Klfha ksrEmKh fõ' m%;siu mß.Klj, ñkqï ;ks ld¾h
Wml%u lsysmhla úiska lrkq ,nk fyhska m%;siu mß.Klh wvq ñ, yd
1'6'1 rEmh
19
myiq l%uf,aLkh i,ihs' m%;siu mß.Klhl m%Odk wjdish jkqfha ksrjoH;d idOlh hs'
tneúka th jHdmdßl o;a; ieliSu i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ'
ks o ¾Ykh
fudag¾ r:hl uhsf,dañgrfha uQ, O¾uh foi ne¨jfyd;a ixLHdxl .Kkfha § úia;r l< uQ,
O¾uh f,i th l%shd fkdlrk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' r:fha frdaoj, N%uKfhka .shr
lsysmhla p,kh fõ' tu p,kh iqkuH ÈYdjla Tiafia ógrhg iïfm%aIKh fõ' ógrfhys o
ixLHdj,ska ,l=Kq lrk ,o .shr$frdao lsym
s hla wvx.= h' .uka l< kshu ÿr ie;mqï$lsf,daógr
j,ska ,nd §u i|yd th l%udxlkh lr ;sfí' ixLHdj,ska .Kkh lsÍula we;=<;a fkdfõ'
m%;sM,h ,efnkqfha fN!;sl ixYsoaêhla u.sks' .Kkh lsÍfï fï l%uh m%;siu l%uh f,i
ye¢kafõ' .Kkh lsÍfï m%;siu l%uh Ndú; lrk mß.Klhla m%;siu mß.Klhla f,i kï
flf¾'
ñY% mß.Klh
ixLHdxl .Kkhka Ndú; lrk fldgia lsysmhla yd m%;siu uQ,O¾u mokï jk fldgia
lsysmhla fh§fuka o mß.Klhla iEÈh yels h' tn÷ mß.Kl ñY% mß.Kl f,i ye¢kafõ'
^1'6'2 rEmh&
ks o ¾Ykh
l%shdj,s md,k mß.Kl moaO;Skays mSvk udkh" WIaK;ajudk" ógr wdÈh
jeks Wml%uj,ska wdodkh iemfha' mSvk md,k moaO;sh wod< m%foaYj,
m%;siu l%u Ndú; lrhs' m%;siu Wml%uj, wdodk l%shdj,sh md,kh lsÍu
i|yd .Ks;uh wdlD;shla Odjkh lrk ixLHdxl wd.Kkhg hjkq ,efí'
fï j¾.j, mß.Klj, we;eï fldgiaj, m%;siu l%ufõoh o wfkla
fldgiaj, ixLHdxl l%ufõoh o Ndú; jk ksid tajd ñY% mß.Kl f,i 1'6'2 rEmh
ye¢kafõ'
ld¾hh wkq j mß.Kl j¾.S l rKh

fmdÿ ld¾h mß.Kl
´kE u j¾.fha fhÿula i|yd ffioaOdka;sl j Ndú; l< yels mß.Kl fmdÿ ld¾h mß.Kl
f,i ye¢ka fõ'
úfYa I ld¾h mß.Kl

.=jkahdkd .ukd.uk md,k moaO;s" r:jdykj, bkaOk md,kh wd§ úfYaI ld¾hhka i|yd
idod ;sfnk yd Ndú; lrk mß.Kl úfYaI ld¾h mß.Kl f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
;ru yd yelshdj mokï lr j¾.SlrKh

;ru yd yelshdj mokï lr ixLHdxl mß.Kl fufia j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
• iqmsß mß.Klh
• uyd mß.Klh
• uOH mß.Klh
• laIqø mß.Klh
20
iq m s ß mß.Kl
fïjd" ,nd .; yels úYd,;u" fõ.j;a yd jvd;a ñ, wêl mß.Klhka h' tfy;a tajd jdkscuh
o;a; ieliSu i|yd m%fNaod;aul j Ndú; fkdflf¾' ta fjkqjg" wdrlaIdj" .=jka hdkd ie,iqï
lrKh" mß.Kl ckkS Ñ;%mg" ld,.=K m¾fhaIKh wd§ úfYaI lafIa;%j, tajd Ndú; lrkq
,efí' m%:u iqmsß mß.Klh nfrdaia úiska idok ,o ILLIAC IV fõ' fjk;a iqmsß mß.Kl
ksIamdolhka CRAY, CDC, FUGITSU, NEC wdÈh hs' CRAY - 1 kï jQ iqmsß mß.Klh jvd;a m%n,
mß.Klh f,i ie,fla' CRAY - 2 yd CRAY - 3 hk iqmsß mß.Kl
fiafuda¾ laf¾ úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,§' iqmsß mß.Klj,g jrlg
ìgq 64 fyda Bg jeäfhka fyda ielish yelsh' tajdfha ieliqï fõ.h
;;amrhg WmfoaY ñ,shk (MIPS) 10000 isg ;;amrhg WmfoaY ì,shk
1'2 olajd mrdi fõ' tajdg jrlg g¾ñk, 10000 lg wdOdr l< yelsh'
tajdg iïnkaO lrk ,o wdphk yd fjk;a Wml%u w;s úYd, ixLHdjla
;sfí' fïjd jvd;a ñ, wêl mß.Kl fj;a' ^1'6'3 rEmh& 1'6'3 rEmh
uyd mß.Kl
uyd mß.Kl" iqmsß mß.Klj,g jvd n,fhka wvq h' tfuka u ñf,ka o wvq h' flfia jqj
o tajd ish¨ wdldrfha úoHd;aul yd jHdmdßl fhÿï mßyrKfha yelshdj we;s úYd, fmdÿ ld¾h
mß.Klhka h' uyd mß.Klj,g ;;amrhg WmfoaY ñ,shk .Kkdjla ielish yels h' uyd
mß.Klhlg ÿria: g¾ñk, 1000 lg jeäfhka wdOdr l< yelsh' uyd
mß.Klj,g úYd, ud¾..; wdphk Odß;dj we;' pqïNl má Odjl" oDv
äial Odjl" oDYH ixo¾Yk tall" ,l=KqlrKh" uqøl yd úÿ,s ixfoaY
g¾ñk, n÷ úúO j¾.fha m¾hka; Wml%u .Kkdjla uyd mß.Klj,g
iïnkaO l< yelsh' cd;Hka;r jHdmdr hka;% iudh;kfha (IBM) ES19000
mß.Kl mjq, n÷ uyd mß.Kl" mä ,ehsia;= wd.Kkh" .sKqïlrKh"
jHdmdr .kqfokq" f;dr;=re iuqoaOrKh yd .=jka hdkd wdik fjka lsÍu
1'6'4 rEmh
wd§ fhÿïj, Ndú;hg .efka'
uOH mß.Kl
fï j¾.fha mß.Kl uyd mß.Kl fuka o;a; ilik l%shdldrlï bgq lrhs' tfy;a ta l=vd
mßudKfhks' uOH mß.Klj, ñ, wvq h' kñka .uH jk mßÈ uyd mß.Klhla iu`.
ixikaokh lsÍfï § uOH mß.Klh l=vd h' ilikh yd m¾hka; ixLHdj fN!;sl j l=vd
ksid mßudKh wvq l< uyd mß.Klhla f,i i|yka l< yels h' m%fNaod;aul j uOH
mß.Klhlg g¾ñk, 10 lg 12 lg wdOdr l< yelsh' jvd;a ckm%sh uOH mß.Kl kï Nova,
Dec, PDP-II yd IBM fYa%Ksh hs'
la I q ø mß.Kl
fï laIqø ilikhlska yd wdY%s; wdphk yd wdodk$m%;sodk Wml%uj,ska iukaú; l=vd u
m%j¾.fha mß.Kl fõ' fïjd fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl (PC) moaO;s f,i o ye¢kafõ' mß.Klj,
iuia; mßm:dj,sh (CPU) l=vd is,slka Ñmhlg oeñh yels jQ 1970 .Kkaj, mq¿,a j jHdma;
Ndú;h i|yd uQ,sl j ,nd .; yels úh' wo úúO j¾.fha laIqø mß.Kl fj<| fmdf<ys we;'
Wod( fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh" Wl=,a mß.Klh" w;a, mß.Klh
21
fm!oa . ,s l mß.Klh
fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh tfia kï lr we;af;a th fm!oa.,sl Ndú;h i|yd ie,iqï lr we;s
fyhsks' f,dalfha m%uqL fmf,a mß.Kl ksIamdol iud.u jk IBM úiska IBM-PC hkqfjka kï
l< m%:u fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh y÷kajd fok ,§' m%udKh yd iqjykSh;dj mokï lr fm!oa.,sl
mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lr ;sfí' fïihla u; ;eìh yels tfy;a t;rï iqjykSh fkdjk
fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl fïi mß.Kl f,i ye¢kafõ' iqjykSh mß.Kl jkqfha myiqfjka tyd
fuyd f.h hd ;rfï ieye,a¨ fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhka h' mßYS,lhl=f.a Wl=, u; ;eîug
;rï l=vd jQ iqjykSh fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl Wl=,a mß.Kl hkqfjka i|yka lrkq ,efí' is`.s;s
mß.Kl o< jYfhka fmd;l m%udKfha h' idlal=fõ oeñh yels iqjykSh fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl"
idlal= fyda w;a, m%udKfha fyda mß.Kl f,i ye¢kafõ'
Wl= , a mß.Klh
Wl=,a mß.Klh ^1'6'5 rEmh& fyda ir, j ,emafgdma ^tfuka u is`.s;s
mß.Klh ke;fyd;a zfkdaÜnqlaz& l=vd iqjykSh mß.Klhls'
Wl=,a mß.Klh idudkHfhka tla ;ks m%Odk negßhlska fyda mß.Klhg

n,h imhk w;r negßh wdfrdamKh l< yels ndysr AC/DC Wmhqla;hlska
fyda Odjkh fõ' fndfyda mß.Klj, n,h ksYal%Sh jQ wjia:djl § Trf,dai1'6'5
qj ydrEmh
fjk;a
ilik Odjkh lsÍu i|yd fjda,aÜ ;=kl fldaIhla o we;'
w;a , mß.Klh
fuh w¾:dkaú; j Tfí w;a, u; /|úh yels l=vd mß.Klhls' iïmQ¾K m%udKfha mß.Kl
yd iei§fï § w;a, mß.Kl fnfyúka iSud iys; h' tfy;a ÿrl:k f,aLk yd Èk o¾Yk n÷
we;eï ld¾hhka i|yd m%dfhda.sl h' wdodkh i|yd h;=re mqjrejla fjkqjg mEkla Ndú; lrk
w;a, mß.Kl ^1'6'6 rEmh& wf;ys orK mß.Kl fyda fm!oa.,sl ixLHdxl iydhlhla (PDAs)
f,i ye¢ka fõ'
tajdfha l=vd m%udKh fya;= fldg fndfyda w;a, mß.Klj,g äial Odjl we;=<;a fkdfõ' tajd
is,slka u;l ldâm;a Ndú; lr;a'
1'6'6 rEmh
22
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7( mßYS , l wjYH;d imq r d,S u i|yd uDÿldx. f;da r d .ks h s '
bf.kq ï M,(
• j¾.h wkqj uDÿldx. kï lrhs'
• mß.Klh Odjkh lsÍfï yd mßYS,l wjYH;d i|yd fuj,ï f,i ms<sfj,ska fufyhqï yd
fhÿï uDÿldx.j, jeo.;alu ms<s .kshs'
• uDÿldx. j¾. oelaùu i|yd l%udkql+, whqre j¾.SlrK ie,eiaula ilia lrhs'
• ixlS¾K woyia ir, lsÍu i|yd Ñ;%l Ndú; lrhs'

• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh lr idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
• uDÿldx. m%Odk m%j¾. follg we;=<;a l< yelsh'
ο moaO;s uDÿldx.
ο fhÿï uDÿldx.
• moaO;s uDÿldx. ldKav l< yelafla
ο fufyhqï moaO;sh
ο Wmfhda.S;d l%uf,aL
• mß.Klhlg jvd;a jeo.;a uDÿldx.h" fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx.h fõ'
• fufyhqï moaO;sh fkdue;s j mß.Klhlg l%shd l< fkdyels h'
• fufyhqï moaO;s j¾. folla we;'
ο úOdk fma<s fufyhqï moaO;sh
ο Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a (GUI) fufyhqï moaO;sh
• Wmfhda.S;d l%uf,aL" mß.Kl iïm;a l<ukdlrKhg yd kv;a;=jg Wojq fõ'
• fhÿï uDÿldx. m%Odk m%j¾. follg we;=<la l< yelsh'
ο úfYaI ld¾hhlg ieliQ uDÿldx.
- mqoa.,fhl=f.a fyda jHdmdrhl fyda úfYaI wjYH;dj wkqj ilia lrk ,o
ο ieliqKq ^meflac& uDÿldx.
- iQodkï l< yd úlsKSug we;s uDÿldx. ksIamdok
ls h ùï øjH
mß.Kl uDÿldx.
mß.Kl uDÿldx." úfYaI ld¾hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd wjYH l%uf,aL tl;=jls' ld¾hhg f;dr;=re
iuqoaOrKh wdphkh fyda ixo¾Ykh fyda tla wdlD;shl isg ;j;a wdlD;shlg o;a; mßKdukh
fyda we;=<;a úh yels h'
uDÿldx. j¾. folls' - moaO;s uDÿldx. yd fhÿï uDÿldx.
23
moa O ;s uDÿldx.
fhÿï uDÿldx.hg ld¾hhla bgq lsÍug yels jk fia oDvdx. l<ukdlrKh yd md,kh lrk
hï mß.Kl uDÿldx.hla y÷kajk .Kl mohls' th mß.Kl moaO;sfha wjYH fldgils'
fufyhqï moaO;sh meyeÈ,s kso¾Ykhls'
moaO;s uDÿldx. wkIH ^n,h úikaê l< úg u;lh /§ we;s& wkql,k mßm: n÷ wdphkfha
wdphkh l< úg th idudkHfhka iaÓrdx. f,i ye¢ka fõ'
fufyhqï moaO;sh yd Wmfhda.s;d l%uf,aL moaO;s uDÿldx.fha m%Odk m%j¾. fol fõ'
fufyhq ï moa O ;s uDÿldx.

fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx." m%Odk m%j¾. follg j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
úOdk fma<s fufyhqï moaO;sh

mß.Klhg ld¾h lr f.k hdu i|yd úOdk ghsma lsÍug fï fufyhqï moaO;sh mßYS,lg bv
i,ihs'
Wod( DOS,Unix
Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a fufyhqï moaO;sh (GUI)

mdG fjkqjg Ñ;%l (WIMP, Windows, Icons, Menus yd Pointing Wml%u) u; mokï jQ fufyhqï
moaO;shls' wdodk Wml%u f,i uQislh fuka u h;=re mqjrej Ndú; lrhs' fuh mßYS,l ñ;%
w;=re uqyqK;ls'
Wod( Windows XP, Vista, Mac OS, Fedora, Ubuntu
fufyhqï moaO;sh" mß.Klhl Odjkh jk jvd;a jeo.;a l%uf,aLh fõ' fjk;a l%uf,aL
Odjkh i|yd yeu mß.Klhlg u fufyhqï moaO;shla ;sìh hq;= h' mß.Klh l%shd;aul l<
úg u;lhg m%fõYkh jk uq,a u l%uf,aLh th fõ' bka mß.Kl oDvdx.h mK .eka fõ' th
fkdue;s j Tng mo ieliqï uDÿldx." me;=reï m;a uDÿldx. fyda fjk hï fhÿï fyda Ndú;
l< fkdyels h' úOdk NdIdjla fyda Ñ;%l mßYS,k w;=reuqyqK;la (GUI) fyda jeks mßYS,l
w;=reuqyqK;la yryd fufyhqï moaO;sh iu`. Rcq j mßYS,lhkag wka;rl%shd l< yelsh'
fufyhqï moaO;s i|yd kso¾Yk

Unix, Linux, Fedora, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Mac OS, Windows 2000, Windows 95/98 & DOS
24
fufyhqï moaO;s fujeks uQ,sl ld¾hhla ^1'7'1 rEmh& bgq lr;a'
• h;=re mqjrefjka wdodkh y÷kd .ekSu'
• ixo¾Yk moaO;shg m%;sodkh heùu
• äialfhys we;s f.dkq yd kdudj,s .ek úuis,su;a ùu'
• äial Odjk yd uqøs; n÷ m¾hka; Wml%u md,kh lsÍu'
• fufyhqfï ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j;a isÿ ù we;s hï fodaI ms<sn|j;a tla tla fhÿug fyda wka;¾
l%shd mßYS,lg fyda mKsúv heùu'
fhÿu
äia l Odjlh
fufyhq ï
moa O ;s h
uQ i s l h
fudksgrh
h;= r e mq j rej
uq ø lh
1'7'1 rEmh
Wmfhda.s;d l%uf,aL hkq fudkjdo@

Wmfhda.s;d l%uf,aL mß.Kl iïm;a l<ukdlrKhg" kv;a;=jg yd md,khg Wojq fõ'
fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh yd iïnkaO tÈfkod wdhdildÍ jevj,g Wojq ùug;a Tfí moaO;sh by<
ld¾hidOkfhka Odjkh lrùug;a fï l%uf,aL iQodkï lr ;sfí'
Wmfhda.s;d l%uf,aLj,g we;=<;a kso¾Yk lsysmhla'

• Wmia: uDÿldx. • äial úNd.SlrKh • iïmdol
• mßf,dalk äialh • tfiïn,¾ • jhsri mßf,dalk
Wmia : uDÿldx.
Tfí f.dkqj, yd uq¿ mß.Kl oDv Odjlfha mjd msgm;a .ekSug Wmia: uDÿldx. Wojq fõ'
Tfí f.dkq ks;r Wmia: lsÍu jeo.;a h' Tn mß.Klhl ysñldrhl= fõ kï Tfí oDv
Odjlfha we;s jákd o;a; ks;r Wmia: l< hq;= h'
25
äia l iq m ßla i S u
äial iqmßlaiSu úkafvdaia mß.Kl iu`. imhd we;s Wmfhda.s;d l%uf,aLhls' fodaI iys; äial
m%foaY n÷ äialfha ;sìh yels hï .eg¨ we;akï fï l%uf,aLh Tfí äial mÍlaId lr n,hs'
äial pqïNl udOH jk fyhska Tfí oDv äialh we;=<;a ish¨ äial úlD;s úh yelsh'
äia l úNd.S l drlh

fï j¾.fha uDÿldx.h" Tfí äial Odjl m%;sixúOdkhg Wojq fõ' f.dkq iq/l" f,dma lr
kej; iq/l úg § äialh widudk ùNd.SlrKh úh yels h' we;s bvlv l=vd fldgiaj,ska
äialh mqrd msysgkq we;' äial úNd.Sldrl tu ksoyia ;eka tl;= lr tlg ;nd jvd;a
ld¾hlaIu whqre Tfí o;a; iq/lSu lr f.k hhs'
Wml% u Odjlh
Odjlhla hkqfjka fláfhka y÷kajkq ,nk Wml%u Odjlh" fjk;a l%uf,aLhkag" m%fNaod;aul
j fufyhqï moaO;shla ^Wod( Windows/Linux& oDvdx. Wml%uhla iu`. wka;¾ l%shd lsÍug wjldY
i,ik mß.Kl l%uf,aLhls' Odjlh wjYHfhka u tla;rd oDvdx. fldgila iu`. md,kh
yd ikaksfõok wdldrh ms<sn| fufyhqï moaO;shg f;dr;=re imhk WmfoaY ix.%yhls'
kQ;k oDvdx.j, yd fufyhqï moaO;sj, úúO;ajh ksid Odjl Ndú; l< yels l%u fndfyda h'
fïjd iu. w;=reuqyqK;a lsÍug Odjl Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• uqøl • ùäfhda wkqj¾;k • cd, ldâm;a

• Yío ldâm;a • fudvu • iqmßlail
jhs r i iq m ßla i k l% u f,a L ^m% ; s j hs r i uDÿldx.&

fodaI iys; fla; ^jhsri& i|yd oDv äialhla ^wdphk udOHh& fidhd yuq jk tajd bj;a lrk
Wmfhda.S;dj fyda uDÿldx.h hs' fndfyda m%;sjhsri l%uf,aLj,g fidhd .;a úg § u fidaÈis
lsÍug yels jk mßÈ w¨;a jhsrij, me;slv nd .ekSug l%uf,aLhg bv i,ik iajhx hdj;ald,Sk
,laIKhla we;=<;a fõ'
l%uf,aLk fuj,ï fyj;a l%uf,aLk NdId

l%uf,aLk NdIdjla hkq fjk;a l%uf,aL yd fhÿï ks¾udKhg ksfodia lsÍug fyda kv;a;=jg
fyda uDÿldx. ksIamdolhska Ndú; lrk l%uf,aLhls' ke;fyd;a fhÿuls'
Wod( Pascal, Visual Basic, Java, C+ +
iïmdolh
by< uÜgfï l%uf,aLk NdIdjlska ^C, Java fyda VB n÷&,shk ,o m%Nj l%uf,aLhla tla jr u
hka;% fla;hg mßj¾;kh lrk l%uf,aLhls'
tfiïn,rh
tfiïn,rh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk Wmfhda.sl l%uf,aLhla tfiïí,s NdId m%ldYk b,lal
mß.Klfha hka;% fla;hg mßj¾;kh lsÍug Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
26
jHjydßl ^fhÿï& uDÿldx.
jHjydßl uDÿldx. m%Odk m%j¾. follg fjka l< yels h'
1' wjYH;d u; ieliQ uDÿldx.
fïjd" mqoa.,hl=f.a fyda jHdmdrhl fyda úfYaIs; wjYH;djg wkqj ilia lrk ,o uDÿldx.
fõ'
Wod( .sKqïlrK moaO;sh" mqia;ld, l,ukdlrK moaO;sh'
2' ñ, § .; yels ^weiqreï.;& uDÿldx.

fïjd" idudkH ck;djg úlsKSu" nÿ §u fyda n,m;a fyda i|yd we;s ieliqKq uDÿldx.
ksIamdok fõ'
fhÿï uDÿldx." úfYaIs; ld¾h tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda bgq lsÍug mßYS,lhl=g wjia:dj
i,ihs' ld¾hd, iajhxlrK lÜg," jHdmdr uDÿldx." wOHdmksl uDÿldx." o;a; iuqodh yd
mß.Kl l%Svd m%fNaod;aul fhÿïj,g wh;a fõ' fndfyda fhÿï uDÿldx.j, Ñ;%l mßYS,l
w;=reuqyqK;la (GUI) ;sfí' wo fj<| fmdf<ys fndfyda fhÿï uDÿldx. j¾. we;' my;
oelafjkqfha kso¾Yk lsysmhls'
joka ieliq ï uDÿldx.

joka ieliqï uDÿldx. fyj;a joka ilikh mß.Klhla Ndú; lr f,aLk ks¾udKhg Ndú;
lrkq ,efí' f,aLkhla ks¾udKhg" äialhl th bf,lafg%dksl j wdphkhg ;srhl th
ixo¾Ykhg h;=re mqjrefjka úOdk yd wkq ,l=Kq we;=<;a lr th úlrKhg yd uqølh th
uqøKh lsÍug joka ilikh Tng ux i,ihs'
Wod( Open Office.org Writer, MS Word
o;a ; iuq o dh l<ukdlrK moa O ;s h

o;a; iuqodhlska f;dr;=re wdphkhg" úlrKhg yd WoaOD;hg wjldY i,ik l%uf,aL iuQyhls'
Wod( MS Access, Open Office.org Base, Oracle, My Sql
iu¾mk uDÿldx. ^bÈßm;a ls Í fï&

iu¾mk l%uf,aLh idudkHfhka lod o¾Ykhl wdldrfhka f;dr;=re ixo¾Ykhg Ndú; lrkq
,nk mß.Kl uDÿldx. meflachls' m%fNaod;aul j m%Odk ld¾h ;=kla Bg we;=<;a fõ' tkï"
mdG we;=<;a lsÍug yd yeviõ.ekaùug bv i,ik ixialdrlhla" Ñ;%l m%;sìïn we;=<;a lsÍfï
yd ixpd,kh lsÍfï l%uhla yd wka;¾.;h ixo¾Ykh i|yd lod o¾Yk moaO;shla h'
Wod( MS Power Point, Open Office.org tmpress
27
me;= r eï m;a uDÿldx.
jevm;la hkqfjka o y÷kajkq ,nk me;=reïm;l fma<s yd ;Sre wvx.= fõ' ixLHd;aul fyda
uQ,Huh fyda o;a; jd¾;d lsÍug yd ixikaokh lsÍug th Ndú; lrkq ,efí' me;=reïm;a fhÿï
^we;eï úg ir, j me;=reï m;a f,i y÷kajkq ,nk& me;=reï m;a bf,lafg%dksl j ks¾udKh
lsÍug yd ixpd,kh lsÍug Tng wjldY i,ik mß.Kl l%uf,aL fõ' me;=reï m;a fhÿul
tla tla w.h fldaIhl msysghs'
Wod( Open Office.org Calc, MS Excel
Ñ;% l ie,iq ï uDÿldx.

Ñ;%l ie,iqï uDÿldx. hkq Ñ;%l ie,iqu" nyqudOH ixj¾Okh" úfYaIs; m%;sìïn ixj¾Okh"
idudkH m%;sìïn ixialrKh ke;fyd;a ir, jYfhka Ñ;%l f.dkq m%fõYhg Ndú; lrkq
,nk fhÿï uDÿldx.j, Wm mka;shls'
Wod( Adobe Photoshop, 3D Studio Max, Poser, GIMP, Inkspace
mß.Kl m%ldYk (DTP) uDÿldx.

Ñ;%" rEm yd j¾Kj,ska iïmQ¾K jQ jD;a;suh fmKque;s mqj;a yiqka" i`.rd yd úia;r m;%sld
ie,iqï lsÍu yd ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ie,iqï lrejkag DTP uDÿldx. fuj,ula ù ;sfí'
Wod( PageMaker, Corel Draw, Scribus
ffjoH uDÿldx.
frda.Ska kshdukh lrk yd md,kh lrk fndfyda ffjoH Wml%u m%uqL j uDÿldx. u.ska
md,kh lrkq ,efí'
wOHdmks l uDÿldx.
wOHdmksl uDÿldx." uQ,sl ld¾hh b.ekaùu fyda iajhx wOHhkh fyda jk mß.Kl uDÿldx.
fõ' úYd, úfkdaod;aul fldgila we;=<;a fmrmdi,a orejka i|yd l%uf,aLkj, isg Rcq
h;=re,shkh lrk WmfoaYlhka yd úfoaYSh NdId W.kajk l%uf,aL olajd wOHdmksl uDÿldx.
mrdihla we;'
Wod( How Body Work?

Learn to Speak English
GCSE CDs, Encarta, Britaninica, VLab Electricity, MMLogic
mß.Kl iydhsl ie,iqï (CAD) uDÿldx.

fï j¾.fha uDÿldx. bxðfkarejrekag" .Dyks¾udK Ys,amSkag yd fjk;a ie,iqï jD;a;slhkag
Tjqkaf.a ie,iqï ld¾hfha § Wojq fõ'
Wod( Antocad. CadStd
28
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 1'8( mßYS,l wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd f;dr;=re moaO;s f;dard .kshs'
ld,h( ld,Éfþo tlhs
bf.kq ï M,(
• f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.slrKfha l%u kï lrhs' úia;r lrhs'
• úúO f;dr;=re ieliqï moaO;sj, wod<;dj ms<s.kshs'
• wod< l%u mokï lr f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• m%Njfhka wod< f;dr;=re f;dard .kshs'

• f;dr;=re moaO;s my; oelafjk mßÈ ;=ka wdldrhlg j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
ο w;ahqre o@ iajhxlD; o@
ο ld¾hnoaO j
ο l<ukdldÍ;aj uÜgï
• w;ahqre f;dr;=re moaAO;sj, ish¨ o;a; ieliqï lrkqfha w;sks' my; i|yka tajd jeo.;a h'
ο f.dkq rdlal
ο ld¾h mßmdá
ο m;%sld
• ld¾hnoaO;dj wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s úúO j¾.j,g j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' my; oelafjkqfha
kso¾Yk lsysmhls'
ο .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s (TPS)
ο l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s (MIS)
ο ;SrK wdOdß; moaO;s (DSS)
ο úOdhl wdOdß; moaO;s (ESS)
ο úfYaI{ moaO;s (ES)
• .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s (TPS) jHdmdr .kqfokq ms<sn| o;a; .%yKh lr ilihs'
• l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s (MIS) l<ukdlrejkag myiqlï i,id ffoksl fufyhqï
ms<sn| m%;sfmdaIK ,nd foñka M,odhS ;SrK .ekSug wdOdr lrhs'
• ;SrK wdOdß; moaO;s (DSS) .eg¨ ksYaÑ; ;SrK .ekSug wdOdr lrhs'
• úOdhl wdOdß; moaO;s (ESS) l%fudamdhsl ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § by< uÜgfï
l<ukdlrejkag yd úOdhlhkag úfYaIfhka fiajd imhhs'
• úfYaIs; moaO;s (ES) udkj úfYaI{hskaf.a oekqu yd ;¾lkh .%yKh lr th ;SrKh
.ekSfï § m%fhdackhg .kshs'
• l<ukdldÍka uÜgï
ο l%fudamdhs
ο WmdhYS,S
ο fufyhqï
• l%fudamdhsl uÜgu ixúOdkhl by< uÜgfï l<ukdlrKh hs' tkï iNdm;s" wOHlaI
uKav,h wdÈh hs' fuys § ixia:dms; b,lal ms<sn| l%fudamdhsl ;SrK .kq ,efí'
• uOHu ke;fyd;a WmdhYS,S l<ukdlrK uÜgu b,lal imqrd,Su i|yd iïm;a yiqrejhs'
fufyhqï uÜgfï § l%shd;aul l< hq;= iúia;r ld¾h w¾: iSukh lrhs'
29
• fufyhqï uÜgu" uOHu l<ukdlrKh úiska w¾: iSukh lrk ,o iúia;r ld¾h l%h
s d;aul
lrhs'
ls h ùï øjH
w;ahqre yd mß.Kl mdol f;dr;=re moaO;s
w;ahqre f;dr;=re moaO;s
yia;ld¾h f;dr;=re moaO;shl ish¨ o;a; ilikqfha w;sks' f.dkq rdlal ^1'8'1 rEmh&" w;ahqre
ld¾h l%shd mßmdá iy m;%sld" w;ahqre f;dr;=re moaO;shl jeo.;a ixrplhkah'
fï w;ahqre f;dr;=re moaO;shlg kso¾Ykhls' —pß; iy;slh— la b,a¨ï lrk YsIHhl= wod<
f;dr;=re iys; wdlD;shka iïmQ¾K lrhs' wdlD;sh YsIH jd¾;d fmd; iu`. ld¾hd,hg Ndr
fokq ,efí' úÿy,am;s ld¾hd,h úiska f.dkq rdlalfha we;s YsIHhdf.a f.dkqj fidaÈis lr
wdlD;sfha i|yka f;dr;=re if;HlaIKh lrhs' B<`.g pß; iy;slh ms<f
s h, lr Tyqf.a$wehf.a
w;aik i|yd úÿy,am;s$úÿy,am;sksh fj; hjkq ,efí' wjidkfha § pß; iy;slh YsIHhdg
Ndr foa'
1'8'1 rEmh
mß.Kl mdol f;dr;= r e moa O ;s h

mß.Kl mdol f;dr;=re moaO;shla" f;dr;=rej,g o;a; /ia lsÍu" ixpd,kh" wdphkh yd
ilikh i|yd ixúOdkh ù we;s oDvdx." uDÿldx." o;a; iuqodh" úÿ,s ixfoaY" mqoa., yd ld¾h
mßmdá iys; ;ks lÜg,hls' wms tla tla ixrplh foi iúia;r j n,uq'
oDvdx. mß.Kl WmlrKj,s k a iuka ú ; fõ'
uDÿldx. hkq mß.Kl l%uf,aL h'
moa O ;s uDÿldx.
• wdrïN lsÍu wdÈh n÷ uQ,sl mß.Kl fufyhqï md,kh lrhs' WodyrK jYfhka fufyhqï
moaO;sh'
30
jHjydßl ^fhÿï& uDÿldx.
• úfYaIs; ld¾h bgq lsÍug i,ihs' WodyrK jYfhka" joka ilik uDÿldx. f,aLk-,sms"
fmd;a wdÈh ks¾udKhg wmg yelshdj ,nd fohs'
o;a ; iuq o dh
mß.Kl mdol f;dr;=re moaO;shl jeo.;a fldgila bgqlrk o;a; yd f;dr;=rej, ixúOdkd;aul
tl;=jls'
úÿ,s ixfoa Y
ix{dj, bf,lafg%dksl iïfm%I a Kh hs' bf,lafg%dk
a l
s ikakf
s õokhg wjldY i,ihs' WodyrK
jYfhka f,dalh mqrd we;s mß.Kl iïnkaO lrk f,dalfha úYd,;u mß.Kl cd,h" wka;¾cd,h
fõ'
mq o a . ,hka
óg mßYS,lhka" moaO;sh l<ukd lrk" Odjkh lrk" l%uf,aLkh lrk" kv;a;= lrk mqo. a ,hka"
we;=<;a fõ' mßYS,lhka" m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re moaO;s Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hka h'
ld¾h mßmdá
tla;rd l%uf,aLhla l%shd;aul lsÍfuka ld¾hhla bgq l< yelafla flfiao@" n÷ l%u fyda o;a;
iuqodhg yd ljr o;a;j,g m%fõYh we;af;a ldgo@ n÷ m%;sm;a;s fyda ld¾h mßmdáj,g we;=<;a
jkq we;'
nexl=jl ^1'8'2 rEmh& m%Odk ld¾hd,h yd mß.Kl cd,h ^úÿ,s ixfoaY& u.ska iïnkaO rg mqrd
fndfyda YdLd we;' m%Odk ld¾hd,fha .sKqï" .kqfokqlrejka fyda .kqfokq ms<sn| f;dr;=re
we;=<;a o;a; iuqodhla ;sfí' .kqfokqlrejkag ish YdLdfõ isg Tjqkaf.a .sKqï ms<sn| m%fõYh
,nd .; yelsh' .kqfokqlrejka" nexl= leIsh¾jre" nexl= l<ukdlrejka" nexl= úOdhlhka
wdÈh nexl=fõ mß.Kl mdol f;dr;=re moaO;sh (CBIS) Ndú; lrk lsysm fofkls' nexl=fõ
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK (IT) fomd¾;fïka;=j iukaú; nexl=fõ CBIS Odjkh lrk" l%u f,aLkh
lrk" l<ukdlrKh lrk" kv;a;= lrk mqoa.,hka ô;a; iuqodh mßmd,l" cd, mßmd,lhka
wdÈ& isá;a' nexl=fõ ld¾h mßmdá fndfyda we;' ^WodyrK jYfhka" .kqfokqlrejl=g m%fõYh
we;af;a Tyqf.a .sKqu ms<sn| f;dr;=rej,g muKs' nexl= l<ukdlrejl=g ksjdi Khla wkqu;
l< yelsh' wdÈh&
31
ATM
o;a; iuqodh
m%Odk nexl= ld¾hd,h
^fld<U&
mß.Kl cd,h
ATM ATM
nexl= YdLdj nexl= YdLdj

^.d,a,& ûykqjr&
ATM
nexl= YdLdj
^wkqrdOmqr&
1'8'2 rEmh
f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.
ixúOdkfha úúO uÜgïj, mqoa.,hkag f;dr;=re imhk úúO j¾.j, f;dr;=re moaO;s we;'
m<uq j wms ixúOdkd;aul jHqyh idlÉPd lr B<`.g úúO j¾.j, f;dr;=re moaO;s úia;r
lruq'
ixúOdkd;a u l jHq y h
iïm%odhdkql+, j ixúOdkj, OQrdj,s jHqyhla we;' l%fudamdhsl uÜgu" Wmdhud¾.sl uÜgu yd
fufyhqï uÜgu ^1'8'3 rEmh&
l%fudamdhsl uÜgug iNdm;s" wOHlaI uKav,h wd§ ixúOdkfha by< uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajh
we;=<;a fõ' Tõyq ixúOdkh i|yd ixia:duh b,lal yd l%fudamdhsl ;SrK bgq lr;a' by<
uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajh m%fNaod;aul j l%fudamdhsl ;SrK .ks;a' wOHlaI uKav,h" iNdm;s
b,lal msysgqùu
l%fudamdhsl
iïm;a ms<sfh, lsÍu
Wmdhud¾.sl
fufyhqï l%shd;aul lsÍu
fufyhqï
1'8'3 rEmh
32
yd fjk;a by< uÜgfï l<ukdldÍ;ajh Tjqkaf.a l%shdldrlï yd ,dN jHdma; lsÍug ;SrK
.kq we;' fï jHqyd;aul fkdl< l%fudamdhsl ;SrK l,d;=rlska yqremqreÿ ld¾hmßmdá u;
mokï fõ' iajNdjfhka ixlS¾K h' ;SrK .kakd whf.a mqoa., ksY%s; úksYaph we;=<;a fõ'
uOHu fyj;a Wmdhud¾.sl l<ukdlrK uÜgu b,lal imqrd,Su i|yd iïm;a w;alr f.k
ms<sfh, l< hq;=h' fufyhqï uÜgfï § l%shd;aul l< hq;= iúia;r ld¾hhka w¾: iSulh l<
hq;=h' fï iïm;a" b,lal imqrd,Su i|yd wjYH mqoa.,hka" hkaf;%damlrK" f.dvke.s,s wdÈh
jkq we;' uOHu l<ukdlrejkag wjYH f;dr;=re by< l<ukdldÍ;ajh úiska úêu;a j
ilik ,o fufyhqï ie,iqï lsÍug yd md,kh lsÍug o m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍug o Wojq jk
o;a; iudf,dapkh" idrdxYlrKh yd úYaf,aIKh fõ'
fufyhqï uÜgfï mqoa.,hka úiska uOHu l<ukdldÍ;ajh úiska w¾: iSulh lrkq ,enQ
iúia;r ld¾hhka l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí' fï uÜgfï fndfyda ;SrK i|yd uQ,sl jHdmdr
ld¾hhka we;=<; j¾;udk ;rd;srug yd l%shdldrlïj,g iïnkaO myiqfjka w¾: iSukh l<
f;dr;=re wjYH fõ' fï f;dr;=re idudkHfhka iúia;r jd¾;d u.ska my< l<ukdldÍ;ajhg
imhkq ,efí' fï uÜgfï .kq ,nk ;SrK jHqyd;aul ;SrK f,i ye¢kafõ'
f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.

úúO l<ukdlrK uÜgïj,g ish ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh i|yd úúO j¾.fha f;dr;=re wjYH
fõ' úúO mßYS,l wjYH;d i|yd úúO j¾.j, f;dr;=re moaO;s ;sfí' my; i|yka whqre uQ,sl
f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾. mq¿,a j j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
• .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s (TPS)

• l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s (MIS)
• ;SrK wdOdrl moaO;s (DSS)
• úOdhl f;dr;=re moaO;s (EIS)
• úfYaI{ moaO;s (ES)
33
my; i|yka rEmh ^1'8'4 rEmh& úúO f;dr;=re moaO;sj, wjOdk lafIa;% rEmKh lrhs'
úOdhl
f;dr;=re
moaO;s
;SrK
iydhl
moaO;s
l<ukdlrK
l<ukdlrK wdOdr
f;dr;=re moaO;s
.kqfokq
fufyhqï wdOdr ieliqï
moaO;s
1'8'4 rEmh
;ks ixúOdkhl úúO j¾.fha f;dr;=re moaO;s lsysmhla ;sìh yels nj igyka lr .ekSu
jeo.;a h' tla tla f;dr;=re moaO;sh úia;rd;aul j i,ld n,uq'
.kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s (TPS)

.kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s" ckm%sh j¾.fha f;dr;=re moaO;Ska h' .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s" jHdmdr
.kqfokq ms<sn| o;a; .%yKh lr ilihs' TPS jHdmdrhl fufyhqï uÜgu flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrhs' nexl=j yd iïnkaO wfma kso¾Ykfha § .kqfokqlrejka" .sKqï yd uQ,Huh .kqfokq
^wdmiq .ekSï" ;ekam;a lsÍï wdÈh n÷& ms<sn| f;dr;=re kv;a;= lrk nexl= moaO;sh TPS tlla
fõ' nexl=fõ fufyhqï uÜgfï we;s fndfyda mqoa.,fhda TPS Ndú; lr;a' my< uÜgfï
l<ukdldÍ;ajh m%Odk jYfhka u TPS u.ska ckkh jk jd¾;d Ndú;hg .kshs'
l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s (MIS)

M,odhS ;SrK .ekSu i|yd l<ukdlrejkag f;dr;=re yd wdOdr o ffoksl fufyhqï ms<sn|
m%;sfmdaIK o imhhs' l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s m%fNaod;aul j .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;sj,
f;dr;=rej,ska ,nd .;a iïu; jd¾;d imhhs' fï jd¾;d uOHu uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag ish
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § Wojq fjhs'
;SrK wdOdrl moaO;s (DSS)

.eg,q iqúfYaIs; ;SrK .ekSfï ish¨ wx. ms<sn| j ;SrK wdOdrl moaO;shla Wojq fjhs' th
iïm%odhdkql+, MIS j,ska Tíng hhs' ixlS¾K" jHqy.; fkdl, yd w¾O j jHqy.; ;SrK
.ekSug th wdOdr lrhs' WodyrK jYfhka" l<ukdldÍ;ajh jHdmdrh jHdma; lsÍug ;SrKh
lrk ,o kï w¨;a YdLd újD; lsÍug jvd;a fyd| mqrh fyda k.rh fyda f;drd .ekSug DSS
34
wdOdr lrkq we;' úl,am fhdackd lsÍug o wjidk ;SrK .ekSug o DSS g Wojq úh yelsh'
úúO uÜgïj, jHqy.; fkdl< yd w¾O j jHqy.; ;SrK .ekSug wdOdr lrkq jia TPS yd MIS
úia;r oekgu;a .%yKh lrk ,o f;dr;=re DSS úiska úYaf,aIKh lrkq ,efí' ndysr m%Njhkaf.ka
o ,nd .kakd ,o o;a; o DSS we;=<;a lr .kq we;'
úOdhl f;dr;=re moaO;s (EIS)

by< uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkag yd úOdhlhkag isg l%fudamdhsl ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg
wdOdr lsÍu i|yd iqúfYaIS j idok ,o ;SrK iydhl moaO;shls' úOdhlhkag wNHka;r
f;dr;=re fuka u ndysr m%Njhkaf.ka ^m¾fhaIK o;a; iuqodh" m%jD;a;s fiajdjka wdÈh n÷&
f;dr;=re o EIS imhhs' Tjqkaf.a ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § iydh jk mßYS,l ñ;% wjYH;d
imqrd,k whqßka úOdhlhkag f;dr;=re o¾Ykh lsÍug EIS wjia:dj i,ihs'
úfYaI{ moaO;s (ES)

mß.Kl úoHd lafIa;%fha lD;%Su nqoaêh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk lafIa;%hg fuh wh;a fõ' úfYaI{
moaO;shl wjOdkh jkqfha tla;rd lafIa;%hl udkj úfYaI{hl=f.a oekqu yd ;¾lkh .%yKh
lr wod< lafIa;%fha ;SrK .ekSfï § th Ndú; lsÍu h' ffjoH wkdjrKh" Kh we.hSu wdÈh
n÷ úúO lafIa;%j, § úfYaI{ moaO;s id¾:l j Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
35
ks m q K ;dj 2( tÈfkod Ôú;fha § f;dr;= r e ika k s f õokh M,odhS j yd
ld¾hla I u j Ndú; lrhs '
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1( o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd kshñ; udOH f;dard .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• o;a; ikaksfõokfha wjYH;dj úia;r lrhs'
• o;a; iïfm%aIKh jkafka flfia oehs meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikaksfõok udOH j¾. yd ta tlsfklg kso¾Yk f,aLk.; lrhs'
• blaukska f;dr;=re iïfm%aIKh i|yd cd,j, jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'

• o;a; iïfm%aIK udOH folla we;'
ο ksfhuq udOH" ksYaÑ; fN!;sl ud¾. Tiafia o;a; iïfm%aIKh flf¾'
1' o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd ;U lïìh bf,lafg%dksl ix{d hjhs'
Wod( weUrE hq.,h" iudlaIl flan,h
2' ;ka;= m%ldY" wdf,dal ;rx. iïfm%aIKh lrhs'
ο fkdksfhuq udOH o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd tla;rd úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. Ndú; lrhs'
úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx.j,g ksYaÑ; udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ'
Wod( .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.
wfOdarla; ;rx.
laIqø ;rx.
ο ikaksfõok udOH ixikaokh
ο ikaksfõok udOHj, jdis yd wjdis
ls h ùï øjH
o;a ; ika k s f õokh
ikaksfõokh hkq tla ia:dkhl isg fjk;a ia:dkhlg f;dr;=re heùu h' ikaksfõokh
isÿjk m:h ikaksfõok kd,sldj fyda udOHh fyda f,i ye¢kafõ' o;a; iu`. flfrk
ikaksfõokh o;a; ikaksfõokh f,i ye¢kafõ' fjk;a jpkj,ska lshf;d;a tla ia:dkhl
isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg oaúuh wdfla;sl o;a; ikaksfõokh o;a; ikaksfõokh hkqfjka i|yka
flf¾'
Wod( mß.Kl h;=re mqjrefõ h;=rla ;o l< úg mß.Klhg tu h;=f¾ ,laIKh ksrEmKh
lrk úÿ,s ix{djla Wml%ufhka ksIamdokh fõ' Wml%ufha isg mß.Klhg flan,hla yryd
iïfm%aIKh .uka lrhs' tla tla ;ks ,laIKh i|yd ix{dj" iamkao je, hkqfjka ye¢kafjk
úÿ,s iamkao fY%aKshls' fïjd ms<sfj,ska 1ka yd 0ka ksrEmKh fõ'
36
bf,la f g% d ks l ix{d iïfm% a I Kh ^m% ; s i u" oa ú uh&
ix{dj hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha wd.Kk l%shdj,s w;r iïfm%aIK ixYsoaêhls' mKsúvhls'
ke;fyd;a o;a; jHqyhls'
m% ; s i u ix{d
wfma Ôú;fha iEuodu yuqjk oE m%;siu ix{d ^2'1'1 rEmh& fõ' l:kh" ÿrl:k /yeka Ndú;
lrk m%;siu ix{djls' m%;siu ix{dj, ix{d ;Sj%;dj ld,hla iu. iqug j fjkia fõ'
uyck w;ajgk fiajdj m%;siu ix{dj,g wdOdr fõ'
oa ú uh ix{d
oaúuh ix{d ^2'1'2 rEmh& kQ;k mß.Klj, NdIdj fõ' oaúuh ix{d wjia:d follska muKla
iukaú; fõ' tajd ms<sfj,ska ON ôeuQ& fyda OFF ^jeiQ& fyda 1 fyda 0 fyda f,i m%ldY fõ'
ο wdf,dal iaúp( tlaflda ON ôeuQ& ke;akï OFF ^jeiQ&
ο fodrj,a( tlaflda újD; ke;akï ixjD;
oaúuh ix{dj, ix{d ;Sj%;dj tla;rd ld,hlg ksh; j ;sî fjk;a ksh; w.hlg fjkia
fõ' ixl%dka;sh b;d l=vd ld,hl § isÿ fõ'
Wod( oaúuh fla;sl l:kh ^mß.Klh yryd l:kh&
ld,h
oaúuh ix{djla
ìgqj
úia;drh by<
my<
pl%h
2'1'1 rEmh 2'1'2 rEmh

o;a; iïfm%aIKh
o;a; iïfm%aIKh hkq ikaksfõok udOHhl ud¾.fhka ia:dk folla w;r o;a; f.k hdfï
l%shdj,sh hs'
iïfm% a I K udOHh
tla ia:dkhl isg fjk;a ia:dkhlg ienúka u ix{d f.k hk foa iïfm%aIK udOH fõ'
weUß hq., flan, fyda iudlaIl flan, fyda jQ wjia:dfõ § ;U lïì m: fyda laIqø ;rx.
fyda pkaøsld iïfm%aIKh fyda jQ wjia:dfõ § bf,lafg%dksl ;rx. fyda óg we;=<la jkq
we;'
iïfm%aIK udOH j¾. lsysmhla we;'
ο ksfhuq udOH$ne÷Kq udOH ^lïì$flan,-;U" ;ka;= m%ldY&
ο fkdksfhuq udOH$fkdne÷Kq udOH ^ksia;dr-laIqø ;rx.$.=jkaúÿ,s" pkaøsld" cx.u&
ne÷Kq udOH ksYÑ

a ; fN!;sl ud¾.j,g o;a; iSud lrhs' ;U lïì m: n÷ udOHhla bf,lafg%dksl
ix{d orK ksid th ne÷Kq udOHhla f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ;ka;= m%ldY flan,hl wdf,dal
;rx. orK ksid th o ne÷Kq udOHhla f,i kï flf¾' ne÷Kq udOH i|yd fmdÿ kso¾Yk
jkqfha lïì yd m%ldY ;ka;= flan, h' flan, rEmjdyskS ne÷Kq udOH Ndú; lrhs'
37
fkdne÷Kq udOH flan,hlska wkdh;a; j wjldYh yryd o;a; f.k hk ix{dj iïfm%aIKh
lrhs' ix{d fN!;sl j r|jd fkd.kakd wfkla udOH fkdne÷Kq udOH f,i i,lkq ,efí'
m%pdrl .=jkaúÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh fkdne÷Kq udOH i|yd kso¾Yk fõ'
ks h uq udOH$ne÷Kq udOH
weUß hq . ,h
weUß hq.,h (TP) hkafkys w¾:h tlsfkl jgd weUÍ we;s lïì folla hkak h' ;ks ikakf
s õok
ikaOdkhla f,i l%ñl i¾ms, rgdjg we;s mßjD; ;U lïì folls' kj ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,
(LAN) msysgejqï i|yd j¾;udk ckm%sh f;aÍu weUß hq., flan, we£u fõ'
iïfm%aIK ,dlaIKslhkag wkqj weUß hq., j¾. folla we;'
• ksjdrl weUß hq.,h (STP) • wjdrl weUß hq.,h (UTP) - Yío ÿrl:k lïì
^2'1'3 rEmh& we§u i|yd Ndú; lrk lïìj,g iudk
fmkqula UTP ys we;' ^2'1'4 rEmh&
lxpqlh
weUß hq.,
ksjdrKh
fol
fudähq,Sh
RJ 45
iïnkaOlh
24 AWG >k ;U
ikakdhlh
2'1'3 rEmh 2'1'4 rEmh
iudla I fla n ,h
fï rEmfha ^2'1'5 rEmh& Tng olakg ,efnk mßÈ fï flan,h tfia y÷kajkq ,nkafka ikakdhl
folgu fmdÿ wlaIhla we;s ksid h' tys ksjdrlhla f,i l%shd lrk msg; ikakdhlhla iys;
;ks uOHhla we;' we;=<; uOHhfha ix{dj iïfm%aIKh fõ' we;=<; uOHh yd msg; uOHh
mßjdrlhlska fjka ù we;'
mßjdrlh
lxpqlh
uOH ikakdhlh
msg; ikakdhlh
^ksjdrlh&
2'1'5 rEmh
38
m%ldY ;ka;=
m%ldY ;ka;= flan, ^2'1'6 rEmh& iamka§h wdf,dal loïn iïfm%aIKh lrk ;=kS ùÿre fyda
ma,diaála fyda lïì ish .Kklska iukaú; ;=kS ùÿre fyda ma,diaála ;ka;= fyda yryd o;a;
iïfm%aIKhg wdf,dal ;rx. Ndú; lrhs'
lxpqlh
^ksjdrlh&
;ka ; =
jeiau
uOHh
2'1'6 rEmh
fla n , idrdxYh
my; j.=j, oelafõ' ^2'1'7 rEmh yd 2'1'8 rEmh&
weUß hq., (TP) flan,h iudla I l fla n ,h

jdis wjdis jdis wjdis
1' ñ, wvq h' 1' RFI g yd EMI g 1' RFI g yd EMI g 1' m%n,
ixfõ§ fõ' idukHfhka ksfrdaOkfhka
RFI-.=jka úÿ,s m%;sfrdaO olajhs' ydks úh yelsh'
ixLHd; ksfrdaOkh 2' TP g jvd fõ.j;a 2' TP g jvd ñ,
EMI-úoHq;a pqïNl o;a; m%udKj,g wêl h'
ksfrdaOlh wdOdr fjhs'
2' fndfydaúg 2' iudlaIl fuka l,a 3' TP g jvd l,a 3' TP g jvd w;s
mj;sk ÿrl:k meje;aula ke;' mj;S' úYd, h'
moaO;sfha we;' jvd oeä h'
3' fyd¢ka mÍlaId 3' wfkla udOH fuka
lr we;' ,nd by< fõ.fha § m%ldY ;ka;= flan,
.ekSu myiq h' wdOdr fkdfõ' 1' wêl f,i 1' NdKavh yd
wdrlaIs; h' fiajdj
2'1'7 rEmh w;sYhska ñ,
wêl h'
2' RFI j,ska 2' msysgejqu i|yd
EMI j,ska ydks ixlS¾K
fkdfõ' fuj,ï yd l%u
wjYH h'
3' fnfyúka u l,a 3' msßie,eiau yd
mj;S' ks¾udKh
ixlS¾K h'
2'1'8 rEmh
39
fkdks f huq udOH$ks i a ; dr udOH$úls ß ; udOH
fN!;sl flan,j, ndOl fkdue;s j cd,j,ska o;a; ikaksfõokh lsÍug yelsùfï isyskh wo
fnfyúka ienE ù we;' mq¿,a fmfoia cd, f,dalh jgd o;a; iïfm%aIKhg ienúka u ksia;dr
;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .kshs' m%Odk m%dfoaYSh ksia;dr ;dlaIK folla kï" .=jkaúÿ,s iïfm%aIKh
yd wfOdarla; iïfm%aIKh fõ'
.=jka úÿ,s iïfm%aIKh

.=jka úÿ,s iïfm%aIK ^2'1'9 rEmh& i¾j ffoYsl fõ' myiqfjka u ì;a;s" ìu" iS,su jeks oE
úksúo hhs' .=jka úÿ,s mdol ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, (LAN) Èkm;d jev fmdf<ys isÿjk ksfrdaOkhg
tfrys úh hq;= h' .=jka úÿ,sh" fõ.h w;ska iSud jqj o tys wvq ñ, yd yelshdjka fya;=fldg
fndfyda fïi mß.Klj,g f;dard .; hq;= ksia;dr iïfm%aIK l%uh fõ'
2'1'9 rEmh
wfOda r la ; iïfm% a I Kh
wfOdarla; ;dlaIKh" r;= wdf,dalfha tajdg jvd ;rula wvq ;rx. wdhdu iys; wdf,dal j¾Kdj,sfha
woDYH fldgi Ndú;hg .kshs' fyd| o;a; udre lsÍfï wkqmd; ,nd fohs' fï ixLHd;
fnfyúka by< h' kQ;k wfOdarla; ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, (LAN) j,g jeä yelshdjla o iys;
j fkdlvjd 16Mbps fõ.hla w;alr .; yelsh' wfOdarla; ;dlaIKh wfma rEmjdyskS yd
ùäfhda leiÜ frfldavrj, ÿria: md,lhkag Ndú; lr ;sîu wmg yqre h' wfOdarla; iïfm%I a K
wêfõ.S o;a; udrejg yelshdj ,nd fohs' tfy;a ì;a;s yd ìu úksúo hdug fkdyelshdj ksid
iSñ; fõ' wfOdarla; ;rx. flá mrdi ikaksfõokh i|yd mq¿,a j Ndú;hg .efka' ^2'1'10
rEmh&
wfOdarla;
úfudaplh
wfOdarla;
wdodhlh
2'1'10 rEmh
40
laIqø ;rx. iïfm%aIKh
laIqø ;rx. flá ;rx.h wdhduhla iys; by< ixLHd;hl loïnhls' laIqø ;rx.h fmfkk
Rcq f¾Çh m:hla Tiafia ia:dk folla w;r iïfm%aIKh l< yels h' fï iïfm%aIK ^2'1'11
rEmh& udOHh m%fNaod;aul j È.= ÿr$Yío iïfm%aIKh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' laIqø ;rx.
iïfm%aIKh tlaflda fN!ñl ke;fyd;a pkaøsld fyda fõ' fN!ñl laIqø ;rx. ñksiqkag fuka
u i;=kag o ffcj wka;rdh iys; fõ'
2'1'11 rEmh
pka ø s l d iïfm% a I Kh
pkaøsld iïfm%aIKfha § ^2'1'12 rEmh& wjldYfha ie;mqï 500-22000 la wE; pkaøsldjlg ix{d
iïfm%aIKh lrkq ,efí' pkaøsld iïfm%aIKfha tla wjdishla kï m%pdrK m%udoh kï jQ m%udoh
fõ'
pkaøsldj
wekafgkdj
by< ikaOdkh my< ikaOdkh
mDÓúh
kdNs uOHia:dkh
2'1'12 rEmh
.=re;=uks !$.=re;=ñhks !
i|yka iS u djka we;= < ; Tfí u l% s h dldrlï ie,iq ï ls Í ug
lreKdlr fhduq jka k ' Tfí kùlrK wm fj; oka j d túh yels
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
41
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2( wjeis mßÈ iqÿiq cd, j¾. f;dard .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• mß.Kl cd, j¾. yd cd,lrK Wml%u kï lrhs'
• f;dr;=re blaukska iïfm%aIKh lsÍug cd,j, jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'
• § we;s msßú;r wkqj cd, rEmhla w¢hs'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh(

ms ú iS u (
• my; i|yka m%Yak uq¿ mka;shg u bÈßm;a lr nqoaêl,ïnk idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
1. o;a; iïfm%aIK udOH j¾. fol fudkjdo@ ^tla tla udOHh i|yd kso¾Yk fokak'&
2. bf,lafg%dksl ;rx. iïfm%aIKhg Ndú; lrkafka l=uk udOHh o@
3. wdf,dal ;rx. iïfm%aIKhg Ndú; lrkafka l=uk udOHh o@
4. úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. iïfm%aIKhg Ndú; lrkafka l=uk udOHh o@
5. mß.Kl folla w;r o;a; iïfm%aIKh jkafka flfiao@
ο ikaksfõokh i|yd o;a; iïfm%aIKh m%Odk wjYH;djls'
ο o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd mß.Kl folla fyda jeä .Kkla fyda iïnkaO lsÍu wjYH
h'
ο wka;¾ iïnkaê; mß.Kl iuQyhla cd,hla f,i ye¢kafõ'

wms mß.Kl cd, .fõIKh lruq'
• mß.Kl cd,j,g iïnkaO my; i|yka ud;Dld i,ld n,kak'
ο mß.Kl cd, j¾.
ο mß.Kl cd,hl Ndú; lrk Wml%u
ο cd,j, jeo.;alu
• ud;Dldj yd iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq igyka lsÍug lshùï øjH n,kak'
• Tng mejreKq lafIa;%h idlÉPd lr th fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .kak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § Tn fidhd .;a lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

• ;uka fidhd .;a foa bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhug i,iajkak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhï Èß .kajkak'
• fmkakqï lrk ,o ysveia we;akï tajd iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ο cd,h hkq Yíoh" ùäfhda iy$fyda o;a; hï ixhqla;hla mßYS,lhla w;r iïfm%aIKh
lrk moaO;shls'
ο mß.Kl cd,hla hkq úúO ia:dkj, msysgqjd we;s úúO mß.Kl moaO;sj, wka;¾
iïnkaO;jhls'
42
ο N+f.da,Sh m%foaY mokï lr my; i|yka mßÈ mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh'
ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h (LAN)
mq¿,a fmfoia cd,h (WAN)
mqrjr fmfoia cd,h (MAN)
• my; i|yka cd, Wml%u" cd,hl Ndú; l< yelsh'
ο fudvu
ο kdNsh ^yí&
ο iaúp
ο cd, w;=reuqyqK;a ldâm;a
ο ud¾.ldrlh ^rjqg¾&
ο ksialdr Wml%u ^Wod( uQ,sl fmd<&
• mß.Kl cd,j, jeo.;alu
ο o;a; yd f;dr;=re yqjudrej
ο iïm;a fnod .ekSu
ο uDÿldx. yqjudrej
ο úYajikSh o;a; wdphkh
ls h ùï øjH
mß.Kl cd,h
mß.Kl cd,hla" fmdÿ cd, udOHhla yryd tlsfkl iu`. ikaksfõokh lrk iajdëk
mß.Kl iuQyhls' mß.Kl cd,hlg mßYS,lhka w;r Yíoh" ùäfhda iy$fyda o;a; hï
ixhqla;hla iïfm%aIKh l< yelsh' cd,hg wkq.%dylfha cd, fufyhqï moaO;sh yd fiajdodhl
hka;%" tajd iïnkaO lrk flan, iy ud¾.ldrl yd iaúp n÷ w;r we;s ish¨ wdOdrl oDvdx.
we;=<;a fõ' ksia;dr cd, moaO;sj, wekafgkd yd l=¿Kq o cd,fha fldgia h'
cd, j¾.
LAN, WAN yd fjk;a m%foaY cd,
úúO j¾.fha mß.Kl cd, ie,iqï m%j¾. l< yels tla l%uhla kï tajdfha úIh m:h yd
mßudKh hs' ft;sydisl fya;+ka i|yd cd, l¾udka;h iEu ie,iqï j¾.hla u mdfya hï m%foaY
cd, j¾.hla f,i y÷kajhs' m%foaY cd, j¾.j, fmdÿ kso¾Yk jkqfha
1' ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h - LAN
2' ksia;dr ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h - WLAN
3' mq¿,a fmfoia cd,h - WAN
4' mqrjr fmfoia cd,h - MAN
LAN yd WAN m%foaY cd,hkays uq,a m%j¾. jk w;r wfkla tajd ;dlaIK mßKdufha j¾I
lsysmhl § l%ufhka ìys ù we;'
43
ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h (LAN)
ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h ^2'2'1 rEmh& idfmalI
a j flá ÿrlg cd, Wml%u iïnkaO lrhs' cd,lrKh
jQ ld¾hd, f.dvke.s,a,l" mdi,l fyda ksjil fyda idudkHfhka ;ks cd,hla mj;S' we;eï
úg tla f.dvke.s,a,l l=vd LAN ^we;eï úg tla ldurhlg tl ne.ska& tlla o l,d;=rlska
LAN tlla wdikak f.dvke.s,s iuQyhl o ;sfnkq we;'
ia : dkS h fmfoia cd,h

mß.Klh (LAN) mß.Klh
mß.Klh kdNsh mß.Klh
mß.Klh mß.Klh
2'2'1 rEmh
iSñ; bv m%udKhl fufyhúug wu;r j fuu cd,h m%fNaod;aul j tla mqoa.,hl= úiska fyda
ixúOdkhla úiska fyda whs;s lr" md,kh lr" l<ukdlrKh lr f.k we;' Tõyq o we;eï
iïnkaO;d ;dlaIK uQ,sl j Ethernet yd Token Ring Ndú;hg fm<fU;a' Windows Mac yd UNIX
n÷ cd, yelshdj we;s fufyhqï moaO;s we;s wkq.%dylhka yd fiajdodhlhka úiska cd,hla Ndú;
flf¾' wdphk Wml%u" uqøl" uDÿldx." o;a; f.dkq n÷ ixia:dms; iïm;a úYd, mßYS,l
ixLHdjlg fnod .ekSug fuu cd,bv i,ihs'
mq¿,a fmfoia cd,h (WAN)
jevfmd<
wka;¾cd,h
jevfmd<
iaúph
jevfmd<
DSL/flan, fudvu
wdrlaIl mjqr$ud¾.ldrlh jevfmd<
uqøK fiajdodhlhd
uqølh
uqølh
2'2'2 rEmh
mofhka wre;a .ekafjk mßÈ fuu cd,h úYd, fN!;sl ÿrlg úysfohs ^2'2'2 rEmh&' mDÓúh
mqrd úysfok úYd,;u mq¿,a fmfoia cd,h wka;¾cd,h fõ' fuu cd,h N+f.da,Sh j úysÿkq
ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,j, tl;=jls' ud¾.ldrlh kñka ye¢kafjk cd, Wml%uhla ia:dkSh
fmfoia cd, lsysmhla iïnkaO lrhs' wka;¾cd, kshudj,s (IP) cd,lrKfha § ud¾.ldrlh
ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, (LAN) ,smskhla fuka u mq¿,a fmfoia cd, (WAN) ,smskhla o mj;ajd f.k
hhs'
44
jeo.;a l%u lsysmhlska ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hka f.ka mq¿,a fmfoia cd, fjkia fõ' fndfyda
mq¿,a fmfoia cd, ^bkag¾fkÜ jeks& tla ixúOdkhlg muKla wh;a fkdfõ' tfy;a mj;skqfha
iduQysl fyda fnod yereKq fyda whs;sh yd l<ukdldÍ;ajh hgf;ys h'
mqrjr fmfoia cd,h (MAN)

ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hg jvd úYd, jQ tfy;a mq¿,a fmfoia cd,hg jvd l=vd jQ k.rhla n÷
fN!;sl m%foaYhl úys§ hk cd,hls' mqrjr fmfoia cd,h m%fNaod;aul j wh;a jkqfha yd
fufyhjkqfha rdcH wdh;khla fyda úYd, ixia:djla n÷ ;ks tallhlg h'
ia:dkSh fmfoia" mq¿,a fmfoia yd ksjdi cd,lrKh

ksjdi" m%fNaod;aul j tla ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hkag iïnkaOj we;s w;r m<,a l,dm fudvuhla
Ndú; lr wka;¾cd, fiajd iemhqïlrejl= (ISP) yryd wka;¾cd, mq¿,a fmfoia cd,hg iïnkaO
lrkq ,efí' fudvuhg fiajd iemhqïlre úiska mq¿,a fmfoia cd,j, wka;¾cd, kshudj,s (IP)
fhduqjla iemfha' ksjdi cd,fha we;s ish¨ mß.Kl ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,j, wka;¾cd,
kshudj,s (LAN-IP) ^fm!oa.,sl kñka ye¢kafjk& fhduq Ndú; lr;a' ksjdi cd,fh ys we;s ish¨
mß.Klj,g tl tl iu. Rcq j ikaksfõokh l< yels h' tfy;a wka;¾cd, fiajd
iemhqïlre fj; (ISP) m%fõY ùug m%fNaod;aul m<,a l,dm ud¾.ldrlh jk uOHu fodrgq
u`.la yryd hd hq;=h'
cd,hl ixrpl
fudvuh Modem (MODulator & DEModulator)
fudvuhla m%;siu isg ixLHdxlhg;a ixLHdxl isg m%;siuhg;a mßj¾;lhls' mß.Klhlg
fyda g¾ñk,hlg fyda iïu; ÿrl:k ud¾.hla yryd o;a; iïfm%Ia Kh lsÍug i,ik Wml%uhls'
th" mß.Klfhka ,efnk ixLHdxl iamkao Y%jH ;dkhg yrjd msysgqjd we;s m%;siu ÿrl:k
ud¾.hlg ,ndfoa' tfuka u fudvuh Y%jH ;dk ixLHdxl iamkaoj,g o mßj¾;kh lrhs' th
ud¾.h wlajgjhs' weu;=ug ms<s;=re fohs' iïfm%aIK fõ.h md,kh lrhs' wlajgjk
cd,lrKhkays Ndú; lrk iïm%odhdkql< = fudvu ÿrl:k ud¾.j, Ndú; lrk m%;i s u wdldrh
yd mß.Klj, Ndú; lrk ixLHdxl wdldrh w;r o;a; mßj¾;kh lrhs' iïu; wlajgk
cd, fudvu ;;amrhg ìgq 56000 (56 Kbps) l Wmßu wkqmd;slhlg o;a; iïfm%aIKh lrhs'
2'2'3 rEmh
flan, yd DSL wka;¾cd, fiajdfõ fldgila jk m<,a l,dm fudvu iïm%odhdkql,

+ fudvuj,g
jvd by< cd, fõ. wkfmalaIs; j w;alr .ekSu i|yd jvd ÈhqKq ix{duh m%úê Ndú; flf¾'
m<,a l,dm fudvu we;eï úg —ixLHdxl fudvu— f,i o iïm%odhdkql+, wlajgk cd,lrK
i|yd Ndú; lrk fudvu —m%;siu fudvu˜ f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí' ixLHdxl fi,shq,¾
45
ÿrl:khla Tiafia wka;¾cd, iïnkaO;d mj;ajk fi,shq,¾ fudvu o ;sfí' ndysr Wml%u
f,i fyda wNHka;r fudvu ldâm;a f,i fyda fudvu ,nd .; yelsh' ^2'2'3 rEmh&
yí ^kdNs h &
2'2'4 rEmh
idudkH yí tlla hkq úÿ,s n,h ,nd .kakd fndfyda úg ma,diaálaj,ska idod we;s l=vd
iDcqfldKdi%dldr fmÜáhls' ;ks cd, LKavhla iEfok whqre yí tlla ^kdNshla& nyq mß.Kl
^fyda fjk;a cd, Wml%u& fyda tlg iïnkaO lrhs' fï cd, LKavfhys ish¨ mß.Klj,g
tlsfkl iu. iDcq j ikaksfõokh l< yels h' Erthernet yí fnfyúka u jvd;a fmdÿ j¾.h
fõ' úYaj fY%aKs.; nih [Universal Serial Bus(USB)] n÷ fjk;a cd, j¾. i|yd jQ yí ^kdNs&
o we;'
tlsfkl úiska cd, flan,hla ms<s.kq ,nk ljq¿ (ports) fY%aKshla yí tflys ^kdNsfhys&
we;=<;a fõ' l=vd yí mß.Kl y;rla cd,lrKh lrhs' tajdfha ljq¿ y;rla fyda we;eï úg
myla fyda wvx.= fõ' miajeks ljq¿j fjk;a yí tllg ^kdNshlg& fyda iudk Wml%uhlg
fyda —by< ikaOdk— iïnkaO i|yd fjka lr ;sfí' úYd, yíj, ^kdNsj,& ljq¿ 8" 12" 16 yd
we;eï úg 24 wvx.= h'
46
ks m q K ;dj 3( f;dr;= r e m% f õYh yd ika k s f õokh i|yd wka ; ¾cd,h
ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS j Ndú; lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 3'1( wod< f;dr;=re m%fõYh i|yd wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• wka;¾cd,h lrd m%fõY ùug wjYH ixrpl kï lrhs'
• f;dr;=re fijqu i|yd wka;¾cd,h Ndú; l< yels nj ms<s.kshs'
• f;dr;=re fijqu i|yd fjí w;ßlaiq yd fijqï hka;% Ndú; lrhs'
• wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lr f;dr;=re fidhhs'
• wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lr f;dr;=re nd .kshs'

ms ú iS u (
• my; i|yka foni bÈßm;a lsÍug leue;aflka bÈßm;a jk fofokl= fhdojkak'
wu,a( ksu,a! Tn fldfyo hkafka@
ksu,a( uf.a m%;sM, n,kak uu mdi,g hkjd' Tn hkafka keoao@
wu,a( Tfí m%;sM, ;j u ,enqfK keoao@ fmf¾od yekaoEfj uu uf.a m%;sM, oek
.;a;d'
ksu,a( ta fldfyduo@ mdi,g m%;sM, ,efnkafka wo Wfoa' tfyu fkao@
wu,a( ksu,a" fmf¾od iji m%jD;a;s Tn weyqfj keoao@ tÈk u uOHu rd;%sfha § fjí
wvúfha m%;sM, ksl=;a lrk nj oekqï ÿkakd'
ksu,a( tfykï Tfí m%;sM, fldfyduo@
wu,a( ug A oyhla ,eì, ;sfhkjd'
ksu,a( uf.a i;=g' Tn ;d;a;dg ÿrl:k weu;=ula § Tfí ch.%yKh .ek lsõfõ keoao@
wu,a( wfkaa! ÿrl:k weu;=ula fokak uu tmuK uqo,a úhoï lrkafka wehs@ uf.a
m%;sM, oek.;a yeáfh u uu ;d;a;dg B fï,a tlla hejqjd' ta;a uf.a B fï,a tl
n,kak biair thd uf.a m%;sM, oekf.k ysáhd'
ksu,a( ta fldfyduo@
wu,a( mqreoaola úÈhg ;d;a;d wka;¾cd,fha —fâ,s ksõia— m;%h n,kjd' Tyq oel,d
;sfnkjd úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fjí wvúfha m%;sM, jefgk nj' tod wïud
g ÿrl:kfhka l:d lrk úg § wef.ka uf.a úNd. wxlh Tyq ,ndf.k
;sfhkjd'
ksu,a( Tn yïnjqfka jdikdjg' uu fïjd oekf.k ysáfha keye' uu n,df.k ysáhd
m%;sM, ;emEf,ka mdi,g tk;=re'
wu,a( wms wfma f.org huq' ug fjí wvúh n,d Tfí m%;sM, o n,kak mq¿jka' ta
ú;rla fkdfõ" ug th nd f.k uqøs;hla .kak mq¿jka' t;fldg f.or wksla
whg;a th fmkajkak mq¿jka'
47
• my; i|yka lreKq biau;= lsÍug idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
ο wka;¾cd,h f,dalfha we;s úYd,;u cd,h hs'
ο Tng f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSug wka;¾cd,h Wojq fjhs'
ο úúO ld¾hhka i|yd wka;¾cd,h Ndú; l< yelsh'
ο Tfí f.or § wka;¾cd,hg m%fõY ùug my; i|yka tajd wjYH fõ'
mß.Klhla
ÿrl:k ud¾.hla yd fudvuhla$CDMA ÿrl:khla$iu;=,H ksia;dr Wml%u
wka;¾cd, fiajd iemhqïlre
fjí w;ßlaiqjla
ο ke;fyd;a wka;¾cd, myiqlu we;s cx.u ÿrl:khla

wms wka;¾cd,h yryd huq'
• my; i|yka ud;Dld y;rg wod< f;dr;=re wka;¾cd,fhka fidhkak'
ο wkd.; mß.Kl
ο ksoyia yd újD; m%Nj uDÿldx.
ο fg,s ffjoH úoHdj
ο /lshd wjia:d
• wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ud;Dld ms<sn| oek .ekSu i|yd lshùï øjH n,kak'
• wka;¾cd,fha fiajdjka y÷kd .kak'
• wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO fiajdjka f,aLk.; lrkak'
• f,aLk.; fiajdjka úia;r lrkak'
• ckm%sh fjí w;ßlaiqjla Ndú; lr wka;¾cd,h isidrd hdu ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï ,nd
.kak'
• fjí fhduq yd fijqï hka;% yd iïnkaO fiajdjka meyeÈ,s l< yelafla flfia oehs y÷kd
.ekSug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § uq¿ mka;shg kùlrK bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

• ish fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhug i,iajkak'
• ;uka b;=re l< ysveia msrùug bÈßm;a l< whf.ka b,a,d isákak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhï Èß .kajkak'
• fmkajk ,o ysveia iïmQ¾K lrkak'
• my; i|yka tajd biau;= lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο lsis u mqoa.,hl=" rchla fyda N+;d¾:hla fyda wka;¾cd,h whs;s lr f.k ke;' lsisjl=
th md,kh fkdlrhs'
ο wka;¾cd,h fun÷ fiajdjka imhhs'
B fï,a
f,dal úisß úhuk (www)
f.dkq udre lsÍfï myiqlu
ο fjí w;ßlaiq hkq fjí wvúh isidrd hdug Ndú; lrk uDÿldx.hls'
ο ckm%sh fjí w;ßlaiq jkqfha Internet Explorer yd Mozilla Firefox h'
48
ο tla tla fjí wvúfhys wkkH fjí fhduqjla we;'
ο hï úIhhl fjí msgq fiùug mßYS,lhkag fijqï hka;% Wojq fõ'
ο fijqï hka;% Ndú; lr f;dr;=re fiúh yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
wka;¾cd,h hkq l=ulao@
wka;¾cd,h hkq mß.Kl cd,j, w;súYd, cd,hls' cd,lrK fmdÿ ld¾h jHqyhls' th
mß.Kl ñ,shk .Kkla cd,hla iEfoñka f.da,h S j tlg iïnkaO lrhs' ´kE u mß.Klhlg
fjk;a ´kE u mß.klhla iu. ta fol u wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lr we;akï" ikaksfõokh
l< yelsh' wka;¾cd,h yryd hk f;dr;=re" kshudj,s hkqfjka ye¢kafjk NdId úúO;ajhla
yryd .uka lrhs' wka;¾cd,fhys l=vd .Dyia:" Ydia;%sh" jHdmdr yd rdcH cd, ñ,shk .Kkla
wvx.= jk w;r ta iu`. u bf,lafg%dksl ;emE," ud¾..; l;dny" f.dkq ;ekaudrej" wka;¾
ikaOdk fjí msgq yd f,dal jHdma; fjí wvúfha fjk;a f,aLk n÷ úúO f;dr;=re yd
fiajdjka f.k hhs'
f,dal úisß úhuk

f,dal úisß úhuk (www) ke;fyd;a ir, j fjí hkq wka;¾cd, udOHh yryd f;dr;=rej,g
m%fõYjk l%uhls' fjí o;a; iïfm%aIKhg Ndú; lrkqfha Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) h'
th wka;¾cd,h yryd l:d lrk tla NdIdjla muKls' wêikaOdk yryd tlsfklg ikaOdk
jQ fjí msgq kñka ye¢kafjk fjí f,aLkj,g m%fõY ùu i|yd Internet Explorer fyda Mozilla
Firefox fyda n÷ w;ßlaiq www úiska Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fjí f,aLkj, Ñ;%l" Yío mdG yd
ùäfhda o wvx.= fõ'
fjí wvú yd fjí msgq

• f,dal úisß úhufkys wvúhls ^msysgqùuls&
• tla tla fjí wvúfhka wvúhg we;=¿ jk úg mßYS,lhla olsk m<uq f,aLkh jk uq,a
msgqjla wvx.= h'
• fjí wvúhla hkq tlsfklg ikaOdk jQ o fndfyda úg fjk;a fjí wvúj, msgqj,g
ikaOdk jQ o HTML NdIdfjka fla;sl fjí msgqj, tl;=jls'
fjí w;ßla i q j
fjí w;ßlaiqjla hkq fjí wvúfhys fjí msgqjl m%fNaod;aul j msysá mdG" m%;sìïn fyda
fjk;a f;dr;=re fyda ixo¾Ykhg yd tajd iu`. wka;¾l%shd lsÍug mßYS,lhl=g yelsjk
uDÿldx. fhÿuls' we;eï fjí w;ßlaiq Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator yd Mozilla
Firefox fõ'
fjí fhduq ^taldldr iïm;a ksYaphlh&

wka;¾cd, fiajdodhlhl f.dkqjg ud¾.h w¾: iSukh lrk fhduqj fhduq ;Srefjys URL ghsma
lsÍfuka msgqjla iuqoaOrKh l< yelsh'
Wod( http://www.nie.lk/page/syllabus.html
kshudj,sh jifuys ku msgqj
49
fijqï hka;%
fijqï hka;% f;dr;=re fiùug Ndú; lrkq ,efí' Yahoo, Google, MSN f;dr;=re fiùug
Ndú; lrk fijqï hka;% lsysmhls'
B fï,a
B fï,a ^bf,lafg%dksl ;emE,& wka;¾cd,h u.ska imhkq ,nk tla fiajdjls' B fï,a
bf,lafg%dksl ikaksfõok moaO;s yryd mKsjqv j¾Kfhdackfha heùfï" wdphkfha yd ,nd
.ekSfï wdphk yd bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%uhls'
my; i|yka l%u u.ska B fï,a myiqlu ,nd .; yelsh'

• Tfí mß.Klfha Eudora, Pine wdÈ B fï,a uDÿldx. msysgqùfuka
• ieliQ B fï,a myiqlu iys; jQ Google, yahoo fyda MSN n÷ ckm%h
s fijqï hka;h
% la Ndú;fhka
f.dkq ;eka u drej

f.dkq ;ekaudrej" wka;¾cd,h u.ska iemfhk ;j;a jeo.;a fiajdjls' wka;¾cd,fha fyda tl
u cd,fha fyda mß.Kl folla w;r f.dkq ;ekaudrejg fï fiajdj bv i,ihs' f.dkq
;ekaudrej u.ska imfhk jvd;a jeo.;a myiqlï fol kï"
1' fjk;a mß.Klhlska Tfí mß.Klhg f.dkqjla msgm;a lsÍfï yelshdj
2' Tfí mß.Klfha isg fjk;a mß.Klhlg f.dkqjla heùfï yelshdj
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
50
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2( M,odhS ikaksfõokh i|yd úoHq;a udOH Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• b - ;eme,a heùu yd ,eîu i|yd wjYH ixrpl kï lrhs'
• b - ;eme,a Ndú;fhka wka;¾cd,h yryd wmsg ikaksfõokh l< yels nj ms<s .kshs'
• b - ;eme,a Ndú; lr mKsjqv hjhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wka;¾cd, l;dny Ndú; lrhs'

• b - ;eme,a ,sms heùug yd ,eîug my; i|yka wjYH;d imqrd,sh hq;=h'
ο wka;¾cd, iïnkaOhla iys; mß.Klhla
ο b - ;eme,a .sKqula
ο b - ;eme,a uDÿldx.
• b - ;eme,a uDÿldx. lsysmhla fufia h'
ο hqfvdard (Eudora)
ο uhsfl%dfid*aÜ wjqÜ¨la tlaiam%ia (Microsoft Outlook Express)
ο fm.iia (Pegasus)
• b - ;eme,a fhduqjla fldgia follska iukaú; h'
ο Tfí wkkH;dj
ο Tfí wka;¾cd, fiajd iemhqïlref.a (ISP) wkkH;dj
ο fï fldgia fol @ ixfla;fhka fjka ù we;'
• b - ;eme,a fiajd imhkakka tl u mKsúvh tl u fõ,dfõ § nyq mßYS,lhkag heùug
myiqlï i,ihs'
• uq,a ;emEf,ys wu;r msgm;a ldnka msgm;a (cc) f,i heúh yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
bf,lafg%dksl ;emE, hkq l=ula o@
• bf,lafg%dksl ;emE, fyda B fï,a hkq tla mß.Kl mßYS,lhl=g mß.Kl cd,hla ;=<ska
ixLHdxluh wdldrhg ;j;a mß.Kl mßYS,lhl=g fyda lsysm fokl=g fyda mKsúvhla
heùug bv i,ik fuj,u úia;r lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk fuj,u hs'
• ixúOdkhl idudðlhkag Tjqkaf.a wNHka;r mß.Kl cd,h ;=<ska wNHka;r fyda
wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lr f,dalfha ´kE u flfkl=g ndysr j b - ;eme,a heúh yels h'
b - ;eme,a .ek ks¾jpkh

b - ;eme,a hkq bf,lafg%dksl ;emE,g flá jpkh fõ' th" bf,lafg%dksl ikaksfõok
moaO;s yryd mKsúv ieliSu" heùfï yd ,eîfï l%uh fõ' wo fndfyda b - ;eme,a moaO;s
wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrk w;r wka;¾cd,fha jvd;a ckm%sh tla Ndú;djla f,i b - ;eme,a
fiajdj mj;S'
51
th l%shd lrkafka flfiao@
• tla mß.Klhlska ;j tllg mKsúv heúu i|yd Tfí mKsúvh ixLHdxluh wdldrhg
mßj¾;kh lr ;eme,a fiajdodhlhl= f,i fyda ;eme,a lkaf;darejla f,i fyda lghq;=
lrk mß.Klhlg bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'
• fï ;eme,a fiajdodhlhd Tfí ;emE, f;dard fhduq lrhs'
• fï ;eme,a fiajdodhlhdg ;emEf,a ish¨ mßYS,lhkag fhduq l< yels tl u l%uh jkqfha
ish¨ mßYS,lhka iïnkaO cd,hlg iïnkaO ùfuks'
• bf,lafg%dksl ;emE, lshùu fyda heùu fyda i|yd Tng úfYaI uDÿldx. wjYH fõ'
Wod( hqfvdard" uhsfl%dfid*aÜ wjqÜ¨la tlaiam%ia" fm.diia
b - ;eme,a .sKqula ks¾udKh lsÍu'

b - ;eme,a .sKqula ,nd .kakd l%u folls'
1' wka;¾cd, ;eme,a .sKqu îdudkHfhka fkdñf,a ,efí'&
Wod( Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail
2' wka;¾cd, fiajd iemhqïlrejkaf.ka (Internet Service Provider, ISP) ^f.úh hq;=h'&
b - ;eme,a mKsúvhl m%Odk fldgia

,eìh hq;= (TO):
Tn mKsúvh hjk ;eke;a;df.a b - ;eme,a ,smskh "To" lafIa;%fhys we;=<;a lrkak'
.%dylhka lsysm fokl= isà kï Tjqkaf.a ,smskhla fldudj,ska ^"& fyda fiñflda,kaj,ska ^;& fyda
fjka l< hq;=h'
ldnka msgm;a (CC):

CC —ldnkamsgm;— i|yd fhfoa' CC lafIa;f
% ha f,aLk.; ´kE u flfkl=g Tn hjk mKsúvfha
msgm;la ,efí' tu mKsúvfha ish¨ .%dylhkag Tn CC f,i y÷kajk ish¨ fokd u tu
mKsúvfha .%dylhla nj oek .kq we;'
w| ldnka msgm;a (BCC):

BCC —w| ldnka msgm;a— i|yd fhfoa' fuh CC j,g iudk fõ' fjkilg we;af;a BCC
.%dylhka mKsúvfha wfkla .%dylhkag woDYH fõ'
úIh(
mKsúvh l=ula o hkq fuu lafIa;%fhka ksrEmKh fõ' mKsúv fma<sh mKsúvfha wka;¾.;h
idrdxY lrhs'
wEÿu(
wEÿï" Tfí b - ;eme,a mKsúvh iu`. hjk fjka jQ f.dkq h' b - ;eme,a ,smskhlg my;
i|yka wdldrfha f.dkq ish,a, wEÈh yelsh'
• me;=reï m;a
• joka ieliqï f,aLk
52
• o;a; iuqodh f.dkq
• Y%jH f.dkq
• ùäfhda f.dkq
• Ñ;%l m%;sìïn
hdyq (yahoo) ;eme,a ljq¿fõ f*da,avr fldgfia jeo.;a whs;u
f*da , a v r(
ish¨ m%Odk f*da,avr fï f*da,avr fldgfia msysgd ;sfí' tkï ,enqKq ;emE," flgqïm;a" hejQ
;emE, yd bj; ,k ;emE,'
• ,enqKq ;emE, (Inbox)( Tng ,enqKq mKsúv ixo¾Ykh lrhs' fï f*da,avrfha lshejQ yd
fkdlshejQ mKsúv ixo¾Ykh fõ'
• flgqïm;a (Drafts)( Tn ilia l< fyda ks¾udKh l< fyda mKsúv iqrlsk ,o kï tajd fï
f*da,avrh hgf;a f;dard .kq ,efí'
• hejQ ;emE, (Sent)( Tn hejQ ish¨ mKsúv wdphkh fõ'
• bj; ,k ;emE, (Trash)( f,dma l< ish¨ whs;u wdphkh lrhs'
igyk( Trash ys "Empty" iïnkaOh la,sla lsÍfuka Tng bj; ,k ;emE, ysia l< yels h'
• la I Ks l mKs ú v heùu ^l;dny&(
l;dnfyys fh§u wka;¾cd,fhys we;s jvd;a u ckm%sh l%shdldrluls' ;uka ie,ls,a,la
olajk úúO ud;Dld ms<sn| j f,dalh mqrd isák mqoa.,hka iu`. ´kE u /lshdjl fhfok
´kE u jhfiys miqjk mqoa.,hkag iïnkaO ùfï yelshdj Bg wh;a fõ' iïm%odhdkql+, j
l;dnyg mdGh mokï fõ' tfy;a Y%jH yd ùäfhda o we;=<;a úh yelsh' m%isoaO l;dny
m%foaYj, § mqoa.,fhda —mßYS,l kï˜ fyda —wdrEV kï˜ Ndú; lr;a' ke;fyd;a we;eï úg
l;dny f,dalfha ;uka y÷kk mßÈ Ñ;%l ksrEml fyda —wj;dr˜ fyda f,i ksrEmKh fj;a'
• wka;¾cd, m%;sfhdacl l;dny (IRC)
IRC nyq mßYS,l l;dny l%uf,aLhls' IRC u.ska tla;rd cd,hl fyda cd, lsysmhl fyda
iu.dó j idlÉPdjlg iyNd.s ùug mqoa.,hkag bv ie,fia'
• wka ; ¾cd, l;dnyg my; i|yka ta j d wjYH fõ'
ο wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; mß.Klhla
ο uhsfl%df*dak iys; iamSlrhla$fyâf*dakhla
ο wod< uDÿldx. ^Wod( Skype, Yahoo Messenger&
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
53
ks m q K ;dj 4( fufyhq ï moa O ;s h ms < s n | oekq j ;a l u u`.s k a mß.Klh
ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS j Ndú; lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 4'1( mß.Klfha l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd fufyhqï moaO;sfha odhl;ajh

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx.j, uQ,sl l%shdldÍ;ajhka úia;r lrhs'
• mß.Klfha Odjlh f,i fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx.j, w.h ms<s .kshs'
• fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. m%j¾. wkqj fufyhqï moaO;shl uQ,l
s l%h
s dldÍ;ajhka úYaf,aIKh
lrhs'
• wuq¾; ixl,amj,g yqremqreÿ ùu i|yd idoDYH fhdod .kshs'

ms ú iS u (
• § we;s wkql%uhg my; oelafjk rEm ;=k mka;shg fmkajkak'
4'1'1 rEmh 4'1'2 rEmh
4'1'3 rEmh
54
• ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o l%shdj,sh úia;r lsÍug YsIHhkag bv yßkak'
• my; i|yka tajd biau;= lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο mska;+rfha oelafjk jdykh gelaishla f,i l%shd;aul jkafka ßhÿrl= yd u.Ska isáh
fyd;a muKs'
ο tfuka u" bf,lafg%dksl moaO;shla mß.Klhla f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka th Odjkh
lsÍug iqÿiq l%uhla we;akï muKs'
ο mß.Klfha m%Yia; Ndú;h i|yd tn÷ l%u úYaf,aIKh lr fyd¢la oek .; hq;=h'

wms fufyhqï moaO;s .fõIKh lruq'
• fufyhqï moaO;sj,g iïnkaO my; i|yka l%shdldÍ;ajhka y;r i,ld n,kak'
ο mß.Kl fufyhqï i|yd w;=reuqyqK;a iemhSu'
ο l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh
ο kdudj,s yd f.dkq l<ukdlrKh
ο wdodk$m%;sodk Wml%u md,kh
• § we;s l%shdldÍ;ajh oek .ekSu i|yd lshùï øjH n,kak'
• l%shdldÍ;ajh odhl jk mß.Klfha fldgi o tu fldgfia ld¾hh o y÷kd .kak'
• l%shdldÍ;ajhka yd iïnkaO ld¾hhka f,aLk.; lrkak'
• f,aLk.; ld¾hhka úia;r lrkak'
• fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. m%j¾. ;=k; Windows, Linux yd DOS iïnkaO j l%shdldÍ;ajhka
meyeÈ,s l< yels whqre y÷kd .ekSug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
• Windows, Linux yd DOS wdY%s; j l%shdldÍ;ajfha mßKduh úia;r lrkak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § kùldÍ uq¿ mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍulg iQodkï jkak'

• ish fidhd .ekSï mka;shg bÈßm;a lrk fuka tla tla lKavdhfuka b,a,d isákak'
• bÈßm;a lsÍu úia;drKh i|yd wod< lKavdhug m<uq wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhïj,g bv fokak'
• my; i|yka lreKq biau;= lrñka meyeÈ,s j úia;r lrkak'
ο mß.Klh iu`. jev lsÍu i|yd fufyhqï moaO;shla wjYH fõ'
ο Windows, Linux yd DOS nyq, j Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;s lsysmhls'
ο fufyhqï moaO;shl uQ,sl l%shdldÍ;ajhka my; oelafõ'
mß.Kl fufyhqï i|yd w;=re uqyqK;a iemhSu'
l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh
kshudj,s yd f.dkq l<ukdlrKh
wdodk$m%;sodk Wml%u md,kh
wdphkh l<ukdlrKh
55
ls h ùï øjH
fufyhqï moaO;shl uQ,sl ld¾hhka
mß.Kl fufyhqu i|yd w;=reuqyqK; iemhSu
wo fndfyda kQ;k fufyhqï moaO;sj, Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK; (GUI) wvx.= fõ' mßYS,l
w;=reuqyqK;la mßYS,l yd mß.Klh w;r wka;¾l%shdjg jHqyh ,nd fohs' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re
uqyqKf;ys WIMP wkq,laIKj,ska ksrEms; w;HjYH uQ,dx. y;rla we;' WIMP j,ska ms<sfj<ska
oelafjkqfha ljq¿ (Windows) ^RcqfldaKdi% m%foaYh& ksrEml(Icons)" fukq (Menus) yd olajk
(Pointing) Wml%u fõ' fï Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqKf;ys Èiajk jia;+ka oelaùfuka yd la,sla
lsÍfuka úOdkhkag we;=¿ùug Tng bv i,ihs' fjk;a mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a o ;sfí' tkï"
úúO fufyhqï moaO;sj,ska Ndú; lrkq ,nk úOdk fma<s w;=reuqyqK; h (CLI)' ;uka leu;s
´kE u mßYS,l w;=reuqyKq ;la msyg
s ù
q ug fyda ks¾udKhg fyda fndfyda fufyhqï moaO;s wjia:dj
i,ihs' fuys § wms i,ld n,k fufyhqï moaO;s lsysmhla kï Windows, Linux yd DOS fõ'
úkafvdaia (Windows) Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda ckm%sh fufyhqï moaO;shls' th Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re
uqyK
q ;a mdol fufyhqï moaO;shla i|yd kso¾Ylhls' fïi mß.Klh kñka ye¢kafjk úkafvdaia
w;=reuqyqK; iu`. Tng WIMP mßirh .fõIKh l< yels h'
úka f vda i a ;s r h
4'1'4 rEmh
,sklaia (Linux) újD; m%Nj fufyhqï moaO;shls' újD; m%Nj moaO;sfha újD; m%Njh ´kE u
flfkl=g ,nd .; yels h' ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sh m%:u fyda úOdk fma<s w;=re uqyqK;la
iys;j meje;s w;r tys§ l%uf,aL kñka ghsma lrkq ,eîh' ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sj, miq
wkqjdo" WIMP mßirh we;s Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;lg wdOdr lrhs' ,sklaia mdol fufyhqï
moaO;s fndfyduhls' tajdhska iuyrla Wnqkagq (Ubuntu), fmfvdard (Fedora) yd ´mka fidaia (Open
Suse) fõ'
56
,sklaia ;srh
4'1'5 rEmh
fvdia (DOS) úOdk fma<s w;=reuqyqK;la Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;shlg kso¾Ykhls' fvdia
ys § úOdk lÜg,hla yryd mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;sh iu`. m%;l s h
s% d lrhs' MS-DOS ûhsfl%dfid*aâ
äiala fufyhqï moaO;sh& fufyhqï moaO;s fvdia mjqf,a jvd;a mq¿,a j Ndú; lrkq ,nk
idudðlhka h' 1980 .Kkaj, § th jvd;a m%uqL fufyhqï moaO;sh úh' MS-DOS wdrïN jQfha
QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System-blauka yd ls<sá fufyhqï moaO;sh& f,i h' whs'î'tï
yd uhsfl%dfid*aÜ fol u fvdia wkqjdo ksl=;a lf<da h' whs'î'tï wkqjdoh IBM-PC iu`.
imhk ,o w;r th PC-DOS kñka ye¢kaúK' mß.Klh iu`. wka;¾l%h s d lsÍu i|yd mßYS,lg
yeu úg u fvdia úOdk ghsma l< hq;= h' mß.Klh Odjkh lsÍu i|yd mßYS,lhka fvdia
úOdk bf.k .ekSu wjYH fõ'
fvdia (DOS) ;srh

4'1'6 rEmh
57
• l% s h dj,s l<ukdlrKh
mß.Klhl Odjkh lrkq ,nk yeu l%uf,aLhla u fyda l%uf,aLhla l%shd lrùu fyda
l%shdj,shls' tfy;a we;eï l%shdj,s ksYaÑ; mßYS,lhka iu`. iïnkaO fkdfõ' msúfik
;emE, fidaÈis lsÍu n÷ iqúfYaIS ld¾hhka tajdg ;sfí' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh" nyq l%shdj,s
Odjkh ms<sn| lghq;= lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha l%uh fõ'
4'1'7 rEmh
úkafvdaia mßirfha CTRL, ALT, DEL h;=re tljr ghsma lsÍfuka Odjk l%shdj,s oelsh yelsh
^4'1'7 rEmh&' úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sfha ish¨ l%shdj,s iudk fõ' tfy;a ,sklaiays tla
l%shdj,shla ;j l%shdj,shla ks¾udKh lrhs' ,sklaiays lsisÿ l%shdj,shla fjk;a l%shdj,shlska
iajdëk fkdfõ' fvdia ys iïm;a wdrlaIl hka;%Khla fkdue;' tljr úúO ld¾hhka bgq
l< fkdyels h'
• kdudj,s yd f.dkq l<ukdlrKh

f.dkqjla hkq tlg iïnkaO f;dr;=re tl;=jls' kdudj,s f.dkq wdphkh i|yd Ndú;
flf¾' kdudj,sj, f.dkq yd fjk;a kdudj,s wvx.= jkq we;' kdudj,s yd f.dkq
l<ukdlrKfha § fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska my; i|yka l%shdldrlï lrkq ,efí'
ο f.dkq ks¾udKh lrhs' f,dma lrhs'
ο kdudj,s ks¾udKh lrhs' f,dma lrhs'
ο f.dkq yd kdudj,s ixpd,khg wdOdr fjhs'
ο wdphk udOHfhys Wmia:dk f.dkq idohs'
ο oaú;Shsl wdphkhg f.dkq is;=jïlrKh lrhs'
f.dkq wvx.= úkafvdaia wdphk Wml%uj, Odjk wl=re fmr we¢hla ;sfí'
WodyrK jYfhka" kuH Odjl m%fNaod;aul j A: f,io" oDv äial m%fNaod;aulj C: f,io
oela fõ' ^4'1'8 rEmh&
58
4'1'8 rEmh
bkafg,a fyda whs'î'tï fyda fm!oa.,sl mß.Klj,ska ,nd .;a oDvdx. u; úkafvdaia yd ,sklaia
hk foflys u m%Odk lÜá frfldavrh mdúÉÑhg .efka' th fufyhqï moaO;sh wdrïN lsÍug
yd äialh fnod ;sfío@ keoao@ hkak i|yka lsÍug Ndú; lrk äialfha fldgi fõ' úkafvdaia
yd ,sklaia hk foflys u tla fnÿulg tla f.dkq moaO;shla j;a ;sîu fmdÿ h' ,sklaiays tla
f.dkq moaO;shlg like/dev/li ^—oDv äialh A fldgi 1—& n÷ f.dkqjla f,i ksrEmKh jk
Wml%uhla ,efí'
f.dkq úNdck j.=j (FAT - File Allocation Table) f.dkq ixúOdkh yd l<ukdlrKh i|yd
MS- DOS yd fjk;a úkafvdaia mdol fufyhqï moaO;s úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk f.dkq moaO;shls'
tla tla úkafvdaia f.dkq moaO;sfhys ljr äial lÜáh by< u kdudj,sh OdrKh lr we;s oehs
i|yka f.dkq úNdck j.=jla (FAT) we;' ,sklaiays fndfyda f.dkq moaO;sj, iulh iqmsß lÜáh
fõ' ,sklaia f.dkq moaO;shl iqmsß lÜáfhys nyq msgm;a fN!;sl j äialfhys wdphkh ù ;sfí'
fuhska w¾O äial úlD;shl § id;sßla;;dj iemfha' iqmsß lÜáh ,sklaiays yeu úg u mdfya
u;lfha we;' merKs fvdia (DOS) n÷ f.dkq moaO;s i|yd tfia fkdfõ' ,sklaiays o by< u
kdudj,sfhys ;nk ,o f.dkq ms<sn| úfYaI iSudjla ke;'
úkafvdaiays msysgqjk ,o f.dkq moaO;shla i|yd tla Odjl wl=rla we;' WodyrK jYfhka C:
i|yd C: iy D: i|yd D:. ,sklaiays Odjl wl=re ke;' tneúka tla f.dkq moaO;shla —$— ys o
wfkla f.dkq moaO;s —$— ys Wm kdudj,sj, o msysgqjkq ,efí' fï ieliqu wvqfjka Ndú; lrkq
,nk MS-DOS úOdkh jk SUBST fuks'
59
md,k wdodk$m% ; s o dk Wml% u
fufyhqï moaO;shla äial Odjl" h;=re mqjre" ixo¾Yk yd uqøl n÷ wdodk$m%;sodk md,kh
lrhs' úúO Wml%u j, wdodkh yd m%;sodkh md,kh lrk l%uf,aL lÜg,hla ;sfí' fufyhqï
moaO;sh yd mß.Klfha uõ mqjrefõ fkdue;s ish¨ oDvdx. w;r m:h" Odjlh hkqfjka
ye¢kafjk úfYaI l%uf,aLhla yryd hhs' Wml%u Odjlhla hkq oDvdx. Wml%u iu`. wka;¾l%h
s djg
wjldYh ie,iSu i|yd j¾Okh lrk ,o ksYaÑ; j¾.fha mß.Kl uDÿldx.hls' wdodk"
m%;sodk Wml%u md,kh i|yd fvdia (DOS) g we;af;a uo myiqjls' úkafvdaiays yd ,sklaia ys§
fvdia j,g jvd wdodk$m%;sodk Wml%u md,kh myiq h'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
60
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2( fufyhq ï moa O ;s j , ld¾hhka Ndú; lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• fufyhqï moaO;shla úiska bgqlrkq ,nk úúO ld¾h úia;r lrhs'
• wjYH;dj mokï lr ld¾hhka f;dard .ekSfï w.h ms<s.kshs'
• fufyhqï moaO;shla úiska bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hhka úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
• tÈfkod jev lsÍug fufyhqï moaO;shl kdudj,s jHqyh Ndú; lrhs'
• wod< f;dr;=re lrd blaukska m%fõYh i|yd wod< l%fudamdh Ndú; lrhs'

• fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska lrkq ,nk úúO ld¾hh jkqfha
ο mßYS,l .sKqï iE§u'
ο uQ,sl moaO;s msysgqï yd md,k o¾Ykh lrhs' fufyhjhs'
ο o;a; f.dkqj, wkqmsgm;a ks¾udKh lrhs' wkjYH f.dkq wia lrhs' hdno f.dkq idohs'
ο f.dkq yd kdudj,s ixúOdkh lrhs'
ls h ùï øjH
mßYS , l .s K q ï
mßYS,l hkq mß.Kl moaO;shla Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hd h' mQrl yd iïm;a l<ukdlrK wd§
ld¾hhka i|yd mßYS,lhka ;ukaf.a wkdkH;dj m%ldY lsÍu wjYH jkq we;' ;u wkkH;dj
i|yd mßYS,lhl=g .sKqula we;' mß.Klhla yjqf,a Ndú;fha § wfkla mßYS,lhkag Tfí
fm!oa.,sl f.dkq" uDÿldx. ne,Sug fyda Tfí mß.Kl msysgqï fjkia lsÍug fyda yels jkq we;'
moa O ;s fuj,ï
moaO;s fuj,ï lsysmhla we;'
• äial Nd.SyrKh
f.dkqfõ úúO fldgia hdno j fkdue;s len,sj,ska oDv äialh yryd úisf¾' äial
Nd.SyrK Wmfhda.S;dj hdno j fkdue;s f.dkq hdno f.dkq f,i y÷kd f.k tajdfha
úYajiH;dj yd ld¾hidOlh jeä lsÍug oDv äialfha tajdfha ia:dmkh m%Yia;lrKh
lrhs'
• Wmia:h
oDv äialh wid¾:l fõ kï fyda wyïfnka Tn f.dkq f,dma lrhs kï fyda Wmia:
Wmfhda.S;dj Tfí o;a; wdrlaId lrhs' oDv äialfha ish¨ o;a;j, wkqmsgm;la Wmia:h
ks¾udKh lr fjk;a wdphk Wml%uhla th w;alr .kshs'
• äial msßisÿlrKh
oDv äial Odjlh l=uk f.dkq ;j ÿrg;a wjYH fkdfõ hhs —äial msßisÿlrKh˜ u.ska
;SrKh lr tu f.dkq f,dma lrhs'
61
• wkq ,laIK is;shu
wkq,laIK is;shu" úfYaI wkq,laIK f;dard tajd f,aLkhg msgm;a lrhs'
md,k mek,h
mßYS,lhkag uQ,sl moaO;s msysgqï o¾Ykhg yd fufyhùug bv i,ik oDvdx. tl;= lsÍu"
uDÿldx. bj;a lsÍu" mßYS,l .sKqï md,kh lsÍu yd m%fõYSh úl,am fjkia lsÍu n÷ oE md,kh
lrk tï tia úkafvdaia Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqKf;ys fldgi md,k mqjrej fõ'
kdudj,s jHq y h
kdudj,s Ndú; lrkqfha f.dkq wdphkh i|yd h' kdudj,shl f.dkq lsysmhla wvx.= úh yelsh'
Wm kdudj,s hkqfjka ye¢kafjk fjk;a kdudj,s o tys wvx.= úh yelsh' Wv u kdudj,sh uQ,
kdudj,sh f,i ye¢ka fõ' Wm kdudj,s th orK kdudj,sfhys —orejd— hhs lshkq ,efí'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
62
ks m q K ;dj 5( úúO wdldrfha f,aLk ieliSu i|yd joka ieliqï uDÿldx.
Ndú; lrhs '
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 5'1( joka ieliqï uDÿldx.j, ixrpl y÷kd .ekSu i|yd tu

uDÿldx.j, wkql,s; ixj¾Ok mßirh (IDE) úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• ;sr msßie,iqfuys ixrpl kï lrhs' úia;r lrhs'
• w;ska fjkqjg bf,lafg%dksl j f,aLk ms<sfh, lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• joka ieliqfuys § h;=re mqjrej Ndú; lrhs'

ms ú iS u (
• bx.%Sis Èkh i|yd wdrdOkhla wfkla whf.a Wojqfjka l¿,E,af,a w¢k fuka leue;af;ka
bÈßm;a jk fofofkl=g lshkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq biau;= lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο ;udf.a yelshdj wkqj w;a wl=re ,sùfï ffY,sh" wl=rej, ;ru" j¾K yd msßie,eiau'
ο yelshdjla ke;s mqqoa.,hka úiska wdrdOkd m;%hl w¢k Ñ;% wdl¾IKSh fkdfõ'
ο miq wjia:djka i|yd fuh iq/lsh fkdyelsh'
ο l¿,E,af,a we¢ hula msgm;a lsÍu yer uqøKh l< fkdyels h'
ο wjYH wdrdOkd m;a ixLHdj wkqj tla tla msgm; ld,h yd iïm;a kdia;s lrñka w;ska
fomsgm;a l< hq;=h'
ο by; i|yka ÿIalr;d u`. yrjd,Sug mß.Kl joka ilikh Wojq fõ'

joka ieliqfuys wkql,k ixj¾Ok mßirh úYaf,aIKh lruq'
joka ieliqï uDÿldx.j,g iïnkaO my; i|yka ud;Dld i,ld n,kak'
ο ud;Dld ;Srej
ο fukq ;Srej
ο iïu; fuj,ï ;Srej
ο yeviõ fuj,ï ;Srej
ο isria fldaÿj
ο ;sria fldaÿj
ο Wmfhdacl m%foaYh
ο ;Sr
ο ixfldapl fnd;a;u
ο m%idrl$m%;Hd¾mK fnd;a;u
ο mo jik fnd;a;u
ο f,aLk jik fnd;a;u
63
ο isria wkqp,k ;Srej
ο ;sria wkqp,k ;Srej
ο w¢k fuj,ï ;Srej
ο ;;a;aj ;Srej
• mß.Klh wdrïN lr joka ilik uDÿldx.h mgka .kak'
• lshùï øjH n,d mejreKq lafIa;%h ms<sn| fyd| woyila ,nd .kak'
• h;=re mqjrej Ndú; lr joka ilik fhÿfuys Tfí u jpk yd ixfla; ghsma lsÍu
mqreÿjkak'
• my; i|yka mdGh ghsma lrkak'
"Quick Brown Fox Jurped Over The Lazy Dogs"
• th iq/l joka ilikh jikak'
• Tn iq/ls f.dkqj újD; lr wl=re j¾. m%udKh fjkia lrñka ixialrKh lrkak'
• uqøs; msgm;la ,nd .kak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § Tfí w;aoelSï yd fidhd .ekSï mka;sh iu`. yqjudre lr .ekSug iQodkï
jkak'
• kï lrk ,o rEmj, msgm;a lKavdhïj,g fnod fokak'
• joka ilik meflach yd tys ;srfhys ,laIK wdrïN lsÍug lKavdhïj,g Wojq jkak'
• ,laIK wOHhkh lsÍug lKavdhïj,g bv fokak'
• uq¿ mka;s bÈßm;a lsÍulg lKavdhï iQodkï lrkak'

• ish fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhug i,ikak'
ο Wiia ,laIK iys; j bf,lafg%dksl j f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍug joka ieliqï fhÿu
Ndú; l< yelsh'
ο b;d iq¿ jeäÈhqKqjla iys; mdG ixialdrlhka we;'
ο fkdaÜmEâ tn÷ tla ixialdrlhls'
ο ud;Dld ;Srej" f,aLkfha ud;Dldj ixo¾Ykh lrhs'
ο fukq ;Srefõ úl,am fndfyduhla we;'
ο joka ilikhl úúO fuj,ï we;'
ο iïu; fuj,ï ;Srej yd yeviõ fuj,ï ;Srej f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍfï § fndfyda
WmldÍ fõ'
ο fuj,ï ;Srefõ we;s fuj,ï fukqfjys úl,am ksrEmKh lrhs'
ο fldaÿj, w¿ meye;s fldgia ;Sr olajhs'
ο fhÿï ljq¿fjys fnd;a;ï lsysmhla we;'
ο ixfldapk fnd;a;u fhÿfuys wjulrKh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
ο m%idrl$m%;Hd¾mK fnd;a;u fhÿfuys m%idrKh yd m%;Hd¾mKh i|yd Ndú; lrkq
,efí'
ο jeiqï fnd;a;u" fhÿu jeiSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
ο ;Srejg my;ska we;s jeiqï fnd;a;u f,aLkh jeiSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• wkqp,k ;Srej f,aLk wkqp,kh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
64
• w¢k fuj,ï ;Srefjys fuj,ï f¾Ld" B;, yd ks;e;a yev we£u myiq lrhs'
• ;;a;aj ;Srej" l¾irfha ia:dkh ixo¾Ykh lrhs'
• ixialdrl ^jev lrk& m%foaYh" f,aLk ghsma lsÍu yd ixialrKh i|yd Ndú; flf¾'
• ixialrK m%foaYfha l=vd ksó,k isria ;Srej l¾irh f,i ye¢kafõ'
• joka ieliqfuka ks¾udKh l< f,aLk bÈß Ndú;h i|yd iq/lsh yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
wms tï tia j¾â i,ld n,uq'
^fï l%shdldrlu i|yd Openoffice.org Writer o ie,lsh yelsh'&
ld¾h ;Srefjys START fnd;a;u la,sla lrkak'
Programs è Microsoft Office è Microsoft Word (Click) fj; hkak' ke;fyd;a .=re;=ud$;=óf.ka
Wojq ,nd .kak'
uhsfl%dfid*aÜ j¾âys ;sr msßie,iqu ^werUqï ljq¿j& my; oelafõ' ^5'1'1 rEmh&
1 3
7 9
2 4 6
10
11 12
8
5
13
14
15
16
5'1'1 rEmh
65
1' ud;Dld ;Srej
2' fukq ;Srej
3' iïu; fuj,ï ;Srej
4' yeviõ fuj,ï ;Srej
5' isria fldaÿj
6' ;sria fldaÿj
7' jev fmfoi
8' ;Sr
9' ixfldapl fnd;a;u
10' m%idrl$m%;Hd¾mK fnd;a;u
11' joka jik fnd;a;u
12' f,aLk jik fnd;a;u
13' isria wkqp,k ;Srej
14' ;sria wkqp,k ;Srej
15' w¢k fuj,ï ;Srej
16' ;;a;aj ;Srej
kj f,aLk fldgqj
jeiSug kj f,aLk
fldgqfõ by< ol=Kq
fl<jfrys
la,sla lrkak'
Tfí ;srh fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg Èiajkq
we;'
5'1'2 rEmh
Tfí ;srh fmkajd we;s wdldrhg Èiajkq we;'
f.dkq j la iq / lS u
Tng miq j ,nd .ekSug wjYH kï Tfí f.dkq iq/lsh hq;=h' iq/lSug fmr Tfí f.dkqjg
kula ,nd Èh hq;=h' Tfí f.dkqj iq/lSu yd joka ilik uDÿldx.h jeiSu i|yd my; § we;s
Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrkak'
66
1' fukqfjka File è Save As f;dard .kak'
2' úuiqï fldgqfõ (Look in) ksjerÈ f*da,avrh úYaf,aIKh lrkak'
3' f.dkq kdu fldgqfõ ghsma lsÍfuka Tfí f.dkqj kï lrkak'
Save la,sla lrkak'
iïu; fuj,ï ;Srefõ Save ksrEmlh u; la,sla lrkak' ^5'1'3 rEmh&
5'1'3 rEmh
fyda
Ctrl yd S hk h;=re tljr ;o lrkak'
f.dkqj újD; lsÍu

Tn l,ska iq/ls f.dkqjl jev lr f.k hdu i|yd Tn f.dkqj újD; l< hq;=h' Tn oekgu;a
iq/l we;s f.dkqj újD; lsÍu i|yd
1' fukqfjka File è Open f;dard .kak'

2' Tn f.dkqj iq/ls f*da,avrh úuiqï fldgqfjka (Look in) f;dard .kak'
3' f.dkqj f;dard .kak' ke;fyd;a f.dkq kdu lafIa;%fha f.dkq kduh ghsma lrkak'
4' Open la,sla lrkak' Tn l,ska iq/ls f.dkqj u;= fõ'
ke;fyd;a
iïu; fuj,ï ;Srefõ Open fuj,u la,sla lr by; mshjr 2" 3 yd 4 wkq.ukh lrkak'
úl,am l%uh( my< fy,k fukqj Ndú; lr f.dkqjla újD; lsÍu'

1' File la,sla lrkak'
2' my< fy,k fukqfjys my;ska f.dkq kduh msßlaikak'
3' fmr mdvfï § Tn ks¾udKh l< f.dkqj u; la,sla lrkak' túg f.dkqj újD; fõ'
uqøK fmr oiqk yd uqøKh

iïu; fuj,ï ;Srefõ Print Preview fnd;a;u la,sla lr Tfí f,aLkfha fmr oiqk ,nd.kak'
f,aLkh uqøKhg iQodkï jQ úg Print Preview ;srfhka Print fnd;a;u la,sla lrkak' ke;fyd;a
f.dkqj f;dard uqøKh lrkak'
67
ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2( joka ieliq ï uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka f,a L k ieliS u yd
uqøs; msgm;a ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrhs'
ld,h( ld,Éfþo ;=k hs
bf.kq ï M,(
• joka ieliqfuys Ndú; lrk úúO yeviõ kï lr tajd úia;r lrhs'
• f,aLk ks¾udKh i|yd iïu; yeviõ wkq.ukh lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<s.kshs'
• jD;a;Sh uÜgfï f,aLk ks¾udKh lrhs'

• ghsma lrk ,o mdGhl yeviõ fjkia lsÍu i|yd mdGh f;dard f.k yeviõ fuj,ï
;Srefjka wod< yeviõ fnd;a;u u; la,sla lrkak'
• f;dard .;a mdGfha wl=re j¾.h yd ;ru) fjkia lsÍu i|yd" wl=re j¾.h fyda wl=re j¾.fha
;ru fyda my< fy<k fnd;a;u la,sla lr wjYH wl=re j¾.h fyda wl=re j¾.fha ;ru fyda
f;dard .kq ,efí'
• mdGh jug" ueog" ol=Kg fyda fma<s .eiSug fyda tfl,s l< yelsh'
• lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lsÍu i|yd wxlk yd nq,g fnd;a;ï Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• iajhx yev" f¾Ld" jD;a; wdÈh we£u i|yd w¢k fuj,ï ;Srej Ndú; l< yels h'
• úúO ffY,sfha joka is;a;ï joka ilikfha we;'
• miqre is;a;ï yd rEm we;=¿ lsÍfuka f,aLkh wjOdrKh l< yels h'
• msgq iQodkï lsÍu"
ο msgq ;Sr
ο msgq ;ru
ο yev .eiqu - isria wdlD;sl fyda yria wdlD;sl myiq lrhs'
• uqøK úl,am u.ska wjY;d wkqj oDv msgm;a ,nd .ekSu myiq lrhs'
ο msgm;a ixLHdj
ο msgq mrdih
) Size i|yd zm%udKhz f,i mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dfõ i|yka jqj o ;ru hkak jvd;a WÑ; h'
68
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 5'3( joka ieliq ï uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka j.= idohs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• j.= ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ;Sr yd fma<s úia;r lrhs'
• f;dr;=re mßyrKfha § j.=j, jákdlu ms<s .kshs'
• w¾:dkaú; wdldrhg o;a; ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd j.= ks¾udKh lrhs'

• j.= ks¾udKfha § ;Sr yd fma<s ixLHdj ksYaph l< hq;=h'
• ;Srfha m<, yd fma<sfha Wi ielish yelsh'
• w¨;a ;Sr yd fma<s we;=,a l< yelsh' wkjYH ;Sr yd fma<s f,dma l< yelsh'
• hdno fldaI ixhqla; l< yelsjdla fuka u fldaI fnÈh yelsh'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
69
ks m q K ;dj 6( wdl¾IKSh nj bjeä lr .ekqu i|yd úoHq;a iu¾mk
^bÈßm;a lsÍï& idohs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1( iu¾mk ^bÈßm;alsÍfï& uDÿldx.j, uQ,sl ,laIK

Ndú;fhka úks ú ol idohs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mkhl uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
• iu¾mkhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § iu¾mk uDÿldx.j, jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'
• uDÿldx. Ndú; lr iu¾mkhla ks¾udKh lrhs'
• jvd fyd| ikaksfõokh i|yd bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mk fhdod .kshs'

ms ú iS u (
• mßir ¥IKh ms<sn| fmdaiagr ixo¾Ykh lsÍug leue;af;ka bÈßm;a jkakl= fhdojkak'
• mßir ¥IKh ms<sn| l,ska ms<sfh, lrk ,o iu¾mkhla bÈßm;a lrkak'
• my; i|yka tajd biau;= lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο w;ahqre iu¾mkhla yd bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mkhla w;r fjki
ο w;ahqre iu¾mkhlg jvd bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mkhl iNdjg jvd wdl¾IKSh hs'
ο iu¾mk ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka wdldrfha uDÿldx. jevigyka lsysmhla
we;'
Apple Keynote
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics
MS PowerPoint
Open Office.org Impress
ο uDÿldx. Ndú; lr iu¾mkhla ks¾udKh l< yels h' iu¾mkhla lod iuQyhlska
iukaú; fõ'

wms ir, iu¾mkhla ms<sfh, lruq'
• fnod fok ,o my; i|yka ud;Dld iïnkaO j ir, lod o¾Yk ie,iqï lsÍu i,lkak'
ο wfma mdi,
ο l%Svd
ο i;=ka
ο Ydl
• iu¾mk iïnkaO j jeo.;a lreKq igyka lsÍug imhd we;s lshùï øjH n,kak'
• imhd we;s wlql%ñl Wmfoia lshjd iu¾mk uDÿldx.j, uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl
w;aoelSï ,nd .kak'
• § we;s ud;Dldj ms<sn| lod y;rlska hq;a iu¾mkhla ms<sfh, lrkak'
70
• iu¾mkh o¾YkSh" meyeÈ,s yd ixlaIsma; nj ikd: lr .kak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § Tfí lod o¾Ykh bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

• tla tla lKavdhfï lod o¾Ykh bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'
• Tjqka w;a y< hï wvqmdvq msrùug bÈßm;a lrkakkaf.ka u b,a,d isákak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhï Èß .kajkak'
• fmkajk ,o wvqmdvq iïmQ¾K lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο uq,isg iu¾mkhla ks¾udKh lsÍug ysia iu¾mkhla fhdod .kq ,efí'
ο lodjl msßie,eiau" ud;Dldj yd nq,g fh¥ ,ehsia;= iu`. úh yelsh'
ο úúO wdldr jia;=" lodjg we;=¿ l< yels h' Wod( j.=" pdÜ" m%ia;dr" m%;sìïn" ixúOdk
pdÜ" mdG" Ñ;%l wdÈh'
ο lod o¾Ykhlg w¨;a lod we;=<;a l< yelsh'
ο lodjla o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd o¾Yk j¾. y;rla we;'
ο lod iu`. idudkH yeviõ.ekaùu l< yels h'
ls h ùï øjH
iu¾mk yd iu¾mk uDÿldx.
iu¾mkh hkq ud;Dldjl wka;¾.;h iNdjlg bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs' iu¾mkh M,odhS
lsÍu i|yd Tng wjYH jkqfha(
• Tfí iNdj .ek oek .ekSu'
• wka;¾.;h ir, j ;nd .ekSu'
• iqmqreÿ oDYHhkaf.ka wdrïN lsÍu'
• tla tla lodj iajdëk j ;nd .ekSu'
• bvlv M,odhS j Ndú; lsÍu'
• mdGh yd j¾Kh M,odhS j Ndú; lsÍu'
mß.Kl Ndú;fhka iu¾mk myiqfjka ks¾udKh l< yelsh' fï i|yd Microsoft PowerPoint,
Apple Keynote, OpenOffice.org Impress fyda Freelance Graphices fyda n÷ iu¾mk iE§u i|yd
úfYaIfhka ie,iqï lr we;s uDÿldx. ms<sn| wm iqmqreÿ úh hq;=h'
fY% a K s . ; u`.fmka ù ï
wms MS PowerPoint i,ld n,uq'
^fï l%shdldrlu i|yd Tng OpenOffice.org Impress o ie,lsh yelsh'&
jD;a;Suh iu¾mk yd lod o¾Yk ks¾udKh i|yd MS PowerPoint m%n, fuj,uls' iu¾mk
;=<ska fyda udhdlre (Wizard) Ndú;fhka fyda iu¾mk ks¾udKhg th Tng bv i,ihs'
71
MS PowerPoint wdrïN lsÍu'
1' Start è All Programes è Microsoft Office è Microsoft PowerPoint fyda
2' ksrEmlh u; fojrla la,sla lrkak'
uq , is g iu¾mkhla ks ¾ udKh ls Í u'

1' File è New / Ctrl + N
ysia iu¾mkh (Blank Presentation) f;dard .kak' ke;fyd;a

2' iïu; fuj,ï ;Srej (Standard Toolbar) u; New la,sla lrkak'
lodjl msßie,eiau ud;Dldj" nq,g fh¥ ,ehsia;=" rE igyka" m%ia;dr" m%;sìïn" ixúOdk rE
igyka" mdG yd Ñ;%l wdÈh iu`. jkq we;'
lod ms ß ie,eia u we;= ¿ ls Í u'

Format è Slide Layout
B <`.g WÑ; lodj f;dard .kak' ^6'1'1 rEmh&
6'1'1 rEmh
w¨;a lodjla we;=¿ lsÍu'

1' Insert a New Slide ke;fyd;a Ctrl + M h;=r Ndú; lrkak'
2' iïu; fuj,ï ;Srefjys New slide tool u; la,sla lrkak'
jia;=jla we;=¿ lsÍu'

Insert fukqj Ndú; lr my; i|yka jia;= we;=<;a l, yelsh'
kso¾Yk(
1' miqre is;a;u (Clip Art)
2' iajhx yev (Auto Shape)
3' rE igyka (Charts)
4' ixúOdk rE igyka (Organisation Charts)
5' mo is;a;u (Wordart)
6'1'2 rEmh
72
yeviõ .eka ù u
yeviõ fuj,ï ;Srej Ndú; lr wmg lodjl wka;¾.;h yeviõ .ekaúh yels h' ^6'1'3 rEmh&
WodyrK( 1' wl=re j¾.h 2' wl=re j¾. lsÍu 3' l¿$we, wl=re$háka br 4' tfl,a,
6'1'3 rEmh
oiq k
PowerPoint ys
oiqka j¾. y;rla we;'
fï j¾. ,nd.ekSu i|yd my; olajd we;s fnd;a;u u; la,sla lrkak'
1' idudkH oiqk
2' lod oiqk
3' iels,s oiqk
4' lod f;dark oiqk
73
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2( iu¾mk ^bÈßm;a lsÍfï& uDÿldx. i;= nyq udOH ,laIK
;=<ska iu¾mk ^bÈßm;a lsÍï& wdl¾IKSh lrjhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• iu¾mk wdl¾IKSh jk wu;r ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
• wdl¾IKSh iu¾mkhla ks¾udKhg jeo.;a jk ,laIK ms<s.kshs'
• uDÿldx. Ndú; lr wdl¾YKSh iu¾mkhla ks¾udKh lrhs'
• bÈßm;a lsÍï jvd M,odhS lsÍu i|yd iu¾mk uDÿldx. Ndú; lrhs'

• Ndú; iÔjk (Custom animation) fhdod .kafka flfiao@
• lod ixl%dka;s (Slide transitions) fhdod .kafka flfiao@
• ie,iqï wÉpq (Design templates) fhdod .kafka flfiao@
• ld, .Kkh fhdod .kafka flfiao@
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
74
ks m q K ;dj 7( ir, ixLHdkuh .eg¨ úi£u iy wkdjrK bÈßm;a lsÍu
i|yd me;= r eïm;a uDÿldx. Ndú; lrhs '
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1( me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.fha uQ,sl ixrpl y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
tu uDÿldx.h úYa f ,a I Kh lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• me;=reï m;a ljq¿jl ixrpl úia;r lrhs'
• ld,h b;=re lsÍfï Wml%uhla f,i me;=reï m;a Ndú;fha w.h ms<s.kshs'
• Wmfoia wkqj jevm; fufyhjhs'

ms ú iS u (
• mka;sfha wfkla whf.a Wojq we;s j meñKSfï f,aLkh ,l=Kq lrk fuka leue;af;ka
bÈßm;a jkakl= fhduq lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο meñKSfï f,aLkhl fma<s yd ;Sr wdldrhg o;a; fmkakqï lrhs'
ο meñKSu ,l=Kq lsÍfï § ksjerÈ fma<sfha yd ksjerÈ ;Srfha fþokh ie,ls,a,g .kq
,efí'
ο fï lvodis jevm; wdfoaY lr ld¾hh myiq lsÍu i|yd we;eï uDÿldx. Wojq fõ'

me;=reï m;aj, uQ,sl ,laIK wms .fõIKh lruq'
• me;=reï m;a uDÿldx.j,g iïnkaO my; i|yka ud;Dld y;r i,lkak'
ο jevm;lg o;a; we;=,a lsÍu'
ο jevm;lg Èk we;=,a lsÍu'
ο jevm;lg iQ;% we;=,a lsÍu'
ο o;a; fY%aKshla we;=,a lsÍu'
• me;=reï m;a ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu i|yd lshùï øjH n,kak'
• uQisl olajkh m; jgd tyd fuyd f.k hñka jevm;a ljq¿fõ ixrpl y÷kd .kak'
• imhd we;s fY%aKs.; u`. fmkaùï Wojq lr o;a; ksfõYk j¾. ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï
,nd .kak'
• uvq¿ ieisfha § uq¿ mka;shg kùldrl bÈßm;a lsÍulg iQodkï jkak'

• tla tla lKavdhug ish fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia i|yd wfkla lKavdhïj,g wdrdOkd lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο ld¾hd,j, lvodis jevm;a wdfoaY lsÍug me;=reï m;a uDÿldx. Wojq fjhs'
75
ο Lotus 123, MS Excel, Open Office.org Calc, SuperCalc yd VisiCalc we;eï me;=reï m;a uDÿldx.
meflac fj;a'
ο me;=reï m;a" ;Sr yd fma<s wdldrhg o;a; ixo¾Ykh lr;a'
ο jev fmd;la hkq jevm;a lsysmhlska iukaú; f.dkqjls'
ο jevm;l fma<sj, by< isg my<g wxl fhdod we;' ;Srj, jfï isg ol=Kg wl=re fhdod
we;'
ο fma<shl yd ;Srhl fþokh fldaIhla f,i ye¢kafõ'
ο fldaIhla ;Sr kfuka yd fma<s wxlfhka y÷kajkq ,efí'
ο fldaIh" o;a; we;=,a lrk ia:dkh imhhs'
ο ixLHd" mdG" Èk yd iQ;% n÷ w.hka fldaIhl wvx.= l< yelsh'
ο iQ;%hla bÈßfhka iudk ,l=Kla we;=,a lrkq ,efí' iudk ,l=Kla fkdue;s jQ úg
wel=,a lsÍu mdG f,an,hla f,i i,lkq ,efí'
ο f,an,a we;=,a lsÍï .Kkh i|yd Ndú; l< fkdyels h'
ο h;=re mqjrefõ B;, h;=re iy uQislh jev m;la jgd tyd fuyd hdug Ndú; l< yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
me;=reï m;a" ld¾hd,fha w;ska lrk jevm;a wdfoaY lsÍug Wojq jk uDÿldx.hls' me;=reï
m;aj, fma<s yd ;Sr wdldrfhka o;a; ixo¾Ykh fõ' fma<shl yd ;Srhl fþokh" fldaIhla
f,i ye¢kafõ' .Ks;uh .Kkh lsÍïj,g" m%ia;dr iE§ug yd ld¾hhka lsÍug me;=reï m;a
bv i,ihs' VisiCalc uq,ska u ks¾udKh l< me;=reï m; fõ' wfkla me;=reï m;a meflac kï"
MS Excel, Lotus123, Supercalc yd Open Office.org Calc fõ'
MS Excel i,ld n,uq' ^Tng Open Office.org Calc o ie,lsh yels h'&
MS Excel, ljq¿
mdol me;=reï m;ls' jevfmd;" wm jev lrk yd o;a; wdph lrk f.dkqjls'
jevfmd;l jevm;a lsysmhla wvx.= fõ' o;a; ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug yd úYaf,aIKh lsÍug jevm;a
Ndú; lrkq ,efí' jevm;l fma<s 65536 la o ;Sr 256 la o wvx.= jkq we;' jevm;l" fma<sj,
by< isg my<g wxl fhdod we;' ;Srj, jfï isg ol=Kg wl=re f,an, fhdod we;'
MS Excel wdrïN lsÍu'

Start è All Programs è MS Office è MS Excel
kj jevfmd;la ks¾udKh lsÍu'

File è New è Workbook èOk
fldaIhlg o;a; we;=,a lsÍu i|yd

• ta u; la,sla lr fldaIh f;dard .kak'
• w.h ghsma lrkak'
• Enter h;=r ;o lrkak'
76
fgd*s" fpdl,Ü yd ìialÜ hk rileú,s ksIamdok
;=k i|yd úl=Kqï o;a; wms we;=,a lruq' ^7'1'1 rEmh&
uQisl olajkh A1 fldaIh u; ;nd jrla la,sla lrkak'
j¾.h hk jpkh ghsma lrkak' Tn ghsma lrk úg
th iu.dó j il%Sh fldaIfhys o iQ;% ;Srefj (Formula
bar) ys o u;=fõ' Enter h;=r ;o l< úg ksfõYlh
il%sh fldaIfhys wdphkh fõ' fgd*s" fpdl,Ü yd
ìialÜ n÷ mdG" f,an, hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' f,an,
7'1'1ol=rEmh
ksfõYl Èf.ka" wkq ,laIK 255 olajd úh yelsh' mdG" fldaIfha Kq me;af;ys o ixLHd
fldaIfha jï me;af;ys o msysgk nj Tng oelsh yelsh' Tn zixfla;h iys; ixLHdjla ghsma
lrk ,o kï Wod(Z 25000 th fldaIfha ol=Kq mi msysgkq we;' th f,an,hla f,i ie,fla'
.Kkh lsÍï i|yd f,an, Ndú; l< fkdyelsh'
fldaIhlg Èkh we;=,a lsÍu i|yd

Èk we;=,a lsÍu i|yd wms my; i|yka wdlD;s wkq.ukh lruq' 05$27$2007 ûdih$Èkh$j¾Ih&
ke;fyd;a 27 uehs 07'
Tn Èkh we;=,a lr j¾Ih i|yd b,lalï folla we;=,a l< úg Excel j¾Ih w¾: ksrEmKh
lrkafka fufia h'
j¾I 2000-2029 i|yd
Tn 5$27$19 ghsma l< úg Èkh uehs 27" 2019 f,i Excel Wml,amkh lrhs'
j¾I 1930-1999 i|yd
Tn 5$27$97 ghsma l< úg Èkh uehs 27" 1997 f,i Excel Wml,amkh lrhs'
oeka wms 27 uehs 2007 Èkh A1 fldaIfha we;=,a lruq' Enter h;=r ;o lrkak'
7'1'2 rEmh
Èkh 5$27$2007 f,i Tng iQ;% ;Srefõ (Formula bar) ys oelsh yelsh ^7'1'2' rEmh&' oeka Tng mjrd
we;s ld¾h mßÈ úúO Èk we;=,a lrkak'
iQ;% we;=,a lsÍu'
77
A1 fldaIfhys 10 o C2 fldaIfhys 60 o wms we;=,a lruq'
C7 fldaIfhys iQ;h% we;=,a lr A1 yd C2 fldaIj, tl;=fõ
m%;sM,h iQ;% ;Srefjys A1+C2 f,i ixo¾Ykh l< yels
h' w.h 70" C7 fldaIfhys ixo¾Ykh fõ' ^7'1'3 rEmh&
iQ;%hlg fmr = ,l=K we;=,a lrkq ,efí' iudk ,l=K
fkdue;s j ksfõYlh mdG f,an,hla f,i ie,fla'
iQ;%h we;=,a l< úg tys m%;sM,h fldaIhl ixo¾Ykh
lrhs'
o;a; fY%aKshla we;=,a lsÍu' 7'1'3 rEmh

w.hka fY%aKshla hdno fldaIj, ,sùu i|yd"
Wod( ckjdß isg foieïn¾ olajd udi'
fY%aKsh ks¾udKh lsÍug we;=<;a mshjr(
• hdno fldaIj, m<uq udi fol we;=,a
lrkak' ^7'1'4 rEmh&
• fldaI fol Woa§mkh lrkak'
• fY%aKsfhka msrùug Tng wjYH m%foaYh
jg lsÍu i|yd msrùu yiqrejkh ^f;dard
.;a fldaIj, my, ol=Kq fl<jfrys we;s
l=vd l¿ fldgqj& tf;la weo f.k tkak'
7'1'4 rEmh
• ol=Kq uQisl fnd;a;u uqod yßkak'
Tfí jev iqrlskafka flfiao@

Tfí jevm; My Documents f*da,avrfha iqrlskak' ^7'1'5 rEmh& Tfí lKavdhfï ku f.dkqfõ
ku f,i ghsma lrkak' fuu mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
File è Save as
• Tfí jevm; jikak' (close)
File è Close
• Excel j,ska msg jkak' (Exit)
File è Exit
7'1'5 rEmh
78
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2( mßYS,l wjeis;d imqrd,Su i|yd jevm;a yeviõ .kajhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• fldaI yeviõ .ekaùu" fldaI fma<s yd ;Sr ixialrKh úia;r lrhs'
• ld,h b;sß lsÍfï Wml%uhla f,i me;=reï m;a fhÿfï w.h ms<s.kshs'
• Wmfoia wkqj jevm; yeviõ .kajhs'

• yeviõ .ekaùu hkq jevmf;ys o;a;j, fmkqu fjkia lsÍu h'
• jevm;la yeviõ .ekaùu i|yd yeviõ fuj,ï fukqj (Formatting toolbar) fyda yeviõ
fukqj (Format menu) fyda Ndú; l< yelsh'
• yeviõ .ekaùug fmr yeviõ l< hq;= fldaIh" fma<sh fyda ;Srh fyda f;dard .kq ,efí'
• fldaI yeviõ .ekaùfï § ixLHd i|yd oYu ia:dk Ndú; l< yelsh'
• jevm;lg we;=¿ lsÍfuka fyda jevm;lska f,dma lsÍfuka fyda jevm;la m%idrKh fyda
ixfldapkh fyda l< yelsh'
• we;=¿ lsÍug fyda f,dma lsÍug fyda fmr fldaI" fma<s fyda ;Sr fyda f;dard .ekSu wjYH h'
ls h ùï øjH
yeviõ .ekaùu hkq jevmf;ys o;a;j, fmkqu fjkia lsÍu h' fldaIhg we;=¿ l< mdGh"
jug" ol=Kg fyda ueog tfl,s l< yelsh' th" l¿jg" we,g fyda háka brla we| ;sîug fyda
m;a l< yelsh' fï l%shdldrlï i|yd yeviõ fuj,ï ;Srej fyda yeviõ fukqj fyda uQisl
fnd;a;ï ^mqreÿ ol=Kq uQisl fnd;a;u& fyda Ndú; l< yelsh' jevm;la yeviõ .ekaùu i|yd
bf,lafg%dksl me;=reï m;a uDÿldx. Ndú; l< yelsh' me;=reïm;aj, wjg fma<sj,g yd
;Srj,g ydks fkdlr fma<sj," ;Srj, yd fldaIj, we;=,a lsÍï fyda f,dma lsÍï fyda l< yelsh'
fma<sj,g" ;Srj,g yd fldaIj,g we;=,a lsÍug fyda f,dma lsÍug fyda fmr f;dard .ekSu wjYH
h' jevm;a we;=,a lsÍfuka yd f,dma lsÍfuka jevfmd;la m%idrKh fyda ixfldapkh fyda l<
yelsh'
79
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 7'3( .Kkh lsÍï i|yd .Ks; l¾u iy wka;¾.; Y%s; Ndú;
lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• ldrl yd Y%s; úia;r lrhs'
• .eg¨ úi£fï l%uhla f,i me;=reï m;a fhÿfï w.h ms<s.kshs'
• ir, .eg¨ .Kkh lrhs'

• .Ks;uh .Kkhka i|yd ldrl Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• me;=reï m;a fhÿïj, wxl .Ks;uh" ;¾ldkql+," mdG yd iuqoafoaY ldrl Ndú; lrkq
,efí'
• uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u i|yd wxl .Ks;uh ldrl Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• iuqoafoaY ldrl" fldaI mrdihla taldnoaO lrhs'
• ldrl yd w.hla iQ;%hla f,i ,shkq ,efí'
• iQ;%hla ,sùu i|yd" fldaI kdu yd ldrl o Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• me;=reï m;a fhÿïj, iQ;%hla = ,l=fKka wdrïN fõ'
• óg wu;r j me;=reï m;a fhÿïj, Y%s; we;'
• Y%s; hkq" úia;dr f,i y÷kajkq ,nk ksYaÑ; w.hka ms<sfj<ska Ndú; lrñka .Kkhka isÿ
lrk l,ska w¾: iSukh lrk ,o iQ;%hka h'
ls h ùï øjH
ldrl" .Ks; l¾u i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' me;=reï m;a fhÿfï § wxl .Ks;" ;¾ldkql+," mdG
yd iuqoafoaY ldrl Ndú; lrkq ,efí' wms wxl .Ks; yd iuqoafoaY ldrl i,ld n,uq'
• wxl .Ks; ldrl" uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
ldrlh .Ks; l¾uh
+ tl;= lsÍu
- wvq lsÍu
* .=K lsÍu
$ fn§u
• iuqoafoaY ldrl fldaI mrdihla taldnoaO lrhs' iQ;%fha fldaI LKavdxl" fldaI iuqoafoaY
f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ldrlh yd w.hka iQ;%hla f,i ,shkq ,efí' iQ;% wdphkh l< fldaI .Kkhl m%;sM,h
ixo¾Ykh lrhs' iQ;%hla ,sùu i|yd fldaI kdu yd ldrl o Ndú; l< yelsh' me;=reï m;a
fhÿïj, iQ;%hla = ,l=fKka wdrïN fõ' fldaIhla fyda fldaI mrdihla ye¢kaùug kula
fhÈh yelsh' kïj,g wl=re" ixLHd" wjOdrKh yd wdj¾;h ^'& we;=<;a úh yelsh' bv" fldud"
W;afl%daYk ,laIHh fyda fjk;a úfYaI wkq,laIK" fldaI kï lsÍfï § Ndú; l< fkdyels h'
80
Bg wu;r j me;=reï m;a fhÿïj, Y%s; we;' Y%s; hkq" úia;dr f,i y÷kajkq ,nk ms<sfj<ska
ksYaÑ; w.hka Ndú; lrñka .Kkhka isÿ lrk l,ska w¾: iSukh lrk ,o iQ;%hka h' nyq,
j Ndú; lrkq ,nk Y%s; lsysmhls( Wmßuh" wjuh" iudl,kh" idudkHh" .eKSu yd ;rdj
Sum( ) fldaI mrdihl ixLHd tl;= lrhs'

Max( ) i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; Wmßu w.h ,nd fohs'
Min( ) i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; wju w.h ,nd fohs'
Average( ) i|yka l< mrdih we;=<; ixLHdj, idudkHh w.h ,ndfohs'
Count( ) ixLHd wvx.= fldaI .Kk o úia;dr ,ehsia;=j we;=<; ixLHd o .Kka lrhs'
Rank( ) ,ehsia;=jl we;s ixLHd ;rd lrhs'
Y%s; udhdlre (Function wizard) hkq fodaI rys; j ksjerÈ wdlD;shg iQ;% we;=,a lsÍug Ndú; l<
yels me;=reï m;a uDÿldx.hl fuj,uls'
81
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 7'4( bÈßm;a lsÍï w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd m%ia;dr ks¾udKh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• úúO j¾.fha m%ia;dr igyka úia;r lrhs'
• wjYH;djg .e<fmk igykla f;dar .ekSfï w.h ms<s .kshs'
• wjYH;dj mokï lr ksjerÈ igyk f;dard .kshs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § o;a; w¾:dkaú; j yd meyeÈ,s j ixo¾Ykh i|yd pdÜ m%ia;dr igyka
f;dard .kshs'
• m%ia:dr igykla wdl¾IKsh j we£u i|yd me;=reï m;a uDÿldx. Ndú; lrhs'

• m%ia;dr igykla hkq o;a; m%ia;dß; j ksrEmKhls'
• o;a; w¾:dkaú; j yd meyeÈ,s j ixo¾Ykh i|yd m%ia;dr igyka Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• úúO ld¾hhka i|yd úúO j¾.fha m%ia;dr igyka Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• wjYH;dj wkqj ksjerÈ m%ia;dr igyka j¾.h f;dard .ekSu wjYH fõ'
ls h ùï øjH
m%ia;dr igyka fndfyda úúO fya;= i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tajd iEu ;ekl u oelsh yelsh'
o;a; w¾:dkaú; j yd meyeÈ,s j ixo¾Ykhg m%ia;dr igyka Wojq jk ksid mqj;am;aj,"
i`.rdj, yd fg,súIkfha wms m%ia;dr igyka olsuq' m%ia;dr igyka j¾. fndfyduhla we;' tla
tla j¾.fha m%ia;dr igyfkys ksYaÑ; wjia:djksys § th m%fhdackj;a jk ,laIK we;'
me;=reï m;a uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka m%ia;dr igyka ks¾udKh l< yelsh'
• f¾Ld m%ia;dr
f¾:d m%ia;dr u.ska úp,H folla ixikaokh flf¾' tla tla úp,Hh wlaIhla Tiafia
,l=Kq lrkq ,efí' f¾Ld m%ia;drhl isria wlaIhla yd ;sria wlaIhla we;' ksYaÑ; w.hka
iys; o;a; fmkaùug f¾Ld m%ia;dr Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuhska woyia lrkqfha tla úp,Hhla
ÿka úg wfkla úp,Hh ks¾Kh l< yels nj h' wfkla úp,Hhka iu`. ixikaokh lsÍfï
§ tla úp,Hhla jeä ù ;sfí o@ wvq ù ;sfí o@ hkqfjka f¾:d m%ia;dr meyeÈ,s j fmkaj;a'
• ia:ïN$;Sr m%ia;dr
ia:ïN$;Sr m%ia;dr myiqfjka fmfkk whqre úúO úp,H ixikaokh lr;a' ia:ïN$;Sr
m%ia;drhl isria wlaIhla yd ;sria wlaIhla we;' tajd meyeÈ,s j o;a;j, keUqrej fmkaj;a'
thska woyia lrkqfha" tla úp,Hhla jeä jk úg fyda wvq jk úg fyda th wfkla úp,Hhg
n,mdk wkaou tajd fmkajk nj h'
• úisß igyka
o;a; ,laIHhka ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd ;sria yd isria wlaI Ndú; lrk fyhska úisß igyka f¾Ld
m%ia;drj,g iudk fõ' tla úp,Hhla ;j;a úp,Hhlg n,mdkafka flfia oehs úisß
82
igyka fmkaj;a' úp,H folla w;r iïnkaO;dj tajdfha iyiïnkaOh f,i ye¢kafõ'
o;a; wlaI uQ,fha isg by< x yd y w.hka olajd ir, f¾Ldjla idohs kï túg úp,Hhkag
Ok iyiïnkaOhla we;e hs i|yka lrkq ,efí' f¾Ldj" y wlaIfha by< w.hl isg x
wlaIfha by< w.hla olajd my<g hhs kï úp,Hhka ys Rk iyiïnkaOhla we;'
• jg igyka
,laIH ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd jg igykaj, wlaI lÜg,hla Ndú; lrkq fkd,efí' tfukau
f¾Ld m%ia;dr" ia:ïN m%ia;dr fyda úisr igyka fyda iïnkaO o;a; úfYaI iu`. tajd
iïnkaO fkdfj;a' jg igyka tl u iuia;fhys úúO fldgia ixikaokh lr;a' jg
igykl jD;a;h 100% ksrEmKh lrhs' jD;a;h we;=<; bv .kakd tla tla fldgi 100%
lska fldgila .kshs' fï wdldrhg hï fohla úúO lKavdhï w;r fn§ we;af;a flfia oehs
oelsh yels h'
83
ks m q K ;dj 8( f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh i|yd o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrK
moaO;s uDÿldx. Ndú; lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 8'1( o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDÿldx.j, ixrpl y÷kd

.ekSu i|yd tu uDÿldx. úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• o;a; iuqodhl uQ,sl ixrpl kï lrhs'
• o;a; iuqodh o;a; l%udkql+, j ksrEmKh lsÍfï m%fhdackj;a l%uhla f,i ms<s.kshs'
• o;a; iuqodhl uQ,sl ixrpl weiqfrka j.=jla w¾: ksrEmKh lrhs'
• uQ,sl ixrpl wkqj ixlS¾K ixl,amhla j¾Okh lrhs'
• ;SrK .ekSu myiq lsÍu i|yd f;dr;=re l%udkql+, j ixúOdkh lrhs'

• iïnkaê; o;a; tl;=jla o;a; iuqodhla f,i w¾: iSukh l< yelsh' o;a; hkqfjka woyia
lrkqfha f,aLk.; lreKq hs'
• j.=jla" o;a; iuqodfha uQ,sl jia;=jls'
• o;a;" j.=jla u.ska ksrEmKh l< yelsh'
• j.=jla fma<sj,ska yd ;Srj,ska iukaú; fõ'
• fma<s jd¾;d f,i o ;Sr lafIa;% f,i o y÷kd .kq ,efí'
• jd¾;djla u.ska tla lreKla fyda tla mqoa.,hl= fyda ms<sn| f;dr;=re j.=fõ fmkakqï
flf¾'
• jd¾;djl f;dr;=re lafIa;% lsysmhlg fjkal< yelsh'
• jd¾;djla" lafIa;% tl;=jla f,i w¾: iSukh l< yelsh'
• o;a; iuqodhl m%Odk ixrpl ^jia;=& y;rla we;'
ο j.=
ο úuiqï
ο wdlD;s
ο jd¾;d
ls h ùï øjH
o;a ; iuq o dh
o;a; iuqodhla hkq" tla;rd úIhlg tallhlg fyda isoaêhlg fyda iïnkaO f;dr;=re tl;=jls'
o;a; iuqodhla we;=<; tla;rd jHqyhlg o;a; ixúOdkh lr .ekSu wjYH h' o;a; iuqodhla
w;ska ckkh l< yelsh' ke;fyd;a th mß.Kl.; l< yelsh' mß.Kl.; o;a; iuqodhla"
tu ld¾hh i|yd úfYaIfhka ,shQ fhÿï jevigyka iuQyhlska fyda o;a; iuqod l<ukdlrK
moaO;shlska fyda ks¾udKh lr kv;a;= l< yelsh'
84
o;a ; iuq o d l<ukdlrK moa O ;s
o;a; iuqod l<ukdlrK moaO;shla hkq" o;a; iuqod l<ukdlrK ld¾hh i|yd ie,iqï l<
mß.Kl uDÿldx.hls' úúO mßYS,lhka yd fhÿï w;r o;a; iuqodhla ks¾jpkfha" ks¾udKfha
fufyhùfu yd iïNdú;fha l%shdj,sh th myiq lrjhs' o;a; iuqodhla ks¾jpkhg o;a;
iuqodfha wdphkh l< hq;= o;a; j¾." jHqy úfYaIKh lsÍu we;=<;a fõ' o;a; iuqodhla
ks¾udKh hkq DBMS (Database Management Systems) u.ska md,kh jk o;a; wdphk l%shdj,sh
hs' ksYaÑ; o;a; iuqoaOrKh i|yd o;a; iuqodh úuiqu" o;a; iuqodh hdj;ald, lsÍu iy jd¾;d
ckkh lsÍu o;a; iuqodhka fufyhùug we;=<;a fõ' nyqmßYS,lhkag yd jevigykaj,g
iu.dó j o;a; iuqodhg m%fõYùug o;a; iuqodh iïNdú;h bv i,ihs' o;a; iuqod moaO;s
ks¾udKfha § o;a; iuqod mßmd,lhka úiska m%fNaod;aul j DBMS Ndú; lrkq ,efí' Wod(
Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access, MySQL, Open Office.org Base.
l%shdldrlï i|yd Tng Open Office.org Base fyda Microsoft Access fyda ie,ls,a,g .; yelsh'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
85
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2( o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka j.= ks¾udKh
lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• j.=jl uQ,sl ixrpl kï lr tajd ks¾jpkh lrhs'
• j.=jla o;a; l%udkql+, j ixxúOdkh i|yd m%fhdackj;a fuj,ula hhs ms<s.kshs'
• j.= ks¾udKh lr ksjerÈ j o;a; we;=,a lrhs'

ms ú iS u (
• j.=jla j¾Okh i|yd ms<sfh, lr we;s my; i|yka o;a; m; mka;shg fmkajkak'
• j.=fõ ;Sr YS¾I ,shk fuka lshkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq Woa§mkh i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο ;Sr YS¾I" lafIa;% kï f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ο lafIa;% tl;=jlska jd¾;djla iEfoa'
ο j.=fõ tla tla ;Srfhka tl ne.ska fma<shl wvx.= fõ'
ο tla tla frfldavh wkkH lafIa;%hlska y÷kd .kq ,efí'
ο lafIa;%hl o;a;" j¾.h yd ;ru iu`. iïnkaO fõ'
• úúO o;a; j¾. ;sfí'
ο mdG (text)
ο ixLHd (number)
ο Èk$ld,h (data/time)
ο uqo,a (currency)
ο Tõ$keye (Yes/No)
• lafIa;% kï yd o;a; j¾. Ndú; lr j.=jla ks¾udKh l<yelsh'
o;a; m;
Mr.Ajith Rajapaksha Mr. Amali Silva Miss. Dinithi Thilanga
Nagoda, 1 Cross Street, 487, Govt Housing Scheme,
Kalutara Minuwangoda. Aluthgama
1991.05.27 1990.06.01 1991.06.06
0777851517 0112245452 0342222755
Rs 1200.00 Rs.1200.00 Rs 1200.00
A1000 A1001 A1002
86
Miss.Arunakanthi Miss. Rohini Perera Miss. Sandini Amasha,
Palatota, 12,Jayagath Mawatha, 100, School Lane,
Kalutara Panadura Piliyandala
1990.04.09 1991.03.21 1990.05.24
0779023771 0785187701 0712221212
Rs 1200.00. Rs 1200.00. Rs 1200.00.
A1005 A1003 A1004

wms j.=jla ks¾udKh lruq'
• imhd we;s lshùï øjH mokï lr lafIa;% kï yd tajdfha o;a; j¾. y÷kd .kak'
• my; i|yka o;a; iuqodj,ska tlla j¾Okh lsÍug W;aidy .kak'
ο mdi,a wdmk Yd,dfõ Èkm;d úl=Kqï
ο mdi,a .=rejrekaf.a jegqma úia;r
ο YsIH ,shdmÈxÑ úia;r
ο iud.ul ksIamdok úia;r
• § we;s o;a; iuqodh i|yd hg;a msßfihska lafIa;% myla y÷kd .kak'
• hg;a msßfihska frfldav myla i|yd o;a; we;=,a lrkak'
• fï o;a; iuqodfha wkkH lafIa;%hla y÷kd .kak'
• u~q¿ ieisfha § kùldrl bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï j isákak'

• ish fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhug i,iajkak'
• ;uka w;a y< ysveia mqrjk fuka bÈßm;a l< whf.ka u b,a,d isákak'
• ish ixj¾Okd;aul woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhï Èß .kajkak'
• fmkajk ,o ysveia iïmQ¾K lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq Woa§mkh i|yd idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
ls h ùï øjH
o;a; j¾.
o;a; iuqodhkays úúO wdldrfha o;a; j¾. we;' jvd fyd| ld¾hidOkh i|yd Tfí lafIa;%j,
g iqÿiq o;a; f;dard .; hq;=h' tla tla lafIa;%hg o;a; j¾.hla we;'
WodyrK(
lafIa;% ku o;a ; j¾.h
ku mdGh
,smskh mdGh
ÿrl:k wxlh ixLHdj
Wmka Èkh Èkh$ld,h
jegqm uqo,a
,l=Kq > 50 Tõ$keye
87
• mdGhla" ´kEu j¾.hl wkq,laIK lKavdhula ksrEmKh lrhs' tfy;a th wkq,laIK
255lg iSud fõ'
• ixLHdjla" ixLHd;aul o;a; i|yd h'
• Èkh$ld,h" Èkh fyda ld,h fyda fmkaùu i|yd h'
• uqo,a Ndú; lrkqfha uqo,a w.h ksrEmKh i|yd h'
• iajhx ixLHdj" ixLHd;aul w.hka iajhxl%Sh j msysgqjhs'
• Tõ$keye Ndú; lrkqfha nQ,Sh w.hla ksrEmKh i|yd h'
m% O dk h;= r
m%Odk h;=rla hkq tla tla frfldavh wkkH j y÷kd .kq ,nk ´kEu lafIa;%hla fyda lafIa;%
taldnoaOhla fyda fõ'
fY% a K s . ; u`. fmka ù ï

MS-Access ie,ls,a,g .kak' ^fï l%shdldrlu i|yd Tng Open Office.org Base jqjo ie,lsh
yelsh'&
Microsoft Access újD; lrkafka flfiao@

• Start è Programs è Microsoft Access ^8'2'1 rEmh&
8'2'1 rEmh
• Blank Access database f;dard .kak' OK la,sla lrkak'

• Odjlhla f;dard .kak è o;a; iuqodhg kula fokak è Create la,sla lrkak' ^8'2'2 rEmh&
8'2'2 rEmh
88
• Tables jia;=jf;dard .kak' ^8'2'3 rEmh&
• New la,sla lrkak'
8'2'3 rEmh
• New Table ljq¿fjka Design View f;dard .kak' ^8'2'4 rEmh&
• OK la,sla
lrkak'
• my; ;srh fmfkkq we;'
8'2'4 rEmh
iqÿiq lafIa;% m%udKh fjkia lrkak' ^8'2'5 rEmh&
iqÿiq lafIa;%
m%udKh fjkia
lrkak'
8'2'5 rEmh
89
• j.= o¾Ykfha Field Names fokak' Data Types f;dard .kak' wod< lafIa;% .=K fjkia
lrkak' ^8'2'6 rEmh&
8'2'6 rEmh
• m%Odk h;=r (Primary Key) i|yd wod< lafIa;%h f;dard .kak' ^8'2'7 rEmh&
• fuj,ï ;Srefjka m%Odk h;=re fuj,u la,sla lrkak' ke;fyd;a ol=Kq uQisl fnd;a;u
la,sla lr m%Odk h;=r f;dard .kak'
• kula §fuka j.=j iqrlskak' ^Wod( Personal&
8'2'7 rEmh
• 'Personal' j.=j újD; lrkak'
90
• j.=jg o;a; we;=,a lrkak' ^8'2'8 rEmh&
8'2'8 rEmh
• Save fnd;a;u u; la,sla lrkak'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
91
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 8'3( o;a ; l<ukdlrK moa O ;s uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka úuiq ï
ks ¾ udKh lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• úuiqïj, Wmfhda.S;dj úia;r lrhs'
• úuiqï Ndú;fhka o;a; wkqmsgm;aùu j,lajd,sh yels hhs ms<s.kshs'
• j.=jlska o;a; WOD; lsÍu i|yd úuiqï ks¾udKh lrhs'
• iqÿiq W;a;r ,nd .ekSu i|yd mQ¾j w;aoelSï Ndú; lrhs'

• j.= we;=<; úfYaIs; frfldav ksYaphkh lsÍug úuiqï Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• lafIa;% tll fyda lsysmhl fyda ;;a;aj Ndú; lr o;a; WOD; l< yelsh'
• j,x.= ldrl kS;sj,g wkqj ;;a;aj ,súh hq;=h'
• j.= tllska fyda lsysmhlska fyda o;a; iuqoaOrKh l< yelsh' ^tajd iïnkaO; jQ úg §&
• fmÍu yd f;aÍu" o;a; WOD; lrk úg Ndú; l< yels myiqlï lsysmhls'
• WOD; o;a; iq/lsh yels h' ke;fyd;a uqøKh l< yels h'
92
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 8'4( o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka fmdaru yd
jd¾;d ks¾udKh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• wdlD;sj, yd jd¾;dj, Wmfhda.S;dj úia;r lrhs'
• wdlD;s Ndú; lr o;a; wdodk l< yels neõ ms<s.kshs'
• o;a; wdl¾IKSh j ixo¾Ykh i|yd jd¾;d ks¾udKh lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha l%shdldrlïj, § jd¾;d mj;ajd f.k hhs'

• wdlD;sh" o;a; tl;= lsÍug fyda ixialrKh lsÍug Ndú; l< yels jia;=jls'
• wdlD;shla Ndú; lsÍfuka Tng j.=jl we;s frfldav ixialrKh l< yelsh'
• j.=jl fndfyda lafIa;% we;s úg wdlD;shla Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• wdlD;s Ndú; lr wmg tl u ;srhl ish¨ lafIa;% n,d .; yelsh'
• uqøs; lvodish u; Tfí o;a; iuqodfhka Tng ne,Sug wjYH ish¨ oDYH wdjrK yd ,laIK
jd¾;djl ielfikq we;'
• j.= tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda Ndú;fhka fyda úuiqï tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda Ndú;fhka
fyda wmg jd¾;d ks¾udKh l< yelsh'
93
ks m q K ;dj 9( ir, .eg¨ úi£u i|yd f;dard.;a Wiia uÜgfï mß.Kl
NdIdjla M,odhS f,i Ndú; lrhs '
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1( .eg¨ úi£fï § wkql%u jHqy ksrEmKh i|yd .e,Sï igyka
Ndú; lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• .eg¨jla ir, ld¾hhkag fjka lr .kshs'
• .eg¨jla l=vd ld¾hhkag fjka lr .ekSfï jdis ms<s.kshs'
• WÑ; ixfla; Ndú; lr" § we;s .eg¨jlg iïnkaO .e,Sï igyka w¢hs'
• úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka yd l=vd ixrplj,g fjka lr .ekSfuka .eg¨ úi|hs'

• ixlS¾K .eg¨jla yiqrejd .; yels ixrplj,g fjka lr .; yelsh'
• uQ,sl .e,Sï igyka ixfla; Ndú; lr tla tla mshjr m%ia;dß; j ksrEmKh l< yelsh'
• jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨j,g jeämqr ixfla; wjYH fõ'
ls h ùï øjH
.e,Sï igyka i|yd uQ,sl yev my; fmkajd we;' ^9'1'1 rEmh&
.e,Sï ÈYdj
wdrïNh yd kej;=u
;SrK wjia:dj
l%shdj,slrKh
wdodkh fyda m%;sodkh
iïnkaOlh
9'1'1 rEmh
94
uQ,sl wkql%uh wkql%uh ^kso¾Ykh&
wrUkak wrUkak
ixLHdj 1
wdodk o;a;
lshjkak
ixLHdj 2
l%shdj,sh 1
lshjkak
tl;=j wd.Kkh
lrkak
idudkHh
l%shdj,sh n
wd.Kkh lrkak
m%;os dkh m%;M

s ,h
m%;M
s ,h uqøKh lrkak
kj;skk
a kj;skk
a
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
95
.= r e Wmfoia
jeo.;a( ;SrK .ekSula fyda mqkrdj¾;khla fyda fkdlr my; olajd we;s mßÈ uQ,sl mshjr
muKla Ndú;hg fï wjia:dfõ § YsIHhkag u. fmkaúh hq;=h'
f;a l la iE§u m,;= r e i,dohla iE§u
wrUkak wrUkak
j;=r .kak m,;=re .kak
m,;=re len,sj,g
j;=r W;=rejkak
lmkak
f;a fld< iSks

tl;= lrkak tl;= lrkak
iSks tl;= ¨Kq tl;=

lrkak lrkak
l,jï lrkak fyd¢ka l,jï

lrkak
f;a ms<s.kajkak ms<s.kajkak
kj;skak kj;skak
96
irex.,hla iE§u lsß fgd*s iE§u
wrUkak wrUkak
fldagq álla .kak iSks .kak
l=reihla f,i lsß .kak

n¢kak
lsßj,g iSks
iõ lvodis tl;= lrkak
.kak
ñY%Kh r;a
lvodis lmd lrkak
w,jkak
isis,a ùug yd
kQ,la .eg .ikak yhsùug bv fokak
len,sj,g lmkak
irex.,h fokak
ms<s.kajkak
kj;skak
kj;skak
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
97
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2( ie,iqul md,k jHqy ksrEmKh i|yd .e,Sï igyka Ndú;
lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• mß.Klfhka úi£u i|yd jvd;a ixlS¾K .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
• ixlS¾K .eg¨jla yiqrejd .; yels ixrplj,g fjka lr .ekSfï jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'
• .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh i|yd ;SrK yd mqkrdj¾;k jHqy iys; j .e,Sï igyka w¢hs'
• wjYH wjia:djkays § ksjerÈ ;SrK .kshs'
• yiqrejd .; yels ixrplj,g fjka lr f.k ixlS¾K .eg¨ úi|hs'

ms ú iS u (
• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο we;eï .eg¨ úYaf,aIKfha § wmg ;SrK .ekSug isÿ fõ'
ο wjidk ;SrKhg t<öu i|yd we;eï ld¾hhka kej; l< hq;=h'
ο fï wdldrfha md,k jHqy bgq lsÍu i|yd mß.Kl l%uf,aL ie,iqï l< yelsh'
ο fï wdldrfha md,k jHqy ksrEmKh i|yd .e,Sï igykaj, úúO ixfla; Ndú; l<
hq;h
= '

jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh i|yd f;aÍï jrK (selection) yd mqkrdj¾;k (repetition) md,k
jHqy iys; .e,Sï igyka w¢uq'
• § we;s ld¾hhg úi÷u bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igykla we£ug lshùï øjH wOHhkh lr
.=rejrhdf.a Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrkak'
• .e,Sï igyka we£u i|yd my; i|yla ld¾h i,ld n,kak'
1' ueo mÈl fõÈldjla iys; j tla foig ud¾. follg fnod we;s mdr yryd hdu
2' § we;s fY%aKs j.=j Ndú; lr ,nd .;a ,l=Kq wkqj fY%aKs.; lsÍu'
fY%aKs j.=j
,l=Kq fY%aKsh
>=75 D
>50 C
>40 S
ke;akï F
3' § we;s uq¿ .Kkla ^Wod(81& olajd T;af;a ixLHd tl;= lsÍu'
4' ;rdÈhla Ndú; lr iSks 500g uekSu'
• kùlrK uq¿ mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd iQodkï j isákak'
98
• ish fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhfuka b,a,d isákak'
• m%:u úia;drKh i|yd bÈßm;a lrkakkag u wjia:dj fokak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia iemhSug wfkla lKavdhïj,g i,iajkak'
• YsIH jev Ndú; lr mdvu idrdxY lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq wjOdrKh i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο ;¾ldkql+, ;SrK ksrEmKh i|yd ;SrK fmÜáh Ndú; flf¾'
ο .e,Sï f¾Ld Ndú; lr mqkrdj¾;k ld¾hh Æm jYfhka fmkaúh yelsh'
ο jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨ i|yd by; fofla u taldnoaOhla wjYH jkq we;'
ls h ùï øjH
.e,Sï igykla" we,af.dß;ul fyda l%shdj,shl fyda mßmdál ksrEmKhls ^9'2'1 rEmh&' .e,Sï
igyka we£u i|yd Ndú; lrk uQ,sl ixfla; 9'2'2 rEmfha fmkajd we;'
uQ,sl ;SrKh uQ,sl mqkrdj¾;kh
wrUkak wrUkak
,l=Kq we;=<;a
tl;=j = 0
lrkak
,l=Kq we;=<;a
ke;
,l=Kq >40 fY%aKsh = wiu¾: lrkak
?
Tõ uq¿ .Kkg ,l=Kq

tl;= lrkak
fY%aKsh = iu¾:
fY%aKsh m%;sodkh ke;

uq¿ .Kk >100
lrkak ?
Tõ
kj;skak
uq¿ .Kk uqøKh
lrkak
kj;skak
9'2'1 rEmh
99
uQ,sl .e,Sï igyka ixfla;
ixfla;h ixfla; kduh ixfla; úia;rh

^úl,am yev kduh&
g¾ñfkagrh ^fl<jr g¾ñfkagr" l%shdj,shl wdrïNl

,laIHh" wKavdldr& yd wjika wjia:d fmkaj;a'
wdrïNl ixfla;hla f,i Ndú;
l< úg l%shdj,sh p,khg .,d
hk W;af;acl l%shdj,shla
g¾ñfkagr ksrEmKh lr;a
l%shdj,sh l%shdj,shla fyda l%shdldÍ mshjrla

fmkajhs' l%shdj,s .e,Sï igyka
yd jHdmdr l%shdj,s is;shï hk
fojf.a u fuh jvd;a fmdÿ
ixfla;h fõ'
mQ ¾ j w¾: iS ñ ; l% s h dj,s h mQ¾j ksYaÑl l%shdj,s ixfla;hla

^Wml%uf,aLh& fjk;a ;ekl úêu;a j w¾: iSñ;
fjk;a l%shdj,s mshjrla fyda
.e,Sï mshjr fY%aKshla fyda i|yd
,l=Kqldrlhls' fï yevh
fmdÿfõ Wm l%shdj,s ke;fyd;a
l%uf,aL .e,Sï igykaj,
Wml%uf,aL ksrEmKh lrhs'
Wml%shdj,sh —okakd— nj ie,fla
kï tfy;a l%shdj,s ld¾h
mßmdáhl jev WmfoaYl" fyda
fjk;a l%shdj,s .e,Sï igykl
fyda f,aLk.; fyda kshu jYfhka
w¾:iSñ; fkdfõ kï th úêu;a
j w¾: iSñ; l%shdj,shla .uH
lrk ksid fï ixfla;h Ndú;
fkdlsÍu jvd;a fyd|h'
úl,am l%shdj,sh yevfha ku u.ska fhdackd

flfrk mßÈ fï .e,Sï igyka
ixfla;h Ndú; lrkqfha l%shdj,s
.e,Sï mshjrg úl,amhla jQ úg §
h' úl,am l%shdj,s .e,Sï
mshjrlg .e,Sï f¾Ld m%fNaod;aul
j flá brla fõ'
100
;SrKh l%shdj,s .e,Sfuys m%Yakhla fyda
YdLdjla fyda fmkajhs'
m%fNaod;aul j ;SrK .e,Sï igyka
yevh Ndú; lrkqfha úl,am
folla ^Tõ$keye" hkq$fkdhkq
wdÈh& we;s úg h'
o;a; ^wdodk$m%;sodk& (I/O) o;a; .e,Sfï igyka yevh"

l%shdj,shl wdodk yd m%;sodk
fmkajhs' tneúka yevh" fndfyda
úg o;a; yevh f,i fkdj I/O
yevh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
9'2'2 rEmh
.= r e Wmfoia (
• my; we;s mßÈ .e,Sï igyka ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; i|yka Wmfoia wkq.ukh lsÍug
YsIHhkag Wmfoia Èh hq;=h' ^9'2'3 rEmh yd 9'2'4 rEmh&
• ;SrK mshjr y÷kd .ekSu'
• mqkrdj¾;k mshjr y÷kd .ekSu'
• WÑ; ixfla; Ndú; lr .e,Sï igyk we£u'
101
mdr yryd hdu ,nd.;a ,l=Kq wkqj fY%AKs.; lsÍu
wrUkak wrUkak
mdf¾ whskg hkak ,l=Kq lshjkak
ol=Kq mi n,kak ,l=Kq >=75 Tõ

fY%aKsh = D
Tõ ?
ke;
<`. jdykhla Tõ
,l=Kq >=50 fY%aKsh = C
tkjdo@
?
ke; ke;
mdf¾ ueo we;s mÈl
,l=Kq >=40 Tõ
fõÈldjg weúo fY%aKsh = S
?
hkak
ke;
jï mi n,kak fY%aKsh = F
Tõ
fY%aKsh uqøKh
<`. jdykhla lrkak
tkjdo@
ke;
kj;skak
mdr yryd hkak
kj;skak
9'2'3 rEmh
102
T;af;a ixLHd tl;= lsÍu iSks 500g lsÍu
wrUkak wrUkak
uq¿ .Kk = 0 mßudKh 0 g

muqKqjkak
uq¿ .Kkg B<`. ;rdÈhg iSks

T;af;a ixLHdj tl;= álla oukak
lrkak
mdGdxlh = ke;
T;af;a ixLHdj
500g ?
ixo¾Ykh lrkak
Tõ
kj;skak
uq¿ .Kk = 81
ke;
?
Tõ
kj;skak
9'2'4 rEmh
103
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 9'3( ifuda O dks l md,k jHq y ks r EmKh i|yd .e,S ï igyka
Ndú; lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• tljr isÿjk ;SrK yd mqkrdj¾;k iys; jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
• ksjerÈ fõ,dfõ § WÑ; ;SrK .ekSfuka ksjerÈ j .eg¨ úi¢h yels nj ms<s.kshs'
• ixlS¾K .eg¨ úi£u i|yd .e,Sï igyka w¢hs'
• ksjerÈ fõ,dfõ § ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSfuka .eg¨ úi|hs'
• ;uka wh;a lKavdhfï idudðlhl= f,i ;SrK .kshs'

• jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨j,g f;aÍï yd mqkrdj¾;k hk fojf.ysu md,k moaO;s we;'
• ;SrK fmÜá yd Æmj, fuka .e,Sï f¾Ld Ndú; lr tn÷ ixlS¾K .eg¨ úi£ug .e,Sï
igyka we¢h yelsh'
• .e,Sï igyka" jHdc fla; yd by< uÜgï NdIdjg mßj¾;kh l< yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
l%uf,aL ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igyka Ndú; lsÍu'
2 isg 20 f;la brÜg ixLHdj, iudl,kh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igyk ^9'3'1 rEmh&
wrUkak
tl;=j = 0
.sKqu = 2
wi;H hs .sKqu brÜfÜ i;H hs

ixLHdjla o@
tl;=j = tl;=j + .sKqu
tl;=j = tl;=j + 1
wi;H hs
.sKqu = 10 ?
i;H hs
tl;=j ixo¾Ykh
lrkak
9'3'1 rEmh
kj;skak
104
m%Odk fya;= kï" .e,Sï igyk
• lshùug myiq h'
• jvd;a ióm j iïu;hla wkq.ukh lrhs' jHdc fla;hl fufia ke;'
• l%uf,aL ie,iqïlrKfha mß.Kl iydhsl Ys,amSh l%uj,g jvd;a laIKsl j iydh fjhs'
.= r e Wmfoia (
my; § we;s mßÈ .e,Sï igyka ,nd .ekSu i|yd my; Wmfoia wkq.ukh lsÍug YsIHhkag
Wmfoia Èh hq;=h' ^9'3'2 rEmh yd 9'3'3 rEmh&
• ;SrK mshjr y÷kd .ekSu'
• mqkrdj¾;k mshjr y÷kd .ekSu'
• tajd taldnoaO lr we;s wkaou y÷kd .ekSu'
• WÑ; ixfla; Ndú; lr .e,Sï igykla we£u'
´kEu ksÅ,hla lshjd uq¿ .Kk wkq,laIKhla lshjd" th wldrdÈ

100 blau jk f;la T;af;a wkq ,laIKhla kï lshjd uqøKh
ixLHdj, muKla uq ¿ .Kk lr '=' ,l=K we;=,a l< úg k;r
.Kkh lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igyk lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igyk
wrUkak wrUkak
uq¿ .Kk = 0 wkq ,laIKh

ke; lshjkak
ixLHdj ksÅ,h lshjkak
m%;slafIam th = ke; th wldrdÈ
lrkak ,l=K o@ wkq,laIKhla o@
ke; th T;af;a
ixLHdjla o@ Tõ
Tõ
Tõ wkq,laIKh
uqøKh lrkak
uq¿ .Kk = uq¿ .Kk + ixLHdj kj;skak
uq¿ .Kk > ke;

100
Tõ
uq¿ .Kk uqøKh
lrkak
kj;skak
9'3'2 rEmh
105
YsIHhka 40 fokl=f.a ,l=Kq lshjd øjH 10l ñ, lshjd ñ, re 100$- g
,l=Kq > 39 kï —iu;a— f,i o ,l=Kq wvq kï tu øjHh ì,amf;ys we;=<;a
< 39 kï —wiu;a— f,i o uqøKh lr tla tla øjHfha ku yd ñ, o
lsÍu i|yd .e,Sï igyk ì,amf;ys uq¿ tl;=j o uqøKh lsÍu
i|yd .e,Sï igyk
wrUkak wrUkak
YsIH ixLHdj = 0 øjH ixLHdj = 0
,l=Kq lshjkak ñ, lshjkak

ì,am;g we;=,a
fkdlrkak
ke; ñ, < 100
,l=Kq => 39 ke;
—wiu;a˜ Tõ
Tõ
uqøKh øjH yd ñ,
—iu;a˜ uqøKh
lrkak uqøKh lrkak
lrkak
øjH ixLHdj = øjH ixLHdj + 1
YsIH ixLHdj = YsIH ixLHdj + 1
ke; ke;
YsIH ixLHdj = 40 øjH ixLHdj = 10
Tõ Tõ
kj;skak uq¿ tl;=j
uqøKh lrkak
kj;skak
9'3'3 rEmh
106
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'4( Wiia uÜgfï mß.Kl l% u f,a L k NdId Ndú; ls Í fï §
o;a; j¾. ksrEmKh i|yd fla; y÷kd .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• l%uf,aLhl Ndú; lr we;s o;a; y÷kd .kshs'
• o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd iqÿiq o;a; j¾. f;dard .ekSfï jdish ms<s.kshs'
• ksjerÈ ldrl kS;s Ndú; lr by< uÜgfï NdId fla; ,shhs'
• wkql%ñl Ñka;kh mokï lr jev lrhs'
• lKavdhul idudðlhl= f,i ;SrK .kshs'

• úúO o;a; j¾.j, úp,H m%ldY lsÍu i|yd iqúfYaI m%Odk mo ^Wod( ksÅ,h (Integer)"
;d;a;aúl (Real)" pd¾ (Char)" ;ka;=j (String)" nQ,Sh (Boolean)& Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• úp,H ks¾jpkh i|yd m%Odk mo var (Pascal) fyda dim (VB) fyda Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• ksh; (constants) ks¾jpkh i|yd const uq,moh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• iqÿiq õp,H kdu f;dard .ekSug kï lsÍfu kS;s Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• úp,H wkq.uk kS;sj,g w.hla mejÍu i|yd NdId ldrl Í;s wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' ^Wod(
const i|yd ''='', var i|yd ":="&
ls h ùï øjH
Visual Basic o;a; j¾.
wfma tÈfkod Ôú;fha § yuqjk fndfyda o;a; j¾. we;' WodyrK jYfhka kï" ,smskhka" uqo,a"
Èk" jHdmdr ñ, .Kka" ixLHdk wdÈh wmg tÈfkod mßyrKh lsÍug wjYH fõ' tfuka u
Visual Basic j, § wms fï j¾.fha o;a; iu`. o lghq;= lruq' flfia jqj o jvd l%udkql+, ùu
i|yd Visual Basic wkqj o;a; j¾. follg fnfoa'
o;a;
Visual Basic
ixLHd;a u l o;a ;
ixLHd;aul o;a; hkq ixLHdj,ska iukaú; tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" .=K lsÍu" fn§u wdÈ úúO
iïu; ldrl iu`. .Ks;uh jYfhka wd.Kkh l< yels o;a; fõ' Visual Basic j, § ixLHd;aul
o;a; j¾. y;lg fnod we;'
107
1 j.=j( ixLHd;aul o;a; j¾.
j¾.h wdphkh w.hhka mrdi
nhsgh nhsg 1 0 isg 255
(Byte)
ksÅ,h nhsg 2 -32"768 isg 32"767
(Integer)
È. nhsg 4 -2"147"483"648 isg 2"147"483"648
(Long)
;ks nhsg 4 Rk w.hka i|yd -3'402823E+38 isg -1'401298E-45
(Single) Ok w.hka i|yd 1'401298E-45 isg 3'402823E+38
oaú;aj nhsg 8 Rk w.hka i|yd -1'79769313486232E+308 isg
(Double) -4'94065645841247E-324
Ok w.hka i|yd 4'94065645841247E-324 isg 1'79769313486232E+308
uqo,a nhsg 8 -922"337"203"685"477'5808 isg 922"337"203"685"477'5807
(Currency)
oYu nhsg 12 oYu Ndú; fkdfõ kï +$-79"228"162"514"264"337"593"543"950"335 ôYu
(Decimal) ia:dk 28& +$-7'9228162514264337593543950335
2 j.=j( ixLHd;aul fkdjk o;a; j¾.

j¾.h wdphkh w.hhka mrdi
[;ka;=j ^ksh; È.&] (String) ;ka;=fõ È. wkq,l=Kq 1 isg 65400
[;ka;=j ^úp,H È.&] (Spring) È. + nhsg 10 wkq,l=Kq 0 isg ì,shk 2
Èkh (Date) nhsg 8 ckjdß 1" 100 isg foieïn¾ 31" 9999
nQ,Sh (Boolean) nhsg 2 i;H fyda wi;H
jia;=j (Object) nhsg 4 ´kEu ksys; jia;=jla
[úp,lh îxLHd;aul&] (Variant) nhsg 16 oaú;aj (Double) fuka úYd, ´kEu w.hla
[úp,lh ^mdGh&] (Variant) È. + nhsg 22 úp,H È. ;ka;=jg iudk
ks o ¾Ylh 01 l% u f,a L h
Dim number1, number2, number3 as Integer
Dim total, average as double
Private sub Form_Clicknumber1=val(Text1.Text)
number2=val(Text2.Text)
number3= val(Text3.Text)
Total=number1+number2+number3
Average=Total/5
Label1.Caption=Total
Label2.Caption=Average
End Sub
108
úp,Hhka g w.hka mejÍu
Dim j.ka;s Ndú; lr úúO úp,Hhka m%ldY lsÍfuka miq j tu úp,Hhkag w.hka mejßh
yelsh' mejreul fmdÿ wdlD;sh jkqfha
úp,Hh = m%ldYkh fõ'
úp,Hh m%ldYs; úp,Hhla (declared variable) fyda md,s; .=K w.hla (control property value) fyda
úh yelsh' m%ldYkh .Ks;uh m%ldYkhla" ixLHdjla" ;ka;=jla" nQ,Sh w.hla î;H fyda wi;H&
wdÈh úh yelsh' my; oelafjkqfha kso¾Yk lsysmhls'
firstNumber=100
secondNumber=firstNumber-99
rojani=”Sunimal”
userpass.Text = password
Label1.Visible = True
Command1.Visible = false
Label4.Caption = textbox1.Text
ThirdNumber = Val(usernum1.Text)
total = firstNumber+secondNumber+ThirdNumber
meial,a (Pascal) úp,H yd o;a; j¾.

ks ¾ jpk
• úp,Hh( o;a;j, ;djld,sl wdphkh i,ihs'
• o;a; j¾.( úp,Hhl wdphkh lrk o;a; j¾. w¾: iSukh lrhs'
• VAR YS¾Ih( iEu úp,Hhlg u o;a; j¾.hla mjrd wkkH kula Èh hq;=h' úp,Hhka m%ldY
lsÍu VAR YS¾I fldgia l< hq;=h'
meial,a o;a; j¾. ms<sn| ixlafIamh
ku o;a; j¾.h ks o ¾Yk

;ka;= (String) mdGh OdrKh lrhs' ksõfhda¾la(Newyork)"tjka (Evan)
ksÅ, (Integer) mQ¾K ixLHd OdrKh lrhs' 3" 6" 1024
;d;a;aúl (Real) oYu ixLHd OdrKh lrhs' 3'14" 503'2
nQ,Sh (Boolean) i;H fyda wi;H fyda OdrKh lrhs' i;H (TRUE)" wi;H (FALSE)
wkq,laIKh (Character) ;ks wkq ,laIKhla OdrKh lrhs' 'A', 'e'
;ka;=( ;ka;= úp,Hhla m%ldY lrk úg idudkHfhka tys Wmßu È. olajkq ,efí ^1-255&'
WodyrKhla jYfhka City kñka ye¢kafjk wkq ,laIK 25 la olajd OdrKh lrk úp,Hhla
ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd City: String[25] ghsma l< hq;=h' Tn Wmßu m%udKhla olajkafka ke;s kï
;ka;a=jg mqreÿ Wmßu m%udKh =255 f,i fokq ,efí'
109
úp,H mrdi
o;a; j¾.h wju w.h Wmßu w.h

ksÅ,h (Integer) -32" 768 32" 767
È. ksÅ,h (Long Integer) -2" 147" 483" 648 2" 147" 487" 647
flá ksÅ, (Short Integer) -128 128
;d;a;aúl (Real) 2'9 x 10E-39 1'7 x 10E+38
y÷kajkhkays (Indentifier Names) kï i|yd kS;s

m%f,aLk kï yd úp,H kï we;=<;a ish¨ y÷kajkhkays kï my; i|yka kS;s wkq.ukh l<
hq;h
= '
• wl=rlska fyda háka bß we£ulska (_) fyda wdrïN úh hq;=h'
• wl=re" ixLHd fyda háka bß (_) muKla wvx.= úh yelsh'
• ysia bv wvx.= úh fkdyelsh'
úúO o;a; j¾.j, ;ka;=" wkq,laIK" ksÅ," ;d;a;aúl yd nQ,Sh ksh; lsysmhla wms ks¾jpkh
lruq'
var
age, year, grade : integer;
circumference : real;
LetterGrade : char;
DidYouFail : Boolean;
An example: declaring several variables ;
const
Name = ‘Dharma sri’;
FirstLetter = ‘a’;
Year = 2007;
pi = 3.1415926535897932;
UsingMozilla = TRUE;
1 kso¾Ykh ( ixLHd 2la tl;= lsÍu i|yd meial,a l%uf,aLh
Program sum,
Var
a, b:Integer;
Sum:Real;
Begin
Writeln(‘Enter First Number’);
Readln(a);
Writeln(‘Enter Second Number’);
Readln(b);
Total:= (a+b);
Writeln(‘Total = ‘ ,total);
End.
110
2 kso¾Ykh(
ksÅ, myl tl;=j yd idudkHh fidhkak' tl;=j ksÅ,hla úh hq;=h' idudkHh ;d;a;aúl
úh hq;=h' ixLHd my jkqfha( 45" 7" 68" 2 yd 34
l%uf,aLh u.ska yiqrejk ksÅ, ixLHd fjfiis lsÍu i|yd ksh;hla Ndú; lrkak' tkï"
w.h 5 f,i ksh;h ks¾jpkh lrkak' ta ish,a, uqøKh lrkak' m%;sodkh fufia úh hq;=h'
ksÅ, ixLHdj } 5
1 ixLHdj } 45
2 ixLHdj } 75
3 ixLHdj } 68
4 ixLHdj } 2
5 ixLHdj } 34
tl;=j } 156
idudkHh } 3'1200000000E+01
meia l ,a l% u f,a L h
program SumAverage;
const
NumberOfIntegers = 5;
var
A, B, C, D, E : integer;
Sum : integer;
Average : real;
begin (* Main *)
A := 45;
B := 7;
C := 68;
D := 2;
E := 34;
Sum := A + B + C + D + E;
Average := Sum / NumberOfIntegers;
writeln (‘Number of integers = ‘, NumberOfIntegers);
writeln (‘Number1 = ‘, A);
writeln (‘Number2 = ‘, B);
writeln (‘Number3 = ‘, C);
writeln (‘Number4 = ‘, D);
writeln (‘Number5 = ‘, E);
writeln (‘Sum = ‘, Sum);
writeln (‘Average = ‘, Average)
end. (* Main *)
111
.= r ejreka g Wmfoia
.e,Sï igyka wkq.ukh lr my; oelafjk mßÈ iqÿiq o;a; f;dard .ekSug YsIHhkag Wmfoia
Èh hq;=h'
• l%uf,aLh ,sùug wjYH úp,H yd ksh; m%ldY lrkak'
• j,x.= y÷kd .ekSfï kï fokak'
• ksjerÈ ldrl Í;s Ndú; lr fla; fhdokak'
01' .e,Sï igyk 02' .e,Sï igyk

ixLHd folla tl;= lrkak ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj —msßñ
<uhd˜ fyda —.eyeKq <uhd˜
hkak uqøKh lrkak'
wrUkak wrUkak
iqn me;Su = Hello ia;%S mqreI Ndjh we;=,a

lrkak ^msßñ } i;H"
.eyeKq } wi;H&
m<uq uq,a wl=r
we;=,a lrkak
ia;%S mqreI
wjidk ku ke;
Ndjh } i;H
we;=,a lrkak kï
Tõ
iqn me;Su yd
—.eyeKq <uhd˜ —msßñ <uhd˜
uq,l=re iu`. ku
uqøKh lrkak uqøKh lrkak
uqøKh lrkak
wjidkh
wjidkh
112
03' .e,Sï igyk
,l=Kla lshjd idudkHh uqøKh lrkak
wrUkak
m<uq ixLHdj we;=,a lrkak
fojk ixLHdj we;=,a lrkak
idudkHh fidhkak
idudkHh uqøKh lrkak
wjidkh
meia l ,a j ,s k a W;a ; r
01 jeks .e,Sï igyk i|yd úp,H m%ldYh
Const
Greeting = ‘Hello ‘;
Var
FirstInitial : char;
LastName , nameWithInitials: string;

Var
gender : Boolean;

Var
First_Number, second_number : integer;
Average : real;
Var
113
Visual Basic W;a;r
Const Greeting = ‘Hello ‘
Dim FirstInitial as string
Dim LastName , nameWithInitials as string

Dim gender as Boolean

Dim First_Number, second_number as integer
Dim Average as real
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
114
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 9'5( Wiia uÜgfï mß.Kl l% u f,a L k NdId Ndú; ls Í fï §
fldka f oa i s .; ^wdëk& ;¾lh ks f hda c kh i|yd fla ;
y÷kd .kS'
bf.kq ï M,(
• wod< mßYS,l o;a; ,nd f.k úp,H i|yd wdodk w.hka mjrhs'
• lshùug yelsùu yd w¾:h i|yd m%;sodkh yeviõ .ekaùu lrhs'
• mejrE m%ldYk" .Klhka yd ;d¾lsl fufyhqï i|yd ksjerÈ ldrl úê Ndú; lrhs'
• .eg¨jl ;SrK wjia:d yd mqkrdj¾;k mshjr y÷kd .kshs'
• ;¾lh ksrEmKh lsÍug iqÿiq jrK l%uh f;dard .ekSfï jdish ms<s.kshs'

ms ú iS u (
my; i|yka woyia wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajhs'
• úúO .Kkhka lsÍu i|yd úúO fufyhjk Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
ο .Ks;uh fufyhjk (+, -, /, *, mod, div, ^)
ο iïnkaOl fufyhjk (<, >, =, <=, >=, <>, /=)
ο ;d¾lsl fufyhjk ÂND, OR, NOT&
• úp,H w.hka ,nd .ekSug yd iQodkï lsÍug wdodk m%ldYkh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• mKsúv yd úp,H w.hka ixo¾Ykh i|yd m%;sodk m%ldYkh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• ;SrK .ekSfï § wdëk m%ldYk (if, if else, case) Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• .e,Sï igykaj, Æm mßj¾;kh lsÍug mqkrdj¾;k m%ldYk Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

by< uÜgfï mß.Kl l%uf,aLfha § Ndú; lrk wdëk ;¾lhg iïnkaO fla;lh wms y÷kd
.ksu'q
• l%uf,aLk NdIdfõ wdodk yd m%;sodk ldrl úê y÷kd .ekSug imhd we;s lshùï øjH
lshjkak'
• l%uf,aLk NdIdfõ Ndú; lrk fufyhqï y÷kd .kak'
• ;;a;aj ;Dma; jk whqre wfõlaIKh lrkak'
• l%uf,aLk NdIdfjys mqkrdj¾;k ld¾h flfrkafka yd md,kh jkafka flfiao@
• ldrl Í;s yd tajd w¾: iSukh jk whqre y÷kd .kak'
ο Visual Basic Ndú;fhka fyda
ο meial,a l%uf,aLk NdIdj Ndú;fhka
• Tfí fidhd .ekSï uq¿ mka;shg u wdod¾Yh lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lsÍula iQodkï lrkak'
115
• ;u fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhfuka b,a,d isákak'
• bÈßm;a lrkakka ,jd m<uq úia;drKh lrjkak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug wfkla lKavdhïj,g wdrdOkd lrkak'
• YsIHhkaf.a jev wdOdr lr mdvu idrdxY lrkak'
ο wdodkh
ο m%;sodkh
ο úp,Hhkag w.hka mejÍu
ο fufyhqï - wxl .Ks;" iïnkaOl" ;¾ldkql+,
ο wkql%uh (Sequence)
ο jrKh - (Selection) (if then, if then else, case)
ο mqkrdj¾;k - (Repititions) (for, while, repeat)
ls h ùï øjH
Visual Basic (VB) fufyhjk (Operation)
mßYS,lhkaf.ka wdodk wd.Kkh lsÍug;a m%;sM, ckkh lsÍug;a úúO .Ks;uh fufyhjk
Ndú;h wjYH fõ' VB j, + yd - yereKq fldg fufyhjk i|yd ixfla; my; fmkajd we;s
mßÈ idudkH .Ks;uh fufyhjkg jvd fjkia fõ'
wxl .Ks ; uh fufyhjk
fufyhjkh .Ks ; uh ld¾hh ks o ¾Yk

^ >d;Sh 2^4 = 16
* .=K lsÍu 4*3 = 12
/ fn§u 12/4 = 3
Mod udmdxlh ^ksÅ, 15 Mod 4 = 3

fn§ulska fYaIh&
\ ksÅ, fn§u ôYu 19\4 = 4
ia:dk w;a yef¾&

+ fyda & ;ka;= idodudhkh —Visual˜ & —Basica˜
(String Concatenation) } —Visual Basic˜
1 ks o ¾Ykh
Dim firstName As String
Dim secondName As String
Dim yourName As String
Private Sub Command1_Click()
116
firstName = Text1.Text
secondName = Text2.Text
yourName = secondName + “ “ + firstName
Label1.Caption = yourName
End Sub
fï kso¾Ykfha úp,H ;=kla string f,i m%ldY lr ;sfí' FirstName yd SecondName hk

úp,Hj, o;a; TextBox1g yd TextBox2 g mßYS,lf.a m%odkfhka ,efí' m<uq úp,H fol
taldnoaO lsÍfuka YourName úp,Hhg o;a; mjrkq ,efí' wjidkfha YourName Label 1 ys
ixo¾Ykh jkq we;'
2 ks o ¾Ykh
Dim number1, number2, number3 as Integer
Dim total, average as variant
Private sub Form_Click
number3= val(Text3.Text)
Total=number1+number2+number3
Average=Total/5
Label2.Caption=Average
End Sub
by; kso¾Ykfha úp,H ;=kla ksÅ, f,i m%ldY lr we;s w;r úp,H folla úp,l f,i
m%ldY lr ;sfí' úp,lh hkafkys w¾:h úp,Hh ´kEu ixLHd;aul o;a; j¾. OdrKh l<
yels nj h' mdG fldgqj,g we;=,a l< ixLHd ;=fkys uq¿ .Kk yd idudkHh l%uf,aLh
wd.Kkh lrhs' .Ks;uh fufyhjk yd iólrK Ndú; lr jvd;a ixlS¾K VB l%uf,al
,shkafka flfia oehs ó<`. mdvfï § wms n,uq'
l%uf,aL .e,Su md,kh lsÍu

wdëk fufyhjk (Conditional Operations)
VB l%uf,aL .e,Su md,kh lsÍu i|yd úúO wdëk fufyhjk Ndú; l< yels h' uQ,sl j tajd
.Ks;uh fufyhjkj,g iudk fõ' wdëk fufyhjk b;d m%n, fuj,ï h' tajd VB
l%uf,aLhg o;a; w.hka ixikaokh lsÍug i,iajd l%uf,aLhla l%shd lrúh hq;= o@ hkqfjka
.;hq;= l%shdj ;SrKh lr;a' fï fufyhjk my; oelafõ'
117
fufyhjkh w¾:h
= g iudk h
> jvd jeä h
< jvd wvq h
>= jvd jeä yd iudk
<= jvd wvq yd iudk
<> g iudk ke;
wdëk fufyhjk
by; fufyhkj,ska Strings o Tng ixikaokh l< yels h' flfia jqj o" wkq.ukh l< hq;=
we;eï kS;s we;' Upper Case wl=re" Lower Case wl=rej,g jvd wvq h' "A"<"B"<"C"<"D"....."Z" iy
ixLHdj wl=rej,g jvd wvq h'
;d¾lsl fufyhjk (Logical Operatioì)

wdëk fufyhjkg wu;r j VB l%uf,aLhg tl;= jk n,h msßkuk ;d¾lsl fufyhjk
lsysmhla o ;sfí' tajd my; fmkajd we;'
fufyhjkh w¾:h
AND fome;a; u i;H úh hq;= h'
OR) tla me;a;la fyda wfkla me;a; fyda
i;H úh hq;= h'
XOR tla me;a;la fyda wfkla me;a; fyda
i;H úh hq;= h' tfy;a fome;a; u fkdfõ'
NOT i;Hh m%;sfIaO lrhs'
fufyhjk iu`. If....Then....Else m%ldY Ndú;h

VB l%uf,aL .e,Su M,odhS j md,kh i|yd wdëk fufyhjk yd ;d¾lsl fufyhjk iu`. wms"
If....Then....Else m%ldY Ndú; lruq' If....Then....Else m%ldYfha iudkH wdlD;sh jkqfha
If wdëk Then
VB m%ldYk
Else
VB m%ldYk
End If
´kEu If, Then, Else m%ldYhla End If hkafkka wjika úh hq;= h' we;eï úg Else Ndú;h wjYH
fkdfõ'
118
ks o ¾Ykh
Private Sub OK_Click()
firstnum = Val(usernum1.Text)
secondnum = Val(usernum2.Text)
total = Val(sum.Text)
If total = firstnum + secondnum And Val(sum.Text) <> 0 Then
correct.Visible = True
wrong.Visible = False
Else
correct.Visible = False
wrong.Visible = True
End If
End Sub
jrK úIh (Select Case)
wdëk m%ldY fndfyduhla ;sfí kï
If, Then, Else Ndú;h mg,efjkq we;' nyq wdëk m%ldY i|yd jrK úIh (Select Case) Ndú;h
jvd fyd| h'
wdlD;sh jkqfha(
Select Case m%ldYkh
Case Value 1
VB j.ka;s tll fyda lsysmhl fyda lÜáh
Case Value 2
Case Value 3
Case Value 4
Case Else
119
End Select
m%ldYkfha úfYaIkh lrk ,o o;a; j¾. m%ia;+; w.hka iu. iSyqï úh hq;= h'
1 ks o ¾Ykh
úNd. fY%aKs (Examination Grades)
Dim grade As String
Private Sub Compute_Click( )
grade=txtgrade.Text
Select Case grade
Case “A”
result.Caption=”High Distinction”
Case “A-”
result.Caption=”Distinction”
Case “B”
result.Caption=”Credit”
Case “C”
result.Caption=”Pass”
Case Else
result.Caption=”Fail”
End Select
fY%aKsh String f,i i,lkak' tneúka '"A" n÷ ish¨ Case Values, Strings ;ka;= o;a; j¾.fhys
h'
2 ks o ¾Ykh
Dim mark As Single
Private Sub Compute_Click()
‘Examination Marks
mark = mrk.Text
Select Case mark

Case Is >= 85
comment.Caption = “Excellence”
Case Is >= 70
comment.Caption = “Good”
Case Is >= 60
comment.Caption = “Above Average”
Case Is >= 50
comment.Caption = “Average”
Case Else
comment.Caption = “Need to work harder”
End Select
End Sub
igyk( fldkafoais kshu lsÍu i|yd is hk uq, moh Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuh idudkHfhka
Ndú; lrkqfha ixLHd;aul o;a; i|yd h'
120
3 ks o ¾Ykh
2 kso¾Ykh my; oelafjk mßÈ kej; ,súh yels h'
Dim mark As Single
Private Sub Compute_Click()
mark = mrk.Text
Select Case mark

Case 0 to 49
comment.Caption = “Need to work harder”

Case 50 to 59
comment.Caption = “Average”
Case 60 to 69
comment.Caption = “Above Average”
Case 70 to 84
comment.Caption = “Good”
Case Else
comment.Caption = “Excellence”
End Select
End Sub
meia l ,a fla ; h
;SrK .ekSu
fndfyda l%uf,aL i|yd ;SrK .ekSu wjYH h' fï i|yd meial,a NdIdfjka fndfyda m%ldY we;'
'IF' m%ldYh tajdhska tlls' my; f,aLk.; lr we;s iïnkaOl fufyhjk fjk;a úp,Hhkag
fyda w.hkag fyda tfrys j úúO úp,Hhka mÍlaId lsÍug l%uf,aLlg bv i,ihs'
= g iudk h
> jvd úYd, h
< jvd wvq h
<> iudk ke;
<= g wvq fyda iudk h
>= g jeä fyda iudk h
kï túg ÎF THEN& meial,a m%ldYh i|yd wdlD;sh jkqfha

if condition_is_true then
execute_this_program_statement;
fuh i;H oehs ne,Su i|yd ;;a;ajh ^tkï A<5& w.hkq ,efí' ;;a;ajh i;H jQ úg l%uf,aL
m%ldYh l%shd lrjkq ,efí' ;;a;ajh i;H fkdfõ kï túg uq, moh wkq.ukh lr l%uf,aL
m%ldYh fkdi,ld yßkq ,efí'
121
program IF_DEMO (input, output); {Program demonstrating IF THEN statement}
var number, guess : integer;
begin
number := 2;
writeln(‘Guess a number between 1 and 10’);
readln( guess );
if number = guess then writeln(‘You guessed correctly. Good on you!’);
if number <> guess then writeln(‘Sorry, you guessed wrong.’)
end.
fï l%uf,aLh Odjkh jk úg iïm%hqla; m%;sodkh l=ula o@
program FOR_TEST ( output );

var s, j, k, I, l : integer;
begin
s := 0;
for j:= 1 to 5 do
begin
write( j );
s := s + j
end;
writeln( s );
for k := 0 to 1 do write( k );
for I := 10 downto 1 do writeln( I );
j := 3; k := 8; l := 2;
for I := j to k do writeln( I + l )
end.
The Case Statement
l%uf,aL ;¾lh lshùug jvd myiq lrjk whqre else m%ldY fndfyduhla Ndú; lrk fla;
kej; ,sùug Case Statement Tng bv i,ihs'
If else m%ldY Ndú; lr ,shd we;s my; i|yka fla; fldgi i,lkak'
if operator = ‘*’ then result := number1 * number2

else if operator = ‘/’ then result := number1 / number2
else if operator = ‘+’ then result := number1 + number2
else if operator = ‘-’ then result := number1 – number2
else invalid_operator = 1;
Rewriting this using case statements,

case operator of
‘*’ : result:= number1 * number2;
‘/’ : result:= number1 / number2;
‘+’ : result:= number1 + number2;
‘-’ : result:= number1 – number2;
otherwise invalid_operator := 1
end;
fufyhjkfha w.h úfYaIKh lrk ,o tla tla w.h iu`. ixikaokh lrkq ,efí' iSyqula
isÿ jQfha kï th iSyqu iu`. iïnkaO l%uf,aL m%ldY ^h& l%shd lrjkq ,efí'
fufyhjkh iSyqï fkdfõ kï B<`. w.h iu`. th ixikaokh lrkq ,efí' hï úfYaIKh
lrk ,o m%ia;+;h (Case) la iu`. fufyhjkh iSyqï fkdjQ úg tfia fkdue;s j j.ka;sh ksid
WÑ; l%shdud¾.hla .ekSu ;yjqre flf¾'
122
úp,Hh ksh;hla iu`. ixikaokh l< hq;=h' flfia jqj o" my; fmkajd we;s mßÈ Cases
ldKav l< yelsh'
case user_request of
‘A’, ‘a’ : call_addition_subprogram;
‘s’, ‘S’ : call_subtraction_subprogram;

end;
1: program LoopADoop2;
2:
3: var
4: x: integer;
5:
6: begin
7: x := 1;
8: while x <= 5 do
9: x := x + 1;
10: Writeln(x);
11:
12: x := 1;
13: repeat
14: x := x + 1;
15: until x >= 5;
16: Writeln(x);
17: end.
The Result
6
5
123
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'6( .e,S ï igyka mß.Kl l% u f,a L njg mßj¾;kh ls Í u
i|yd Wiia uÜgfï NdId Ndú; lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• § we;s .eg¨jla úi£u i|yd l%uf,aLhla ,shhs'
• úi÷u ie,iqï lsÍfï jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'
• .eg¨j úi£u i|yd .e,Sï igykla w¢hs'
• .eg¨jla úi£fï WÑ; mshjr y÷kd .kshs'
• ;¾lh ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï jdish ms<s.kshs'

ms ú iS u (
my; i|yka woyia wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
• mß.Klh Ndú; lr .Ks;uh .eg¨ úi¢h yelsh'
• md,k jHqyh úh yelafla
ο wkql%uh (Sequence)
ο f;aÍï ^jrKh& (Selection)
ο mqkrdj¾;kh (Repetition)
• ;ks .eg¨jl fï md,k jHqy tlla fyda jeä .Kkla fyda wvx.= úh yelsh'
by< uÜgfï NdId Ndú; lr .e,Sï igyka mß.Kl l%uf,aLhkag mßj¾;kh l< yelsh'

.eg¨ úi£u i|yd .e,Sï igyka we| mß.Kl l%uf,aL ilia lruq'
• Tfí lKavdhug mjrd we;s my; i|yka .eg¨ ie,ls,a,g .kak'
ο ixLHd folla lshjd ir, .Ks;uh fufyhjk (+, -, x, /) l%shd;aul lrkak' my;
§ we;s fY%aKs j.=j wkqj ,l=Kq fY%aKs m%odkh lrkak'
,l= K q fY% a K s h
>=75 D
50-74 C
35-49 S
00-34 F
ο j¾.c iólrKhla úi|kak'

ο ixLHdjl l%udfrdams;h fidhkak'
• Tng mejrE .eg¨j úi£ug m<uq j .e,Sï igykla w¢kak'
• B<`.g" l%uf,aLk NdIdj f,i meial,a fyda Visual Basic fyda Ndú; lr mß.Klfhka
.eg¨j úi£u i|yd l%uf,aLhla ,shkak'
• u~q¿ ieisfha § kùldrl bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï jkak'
124
• fidhd .ekSï bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhfuka b,a,d isákak'
• m%:u úia;drKh lsÍug bÈßm;a l< whg u i,iajkak'
• ixj¾Okd;aul woyia iemhSug wfkla lKavdhïj,g wdrdOkd lrkak'
• YsIHhkaf.a jev fhdod .ksñka mdvu idrdxY lrkak'
• my; i|yka tajd wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο .e,Sï igyka Ndú; lr ir, .Ks;uh .eg¨ m%ia;dß; j ksrEmKh l< yels h'
ο l%uf,aLk NdIdjla Ndú; lr .e,Sï igyka l%uf,aLkj,g mßj¾;kh lrkq ,efí'
.= r ejrhdg Wmfoia
01 l%uf,aLh - ir, .Ks;uh fufyhjk
wrUkak
Program maths(input, output);
Var
number1, number2: integer;
1 ixLHdj wdodkh total, subtract, multiply, division: real;
Begin
2 ixLHdj wdodkh Writeln(‘Enter the First Number’);
Readln(number1);
Writeln(‘Enter the Second Number’);
Readln(number2);
uq¿ .Kk = 1 ixLHdj + 2 ixLHdj total:=number1+number2;
subtract:=number2-number1;
multiply :=number1*number2;
division:= number2/number1;
wvq lrkak = 2 ixLHdj - 1 ixLHdj
Writeln( number1, ‘+’, number2,’ = ‘,total:6:2);
Writeln( number2, ‘-’, number1,’ = ‘,subtract:6:2);
Writeln( number1, ‘x’, number2,’‘,multiply:6:2);
.=K lrkak = 1 ixLHdj * 2 ixLHdj Writeln( number2, ‘/ ’, number1, ’ = ‘,division:6:2);
Readln;
End.
fnokak = 2 ixLHdj / 1 ixLHdj Visual Basic l%uf,aLh
Dim number1, number2 as Integer

uq¿ .Kk uqøKh lrkak Dim total, subtract, multiply, division as variant
Private sub Form_Click
jHdl,kh uqøKh lrkak number2=val(Text2.Text)
Total=number1+number2
subtract = number2-number1
.=K lsÍu uqøKh lrkak multiply=number1*number2
division=number2/number1
fn§u uqøKh lrkak Label2.Caption=subtract
Label3.Caption= multiply
Label4.Caption=division
kj;skak End Sub
125
02 l%uf,aLh - fY%aKs ,l=Kq
.e,Sï igyk
wrUkak
wdodkh ,l=Kq
,l=Kq >=75 Tõ
ke; fY%aKsh = D
,l=Kq >=50 Tõ
ke; fY%aKsh = C
,l=Kq >=35 Tõ
ke; fY%aKsh = S
fY%aKsh = "F"
fY%aKsh uqøKh
lrkak
kj;skak
126
meia l ,a l% u f,a L h Visual Basic l%uf,aLh
Program Marks(Input,Output); Dim mark As Single

Var Private Sub Compute_Click()
Mark:Integer;
Begin
mark = Val (mrk.Text)
Writeln(‘Enter Marks :’);
Select Case mark
Readln(mark);
Case Is >= 75
IF mark >=75 Then
comment.Caption = “D”
Writeln( ‘Grade =D’)
Case Is >= 50
Else if mark>= 50 Then
comment.Caption = “C”
Writeln( ‘Grade =C’)
Case Is >= 35
Else if mark>= 35 Then
Writeln( ‘Grade = S’) comment.Caption = “S”
Else
Writeln (‘Grade=F’); Case Else
End.
comment.Caption = “F”
End Select
End Sub
127
03 l%uf,aLh - j¾.c iólrKhl ksheÈ úi÷u
wrUkak
1 uQ,h = - b + (b2-4ac)
wdodkh a, b yd c 2a
2 uQ,h = - b - (b2-4ac)
Tõ
b -4ac>=0 o@
2
2a
ke;
m%;sodkh 1 uQ,h
;d;a;aúl uQ, ke; 2 uQ,h
kj;skak
meia l ,a l% u f,a L h Visual Basic l%uf,aLh
program quadratic;
uses wincrt; option explicit
var
Dim a,b,c As Variant
a,b,c : real;
t,r1,r2 : real; Dim x1,x2,t As Variant
begin Private Sub Find Root_Click ()
writeln(‘enter a’); a=Val(Text1.text)
readln (a); b=Val(Text2.text)
writeln(‘enter b’);
c=Val(Text3.text)
readln (b);
writeln(‘enter c’); t=(b*b-4*a*c)
readln (c); If t>=0 Then
t := b*b-4*a*c; x1=(-b+(t)^0.5)/(2*a)
if t>=0 then
x2=(-b-(t)^0.5)/(2*a)
begin
r1:= (-b+sqrt(t))/(2*a); Label6.caption=x1
r2:= (-b-sqrt(t))/(2*a); Label7.caption=x2
writeln(‘root1 =’,r1 :8:2); Else
writeln(‘root2 =’,r2 :8:2);
Label6.caption=”no real roots”
end
else End If
writeln(‘no real roots’); End Sub
end. Private Sub Clear_Click()
Text1.text=””
Text2.text=””
Text3.text=””
Label6.caption=””
Label7.caption=””
End Sub
128
04 l%uf,aLh - § we;s ixLHdjl l%udfrdams;h
wrUkak
l%udfrdams;h } 1 program Factorial_test;

uses wincrt;
var
wdodkh ixLHdj Counter:integer;
Factorial:real;
l%udfrdams;h } Begin
l%udfrdams;h ) ixLHdj Factorial := 1;
Readln(counter);
while Counter > 0 do
ixLHdj } ixLHdj-1 begin
Factorial := Factorial *Counter;
Counter := Counter – 1;
ke;
ixLHdj>0 o@ end;
Writeln(Factorial:8:2);
ke;
End.
l%udfrdams;h
uqøKh lrkak
kj;skak
Visual Basic l%uf,aLh
Private sub Fact_click()

Dim factorial As long
Dim counter As integer
factorial=1
counter=Val(Text1.text)
While (Counter>0)
factorial=factorial*counter
counter=counter-1
Wend
Print “Factorial”; Text1.text; “=”, factorial
End sub
129
ks m q K ;dj 10( Èúu. ch.ekqu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS f,i Ndú; lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 10'1( cd;sl ixj¾Okh Wfoid f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dla I Kfha odhl;a j h meyeÈ,s lrhs '
bf.kq ï M,(
• wOHdmkh" fi!LH" lDIsl¾uh yd jHdmdr LKavhkays f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha
Ndú;h úia;r lrhs'
• úúO ld¾hhka i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK fuj,ï f;dard .ekSfï wjYH;dj
ms<s.kshs'
• fndfyda lafIa;%hkays Ndú; lrk úúO f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK fuj,ïj,
wod<;dj fjka fldg y÷kd .kshs'
• úúO m%Njhkaf.ka wjYH mßÈ wod< f;dr;=re fidhhs'
• ud¾..; j /lshd wjia:djka fidhd n,hs'

• ÿria: bf.kqu" bf,lafg%dksl bf.kqu yd ud¾..; mdGud,d u.ska iïm;a m%;smdokfha §
.%dóh m%foaYj, bf.kqu ,nkakkag f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wjia:d imhhs'
• wOHdmk l<ukdlrK moaO;sfha § ud¾..; úNd." WmfoaYk ieis yd idlÉPd meje;aùfï
§ jd¾;d ;nd .ekSfï o yelshdj we;'
• pqïNl wkqkdoh (MR)" mßf,dalkh yd mß.Kl wdlaIl úlsrK f¾Ld Ñ;%Kh (AT) n÷
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK fuj,ï Ndú;fhka frda. wkdjrKh$y÷kd.ekSu yd
wid¾:lùï ixLHdj wju lsÍu i|yd ffjoHjre yd frda.Syq meyeÈ,s Ñ;%hla ,nd .ks;a'
• ffjoH wOHdmkfha úvïNk îurEmk& u.ska ffjoHjrekag yd ffjoH YsIHhkag ienE
Ôú;hg wdikak w;aoelSï ,nd foa'
• fg,s fjolu" .ukd.uk yd WmlrK jeh wju lrhs'
• ffjoHjreka yd úfYaI{ ffjoHjreka yuqùu kshulr .ekSug yd úuiSug fg,s fjolu
wmg Woõ fjhs'
• lDIsld¾ñl m%cdjka w;r fj<o fmd< ñ, .Kka" m¾fhaIK" kj fidhd .ekSï yd w;aoelSï"
cdkuh jeäÈhqKq l< ksIamdok ms<sn| f;dr;=re yqjudrelr .ekSug f;dr;=re ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh yelshdj ,nd fohs'
• wiajekak jeälr .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh lDIs ld,.=K úoHd;aul
f;dr;=re ,nd fohs'
• mß.Kl md,s; Wml%u mdßfNda.sl fj<| fmd< i|yd ì;a;r /lSug" lsß ÔjdkqyrKhg
Wojq fjhs'
• f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh mqoa.,hkaf.a wkjYH .ukd.ukh wvq lrhs'
• ud¾..; idmamq hdu u.ska weKjqï lsÍu;a NdKav ish fodrlvg ,nd .ekSu;a mdßfNda.slhdg
myiq lrhs'
130
• iajhxl%Sh .kqfokq hka;% (ATM) yd Kh ldâm;a myiqlï Ndú;fhka nexl= lghq;= ´kEu
fj,djl l< yelsh' tuksid" mqoa.,hka iEu úg u wf;a uqo,a ;nd .ekSu wjYH ke;'
• mqoa.,hl= iïm%odhdkql+, ld¾hd,hlg fldgq ù isàu wjYH ke;' f.or § g¾ñk,hla"
jfgdr u; mß.Klhla Ndú; lr ish /lshd l< yelsh'
ls h ùï øjH
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh (ICT) yd iudch ms<sn| ye¢kaùu
fï tallh f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| ye¢kaùula
imhhs' ie,ls,us ;a ffiOdka;l
s m%;HdfõlaIKhla wjYH mohla jk ziudchZ ms<n
s | ixl,amhg
fhduq lsÍula fkdue;s j wmg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wjfndaO lr .; fkdyels
nj th Wml,amkh lrhs' tuksid" tallh u.ska f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<sn|
wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl isoaOdka; .fõIKh lr h:d o¾Yk úúOdx.hlska f;dr;=re yd
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<sn| is;Sug YsIHhka Èß .kajkq ,efí'
wmg Ndú; lr úkaokh i|yd úoHd{hka yd bxðfkarejreka úiska kj ;dlaIK ks¾udKh

lrkq ,nk w;r f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksrka;r j fjkia fõ' Wiia fõ'
WodyrK jYfhka miq.sh wjqreÿ 50 ;=< § my; i|yka ;dlaIK Ndú;h fmdÿ ù ;sfí'
• fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl
• cx.u ÿrl:k
• wka;¾cd,h
• ffjoH iqmßlailh (Scanner)
• pkaøsld
• f,air
• iqixys; äial (CD) yd ixLHdxl ùäfhda äial (DVD)
• rEmjdysksh
• fudag¾ r: bf,lafg%dksl
• iajhxl%Sh .kqfokq hka;% (ATM) myiqlï
• Kh ldâm;a
wOHdmkfha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha § ICT ^10'1'1' rEmh& f;dr;= r e yd
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh mdi,aj,g m%fõYh ;sîu fuka u
tu.ska wOHdmkh jeä ÈhqKqùu o ;yjqre flf¾' f;dr;=re
yd ikakf s õok ;dlaIKhg wOHdmk wka;¾.;h" .=re mqyK
q j
yd ;dlaIK úoHd;aul l=i,;d ixj¾Okh jeä ÈhqKq l<
yelsh' msßjeh wvq lr tu fiajdjka iemhSfï ndOl ksYaph
l< yelsh' ÿr neyer m%foaYj, Ôj;ajk YsIHhkag f;dr;=re
yd ikakfs õok ;dlaIK fuj,ï yryd bf,lafg%dksl bf.kqï
fudähq,j, .=rejreka fj; m%fõY ù úêu;a mka;sldurh
10'1'1 we;'
Wiia lr .; yelsh' fndfyda úYaj úoHd, fjí wvúj, ud¾..; mdGud,d rEmh
131
f;dr;= r e yd ika k s f õok ;dla I Kh my; i|yka la f Ia ; % j , m% O dk
odhl;ajhla ,nd § we; ;
• b.eka ù u
ο fg,s iyNd.S;ajh myiq lrjk mß.Kl ueÈy;a cd, yryd .=re jD;a;sh ixj¾Okhg
wdOdr ùu'
ο me<mÈhï jQ lgmdvu mdol b.ekaùï mßph ì| oud jvd YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqu
flfrys wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd wdOdr lsÍug ;dlaIKh Ndú;h'
ο kùk;u fm<fmd;a yd b.ekaùï øjH lrd ud¾..; m%fõYh i|yd mka;s ldurfha §
mß.Kl Ndú;h'
ο b.ekaùï yd bf.kqï l%shdldrlïj, iemhSu yd wka;¾.;h jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd
wka;¾l%shd .=jkaúÿ,s WmfoaYkh yd ùäfhda jevigyka n÷ úldYk ;dlaIK" ixLHdxl
;dlaIK iu`. ifudaOdkh lsÍu'
• bf.kq u
ο rg we;=<; fuka u úfoaYhkays YsIHhka iu`. YsIH iyNd.S;ajh m%j¾Okh lrk cd,
ixj¾Okh lsÍu'
ο bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;shla (LMS) hkq YsIHhkag bf.kqï wka;¾.;h yd iïm;a
l<ukdlrKhg yd iemhSug bv i,ik idudkHfhka úYd, mßudKfha ^tkï mßudKh
YS>%fhka wvq fõ'& uDÿldx. meflachls' fndfyda bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;s bf.kqï
wka;¾.;hg yd mßmd,khg —´kEu fõ,djl" ´kEu ;ekl˜ m%fõYh myiq lsÍu i|yd
fjí mdol fõ'
ο wju jYfhka" YsIH ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍug" bf,lafg%dksl bf.kqï mdGud,d yd wka;¾.;h
iemhSug yd Tiafia hdug yd úNd.lrKhg bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;s fndfyda úg
bv i,ihs' WmfoaYl úiska u`. fmkajkq ,nk mqyqKq mka;s l<ukdlrKhg o bv
i,ikq we;' jvd;a mßmQ¾K bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;sj, ksmqK;d l<ukdlrKh"
l=i,;d ysveia úYaf,aIKh" wkqms<sfj, ie,iqïlrKh" iy;sl m%odkh" kdñl ienE
mka;s" WmfoaYk ieis yd iïm;a îa:dk" ldur" fm< fmd;a" WmfoaYljreka wdÈh& n÷
fuj,ï ,nd .; yels jkq we;' iajhx ,shdmÈxÑh yd mdGud,dj,g m%fõYh myiq
lrjk bf.kqu ,nkakdg iajhx fiajd fndfyda moaO;sj, iemfhkq we;'
• wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh
ο wOHdmk mßiaÓ;sfha mßmd,kh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug wOHdmk l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;sh
(EMIS) ixj¾Okh lsÍu'
ο l<ukdlrK moaO;s bf.kSu'
ο ud¾..; j y÷kajd fokq ,nk mdGud,d fndfyduhl
úNd. mj;ajkq ,nkafka ud¾..; j h'
úfoaY rgl msysá úfoaYSh ixia:djlg Y%S ,xldfõ isák
Tjqkfa .a ld¾h uKav, kj mß.Kl fhÿula ms<n s | mqyK
q q
lsÍug wjYH jkq we;' idudkHfhka mqyqKqj i|yd
ld¾h uKav,hg tu rgg meñKSug isÿ jkq we;' tfy;a
oeka úfoa Y ld¾hd,hg furg ld¾hd,fha ùäfhda
ikaOdkhla msysgqúh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ fm!oa.,sl
mß.Klj, ÿria: md,l iúlr tu rfÜ isg Rcq j
mqyqKq jevigyk meje;aúh yelsh' fuys§ iefjdu Èkqï
wjia:djlg <`.dfõ' ^10'1'2 rEmh& 10'1'2 rEmh
132
fi!LHfha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ixj¾Okh ùu;a iu`. fi!LH lafIa;%h úúO wx.j,ska
ixj¾Okh ù ;sfí'
• wkjYH .ukd.ukh wvq lrñka ffjoHjrhl= pek,a lsÍu myiq lsÍfuka frda.shdf.a
Ôú;h myiq ù we;'
• ffjoHjreka i|yd frda. úksYaph yd ffjoH mÍlaIdj jvd myiq ù úYajikSh ù we;'
• cd;sl fi!LH ie,eiafï wNsu;d¾: bgqlsÍu i|yd Wmdhud¾.sl mqfrda.dó;ajhka ;sridr
lrñka wdfrda.H Yd,d yd m%dfoaYSh fiajdjka mß.Kl.; lsÍug jHdmD;sj, mßmd,kh
^wdfrda.H Yd,d" foaYSH yd l,dmSh fi!LH ixúOdk& iu`. f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK
iyfhda.S j lghq;= lrhs'
wu;r fiajdjka b,lal lr ffjoH fg,s WmfoaYk ksIamdok ie,iqï lsÍu yd ixj¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú; l< yelsh' miq.sh wjqreÿ úiai we;=<; §
mßph fuka u ffjoH wOHdmkh o f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh u.ska uQ,sl j fjkia
ù ;sfí' j¾;udkfha wdfrda.H Yd,d ld¾hfha mQ¾K wx.hla ù we;s .sKqï lghq;=" ixLHdxl
úlsrK Ydia;%h" ridhkd.dr wekjqï lsÍu" ilik yd jd¾;dlrK moaO;s" bf,lafg%dksl frda.
jd¾;d moaO;s wdÈh i|yd úYd, wdfrda.H Yd,dj, f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK moaO;s
Ndú; lrkq ,efí' ish¨ ridhkd.dr mß.Kl lr we;s nj ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh' ixLHdxl
úlsrK Ydia;%h" mß.Kl iydhsl úlsrK f¾Ld (CAT) Ñ;%Kfhka wdrïN úh' pqïNl wkqkdo
rgd (MRI) yd idudkH ixLHdj wkqrEmKh oeka mq¿,a j jHdma; ù we;' fiahd mgh" úlsrK
úoHdfõ h,amek f.dia ;sfí' ixLHdxl wkqrEmKfha jdis fndfyduhls' wkqrEmK ielish
yelsh' jeäÈhqKq l< yelsh' úYaf,aIKh l< yelsh' tajd blaukska u wdfrda.H Yd,dfõ ia:dk
lsysmhl § ke;akï ÿria: ia:dkhkays § o¾Ykh l< yelsh' l<ska .;a hï ;SrK fjkiaúh
yelsh' wid¾:lùï fndfyda jeäh' tfy;a kj fuj,ï Ndú;fhka th wvq ù ;sfí'
ffjoH úoHdfõ § wm f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd wdldrh f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhka

fjkia ù we;' wjqreÿ úiailg fmr hï ud;Dldjla ms<sn| m%ldYs; øjHhl f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSu i|yd ffjoH mqia;ld,fha Èk lsysmhla .; lsÍu wjYH úh' oeka ñks;a;= lsysmhlska
hful=g ud¾..; ffjoH o;a; iuqodhlg m%fõY úh yelsh' wjqreÿ fndfyda .Kklg fmr
fijqu ksu lr úOdkh lsÍfï ir, l%uhla u.ska ^ke;fyd;a we;eï úg Rcq j nd.ekSfuka&
wjYH m;%sldj, idrdxY fïi u; mß.Klfhka ,nd .; yelsh'
^10'1'3 rEmh&
f,dalfha wm l,dmSh rgj,aj, ffjoH úoHd, fun÷ ;dlaIKsl

fjkiaùï iu. iu iu j isák njla fkdfmfka' mß.Kl úvïnk
îurEmk& u.ska i;=ka iu. fhfok mÍlaIdjkays wjYH;dj wvq l<
yelsh' .fõIKh i|yd mß.Kl úvïnkhla Ndú;fhka ld,h"
uqo,a yd i;=kaf.a Ôú; b;=re fõ'
10'1'3 rEmh
we;eï moaO;sj,ska wka;¾cd,h yryd ;ukaf.a u frday,aj, isg tljr ;%sudK X lsrK rEm w¾:
ksrEmKhg yelshdj ,efí'
133
bf,lafg%dksl fnfy;a lsÍfï ldâm; u.ska frda.shdf.a ffjoHjrhd yd ia:dkSh frday, fyda
Tiqy, fyda ksjdi id;a;= fiajdj fyda w;r fnfy;a jÜfgdare f;dr;=re yqjudrej i|yd iïmQ¾K
bf,lafg%dksl moaO;shla Ndú; lr iajhxl%Sh mKsúv hjkq ,efí'
HIV, ms<sld yd bkaøsh noaO lsÍfï ffjoH úoHdj flfrys fhduq jQ w¨;a yd úma,ùh m%;sÔjl
ldKavhla ms<sfh, fjñka mj;S'
lDIsl¾ufha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

m¾fhaIlhka" wdkhklrejka$wmkhklrejka" jHdma; fiajdjka yd
f.dùka we;=<;a úúO lDIsl¾u cd, ;=< yd w;r oekqu yqjudre lsÍu
lDIsl¾u lafIa;%fha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh u.ska myiq
lrjhs' .%dóh lDIsld¾ñl m%cdjka wka;¾cd,hg ikaOdk.; lsÍfuka
f;dr;=rej,g m%fõYùu yd foaYSh wka;¾.;h iemhSu hk fowxYfhka u
jeo.;a f;dr;=re .,d hdu f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksid yels
fjhs'
10'1'4 rEmh
lDIsl¾ufha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha l%shdldrlï

• jHdma; ld¾hhka i|yd wka;¾cd,h yd B-fï,a Ndú;h
• lDIs ld,.=K úoHd f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh
• fj<| fmd< ñ, .Kka ikaksfõokh
• lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIlhkaf.a cd, myiq lrùu
• bvï ,shd mÈxÑ ld¾hd, j¾Okh
fld÷ kdráh f,i wka;¾cd,hg wu;r j —iuia; f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK fiajdj˜
hkak Ndú; lr m<d;ano rEmjdyskS uOHia:dk" weu;=ï uOHia:dkh" ÿrl:kh" cx.u ÿrl:kh
yd .%dóh úldYkh f.dùkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' ish uqo,a" Y%uh fyda
oekqu fyda odhl lsÍug rdcH wdh;k" mqoa.,sl wxYh" iud.ï"
f.dùka" fjf<kaoka" ;dlaIKsl Ys,m
a k
S a yd lDIsld¾ñl f;dr;=re
yd oekqu we;s jD;a;slhka we;=<;a ish¨ md¾Yjlrejka ip,
l< hq;=h' i;=ka fnda lsÍu yd .iaj, mgl noaO lsÍu i|yd
we;eï mß.Kl md,s; Wml%u y÷kajd § ;sfí' ^10'1'4 rEmh&
.ukd.ukh yd mßirh
ùäfhda iuq¿ yd B-fï,a" jHdmdßl .uka hdfï wjYH;dj wvq
lr ;sfí' ^10'1'5 rEmh& hï ;ekl .=jka f;dgqm<l ysr ù fkdisg ish mjq10'1'5
,a iu`.rEmh
jeämqr ld,h
.; lsÍug fuhska mqoa.,hkag wjia:dj ,eî we;' wvq fudag¾ r: m%udKhla yd wvq .=jka hdkd
m%udKhla fhoùug yelsjk ksid wvq .uka hkq wvq ¥IKh fõ'
ud¾..; idma m q h du
ud¾..; idmamq hdu jvd ckm%sh hehs ye¢kafõ' wjYH kï mßYS,lhkag fndfyda jev l<
yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka" fndfyda iqmsß fj<| ie,aj, ud¾..; wdydr fj<| ie,la we;s ksid
wdydr ñ, § .ekSu ir, h' fj<| fmd< fj; ;j ÿrg;a .uka l< hq;= ke;' weKjqula l<
134
miq tl`. jQ ld, iSudjla we;=<; § NdKav Ndr fokq we;' fjk;a úfYaI idmamqj,g ldnksl
wdydr fyda f.dúmf<ka fl<ska u ksIamdok fyda iemhsh yelsh'
nexl=lrKfha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

• ùid lâm;
• udiag¾ ldâm;
• Kh ldâm;
• ATM ldâm;
ia j hxl% S h .kq f okq hka ; % h (ATM) ^10'1'6 rEmh&" uQ , Huh wdh;khl

.kqfokqlrejkag nexl= iydhlhl= ^whleñhl=& wjYH fkdù Tjqkaf.a nexl=
.skqïj,g m%fõY ùug" uqo,a wdmiq .ekSï ^ke;fyd;a Kh m;la Ndú; lr uqo,a
w;a;sldrï& weKjqï lsÍug fyda isÿ lsÍug fyda iy nexl= fYaIh fidaÈis lsÍug
wdrlaIl ikaksfõok l%uhla Rcq j Ndú; lsÍug bv i,ik bf,lafg%dksl mß.Kl.; 10'1'6 rEmh
úÿ,s
ixfoaY Wml%uhls' fndfyda ATM uqo,a fyda fplam;a fyda ;ekam;a lsÍug" ish nexl= .sKqï w;r
uqo,a udre lsÍug" ish cx.u ÿrl:k l,ska f.jQ .skqï mshùug fyda we;eï úg ;eme,a uqoaor
.ekSug fyda wjia:dj ,nd fohs'
fndfyda kùk ATM j, .kqfokqlre úiska pqïnl ;Srhla iys; ma,diaála ldâ m;la fyda Ñmhla
iys; ma,diaála imka ldâm;la fyda we;=,alr ;uka y÷kajd foa' B<`.g fndfyda úg PIN
^mqoa.,sl y÷kd.ekSfï wxlh& hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk b,lalï y;rl fyda jeä .Kkl fyda
uqr mohla we;=,a lr .kqfokqlre ish wkkH;dj ;yjqre lrhs' id¾:l j PIN we;=,a lsÍfuka
miq j .kqfokqlreg .kqfokqjla l< yels h' w;ska uqo,a mßyrKh lsÍu ft;sydisl isoaêhla
ù we;' È.ska È.g lsysm úgla u îdudkHfhka ldâm;la we;=,a lsÍfï m%h;ak ;=kla& uqrmoh
jerÈhg we;=,a lf<a kï wjir fkd,;a mßYS,lhl= wkqudk lsÍfuka PIN oek .ekSu je<elaùu
i|yd wdrlaIl fmr mfriaiula f,i ldâm; ;nd .ekSug W;aidy flf¾' .kqfokqlrejka
fkdjkakkaf.a wkkH;d úYajiH j ;yjqre l< fkdyels neúka ATM whs;slre ldâm; ksl=;a
lrk nexl=j fkdfõ kï r|jd .kakd ,o ldâm;a fndfyda úg úkdY lrkq ,efí'
ld¾hd,hlg fyda wdh;khlg fyda jev ia:dkhlg fyda meñK /lshdfjys fh§u merKs
mqreoaols' mejreKq ld¾hhla g¾ñk,hl fyda jfgdr u; mß.Klhlska fyda bgq l< yelsh'
mj;sk /lshd ^/lshd ud¾..; yd /lshd cd,h& fjí wvúj, oelsh yelsh' Tn l< hq;af;a Tn
leu;s /lshdj fidhd Bg
b,a¨ï lsÍu h' ^10'1'7 rEmh& /lshd
/lshdfõ fhoùu
/lshd wfmalI
a lhka fiajdodhlhd
/lshd ud¾..;
ud¾..; /lshd
fidhd .ekS u
ud¾..; /ls h d fjí Ôj o;a; b,a¨ï m;%h
wvúh
10'1'7 rEmh
135
ud¾..; /lshd fjí wvúfhys /lshd fidhd .; yels l%u folla ;sfí' läkñka fiùfï
myiqlu yd iúia;r fijqï myiqlul n, fijqu ta l%u fol fõ'
läkñka fijq u
/lshd fla;hla we;=,a lsÍfuka m< l< /lshdjg Rcq j hdug fï myiqlu bv i,ihs' /
lshd fla;h m< l< /lshdj wkkH j y÷kd .kq ,nk
b,lalï my; fla;hls' 10'1'8 rEmh u.ska fmkajd we;s
kso¾Ykh n,kak'
fmkajd we;s mdGhg iudk mdG Tng oelSug yels jkq

we;' wfma bf,lafg%dksl n|jd .ekSfï fiajdj Ndú;
lrk /lshd oekaùïj, fï yd iudk fohla u;= fõ'
10'1'8 rEmh
/lshd fla;h( 00234 Ndú; lr http://www.jobsonline.com.ph ys ud¾..; j b,a¨ï lrkak'
hï l%ufhka jqj o /lshd ud¾..; fjí wvúhg f.dia /lshd fla;h we;=,a lr újD; j we;s
/lshd o¾Ykh lrkak' ke;akï b,a¨ï lrkak'
/lshd cd, fjí wvúh

fuh Y%S ,xldfõ /lshd yd lïlre wud;HdxYh úiska j¾Okh lrk ,o Y%S ,dxlSh fjâ wvúhls'
fï wvúhg http://www.jobsnet.lk Tiafia hd yelsh' isxy, NdIdfjka fyda fou, NdIdfjka fyda
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï myiqlu fï fjí wvúfhys mj;S'
kï wms i;=gq fjuq'
136
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 10'2( mßYS,l wjeis;d imqrd,k whqßka f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
WmlrK f;aÍu w.hhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• fhÿula Odjkh lsÍu i|yd oDvdx. ixrplhl ku" Odß;dj" fõ.h yd ñ, úfYaIKh lrhs'
• wjYH;d yd msßjeh úúO;ajh ksid hka;%hl ñ, jeä úh yels h fyda wvq úh yels h fyda
ms<s .kshs'
• moaO;sfha yd m¾hka;j, ixrpl fjka fjka j y÷kd .kshs' we.hSï lrhs'
• WmlrK ñ, § .ekSfï § j.lSï iy;slh yd úlsKSfuka miq fiajdj ,nd .kshs'
• fj<| w;sYfhdala;sh yd ienE wjYH;d w;r fjki y÷kd .kshs'

• mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § ie,lsh hq;= wx. lsysmhla wjYH fõ'
A) hka;%fha msßú;r
B) iud.fï lS¾;s kduh
C) j.lSï iy;slh
D) ñ,
E) miq úl=Kqï fiajdjka
• wm ñ, § .ekSug ;SrKh lr we;s mß.Klh fndfyda mqoa.,hkaf.a ;sìh yels wjYH;djka
imqrd,sh hq;=h' ÈhqKq lsÍfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h'
• mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § i,lkq ,nk m%Odk wx. fufia h'
ο ilikh
ο u;lh
ο wdphkh
ο Ñ;%l yd ixo¾Ykh
ο wmyrKSh wdphkh (Removable Storage)
ο ikaksfõokh
ο Yíoh yd ieleiau
• mßmQ¾K j ms<s.; yels fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. yd fjk;a iïnkaê; fhÿï mßYS,lhka
úiska fiúh hq;=h'
• j.lSï iy;slh yd ;dlaIKsl wdOdr fï l%shdj,sfha § ;SrKd;aul idOl fõ'
• hka;%fha we;=<; iú lr we;s 3.8 GHz ilikh yd 256 MB RAM, 4.0 GHz ilikh yd 512
MB RAM n÷ Wml%u wkqj mß.Klhl l%shdldÍ;ajh fjkia fõ'
• msßjeh yd ld¾hlaIu;dj wkqj ñ, § .kakd úiska fjk;a oDvdx.hla b,a,sh yelsh'
• mß.Klhl fldgia ldKavhlska f;dard f.k ñ, § .kakdf.a wNsu;h mßÈ tl,ia lr .;
yelsh'
• u;lh" ilikh yd wdphkh mß.Klhl jvd;a jeo.;a wx. fõ'
• mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § uDÿldx. o msßjeh by< kxjk idOlhls' ^l¾;D ysñlu o
ie,lsh hq;= idOlhls'&
137
ls h ùï øjH
mß.Kl moa O ;s we.hS u
úúO ,laIK yd ilik yelshdjka we;s fndfyda úúO laIqø mß.Kl wo fj<| fmdf,ys we;'
Tn mß.Klhla ñ,g .ekSug hkafkys kï Tfí ieliqï wjYH;d m%fõifuka i,ld ne,sh
hq;=h' mß.Kl moaO;shla ñ, § .ekSug fmr Tfí uDÿldx. yd oDvdx. meyeÈ,s j w¾: iSukh
l< hq;=jd muKla fkdj bÈßfha § Woõjk njg iy;sl ùu i|yd Tn mß.Klh ñ, § .kq
,nk iud.u ms<sn| j o Tn oek f.k isáh hq;=h'
Tn mß.Klhla ñ, § .kq ,nk m<uq jdrh fuh kï Tfí ieliqï wjYH;d y÷kd .ekSfuka
miq j Tn Tfí fhÿï uDÿldx. m<uqfjka u f;dard .; hq;=h' Tfí fhÿï uDÿldx. ;SrKh
lsÍfuka wk;=re j wkql+, oDvdx. wdlD;s yd moaO;s uDÿldx. f;dard .kak'
mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § my; i|yka idOl my w;sYhska u Tng n,mdkq we;'

1' msßú;r
2' iud.fï lS¾;s kduh
3' j.lSï iy;sl .súiqu
4' ñ,
5' miq úl=Kqï fiajdj
fïi fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhla ñ, § .kafka flfia o@

ye¢ka ù u
w¨;a fïi mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSug hdug fmr Tn th mdúÉÑ lrkafka ljrlg oehs ;SrKh
l< hq;=h' fuh úl,am Tiafia Tng u`. fmkajkq we;'
msßú;r úia;r lsÍu

uOHu ieliqï tallfha isg iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh isg m%ldY wdphkh (Optical Storage)" fnod
fjka lr .ekSu olajd mß.Kl wdY%s; joka jeo.;a fõ' m%,dmh yd Tfí ñ, § .ekSug jvd;a
jeo.;a msßú;r fudkjd oehs y÷kd .kak'
fïi fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh ñ, § .ekSu i|yd fydavqjdj,a

Tfí wjYH;djkag fuka u miqïìhg .e<fmk moaO;shla f.dv kxjd .ekSug fï ks¾foaY
Tng Wojq jkq we;'
iúia ; r oela u
wo" fj<| fmdf,a we;s ´kE u fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhlg mo ilikh yd me;=reï m;a n÷ iïu;
ld¾hd, fhÿï o B fï,a yd wka;¾cd, w;ßlaiSu n÷ uQ,sl wka;¾cd, ld¾hhka yiqre úh
yelsh' tfyhska iïu; fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhla fndfyda whf.a wjYH;djkag .e<fmkq we;'
Tn" ixLHdxl ùäfhda ixialrKh lsÍug fyda úYd, o;a; iuqodhla l<ukdlrKh lsÍug fyda
wjYH" jeäfhka b,a,d isák mßYS,lhl= kï Tng uQ,sl tajdg jvd hula wjYH jkq we;' by<
wka; wjYH;d i|yd iïu; fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhlg jvd idudkHfhka ñ, wêl wfkla n,
moaO;s iudf,dapkh lrkak'
138
Tng wjYH fohg muKla f.ùu fyd| u l%uh kï oeka Tfí moaO;sh iu`. Tng lsÍug wjYH
foa m%fõifuka ie,ls,a,g f.k ,nk wjqreoafoa § ljr fohlg Tfí leue;a; fhduq fõ oehs
wfmalaId lsÍu h' iqúfYaIS fhÿï i|yd f.or § jqj o ld¾hd,fha § jqj o we;eï j¾.fha oDvdx.
wjYH fõ'
m% O dk ,la I K
ilikh( iïu; ld¾hd, M,odhS;dj yd uQ,sl wka;¾cd, ld¾h i|yd Tfí fm!oa.,sl
mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍug Tn ie,iqï lrkafkys kï ´kE u ilikhla m%udKj;a fõ' tfy;a
Tng jeä n,hla wjYH kï 2009 § Intel Core 2 Duo Ñmhla fyda Athlon 64 x 3 ilikhla iEfya'
fol u" we;eï Ñ;%l yd ùäfhda fhÿïj, blauka nyq ld¾hhkag yd fõ.S l%shdldÍ;ajhg bv
i,ik oaú;aj yr (Dual-Core) ilik fj;a' ie,lsh hq;= uqo,a m%udKhla b;=re lr .ekSu i|yd
by< uÜgfï isg uÜgï tlla fyda folla fyda my< tlla ñ, § .kak' l%shdldÍ;ajfhka Tng
wvq jkqfha ishhg 5la fyda 10la fyda muKs'
Tng by< l%shdldÍ;ajhla wjYH kï" by< wka;fha yr 2 oaú;aj (Core2Duo) Ñmhla ke;fyd;a
Athlon 64 FX - 62 ilikh iys; fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhla f;dard .kak' ùäfhda ixialrK" by<
úfNaokfha l%Svd lsÍu n÷ jvd b,a¨ï flfrk fhÿï i|yd fï uOHu ieliqï tall fyd| u
tajd fõ' fï Ñm iys; idOdrK j ñ, lr we;s fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl Tng fidhd .; yels jkq
we;' tfy;a wvq ñ, ,nd .ekSu i|yd rEmsl l%shdldÍ;ajh" oDv Odjl m%udKh" yd we;eï úg
mß.Kl ;srfha m%udKh ^wfkla tajd w;r& Tng lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' 2.93 GHz Core 2 Extreme
X 6800 n÷ ñ, wêl by< l%shdldÍ;ajfha ilik ,nd .; yelsh'
u;lh( Windows XP yd fhÿïj,g jev lsÍug m%udKj;a bv ie,iSu i|yd wju jYfhka RAM
512 MB ;sìh hq;=h' Windows Vista i|yd 1 GB RAM wjuhla wjYH fõ' Tng Bg jeäfhka RAM
,nd .; yels kï tfia lrkak' óg wjqreÿ lsysmhlg ;snqKg jvd wo RAM ys ñ, wvq h' by<
wka;fha fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl i|yd hg;a msßfihska 1 GB ;sìh hq;=h' jeä fhÿï újD; j
;eîug;a f*dfgdafIdma n÷ u;l ;Sj% fhÿï myiqfjka yeisrùug;a ta m%udKh Tng bv fohs'
f*dfgdafIdma n÷ fhÿï i|yd jvd fyd¢ka l%shd;aul ùug 2 GB RAM wjYH fõ'
wdphkh( fndfyda úg uQ,sl fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl 80 GB fyda jeä fyda oDv Odjl iu`. ,efí'
fï wdphk m%udKh m%p,s; m%jK;dj ld¾hhka fndfyduhlg WÑ; h' flfia jqj o Ñ;%l
f.dkq" úYd, o;a; iuqodh" ùäfhda fyda ix.S;h fyda iu`. jev lsÍug Tn ie,iqï lrkafkys
kï hg;a msßfihska 120 GB olajd wdphk Odß;dj jeä lsÍug Tng wjYH jkq we;' ñks;a;=
30l wixl=Ñ; (Uncompressed) ixLHdxl ùäfhda 6.5 GB g wdikak bvla .kakd w;r 128 kbps ys
ñks;a;= 4 ys MP3 f.dkq 250 la 1 GB g jvd Ndú; lrk ksid Tng tfia wjYH jkq we;'
Ñ;%l yd ixo¾Yk( ish¨ m%;sìïn Tfí ;srfha ckkh lsÍfï j.lSu we;s fm!oa.,sl
mß.Klhl Ñ;%l Wm moaO;sh bj;a l< yels jHdma; mqjrejla f,i fyda ks;H j mdiaid we;s
Ñmhla fyda uõ mqjrejg wkql,s; f,i fyda imhkq ,efí'
139
weíneysj ^lem j& mß.Kl l%Svdfjys fhfokakkag fyda ;%sudK wdlD;slrKfhys fhfokakkag
fyda muKla by< wdka;sl Ñ;%l ldâ m;la wjYH fõ' iEfyk Ñ;%l myiqlï iys; ñ,
fkdjk moaO;shla wjYH .Dy mßYS,lhka úiska Ge Force 6600 n÷ merKs mrmqf¾ nVidia Ñmhla
fyda Radeon x 1300 n÷ mdol uÜgfï AT1 Ñmhla fyda f;dard .; hq;=h' uE; § ksl=;a l< l%Svd
iu`. jqj o Tjqkag ld¾h idOkh jeälr .; yelsh' Tng hï l%Svdfjys fh§ug wjYH kï yd
Tn wkd.;h .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka kï hg;a msßfihska nVidia Ge Force 6800 Ñmhla
fyda Radeon x 800 Ñmhla fyda iys; ldâ m;la .kak' RAM ys 256 MB iys; mqjrejla .ekSug
n,kak' ld¾hd,fha § Tn by< wdka;l s Ñ;%l fyda fjí nyqudOH ixj¾Okh fyda fkdlrkafkys
kï wkql,s; Ñ;%l Tfí wjYH;djka imqrd ,kq we;' Tfí uqo,a b;sß lrkq we;' Intel fyda
nVidia fyda wdlD;s n÷ wkql,s; Ñ;%l iu`. we;eï uõmqjre ksr; fkdjQ PCI Express újrhla
yryd Ñ;%l ÈhqKq lsÍfï úl,amh ,nd fohs' miq j ÈhqKq lsÍfï yelshdj Tng wjYH kï ñ,
§ .kakd úg újrh b,ajkak'
hg;a msßfihska w`.,a 15 ys lef;dav lsrK (CRT) fudksgrhla ,nd .kak' ñ, wvq h' jvd fyd|
.=Kd;aul rEm imhk w`.,a 17 ys fudksgrhla n÷ Wiia ;;a;ajfha wdlD;shla i|yd Tng
jeäfhka úhoï lsÍug isÿ fõ'
bj;a l< yels wdphkh( jvd msßjeh M,odhS bj;a l< yels wdphk úl,amh CD-RW
Odjlhla fõ' flfia jqj o jvd kuH DVD kej; ,súh yels Odjlhg wdfoaY lsÍu i,ld
ne,Sug .Dy mßYS,lhkag wjYH jkq we;' thskqÿ CD-RW ld¾hnoaO;dj ,efí' DVD úiska hg;a
msßfihska 4.7 GB o;a; wdphkh flf¾' fndfyda CD j, wdphkh l< yelafla 650 MB h' Tfí
úis;a; ldur DVD Odjlfha Odjkh l< yels Tfí u ùäfhda DVD ks¾udKhg Tng bv i,ihs'
DVD Odjl CD-RW Odjlj,g jvd ñ, wêl jqj o CD ,shk fõ.hg jvd DVD ,shk fõ.h wvq
h' tfy;a ñ, .Kka blaukska my< jefÜ' Tng kj;u tlla wjYH kï ;ks äialhl jeämqr
o;a; fhÈh yels oaú;aj fyda fo.=K ia;r DVD ,sùug bv i,ik Odjlhla ñ, § .kak'
USB udmg`.s,sOdjl ^mEka Odjlh& yd laIqø Odjl o ckm%sh;dfjka j¾Okh fõ' ksIamdolhka
lsysm fokl= úiska idokq ,nk fï h;=re uqÿ ;rfï Wml%u o;a; úYd, m%udKhla 1 GB fyda
jeäfhka mjd wdphkh l< yelsh' Tn Windows 2000 fyda XP Ndú; lrkafkys kï udmg`.s,s
Odjlh i|yd wu;r uDÿldx. wjYH fkdfõ' ljq¿j W;am;kh l< iekska u Windows Wml%uh
y÷kd f.k Explorer ys tysu Odjk wl=r (Drive Letter) mjrkq we;'
ikaksfõok( fndfyda fm!oa.,sl mß.Klj, wlajgk wka;¾cd, m%fõYh i|yd

(Dial-up)
fudvula o m<,a l,dm m%fõYh i|yd B;rfkÜ ljq¿jla o we;' /yeka rys; j wka;¾cd,hg
iïnkaO lsÍug Tng wjYH kï Tng /yeka rys; cd, wkqj¾;lhla (adapter) wjYH fõ'
Tfí m<,a l,dm iïnkaOh yjq,a j mßyrKhg fyda Tfí fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh cd,lrKhg
fyda fodrgq u.la (Gateway) fyda ud¾.ldrlhla (Router) fyda ,nd .kak' .s.d nhsg B;¾fkÜ
iu`. fm!oa.,sl mß.Klhla yd ud¾.ldrlhla B;rfkÜ 10$100 iu`. ksIamdokj,g jvd
blauka ia:dkSh cd, iïnkaOhla ,nd fokq we;' Tn /yeka rys; j Ndú; lrkafka kï tla
tla fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh i|yd Tng ldâ m;la fyda ndysr wkqj¾;khla fyda wjYH fõ'
140
Yíoh( ld¾hd,fha § uQ,sl tajd m%udKj;a fõ' fndfyda jev i|yd Tfí fm!oa.,sl mß.Klfha
wkql,s; Yíoh Wjukdjg;a jvd m%udKj;a h' Tfí fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh oekgu;a Yíohg
wdOdr fkdjkafka kï" Tng ÈhqKq l< Yío ldâm;lg wu;r j iíjQ*rhla we;=<;a fyd|
;;a;ajfha iamSlr hq.,hla ñ, § .; yelsh'
ieleiau( fyd| weiqreula Tfí tÈfkod jev myiq lrkq we;' ixrpl Èhqkq lsÍfï yd fiajd
lsÍfï ld¾hh ir, l< yelsh' úfYaIfhka u th" nyq moaO;s we;s ld¾hd,j, jákd w;sf¾l
jdishls' fyd¢ka ieliqKq weiqreula fuj,ï fkdue;s j wNHka;rhg m%fõYh ,nd fokq we;'
myiqfjka me;a; t<shg .; yels nkafoaisj, oDv Odjl r|jd ;eìh yelsh' wNHka;r yd ndysr
fldgiaj,g j¾K ixfla; iys; flan, oel .; yelsh' ksjfia § Tng myiqfjka m¾hka;
iúl< yels bÈßfhka we;s hg;a msßfihska USB flfjks (Ports) folla ;sfí oehs n,kak' Tng
ixLHdxl ùäfhda leïfldavrhla ;sfí kï Firewire (IEEE 1394) flfjkshla iys; fm!oa.,sl
mß.Klhla idudkHfhka wjYH fõ'
moaO;sh l,la ;nd .ekSug Tn ie,iqï lrkafkys kï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd bv ;sfí oehs n,kak'
hg;a msßfihska újD; Odjl bvla yd we;eï úg ksoyia PCI flfjkshla o Tng wjYH jkq we;'
uDÿldx.( Windows Vista fyda Linux ^Wod( Ubuntu fyda Fedora& fyda n÷ fufyhqï moaO;shla wjYH
fõ'
j.lSï iy;slh yd ;dlaIKsl wdOdr

fndfyda fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl .eg¨ m<uq wjqreoafoa § u;=ùfï m%jK;djla ;sfí' wjqreoaol mQ¾K
j.lSula iqÿiq h' idudkHfhka mQ¾K j.lSu w¨;ajeähd .dia;= fuka u fldgiaj, .dia;= o
wdjrKh lrhs' mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSug fmr fï j.lSï lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu jvd;a
fyd| h' wjqreÿ foll fyda ;=kl fyda mQ¾K j.lSula ;sîfuka Tfí msßjehg ie,lsh hq;=
m%udKhla tl;= jkq we;' jHdmdr i|yd meh úis y;f¾ ia:dkSh m%;spdr n÷ úl,am ,nd .;
yelsh' tfy;a ta fjkqfjka f.úh hq;=h'
h;=re mqjrej yd uQislh

fndfyda moaO;sj,g u mdfya fï mdßfNda.sl ixrpl we;=<;a fõ' idudkHfhka ljq¿ wkql+,
102 h;=re iys; h;=re mqjrejla yd wkqp,k frdaohla iys; fnd;a;ï foflys uQislhla we;=<;a
h' fndfyda úl=Kqïlrefjda PS 2 iïnkaê; Wml%uj, isg ckm%sh fhÿï fyda fjí wvú fyda
werôh yels wu;r l%uf,aLH h;=re n÷ wu;r wx. msßkuk USB wdlD;sj,g fjkia lr;a'
/yeka rys; h;=re mqjre yd uQisl o ,nd .; yelsh' p,kh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd l=vd leurdjla
Ndú; lrk m%ldY uQisl u.ska uQisl p,kfha iquj jvd iQlaIu md,khla ,nd fokq ,efí'
merKs uQislj, fuka jeiaula iys; .=,djla (Ball) bj;a lsÍfï yd mú;% lsÍu hk wjYH;d ;=rka
fõ'
141
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 10'3( ;udg .e,fmk f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jD;a;Sh ud¾. fidhhs'

ms ú iS u (
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIK lafIa;%fha we;s úúO ;k;=re kï lr úia;r lrhs'
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha fyd| /lshd ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH iqÿiqlï fjkia jk nj ms<s.kshs'
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug WÑ; f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jD;a;sh f;dard .kshs'
• fm!oa.,sl m%.ukh i|yd iqÿiq Ydia;%Sh mdGud,djla f;dard .kshs'

• my; i|yka tajd n÷ f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jD;a;sfha m%.uK ud¾.fha wjia:djka fndfyduhla
fõ'
a) mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl$o;a; l%shdlre
b) moaO;s úYaf,aIl
c) l%uf,aLl
d) mß.Kl moaO;s bxðfkare
e) cd, mßmd,l
f) fjí ie,iqïlre$ixj¾Ol
g) mß.Kl m%ldYl
h) oDvdx. bxðfkare
• l%uf,aLl fyj;a uDÿldx. ixj¾Ol mß.Kl l%uf,aLk lrkafkls' tkï" mß.Kl
uDÿldx. ,shkafkls'
• moaO;s úYaf,aIlhl= moaO;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd j¾;udk moaO;sh wOHhkh lrhs' úYaf,aIKh
lrhs' ie,iqï lrhs' ieliSï lrhs' kshdukh lrhs'
• o;a; ksfõIl l%shdlrefjda yd mß.Kl fhÿï iydhlfhda ld¾hd, fhÿï Ndú; lr
mß.Klhg o;a; ksfõIkh lr;a'
• fjí ixj¾Ol f,dal jHdma; fjí fhÿï ixj¾Okfha ksr; fjhs'
• cd, mßmd,l" iukaú; cd,h ie,iqï lsÍu" oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. wdrlaIdj yd kv;a;=j
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk úfYaI{ yd úYaf,aIl fjhs'
• mß.Kl moaO;s bxðfkarejre ;dlaIKsl WmfoaY yd wdOdr imhñka mß.Kl moaO;s f;aÍug
yd ia:dmkhg iydh fj;a'
• mß.Kl m%ldYlfhda m%ldYkhg iQodkï øjH ksm|ùug ,sùfï yd ixialrK ld¾hhka
fuka u msgq ieliSu yd oDYH Ñ;%l uQ,dx. ieliSu wdÈh bgq lr;a'
• mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfkarejre mß.Kl oDvdx. ksIamdokh yd ia:dmkh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK"
ie,iqï" ixj¾Okh" mÍlaIdj yd wëlaIKh lr;a'
• ´kE u flkl=g idlaId;a lr.; yels wOHdmk uÜgï ;=kla we;' tkï Ydia;%Sh" jD;a;sl
yd jD;a;Sh
• hï ksYaÑ; jD;a;shla lrd fhduq ùug leu;s ´kE u flfkla wod< iqÿiqlï ;sfí hhs
ie,lSu i|yd Ydia;%Sh" jD;a;Sl" jD;a;Sh uÜgfï wOHdmkh ksu l< hq;=h'
142
ls h ùï øjH
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha jD;a;Sh m%.ukh
l% u f,a L l
l%uf,aLl fyj;a uDÿldx. ixj¾Ol hkq mß.Kl l%uf,aLkh lrkafkls' tkï" mß.Kl
uDÿldx. ,shkafkls' mß.Kl l%uf,aLl hk moh mß.Kl l%uf,aLkfha tla lafIa;%hl
úfYaI{hl= fyda fndfyda uDÿldx. j¾.j,g fla; ,shk idudkH whl= fyda ye¢kaùug Ndú;
l< yelsh' l%uf,aLkhg úêu;a m%fõYhla m%.=K lrkakl= o úYaf,aIl l%uf,aLl" uDÿldx.
bxðfkare hkqfjka ye¢kaúh yelsh' l%uf,aLlhl=f.a uQ,sl mß.Kl NdIdj ^cdjd" C++ wdÈh&
by; ;k;=rej,g fndfyda úg fmr wEf|a' fjí mßirhl jev lrk wh fjí iu`. ish ;k;=re
fmr wE|d .ks;a'
moa O ;s úYa f ,a I l
mß.Kl moaO;s úYaf,aIlfhda ;ukaf.a mß.Klj,ska l< hq;af;a l=ula oehs wid ish jev
wdrïN lr;a'
B <`.g Tõyq tu ld¾hh fyd¢ka l< yels mß.Kl moaO;shla ie,iqï lr;a' moaO;sh l< hq;f
a ;a
l=ula oehs wjfndaO lr .;a miq úYaf,aIlfhda ld¾hh l=vd mshjrj,g fjka lr;a' f;dr;=re
mß.Klj,g we;=,a jk wkaou" tu f;dr;=re ilik wkaou yd f;dr;=re wjYH mqoa.,hkag th
,efnk wkaou fmkaùug Tõyq rEm yd igyka w¢;a' WodyrK jYfhka" fjf<| f;dr;=re
fjf<| i,l mß.Klj,g we;=,a jkafka flfia o@ fjf<| i, l<ukdlrejkag m%fhdackj;a
whqre mß.Klh f;dr;=re tl;= lrkafka flfia o@ hkak úYaf,aIlhka úiska ;SrKh lrkq
,efí' úúO mß.Kl moaO;s ie,iqï úYf,aIlfhda w;ayod n,;a' jvd fõ.S" jvd myiq yd
msßjeh wvq moaO;sh ,efnk f;la Tõyq úúO fuj,ï yd mshjr fidaÈis lr;a'
ó<`.g ñ, § .; hq;= mß.Kl" uDÿldx. yd fuj,ï l=ula oehs úYaf,aIlfhda ;SrKh lr;a'
w¨;a uDÿldx. iEÈh yelafla flfia oehs Tõyq l%uf,aLlhkag oekqï fo;a' Tõyq l%uf,aLlhkag
mshjfrka mshjr Wmfoia fo;s' we;eï úYaf,aIlfhda uDÿldx. iE§ug o Wojq fj;s'
we;eï moaO;s úYaf,aIlhkaf.a m%Odk ld¾hh mß.Kl tljr jev lsÍug ie,eiaùu h' Tõyq
tajd cd,hlg iïnkaO lr;s' tla mß.Klhlska ;j;a mß.Klhlg f;dr;=re ,nd .kafka
flfia oehs úYaf,aIlfhda ;SrKh lr;s'
mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl

iudkHfhka mß.Kl fhÿï iydhlfhda iïu; fufyhqï moaO;s iu`. fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl
Ndú; lr;s' fndfyda úg Tjqkaf.a m%Odk rdcldßh ld¾hd, fhÿïj,g iïnkaO jefvys § by<
ks,OdÍkag Wojq ùu h' mo ilik Ndú; lr bf,lafg%daksl f,aLk" o;a; iuqodhka yd me;=reï
m;a ms<sfh, lsÍï iy bf,lafg%daksl bÈßm;a lsÍï ks¾udKh lsÍu fujeks whl=f.a m%Odk
j.lSï fõ' Bg wu;r j wka;¾ cd,fhka f;dr;=re fiùfï l=i,;dj o ikaksfõok ld¾hhka
i|yd Bfï,a Ndú;f.a yelshdj o mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl flfkl= i;= h'
143
o;a; ksfõYk l%shdlre
o;a; ksfõYkfha yd f;dr;=re ieliSfï kshqla;slfhda f;dr;=re l%uj;a j yd ld¾hlaIu j
yeisrùu ;yjqre lsÍug Wojq fj;a' mdG h;=re lsÍfuka mß.Klhg o;a; ksfõIkfhka" úúO
ld¾hd, hka;% l%shd lrùfuka yd fjk;a ,smsldr rdcldß bgq lsÍfuka fï ld¾h kshqla;slfhda
wo f;dr;=re hq.fha ,dlaIKslh jk laIKsl fjkiaùï iu`. lghq;= lsÍug ixúOdkj,g Wojq
fj;a'
fjí ie,iq ï lre

fjí ie,iqïlrefjda fjí wvúhl msßie,iqu" oDYH fmkqu yd Wmfhda.S;dj ms<sn| j.lSu or;a'
fuu N+ñldj nyqudOH l%uf,aLlhl= yd fjí ks¾udK Ys,amshl= w;r w;sÉfþokh úh yelsh'
rEmsl ie,iqï l=i,;d yd fjí msgq ks¾udKh lsÍfï ;dlaIKsl oekqu ixfhdackh Ndú;fhka
flfrk jevg we;=<;a jkqfha(
• ie,iqï wjia:dfõ § fun÷ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSug .kqfokqlrejl= fyda fiajdohlhl=
fyda iu`. iïnkaëlrKh we;s lr .ekSu' wvúh wjYH jkafka wehs@ m%uqL fmf<a
;r`.ldÍka ljq o@ hkdÈh'
• b,lal mßYS,l wdl¾IKSh jk" ;d¾lsl ux fijqï moaO;shla we;s" wjYH ish¨ ,laIK
iys; ie,iqula ksmoùu'
• wêmdG i,l=Kq l< NdIdj (HTML), cdjd ial%smaÜ" welaIka ial%smaÜ" flda,aâ *shqIka" cdjd" m¾,a
yd *a,EIa n÷ taldnoaOhlska fyda ã%ï ùj¾ n÷ fla; ckk l%uf,aL Ndú;fhka fyda fjí msgq
,sùu'
• fjí wvúh i|yd wkqrEm yd fjk;a øjH" ixLHdxl j m%Yia; lr bÈßm;a lrkafka flfia
oehs ;SrKh lsÍu'
• ÿn,;d iys; wh we;=¿ ish¨ lKavdhïj,g fjí wvúfha we;s øjH lrd m%úIag úh yels hhs
;yjqre lr .ekSu'
• fodaI ksjerÈ lrñka úúO w;ßlaiqj,g úúO úfNaokhkays § ld¾hnoaO;dj mÍlaId lsÍu'
uQ,sl msßie,iqu ksmoùu yd wkqrEm yeisrùu i|yd *h¾j¾laia fyda f*dfgdafIdma fyda n÷
rEmsl ie,iqï lÜg, ms<sn| oekqu fjí ie,iqïlrejkag ;sìh hq;=h' l÷/<s ffY,sfha m;%sld
(CSS) B jdKscHh yd PHP yd Perl n÷ fiajdodhl w;=re ;dlaIK yd wka;¾cd, wdrlaIKh wdÈh
ms<sn| l=i,;d o jeo.;a fõ' m<,a l,dm yryd wka;¾ cd,hg mßYS,lhka blauka m%fõYh ,nd
.ekSula iu`. nyq udOH yd wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| l=i,;d we;s fjí ie,iqïlrejkag jeä
b,aüla ,efnkq we;'
fjí ixj¾Ol
fjí ixj¾Olhl=" HTTP fiajdodhlh" fjí fiajdodhlh yd HTTP wkq.%dylh" fjí w;ßlaiqj
weiqfrka HTTP kshudj,shla yryd Odjkh jk úYaj úisß úhuka fhÿï fyda úia;D; cd, fhÿï
fyda ixj¾Okfha úfYaIs; j ksr; uDÿldx. ixj¾Olhl= ke;fyd;a bxðfkarejrfhls' fjí
ixj¾Olhka" fjí wvú mßmd,kh yd fjí ie,iqï lsÍu fuka u fjí fhojqï ixj¾Okh
yiqrejk fjí udiag¾ia jkq we;' ke;fyd;a ir, j fjí fhÿï ixj¾Olhka jkq we;' fjí
ixj¾Olhka úêu;a j ish ixúOdkh ;=< fjí ixj¾Okh Ndr j isákq we;' tfuka u iajhx
fiajfha kshq;= uDÿldx. ixj¾Olhka jkq we;'
144
cd, mßmd,l
cd, mßmd,ljre uQ,sl j moaO;s mßmd,ljrekaf.a cd, iulhka fj;a' Tõyq cd,h iukaú;
oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. kv;a;= lr;a'
iaúÉp" ud¾.ldrl" *h¾fjd,a wd§ il%Sh cd, mkak fufyhùu" úkHdih kv;a;=j yd kshdukh
idudkHfhka óg we;=<;a fõ' cd, weu;=ï mejreu" kshudj,s ud¾.lrK mejreu yd ud¾.lrK
j.= úkHdih fuka u kshudj,s fiajd ;:HNdjh yd n,h §u úkHdih o n÷ l%shdldrlï
idukHfhka cd, mßmd,khg we;=<;a fõ'
fm!oa.,sl mß.Klj, fuka u uqølj, o Odjl yd msysgqï n÷ ;ks hka;%j, cd, myiqlï
kv;a;=j Bg fndfyda úg we;=<;a fõ' we;eï úg we;eï cd, fiajdodhlhka" f.dkq fiajd
odhlhka" VPN fodrgq ux" wdl%dka;s wkdjrK moaO;s wdÈh o Bg we;=<;a fõ' cd, úfYaI{fhda
yd úYaf,aIlfhda cd, ie,iqïlrKh yd wdrlaIdj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr;a' úfYaIfhkau
cd, iïnkaO .eg¨ úi£fuys iy fyda ksfodia lsÍfuys fhfo;a' cd,fha wêldß há;,
myiqlï fuka u cd, Wmia: moaO;s kv;a;= lsÍu o Tjqkaf.a ld¾hhkag we;=<;a jkq we;'
Tõyq
• wdOdrl fiajd iemhSu
• cd,h ld¾hlaIu j Ndú;h ;yjqre lsÍu
• kshñ; fiajd .=K wNsu;d¾: imsfrk nj ;yjqre lsÍu we;=<;a cd, l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka
o bgq lr;a
mß.Kl moa O ;s bxðfka r e

mß.Kl moaO;s bxðfkarejre ;dlaIKsl Wmfoia yd wdOdr ie,iSfuka yd j¾;udk yd m%lf
a Iam;
s
wjYH;djkag .e<fmk" Tfrd;a;= fok" jev l< yels o;a; ilik moaO;s w;alr .ekSug yd
msysgqùug ixúOdkj,g iemhSfuka mß.Kl moaO;s f;dard .ekSug yd ia:dmkhg idudkHfhka
iydh fj;a'
fndfyda mß.Kl moaO;s bxðfkarejre ixia:d i|yd iïmQ¾K mß.Kl moaO;s ksIamdokh lrk
fyda úl=Kk fyda iud.ïj, fiajh lr;a' fj<|$úl=Kqï ld¾h uKav,fha idudðlhka f,i
.kqfokqlrejkag fuka u úl+Kqï lKavdhug o m%d:ñl ;dlaIKsl iïm;a f,i Tõyq fiajh
lr;a' ksIamdok úl=Kqïj, ;dlaIKfha ish¨ wjia:djkays Tõyq ióm j ueÈy;a fj;s'
.kqfokqlrejka iu`. iïnkaO;d mj;aj;s'
WodyrKhla jYfhka fmr úl+Kqï wjia:dfõ § moaO;s bxðfkarejre .kqfokqlref.a fiajd

ia:dkhg f.dia tys § ffoksl fufyhqï úYaf,aIKh lr f;dr;=re yeisrùfï wjYH;d ks¾Kh
lsÍug l<ukdlrejka yd fjk;a wh iu`. idlÉPd mj;aj;s'
o;a; ilik ;dlaIKfha oekqu yd iud.fï ksIamdok yd moaO;s wkqj WÑ; oDvdx." uDÿldx.
yd Wmdx. .kqfokqlreg ks¾foaY lr;a' lKavdhfï wfkla idudðlhka iu`. tl;= j Tõyq
,sÅ; fhdackd ilia lr ksIamdok wdo¾Ykh lr;a' úl=Kqfuka miq" moaO;s bxðfkarejre
moaO;sh ia:dmkh wëlaIKh lr moaO;sh úfYaI fhÿï i|yd wkqj¾;kh lsÍug b,aüg
145
.e,fmk uDÿldx. j¾Okh lr;a' wjYH mqyqKqj ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd Tõyq .kqfokqlref.a
ld¾h uKav,fha ;dlaIKsl yelshdjka we.hSï lr;a' wk;=re j iQodkï ù mka;s yd iïuka;%K
mj;aj;s' ;yjqre l< .sKqï ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu" moaO;sh kshdukh i|yd úáka úg hdu yd
wu;r WmfoaYkh iemhSu i|yd o Tõyq j.lSu or;a' .eg¨ úi£u i|yd fyda ;ukaf.a u
l%uf,aL ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu n÷ úfYaI jHdmD;s yiqreùu i|yd fyda Tjqka fhdojd
.; yelsh' we;eï moaO;s bxðfkarejre o;a; ilik WmfoaYk iud.ïj, fiajh lr;a' ke;fyd;a
úúOdldr .kqfokqlrejka i|yd mß.Kl moaO;s f;dard .ekSu" ixfYdaOkh yd ia:dmkh ms<sn|
úfYaI;ajh we;s l<ukdlrK WmfoaYk iud.ïj, fiajh lr;a' fndfyda w;ska u WmfoaYk
moa O ;s bxðfka r ejreka f .a ld¾hh tla mß.Kl iud.ula ks f hda c kh lrk moa O ;s
bxðfkarejrekaf.a ld¾hhg iudk h'
flfia jqj o" iajdëk úfYaI{jre f,i WmfoaYk moaO;s bxðfkarejre úúO mß.Kl
fjf<kaokaf.a fhdackd iudf,dapkh lr fiajdodhlhdf.a ish¨ úl,am jdia;úl j we.hSu
lr;a' ta úl,amj,g mj;sk moaO;sh ;nd f.k jeäÈhqKq lsÍu fyda ndysr mß.Kl fiajd
ld¾hdxYhla iu`. .súi .ekSu fyda we;=<la jkq we;'
we;eï moaO;s bxðfkarejre fjk u o;a; ilik fomd¾;fïka;= iys; úYd, ixúOdkj,
fiajh lr;a' we;eï úg mß.Kl fhÿï bxðfkarejre fyda jHdmD;s bxðfkarejre hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,nk Tõyq jegqma f,aLk n÷ fjk;a fomd¾;fïka;=j,g mß.Kl mdol f;dr;=re
moaO;s ie,iqï lsÍu yd ia:dmkh i|yd wdOdr lr;a' Tõyq ndysr fjf<kaokag yd WmfoaYljrekag
oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. msßú;r iQodkï lr;a' úfYaI ld¾hhka i|yd uDÿldx. fla; lr;a' mÍlaId
lr;a' mj;ajd f.k hk moaO;s kv;a;=j yiqrej;a'
mß.Kl m% l dYl
mß.Kl uDÿldx. Ndú; lr m%ldYkhg iQodkï øjH ksmoùug mß.Kl m%ldYljre mdG"
ixLHd;aul o;a;" PdhdrEm" pdÜ yd fjk;a oDYH Ñ;%l wx. yeviõlrKh lr;a' taldnoaO lr;a'
hï jHdmD;shl iajNdjh wkqj mß.Kl m%ldYljre mdG ,shd ixialrKh lr;a' mdGj,g
iïnkaO Ñ;%l ks¾udKh lr;a' PdhdrEm yd Ñ;% ixLHdxl wkqrEmj,g mßj¾;kh lr tu
wkqrEm fufyh j;a' msgq msßie,iqu ie,iqï lr;a' fhdackd ks¾udKh lr;a' iu¾mk yd
m%pdrl jHdmdr j¾Okh lr;a' j¾K ixfhdackh yd j¾K úfNaokh lr bf,lafg%dksl
f;dr;=re mghlg fyda fjk;a iïm%odhdkql+, wdldrhg mßj¾;kh lr;a' mß.Kl m%ldYlhka
úiska ksmojkq ,nk øjHj,g fmd;a" jHdmdr ldâm;a" Èk o¾Yk" i`.rd" mqj;a yiqka yd mqj;a
m;a" weiqreï" lod yd álÜ m;a wh;a fõ' wf,úlrK" m%j¾Ok yd fjk;a j¾.fha øjH
ksIamdokh iud.ï úiska wdh;ksl j lrk ksid tn÷ øjH ksIamdokh lsÍug yels wh jeä
jeäfhka /lshdfjys fhdojkq ,efí'
wl=re m%udKh yd ffY,sh" ;Sr m<, yd mr;r fh§u n÷ yeviõlrK .=K we;=,a lsÍug yd
f;dard .ekSug mß.Kl m%ldYlfhda h;=re mqjrejla Ndú; lr tajd mß.Klfha wdphk lr;a'
th ixo¾Ykh lr wl=re ;Sr" ùäfhda ixo¾Yk g¾ñk,hl fyda mß.Kl ;srhl fyda ms<sfh,
lrhs' Ñ;% jev yd Ñ;%l we;=<;a iïmQ¾K mqj;a m;la" kdudj,shla fyda fmd;a msgqjla fyda
uqøKfhka fmfkk wdldrfhka u ;srh u; ks¾udKh l< yelsh' ksIamdokh i|yd msgq tlaflda
146
mghg yd wk;=re j uqøK ;yvqjg ke;akï fl<ska u ;yvqjg l%shdlrejka úiska iïfm%aIKh
lrkq ,efí'
mß.Kl m%ldYkh ielfik ;dlaIKsl fjkiaùïj,ska j¾K ixfhdackh yd msgq msßie,iqug

n,mEï we;s ù ;sfí' fmr l, uqøK fiajlhka úiska lrk ,o j¾K ixfhdackh yd msgq
msßie,iqu fndfyduhla i|yd mß.Kl m%ldYlfhda jeä jeäfhka mß.Kl Ndú; lr;s' fuhska
uqøK l¾udka;hg kj wNsfhda. u;= ù we;' ;ks wl=re" fþo yd mdGfha iïmQ¾K msgq ks¾udKhg
øj Bhï Ndú; l< mdG ixfhdackfha merKs —WKqiqï j¾.fha ˜l%uh wNdjhg m;afjñka ;sfí'
wo ixfhdack jev m%d:ñl j flfrkqfha mß.Klj,sks' mß.Kl m%ldYkfha uDÿldx.j,
jeäÈhqKqùï Tjqkaf.a u j¾K ixfhdack fndfyduhla lsÍug .kqfokqlrejkag bv i,ihs'
mß.Kl m%ldYlfhda fndfyda úg ,sùfï yd ixialrK ld¾hka fuka u msgq msßie,iqu yd ilia
lsÍï bgq lr;a' WodyrK jYfhka" mqj;a yiqklg ,sms ieliSug wu;r j mß.Kl m%ldYlhka
Tjqkag ,efnk wka;¾.;h ixialrKfhys yd ;uka u uq,a wka;¾.;h ,sùfuys j.lSu orkq
we;'
fï fiajlhka fhdojkq ,nk wdh;kh wkqj mß.Kl m%ldYlhka m%ldYk úfYaI{hka"

bf,lafg%dk
a l
s m%ldYlhka" mß.Kl m%ldYk fufyhjkakka" mß.Kl m%ldYk ixialdrljreka"
bf,lafg%daksl fmr uqøK ;dlaIKsl Ys,amSka" bf,lafg%dksl m%ldYk úfYaI{hka" wkqrEm
ie,iqïlrejka" uqøK wl=re fõ§ka" j¾K fhdaclhka" msßie,iqï Ys,amSka" fjí m%ldYk
ie,iqïlrejka f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfka r e

odvdx. bxðfkarejre idudkHfhka mß.Kl oDvdx. ia:dmkh m¾fhaIKh lr;a' ie,iqï lr;a'
j¾Okh lr;a' mÍlaId lr;a' wëlaIKh lr;a' tfuka u ksIamdokh yd ia:dmkh wëlaIKh
lr;a' oDvdx. hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka mß.Kl Ñm" mßm: mqjre" mß.Kl moaO;s yd h;=re
mqjre" fudavu yd uqøl n÷ iïnkaê; WmlrK h' ^fndfyda úg ir, j mß.Kl bxðfkarejreka
f,i ye¢kafjk mß.Kl uDÿldx. bxðfkarejre mß.Kl md,kh lrk uDÿldx. moaO;s
ie,iqï lr j¾Okh lr;a'& mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfkarejrekaf.a ld¾hh bf,lafg%dksl
bxðfkarejrekaf.a ld¾hhg fndfyda iudk h' tfy;a bf,lafg%daksl bxðfkarejreka fuka
fkdj mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfkarejre mß.Kl yd mß.Kl iïnkaê; WmlrK iu`. fjfikska
u jev lr;a' mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha YS>% jeäÈhqKq ùï m%Odk jYfhka mß.Kl oDvdx.
bxðfkarejrekaf.a m¾fhaIKfha" j¾Okfha yd ie,iqï m%h;akhka ys M,hls'
147
Ydia;%Sh ;;a;ajfhys uÜgï
o¾YkY+ Í Wmdêh
o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh
jD;a ; S u h idudðl;a j h
úoHdm;s Wmdêh
mß.Kl úoHdj
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
mYa p d;a Wmdê

äma f ,da u d
mß.Kl úoHdj
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
m% : u Wmdêh
mß.Kl úoHdj
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh
NIBM/NAITA n÷
wdh;k úiska mß.Kl bxðfkare
msßkukq ,nk ämaf,daud jD;a;Suh úNd.
ACS/BCS
úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska
mj;ajkq ,nk f;dr;=re yd w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<sn|
cd;sl úNd.h
w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& f;dr;=re
CRC yd CLC
úiska mj;ajkq yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
,nk iy;sl m;% mdGud,d
jD;a ; S h Odrdj jD;a ; S u h Odrdj Ydia ; % S h Odrdj
NIBM - cd;sl jHdmdr l<ukdldÍ;aj wdh;kh

NAITA - cd;sl wdOqksl;aj yd ld¾ñl mqyqKq wêldßh
ACS - íafÜ%,shdkq mß.Kl iudch
BCS - ì%;dkH mß.Kl iudch
MBCS - ì%;dkH mß.Kl iudcfha idudðl
MACS - íafÜ%,shdkq mß.Kl iudcfha idudðl
MCS (SL) - Y%S ,xld mß.Kl iudcfha idudðl
CRC - wOHdmk l,dmfha mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh
CLC - mdif,a mß.Kl bf.kqï uOHia:dkh
isria ;Sr w;r iudka;r wkqrEmS;djla .uH fkdflfrk nj lreKdfjka i,lkak'
148
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 10'4( wod< u;jdo ms < s n | oekq j ;a l ñka hq ; = j f;dr;= r e yd
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha Ndú;dj m%Yia; whqßka isÿ lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,(
• mß.Klh yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul" wdrlaIl yd
ikSmdrlaIl mqreÿ kï lrhs' úia;r lrhs'
• n,m;%hla fkdue;s j uDÿldx.hla msgm;a lsÍu jerÈ neõ ms<s.kshs'
• hul=f.a fi!LHhg ydks jk whqre mß.Klh Ndú;h u`. yßhs'
• mß.Kl Ndú;fha iqÿiq mßph f;dard .kshs'
• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha ffk;sl ;;a;ajhg .re;ajh iys; j jev lrhs'

ms ú iS u (
• my; i|yka foni bÈßm;a lsÍug iafõÉPlhka fofokl= fhdojkak'
ο mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSug leu;s whl= úiska oDvdx.hg fuka u uDÿldx.j,g o f.úh
hq;h
= '
ο l¾;D ysñlï kS;sh wkqj uDÿldx. msgm;a lsÍu kS;s úfrdaë h'
ο kùldrl mqoa.,hl=f.a foam<j, whs;sjdislï yd whs;sh .re l< hq;=h'
ο mß.Kl Ndú;fha wdpdr O¾óh yd iodpdrd;aul p¾hdj mqreÿ lsÍu wjYH h'
wfkla mqoa.,hkaf.a mß.Kl
wfkla mqoa.,hkaf.a uDÿldx. yd f.dkq fj; msúiSu
uDÿldx. msgm;a lsÍu
foni
gdkshd( Tn okakjd o@ uu Bfha mß.Klhla ñ, § .;a;d'
Ihsks( fldÉpr fyd| o! Tn Bg lShla f.õj o@ th P4 tlla o@
gdkshd( remsh,a 60000' Tõ th P4
Ihsks( Tn fh¥ uDÿldx. fudkjd o@
gdkshd( XP, MS Office, Auto cad, Photoshop, Flash
Ihsks( ta uDÿldx.j,g Tn hï uqo,la f.õjd o@
gdkshd( kE' wmg tajd fkdñf,a msgm;a lrkak mq¿jka' neß o@
Ihsks( kE' msgm;a lsÍu kS;s úfrdaë hs' iuyr úg Tng Widú hkak fjhs'
gdkshd( wehs@
Ihsks( wfkla whf.a ks¾udK msgm;a l< fkdyels kS;shla ;sfhkjd - l¾;D whs;s kS;sh
lsh,d
gdkshd( we;a; o@
Ihsks( Tn m%;sjhsri uDÿldx.hla ñ,§ .;a;d o@
gdkshd( kE' ta fudlg o@
Ihsks( th" Tfí mß.Klh jhsrij,ska wdrlaId lrkjd'
149
mß.Kl wdpdr O¾óh j" iodpdrd;aul j" wdrlaId iys; j yd fi!LH iïmkak j wms kv;a;=
lruq'
• fonila bÈßm;a lsÍug fyda flá kdgHuh bÈßm;a lsÍulg my; i|yka ud;Dld i,ld
n,kak'
(1) ffjoHjrhd yd frda.Ska lKavdhu
1 jhsri
(2) ffjoHjrhd yd frda.Ska lKavdhu
2 mß.Kl Ndú;fha fi!LH mqreÿ
(3) úu¾Yk ks,Odß yd meñKs,s lKavdhu
uDÿldx. fidrlu" n, rys; m%fõYh
(4) rdcH ¥IK úu¾Yk ks,Odß yd mqrjeis lKavdhu
ixLHdxl fnÿu" ;dlaIKfhka fmdaIs; mßirh
(5) kS;s{hd yd fiajdodhl lKavdhu
uDÿldx. fidrlu
• imhd we;s f,aLkh mokï lr Tng mjrd ;sfnk lafIa;%h lshjd idlÉPd lrkak'
• wjYH fonia iQodkï lr wjia:dj ksrEmKhg o¾Ykh ms<sfh, lrkak'
• kdgHuh bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yka ud;Dldjg fhduqjk nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
• Tfí ks¾udKh yd fidhd .ekSï uvq¿ ieisfha § bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

• N+ñld rx.kh bÈßm;a lsÍug tla tla lKavdhu fhduq lrkak'
• my; i|yka lreKq biau;= lsÍug idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
ο hï mqoa.,hl= fkdlvjd mß.Klh Ndú;fhka weia mSvdj" fldkao lelal=u" wmyiq;dj
n÷ úúO ;;a;ajhka u;= fõ'
ο È.= ld,hla mß.Kl wdrlaId lsÍug Wojq jk fyd| mß.Kl mqreÿ we;'
ο wxls; îxLHdxl& fnÿu hkafkys w¾:h f;dr;=re yd WmlrK ;sfnk wh yd fkd;sfnk
wh w;r ysvefiys .eg¨j h'
ο j¾;udkfha § f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqula fkdue;s j /lshdjla ,nd .;
fkdyels h'
ο mß.Kl Ndú;fha fyd| mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍug jvd;a jeo.;a ia:dkh jev lrk ia:dkh
fõ'
ο mß.Kl iodpdrh uDÿldx." oDvdx. yd cd,j,g wod< h'
ο mß.Kl uDÿldx. msgm;a lsÍu" fidrlu f,i ye¢kafõ'
ο wjir fkdue;s j mß.Klhg m%fõY ùu wmyrKh fõ'
ο jhsri" oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. úkdY lr;a'
ο fg%dacka fyda¾ia" jhsri j¾.hls'
ο wdrlaIl mjqre (Firewalls) oDvdx. wdrlaId lr;a'
ο jhsri u`. yeÍug m%;sjhsri uDÿldx. wjYH fõ'
ο mß.Kl jerÈhg Ndú;fhka we;sjk m%Odk frda. kï weia mSvdj" fldkao lelal=u yd
wmyiq;dj fõ'
150
ο jerÈ bßhõfjka fldkao lelal=u yd wmyiq;dj we;s fõ' th u`. yrjd .ekSug ksjerÈ
bßhõj Wojq fõ'
ο ks;r weismsh .eiSu" Rcq j jdä ùu ;rula ÿrg Wojq fõ'
ls h ùï øjH
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha ie,ls,su;a lreKq
wdpdr O¾u" ffk;sl yd iudcuh lreKq
mß.Klj,g úfYaI ;dlaIKhla iïnkaO fõ' tajd úfYaI wdpdr O¾u lreKq lsysmhla Woa.;
lr;a' mß.Kl wdpdr O¾u hkq mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha iajNdjh yd iudc n,mEï úYaf,aIKh
iy tn÷ ;dlaIKfha wdpdr O¾óh Ndú;h i|yd m%;m
s ;a;s wkqrEmS j ilia lsÍu yd idOdrKSlrKh
fõ' Bg uDÿldx. fuka u oDvdx. wod, fõ' mß.Kl iïnkaO lrk cd, fuka u mß.Kl o
wod< fõ'
fm!oa . ,s l Ndjh
jeä jeäfhka f;dr;=re ;nd .kakd úg tajdhska iuyrla jerÈ ùfï bvlv ;sfí' Tfí
fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha fm!oa.,sl;ajh wvq jkq we;'
whs;sh W,a,x>kh hkq l=ula o@

kS;s úfrdaë j l%uf,aL msgm;a lsÍu" uDÿldx. jHdc f,i ieliSu yd fnod yeÍu hkqfjka
whs;sh W,a,x>kh w¾: iSukh l< yelsh' ñ;=rl= iu`. uDÿldx.hla yjqf,a fnod .ekSu jqj
o whs;h
s W,a,x>khls' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsj fyd;a n,m;%hla fkdue;s j uDÿldx. ksIdmdokh"
fnod yeÍu yd Ndú;h whs;sh W,a,x>kh fõ' ixLHdxl wdlD;sfha we;s ´kE u fohla mß.Kl
fidrlug we;=<;a fõ' thska woyia lrkqfha ´kE u uDÿldx.hla" ùäfhdajla" l%Svdjla" ixLHdxl
Y%jHhla fyda B-fmd;la hk tajd h'
uDÿldx. fidrlu hkq l=ula o@

—l¾;D ysñlu orkakdf.a wjirhla fkdue;s j wêf,aLk Wmia:hla f,i yer fjk;a ´kE u
fya;=jlg uDÿldx. fldgil msgm;la mßYS,lhka úiska fkdl< hq;h˜' hkqfjka i|yka
lrk wefußld tlai;a ckmofha f*vr,a l¾;D ysñlï kS;h
s hgf;a mß.Kl uDÿldx. wdrlaI;
s
h' mß.Kl l%uf,aLhla wkjir msgm;alrKh fidrlula f,i i,lkq ,efí'
msgmf;ys .+Kfha ydhkhla fkdjk mß.Kl fidrlu" ùäfhda mg yd ixhqla; ;eá n÷ fjk;a
má.; udOH msgm;a lsßfuka fjkia h' wka; mßYS,lhl=g ksIamdok w;sf¾lhl= ùug n,h
mjrk tl u l¾udka;h mß.Kl l¾udka;h fõ' mß.Kl mßYS,lf.a u; úYajdih yd j.lSu
;nd we;' kej; kej;;a msgm;alrk ,o mß.Kl l%uf,aLhla uq,a msgm; fuka u l%shd lrkq
we;' j¾Okh lsÍug wjqreÿ .Kkla .; jQ l%uf,aLhla ;;amr lsysmhl § msgm;a l< yelsh'
uDÿldx. j¾Okh lsÍu ñ, wêl jqj o ,dn msgm;la ckkh lsÍug ´kE u fm!oa.,sl
mß.Klhla fhdod .ekSug mq¿jk'
151
uDÿldx. fidrlu
fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl Ndú;h fndfyda mßYS,lhka fidreka njg m;alr we;s nj lsj yelsh'
;ukaf.a oDv äialj, we;s uDÿldx. ;uka úiska u ñ, § .;a tajd nj lS fofkl=g wjxl j lsh
yels o@ 1989 ys l¾;D ysñlu" ie,iqï yd fmagkaÜ mKf;ys i|yka lr we;s mßÈ uDÿldx. msgm;a
lsÍu fyda fidrlï lsÍu fyda idmrdë jrols' flfia jqj o úúO fndfyda fhÿï i|yd fkdñf,a
,nd .; yels újD; m%Nj uDÿldx. (Open Source Software) fndfyduhla ;sfí'
wmyrKh ^n, rys ; m% f õYh&

wmyrKh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha fjk;a whl=f.a mß.Kl moaO;shg kS;s úfrdaë j m%fõY ùu
h' fndfyda mqo.
a ,hka fï wdldrfha fohla olskf
q ha kS;s úfrdaë l%h
s djla f,i fkdj wNsfhda.hla
f,i h'
iudchS h .eg¨
wxls ; fnÿu îudchS h neyer ls Í u&
wxls; fnÿu hkq f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK (ICT) iïm;aj,g m%fõY ùu wkqj mqoa.,hka
fn§u h' ICT iïm;aj,g myiqfjka m%fõY úh yels yd fkdyels wh w;r ysveila mj;S'
wxls; fnÿu we;s jkqfha m%cdjka w;r mj;sk iudc wd¾Ól fjkialï fya;=fjks' th" wka;¾
cd,h Tiafia ixLHdxl f;dr;=re m%fõYhg m%Odk jYfhka" tfy;a iqúfYaIS jYfhka fkdj"
n,mdhs' mq¿,a j i|yka lsÍfï § mßYS,l lKavdhfï m%udKh fyda ;ru fyda wkqj wjYHfhka
u fjki ks¾Kh fkdflf¾' iudcfha úúO LKavj,g Ndú; l< yels ´kE u ixLHdxl
udOHhla wxls; fnÿul úIh úh yelsh' iudchla fldgia follg fnok meyeÈ,s ;ks ysvei
wxls; fnÿu fkdfõ' my< l%shdldÍ;ajfha mß.Kl" my< .+Kfha fyda by< ñ,e;s fyda
iïnkaOl ^tkï mgq l,dm fyda wlajgk iïnkaOk& ;dlaIKsl iydh ,nd .ekSfï wmyiq;dj
yd odhl;ajh mokï jQ wka;¾.;hg wvq m%fõYh n÷ wdldrfha wjdis isÿ úh yels neõ m¾fhaIlfhda
jd¾;d lr;a'
ir, j lsjfyd;a" wxls; fnÿu i|yka jkqfha mß.Kl" wka;¾cd,h yd fjk;a ixLHdxl
WmlrK we;=<;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhg m%fõYfha wiudk;dj h' ixLHdxl f;dr;=rej,g
m%fõYh we;s yd th Ndú; l< yels wh —we;a;ka˜ f,i y÷kajkq ,nk w;r wfkla wh
—ke;a;ka˜ f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
wxls; fnÿu hd lsÍu ^wxls; fia;=j&

.eg¨j ms<sn| oekqj;alu m%cdj ;=< u;= lsÍu
—tla jQ úg wm jvd fyd| h˜' wxls; fnÿu hd lsÍu i|yd tlai;a m%h;akhla wjYH fõ' ysvei
hd lsÍug Tfí iumoia:hla oekqj;a lsÍug yd tla lsÍug oekqfuka n,j;a jkak'
152
wka ; ¾cd,fha j,x.= ; dj
´kE u úIhhl f;dr;=re mrdihlg wka;¾ cd,h m%fõYh ,nd fohs' f,dalh mqrd fndfyda
úúO rgj,aj,ska fï f;dr;=re ,efí' wka;¾ cd,fhys tla .eg¨jla jkqfha mßYS,lhl=
iïnkaO jQ úg ish¨ f;dr;=re ksoyfia ,nd.; yelsùu h' kS;s úfrdaë øjH úYd, m%udKhla
wvx.= lafIa;% wka;¾ cd,fha we;' we;eï rgj, kS;s úfrdaë øjH" fjk;a rgj, Y=oaO j
ffk;sl jkq we;'
b.ekaùfï § f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

kùk ;dlaIKfhka YsIHhkaf.a bf.kqï w;aoelSï fmdaIKh l< yels f;dr;=re ;dlaIK
idlaIr;dj we;s .=rejrekaf.a ie,lsh hq;= ys`.hla mj;S'
;dlaIK imsß /lshd wjia:d

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh;a iu`. kj /lshd wjia:d fndfyduhla u;= úh'
tajdhska iuyrla kï"
1' o;a; ksfõYk l%shdlre
2' mß.Kl l%shdlre
3' l%uf,aLl
4' uDÿldx. ixj¾Ol
5' uDÿldx. ;;a;aj iy;sl bxðfkare
6' moaO;s úYaf,aIl
7' uDÿldx. bxðfkare
8' oDVdx. bxðfkare
9' cd, mßmd,l
10' f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l<ukdlre
11' fjí ixj¾Ol
12' mß.Kl m%ldYl
13' mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha kj ;dlaIKSh jeä ÈhqKqùï iïm%odhdkql+, jD;a;slhkag wNsfhda.hla ù

;sfí' ksoiqka jYfhka Ñ;% Ys,amSkag yd ie,iqï Ys,amSkag ish l=i,;d uÜgfï § ish meje;au
i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg Tjqka fjkia úh hq;=h'
/ls h d wys ñ ùï
ld¾h uKav,h fkdje<elaúh yels mßÈ wkjYH ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu i|yd oekqfuys kj moaO;s
j¾Okh lsÍu idOdrK o@ wm" mqoa.,hkag fmr fldgialrejkaf.a ,dNdxY yd ,dN ie,lsh hq;=
o@ fïjd weu;sh yels tfy;a wmyiq m%Yak h' fï ms<sn| yeu flfkl=g u ;udf.a woyia ;sfí'
Tfí woyia fudkjd o@
ksYaÑ; iudc lKavdhïj,g fjí wvú f.dvkexùu

Wkkaÿ we;s lr jk fjí wvú fkdue;s ùfuka f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg iq¿ iudc
lKavdhï wffO¾hu;a fõ' fï mßYS,lhka b,lal lr Wkkaÿ we;slr jk fjí wvú f.dv
kexùfuka fï wka;¾.; ysvei hd lsÍug Wojq l< yelsh'
153
wdrla I l m% Y a k
ldhsl wdrlaIdj
mdßißl idOl
Tfí mß.Klh ;eìh hq;af;a
• ¥ú,sj,ska f;dr
• úh<s ^f;;ukh fkdue;s&
• ÿfuka f;dr
mßirhl h'
oDvdx. wdrla I dj
Tfí mß.Klfha ;sìh hq;af;a
• laIKsl n, iemhqu weK ysàfï yd WÉpdjpkfha wjodku je<elaùu i|yd wLKaä;
n, iemhqula (UPS)
• úÿ,s flàfuka yd .s.sÍfuka wdrlaId ùu i|yd i¾mk wdrlaIlhla (Surge Protector)
• fjda,aàh;dj md,kh i|yd ia:dhSlrKhla
;d¾ls l wdrla I dj
Tfí mß.Klfha uDÿldx. yd o;a; wdrlaId l< yelafla
• uqrmo yd
• Wmia: Ndú;fhks'
oafõY iy.; fla;

fmdÿ ÿ¾u;hla jkqfha j¾ïia yd fg%dacka fydaia n÷ wfkla bf,lafg%dksl fodaIdx. j¾. jhsri
nj h" tfia fkdfõ' j¾ïia" fg%dacka fyda¾ia yd jhsri —foafõY iy.; fla;˜ hkqfjka
ye¢kafjk mq¿,a m%j¾.hlg wh;a fõ'
WodyrK( • jhsri
• j¾ïia
• fg%dacka fyda¾ia
jhs r i
jhsri Tfí oekqu fkdue;s j Tfí mß.Klhg m%fõYkh lr we;s yd Tfí leue;af;ka f;dr
j Odjkh jk l%uf,aLhla fyda fla; fldgila fyda jhsri fõ' fjk;a l%uf,aLhla fuka u
l< hq;af;a l=ula o@ hkqfjka Tfí mß.Klhg Wmfoia tys wvx.= h'
• jhsrij,g o wkqlD;s ;eksh yelsh'
• ish¨ mß.Kl jhsri" ñksid úiska iE¥ tajd h'
• kej; kej;;a tys msgm;a iEÈh yels ir, jhsrihla ksmoùu idfmalaI j myiq h'
• jhsrihla b;d ydksodhl úh yelsh' Bg Tfí oDv äialh yeviõ.ekaùu l< yelsh' Bg
Tfí oDv äial wdrïN LKvlh Wäka ,súh yelsh' ke;fyd;a f.dkq f,dma lr Tfí
hka;%h l%shd úrys; l< yelsh'
• we;s ish¨ u;lh blaukska u Ndú; lr moaO;sh k;r l< yels ksid ir, jhsrihla jqj o
Nhdkl h'
154
• wdrlaIl moaO;s úm: (by passing) lrñka cd, yryd iïfm%aIKfha yelshdj we;s jhsri j¾.
jvd;a Nhdkl h'
jhsri ,efnkafka flfiao @

• jhsri Tfí moaO;shg
ο B fï,a fyda B fï,a wEÈhlska
ο wjm;kfhka ^nd.ekSfuka&
ο yjqf,a Ndú; lrk wdidÈ; kuH äialj,ska
ο ^we;eïúg& wmyrKfhka
ksfõYkh úh yelsh'
jhsri l%shd lrkafka flfiao @

wdidÈ; f.dkqjla fyda fhÿula fyda újD; l< úg oafõYiy.; fla; Tfí moaO;sfha f.dkqjlg
msgm;a ù Tfí moaO;shg l< hq;= ljr fohla l%uf,aLl ie,iqï lr ;snqk o tys kshñ; nr
l%shd;aul ùu k;r fõ' wE÷u újD; lsÍfuka miq B-fï,h f,dma lsÍfuka muKla jhsrih
bj;a fkdfõ' ta oekgu;a th hka;%hg we;=¿ ù we;s fyhsks'
jhsri ,shkakl=g tys kshñ; nr ^ydksh& jydu" j¾;udk wkd.; fõ,djl § fyda Èkhl § fyda
f.dkqjla újD; lrk fyda wdphkh lrk fyda úg § n÷ ksYaÑ; úOdkhla l%shdlrùfï §
l%shdrïNl lrúh yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka uhsl,a wekacf,da jhsrih Ys,amshdf.a Wmka Èkh
jk ´kE u wjqreoaol ud¾;= 6 fjksod tys kshñ; nr ^ydksh& uqod yeÍug l%uf,aL lr ;sfí'
m% ; s j hs r i uDÿldx.
tlai;a ckmofha wdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j yd fndfyda úYaj úoHd, úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk
úYd, cd,hla jk ARPANET jhsrihlska wdidokh jQ 1987 ka miq j fndfyda m%;sjhsri l%uf,aL
,nd .; yelsúh' fï l%uf,aL fyd¢ka okakd jhsri j¾. i|yd úáka úg Tfí mß.Kl moaO;sh
fidaÈis lr;a'
m%;sjhsri uDÿldx.j,g okakd ish¨ j¾.fha jhsri wkdjrKh l< yelsh' tfy;a iM,;ajh
mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd th ks;r hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;h
= ' wjqreÿ .Kkla mqrd jhsri úfYaI{hka
úiska jhsri 40 000 lg jvd jd¾;d lr ;sfí' fndfyda jhsri ;ry .kakjk ld,h kdia;s
lrkakka" jk w;r úkdYldÍ kshñ; nr ^ydksh& imhk jhsri ;¾ckhls'
mß.Kl mej;s uq,a ld,j, § u isg tkï 1960 uq,a oYlfha isg jhsri mej;sk' 1980 oYlh
jk f;la tajd m%Odk jYfhka m¾fhaIlhka úiska ks¾udKh lr tajdfha n,mEu mÍlaId lsÍug
md,s; mßirhl § uqod yßk ,o ridhksl kso¾Yl h' B-fï,a jhsrij,g ñks;a;=jl ld,hl
§ hka;% oyia .Kklg wdidokh l< yelsh'
m%;sjhsri uDÿldx. jev lrkafka flfiao@

jhsri n,ñka uDÿldx. iqmßlaikh l%u foflka tlls' th okakd jhsrihla ôekgu;a
wkdjrKh lr .;a kï yd ta i|yd úIydrlhla (antidote) ,shd we;s kï& uDÿldx.h jhsrifha
ú;rik (signature) fidhkq we;' fuh we`.s,s i,l=Kla f,i jhsrih y÷kd .kakd wkkH
155
nhsg ;ka;=jls' fuu.ska Tfí moaO;sfhka jhsrih bj;a lrkq we;'
fndfyda jhsri iqmßlail uDÿldx. u.ska uq,a jhsrih muKla fkdj ú;rik fla;h tfia u
;sfnk ksid tys fndfyda úp,H o bj;a lrkq we;'
úIydrl ks¾udKh lr fkdue;s kj jhsri i|yd Tfí moaO;sfha widudkH jhsri fuka
l%shdldrlï fidhk iajhx.fõIK iqmßlaik uDÿldx. fhdod .ks;a' l%uf,aLh" widudkH
l%shdj,s olshs kï m%Yak iys; l%uf,aLh fjka fldg ;nkq ,efí'
wdrla I l mjq r
wdrlaIl mjqr wjir fkdue;s j Tfí mß.Klh Ndú;h yd Bg m%fõY ùu j,lajk moaO;shls'
wdrlaIl mjqr tlaflda oDvdx.hla ke;akï uDÿldx.hla úh yelsh' msg; f,dalfhka meñfKk
fndfyda wdldr m%ydrj,ska m%n, uÜgfï wdrlaIdjla oDvdx. wdrlaIl mjqre imh;a' tajd ;ks
ksIamdok f,i fyda m<,a l,dm ud¾.ldrl f,i fyda ñ, § .; yelsh' wjdikdjg jhsri"
j¾ïia yd fg%dackaia iu`. igfka § oDvdx. wdrlaIl mjqrla uDÿldx. wdrlaIl mjqrlg jvd
iM,;ajfhka wvq h' neyer hk bf,lafg%dksl ;emEf,ys we;s j¾ïia fkdi,ld th úêu;a
cd, .ukd.ukhla f,i olskq we;' iajdëk .Dyia: mßYS,lhka i|yd jvd;a ckm%sh wdrlaIl
mjqre uDÿldx. wdrlaIl mjqrls' fyd| uDÿldx. wdrlaIl mjqrla Tfí mß.Klh md,kh
lsÍfï fyda Bg m%fõYh ,nd .ekSfï fyda ndysr m%h;akhkaf.ka Tfí mß.Klh wdrlaId lrkq
we;' jvd;a nyq, fg%dacka l%uf,aLj, fyda Bfï,a j¾ïiaj, fyda tfrys wu;r wdrlaIdjla ,nd
fohs' uDÿldx. wdrlaIl mjqrej, ÿ¾j,lu kï cd,hla fkdj th ia:dmkh l< mß.Klh
muKla wdrlaId lsÍu hs' wdrlaIl mjqrla th úiska u Tfí mß.Kl jhsri .eg¨ ;=rka
fkdlrkq we;' tfy;a l%uj;a fufyhqï moaO;s hdj;ald,Sk lsÍï yd fyd| m%;sjhsri iqmßlaik
uDÿldx. iu`. tlg tla j Ndú; l< úg § th Tfí mß.Klhg fyda cd,hg fyda ;rul
wu;r iqrlaIs;hla yd wdrlaIdjla tl;= lrkq we;'
wdrlaIdldÍ mß.Kkh mqreÿ jkak

jhsrij,ska wdrlaId ùfï fyd| u úêh kï úYajdi l< fkdyels m%Njhkaf.ka wkfmalaIs;
Bfï,a wE÷ï yd wjm;k újD; lsÍu je<elaùu h' Tfí ;eme,a fmÜáfha ish,a,la u fojrla
la,sla lsÍfuka ^újD; lsÍfuka& j<lskak'
wu;r wdrlaIdj i|yd úYajdiodhl m%;sjhsri iqmßlail uDÿldx. yd wjm;k hdj;ald,Sk

ks;r ia:dmkh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
isuekafgla" fkÜj¾la wefidaisfhaÜia" lïmshqg¾ wefidaisfhaÜia yd fg%kaâ uhsfl%da we;=<;a

m%Odk fmf<a m%;sjhsri uDÿldx. fjf<kaoka úiska l%uj;a hdj;ald,Sk imhkq ,efí'
we;eï fjf<kafoda wod< iud.fï fjí wvúfhka iajhxl%Sh j hdj;ald,Sk iuqoaOrKh lrl
fiajdjla o ,nd fohs'
156
fi!LH yd wdrlaIK m%Yak
mß.Kl mqreoao fi!LHhg n, mE yelsh
È.= ld,hla mqrd È.ska È.g mß.Kl Ndú;h Tfí YÍrfha we;eï
frda.j,g fya;= jkq we;' ^10'4'1 rEmh& tajdhska iuyrla kï(
• weia reodj
• fldkao lelal=u
• wmyiq;dj
• fud<fha w¾nqo wdÈh hs' 10'4'1 rEmh
Tn" Tfí mß.Klh u; widudkH f,i keó isákafkys o@ ke;' th uqøKh lrk ksid fyda
Tng "Ctrl+Alt+Delete" ;o lr f.k isàu fyda ksid fkdfõ'
úfõlhla fkdf.k meh .Kkla ;siafia Tn wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrkjd kï fyda ghsma lrkjd
kï fyda Tn ienúka u widudkH f,i keó isákq we;' bÉPdNx.hg wu;r j È.ska È.g
mß.Kl Ndú;fha wys;lr oE weia reodfõ isg ysirofha isg kej; kej;;a isÿjk p,k
;=jd,j, isg fldkao lelal=ug mrdi jkq we;'
fi!LH iïmkak mß.Kkfha uQ,sl ixrpl ;=kla we;' tkï fN!;sl mßirh" Tn mß.Klh
Ndú; lrk whqre yd Tn mß.Klh Ndú; fkdlrk whqreh'
jev ia:dkh iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lr .ekSu

mßmQ¾K f,dalhl" fyd¢ka wdf,dalh we;s ldurhla úYd, ;srhla iys; Tfí mß.Klfha jev
lsÍug Tfí u iem myiq yd wdOdrldÍ wdikfha Tn jdä ù isákq we;' ;d;a;aúl j Tng jvd
w`.,a yhla Wi fyda fldg fyda whl=f.ka Tng ,enqKq mqgqjl jdä ù w÷re iys; l=vd mß.Kl
;srhla foi jmr weiska n,d isákq we;' fi!LH iïmkak jev ia:dkhl we;s fndfyda jeo.;a
wx." mqgqj" veial=j" uQislh" fudksgrh yd wdf,dalh jvd;a mßYS,l ñ;% jk mßÈ ilia lr .;
yelsh' wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;=oE(
• Tfí ysi" fudksgrfha isg w`.,a 18-30 muK úh hq;=h'

• h;=re mqjrej je,ñfgys Wiska Tfí ueKsla lgq Rcq ;nd .; yels ÿrlska yd fldaKhlska
;sìh hq;=h'
• Tfí mqgqfjys we¢ fkdue;s kï Tfí ndyqj,g wdOdr ùu msKsi fldÜghla ;nd .kak'
• Tfí mdo fmdf,dj u; iu;, j ;sfnk whqre o Tfí b`. oK ysiaj,g jvd uola by<ska
;sfnk whqre o Tfí mqgqj iSreudre lr .kak'
—tla;rd jihlg˜ ,x jk we;eï wh i|yd úfYaI igykla oaúkdNSh fyda ;%skdNSh fyda ldp
m<¢k mß.Kl mßYS,lfhda Tjqkaf.a weia lKaKdäj, há fldgfika lshùu i|yd fndfyda
úg Tjqkaf.a ysia msgqmig yrj;a' fuhska fn,af,ys" Wr ysfiys yd fldkafoys .eg¨ we;sùug
mq¿jk' Tfí fudksgrh my;a lsÍu fyda mß.Kl jev i|yd úfYaIfhka ie,iqï l< lKaKdä
me<£u fyda frda. md,k uOHia:dk úiska ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' ^10'4'2 rEmh&
157
mßYS , l ieliq ï
mß.Kl jev i|yd ksis mßÈ jdä ùu
• Tfí fom;;=,a fmdf,fjys iu;, j ;nkak'
• .=<s ù jdä fkdjkak'
• Tfí ysi —WodiSk˜ ;;a;ajhl ;nkak'
10'4'2 rEmh
fyd| reêr ixirKhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd úáka úg Tfí bßhõj fjkia lrkak' tla
m%foaYhla muKla fjfyi lrùu j<lajkak' jev lrk w;r;=r fmd;a fyda uqøs; f,aLk fyda
foi ne,Sug isÿ fõ kï tajd foi ne,Sug jfÜ lerflkafka ke;= j ióm j tajd bÈßfhka ;nd
.kak'
Tn jev lrk w;r;=r Tfí Wrysi yd há;,a, w;r ÿrl:kh r|jd f.k isákafkys o@ fuhska
lsis÷ fyd|la isÿ fkdfõ' Tng l:d lrkakg;a jev lrkakg;a isÿ fõ kï iamSlr f*dakhla
Ndú; lrkak' ke;skï ieye,a¨ n/;s ysia r|jkhla (headset) ñ, § .kak'
l% s h dlrjk wNHdi
mßmQ¾K jev ld¾hlaIu;d msysgqu yd bßhõj ;snqk o Tn úáka úg úfõlh ,nd .; hq;=h'
—kej; kej; lrk ia:dhS jev˜" tkï mß.Klh Ndú;h udkisl j fuka u ldhsl j ^ldhsl
l%shdldrlfuka ,nk —fyd| uykaish˜ fkdjqj o& w;s fjfyilr h' w{dK f,i fjfyi
fkdù mß.Klfhka úfõlhla ,nd .kak' Èkfha wjidk mehg ish¨ iïmQ¾K lsÍï b;=re
fkdlr ksu lrkak' ÿrl:k weu;=ï wdÈh iïnkaO j o th wod< h'
we;eï úfYaI{fhda meh nd.hl muK ld,hlg ñks;a;= ;=kl úfõlhla ks¾foaY lr;a' Bg
wu;r j fyd| fi!LH ;;a;ajfha isák whg o w; mh È. yeÍug o yDoh jia;=j úYd," fmaYSka
Ndú;h i|yd o Èklg úfõl lsysmhla u wjYH fõ' läkñka ñks;a;= myl weúo hdï Tn jvd
fi!LH ;;a;ajhg m;a lrkq fuka u jev lsÍug jvd m%fndaOu;a lr iQodkï lrkq we;'
;Sj% mß.Kl jefvys fjfyi oeÍug isÿjk YÍrfha fldgia jkqfha weia" fn,a," fldkao yd w;a
h' fï ms<sn| laIKsl Wmfoia jkqfha(
• Tfí weia úh<s ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdjk whqre ks;r weia msh fy<kak'
• ia:dhS úoHq;h fya;=fjka ¥ú,s ia;rhla ne£ ta ;=<ska ne,Su j<lajd ,Su i|yd ks;r ;srh
msßisÿ lrkak'
• ñks;a;= oyhlg jrla mß.Klfhka weia bj;g f.k hg;a msßfihska wä 20 la ÿr we;s
jia;=jla foi n,d weia kej; kdNs.; lrkak'
• Rcq j jdä ù isák w;r Tfí Wrysia by<ska n,d fn,af,ys we;sjk fjfyi uqod yßkak'
;;amr 10la muK isg fyñka yeÍ wfkla mi foi n,kak'
• msgqmig yd bÈß mig lrljñka Wrysia ieye,a¨fjka ;nkak'
• Tfí we`.s,s m<,a j úysÿjd w;aj, fmaYSkaf.a wd;;sh wvq lrkak' we`.s,s kud ñá .=<sh ;o
lrkak'
158
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg wdfõKsl fi!LH yd wdrlaIl m%Yak
mß.Klhla Ndú; lsÍfï § Tfí we`.s,s" w;a" ueKsla lgq" ndyq" Wrysia" fn,a," fldkao yd weia
n÷ Tfí YÍrfha úúO wjhjj,g n,mE yelsh' mß.Kl wdrlaIdldÍ hhs fmkqk o oek .;
hq;= wk;=re lsysmhla ;sfí' yels;dla ÿrg tajd u`. yeÍug Tng wjYH jkq we;' mß.Klh
iu`. fi!LH iïmkak j isàu i|yd we;s b`.s lsysmh lshjkak'
ks;r isÿúh yels wd;;s wdndO

YÍrh
• mß.Klh i|yd kqiqÿiq mqgq yd veial= mdúÉÑ lsÍug Tng
isÿ fõ kï jdä ù isàu Tng wmyiq jkq we;' Tfí ndyq
yd ysi kqyqre j ;sfnkq we;'
• ta iu`. u jvd myiqj oekSu yd Tfí YÍrh wdrlaId lr
.ekSu i|yd l< hq;= foa lsysmhla ;sfí' jerÈh yelafla
l=ula oehs yd ksjerÈ l< yelafla flfia oehs wms n,uq'
jdäùu
• mß.Klh Ndú; lrk úg Tfí YÍrh t;rï p,kh fkdfõ'
tuksid Tfí mqgqfõ myiqfjka jdä ù isák njg j.n,d
.; hq;=h'
• mqgqj fyd¢ka .e<mSu i|yd fldÜg" mEv" fmÜá yd f,dl=

fmd;a fhdod .; yelsh' Tfí mdo ìu fkd.Efõ kï md
;nkhla Ndú; lrkak' ke;skï fmÜáhla fyda fjk;a
hula fyda u; mdo ;nd .ekSug wjir ,nd .kak'
• fldÜg yd mEv ;nd mqgqfõ wu;r bv m%udKh mqrjd .;
yelsh' fuu.ska Tng fya;a;= ùug yd mdo ;nd .ekSug
mq¿jka jkq we;'
mqgqj mß.Klh wi<g .ekSu

• Tng .e<fmk mqgqjla we;;a mß.Klh jvd Wi fïihl
;nd we;akï Tng wjYH kï Wia j jdä ùu i|yd fldÜg
yd mEv Ndú; l< yelsh' th kqiqÿiq úYd, mqgqjla ;nd
n,kak' ke;s kï l=vd mß.Kl fïihla fidhd .; yels
jkq we;'
159
• mß.Kl h;=re mqjrej Tfí nv ;rug Wia úh hq;h = ' tfy;a
Ndú; lsÍug biaiS isáh hq;= wkaoug mmqj fyda Wrysia fyda
;rï Wilska fkdfõ' h;=re mqjrej jvd Wiska ;sfí kï
Tfí ndyq Wrysia yd fn,a, fõokdfjka fmf<kq we;'
mßmQ ¾ K .e<mS u
• Tng by; i|yka lsisjla fkdue;s kï Tn" Tng .e<fmk
mqgqjla yd mß.Kl fïihla we;s jdikdjka; flfkls'
mß.Kl wjm;kh
• mßmQ¾K mqgqjla yd mß.Kl fïihla iys; jqj o Tn ghsma
lrk úg mqgqfjys miaig ù wekaog fya;a;= ù isàug Tn
u;l ;nd .; hq;=h' Tfí fldkaog fyd| ke;s ksid jl=gq
ù biairyg we, ù fkdisákak' oeka u u fyd¢ka fldkao
;nd .ekSug mqreÿ jkak' bÈß ld,fha § th iekis,a,la
jkq we;'
• tfy;a Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= tl u foh fuh fkdfõ'
h;=re mqjrej Ndú;h

• Tn h;=re mqjrej Ndú; lrk úg th Tn bÈßfhka ióm j
;nd .kak' th Ndú;hg bÈßhg wefokak isÿjk fia
wE;ska fkd;nkak'
Rcq t,a , h
• Tn ghsma lrk úg Tfí ueKsla lgq my;a j ;nd my< ndyq
t,a,hg ;nkak' Tfí we`.s,sj,ska jev lsÍug wmyiq jk
ksid ueKsla lgq t;rï keófuka j<lskak' jev lr f.k
hk úg th mSvdjla o jkq we;' ;u ueKsla lgq fl<ska ;nd
.ekSug Wojq jk ksid we;eï <uhs h;=re mqjrej bÈßfhka
ueKsla lgq r|jk wdOdrlj,g leu;s h' tfy;a ghsma
lrk úg § tajd u; ueKsla lgq r|jd .ekSu fkdl< hq;=h'
160
ia j Ndúl pl% h
• foaÿkakla fyda Èh we,a,la fyda jeks iajNdúl pl%hla Tfí
we`.s,sj, ;sfí' ghsma lrk úg § we`.s,sj, tu pl%hg bv
fokak' ghsma lrk úg § tajd È. yer me;,s fkdlrkak'
uq,a úys§u
• uq,a fma<sfha /£ iam¾Yfhka ghsma lsÍug Tn okafkys kï
wE; h;=rej,g <`.d ùug uq¿ w; u f.k hdug u;l ;nd
.kak' uq, isg wE;g we`.s,s úys§ug bv fkdyßkak' we;eï
úg l=vd we`.s,sj,g h;=re mqjre f,dl= jeäh' h;=re lrd
w; f.k f.dia we`.s,sj,g lror fkdlrkak'
f;da¾f.a ñáhg tfrys iuk, /`.=u

• ieye,a¨fjka ghsma lrkak' .s.=reï fok whqre h;=r u;
flàu wjYH ke;' ieye,a¨ iam¾Yhla fyd|g jev lrhs'
h;=r u; r`.k iuk¨ka f,i Tfí we`.s,s .ek is;kak'
uQ i s l h Ndú;h
• oeka yeu mß.Klhl u uQisl we;' .uk fmkaùug o
mß.Klfha tfy fufy f.k hdug o tajd m%ikak h'
tfy;a tajd Ndú; lrk whqre Tn oek .; hq;= h' ke;fyd;a
wdmiq yeÍ Tjqka Tn ymkq we;'
ñßlk l%Sv dj
• we;ful= uQislh ieye,a¨jg w,a,d .ekSug i;=gq h' flfia
jqj o h;=re mqjrefõ h;=rej,g ;Èka wekSu fyd| woyila
fkdfõ' th w,a,d f.k isáh § fuka u tys fnd;a;u ^ï&
la,sla lrk úg § ieye,a¨fjka w,a,d .kak' uQislh u;
;o n,hla fh§u th Ndú; lrk w;aj,g yd ndyqj,g
fjfyh f.k fohs' ó iemqula jeks h'
• mß.Kl uQil s w;aj,g jvd f,dl= úh yelsh' l=vd uQil
s hla
f;dard .ekSu ke;fyd;a r|jd .ekSu wjYH fkdjk ud¾.
.=,djla (trackball) Ndú; l< yelsh' .=,dj p,kh lsÍu
i|yd Tng tljr we`.s,s lsysmhla Ndú; l< yelsh'
161
Rcq b,la l h
• h;=re mqjrej Ndú; lsÍfï § fuka u uQislh f.k hdfï §
o Tfí ueKsla lgq Rcq j yd t,a,hg ;nd .kak'
ueKsla lgq r|jk fuys § o Wojq úh yelsh' fndfyda uQisl
mEv iu`. ueKsla lgq Rcq j ;nd .ekSug Wojq jk ueKsla
lgq r|jk ;sfí'
weia mS v dj
ju" ol=K" by<" my< ''' fudksgrh fldfya hkjd o@
mß.Kl fudksgrh ^;srh& Tn bÈßfhka" Tfí weiaj,g uola my<ska ;sìh hq;=h' fudksgrh
msg;g ke;akï jvd by<ska fyda my<ska fyda ;sîfuka ysirohlska fl<jr úh yelsh' fn,a,
yd Wrysia o ßfokq we;'
• weia hk Èydg YÍrh o hk nj u;l ;nd .kak' Tng me;a;lg

by<g fyda my<g fyda yeßh hq;= kï ysi yd fn,a, o tfia
yefrkq we;'
• fudksgrh my<ska ;nd .ekSfuka o Tn mqgqfõ jl=gq jkq we;'
we;eï úg fudksgrh mß.Kl nE.h u; ;nd ;sfnkq we;' túg mß.Kl nE.h me;a;lg
yerùfuka fudksgrh my;a l< yelsh' Tng fudksgrh tiùug wjYH kï my;ska fmd;a
lsysmhla ;eîfuka th l< yelsh' Tn o iSreudre ùfï úl,amh o we;' Tn ksis ;ek isák
f;la Tfí mqgqfõ Wi ilia lr .; yelsh'
wka O lrK wdf,da l h

• cfk,a yd wNHka;r myka ksid mß.Kl fudksgr Ndú;h wmyiq jkq we;' tljr §ma;su;a
wdf,dalhla ^Rcq t<slK& we;s úg § fudksgrh ne,Sug weia ilid .ekSu wiSre h' ;srfhka
tk wdf,dal m%udKh iy mß.Kl fudksgrfha fmfkk m%foaYh iudk úh hq;=h' cfka,
iy myka Tn bÈßfha fkd;sfnk fia mß.Klh p,kh lsÍfuka fyda cfka, yd myka u;
wdjrKhla ;eîfuka fyda .eg¨j u`. yeßh yelsh'
wj,x.= ù u
• wdf,dalh iu`. we;s ;j;a .eg¨jla kï Tng msgqmfika wdf,dalh jeà mß.Kl ;srfhka
wdmiq tau h ^jl% t<lK&' fuh isÿ jkq úg § ;srh u; we;s foa lshùu wmyiq h' .eg¨
úi|d .ekSug myk fyda mß.Klh fyda tyd fuyd lsÍu l< yelsh' tfia ke;akï fudksgr
jeiaula fyda t<slK ;srhla fyda wjYH jkq we;'
ks o yia ù u
• Tn mß.Klh iu`. isák úg § fyda ùäfhda l%Svdj, fhfok úg § fyda blaukska ld,h
f.fjkq we;' oji ;=< § úúO foaj,a lsÍu jeo.;a h' wfma YÍr tl È.g meh .Kka h;=re
mqjrej" uQisl yd l%Svd md,l h;=re .eiSug iel iS fkdue;' Tng reodjla fyda fõokdjla
162
fyda oekqk o fkdoekqk o iEu ñks;a;= 30lg muK mß.Klfhka úfõlhla ,nd .kak'
Tng reodjla fyda fõokdjla fyda oefka kï ;rula fj,djlg k;r lsÍu wjYH kshu
b`.shls' Tfí YÍrfha ix{dj,g ijka §ug u. n,d .kak' th Woõjlg weãula úh
yelsh'
ke.sg ñks;a;= lsysmhlg tfy fufy weúÈkak' woyia lsysmhla fufia h'
• f.or fyda ksjyk fyda jgd blaukska weúo hkak'
• ñ;%fhl= wu;d Tyqf.a$wehf.a mß.Kl jev flfia oehs úuikak'
• Tng nv.sks kï uo Yla;shla ,nd .ekSu i|yd iq¿ lEula .kak'
• Tn Ndú; l< fmaYSkag úfõl §ug yd Tn úfõl ÿka fmaYSka Ndú; lsÍug yels jk ´kEu
fohla iqÿiq h'
• Tfí weiaj,g o úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' tajdfha fõokdjla we;skï fyda weia mshka
m;a yelsf,a kï fyda Tn uola k;r úh hq;=h' úfgka úg fudksgrfhka bj; ne,Su yd
;;amr lsysmhlg wE; hula foi ne,Su fyda ks;r weia mshka .eiSu fyda Tfí weia fmaYSka
g iykhla ,nd §ug m%udKj;a h'
;d;a ; a ú l f,da l h
ihsn¾ wjldYh yd fjk;a mß.Kl Ndú; wOHmksl yd úfkdaockl jkq we;' tfy;a
—;d;a;aúl f,dalfha˜ úl%uhka yd l%shdldrlï yd iei£fï § t;rï foaj,a fkdfõ' ihsn¾
wjldYfha ;ks fkdjkak' bka msg;g ú;a Tfí f,dalh wjg .fõIKh lrkak'
163
ye¢ka ù u( mdi,a mdol ;la f ia r elrKh
bf.kqu-b.ekaùu yd we.ehqu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha m%Odk ixrpl ;=kls' bf.kqï-b.ekaùfï

l%shdj,sfha m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd we.hSu Ndú; lrk nj .=rejreka úiska oek .; hq;=
lreKls' ;jo fï ixrpl wfkHkH jYfhka n, md tlsfkl ixj¾Okh lrk nj o
.=rejreka úiska oek .; hq;=h' iïNjk ;lafiarelrK ^wLKav ;lafiarelrK& uQ,O¾u wkqj
th l< hq;af;a W.kajk w;r;=r § h' ke;fyd;a th flÍ f.k hk l%shdj,shls' wdrïNfha
§ ueo § wjidkfha § iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ´kE u wjia:djl § iïNjk we.hSu
l< yelsh'
YsIHhkaf.a bf.kSfï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍug wfmalaId lrk .=rejreka úiska ixúOdkd;aul
ie,eiaula Ndú; l< hq;=h' mdi,a mdol ;lafiarelrK (SBA) l%shdj,sh yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda
mÍlaIK l%uhla fyda fkdfõ' fï jevigyk" YsIHhkaf.a bf.kqu;a .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a
ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ueÈy;aùfï l%uhla f,i ye¢ka fõ' tfuka u YsIHhkaf.a m%n,;d yd
ÿn,;d ióm j y÷kd .ksñka Tjqkaf.a yelshdj Wmßu lsÍu i|yd fï l%shdj,sh Ndú; l<
yelsh'
SBA jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍfï § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï u.ska .fõIKd;aul

l%shdj,shlg YsIHhka fhduq lrkq ,efí' YsIHhka ksr; ld¾hh myiq lrñka" u`. fmkajñka
yd ksÍlaIKh lrñka .=rejrhd Tjqka iu`. isáh hq;= hhs wfmalaId flf¾'
fï ;SrKd;aul wjia:dfõ § YsIHhka wLKav j ;lafiare l< hq;=h' tfia wLKav j ;lafiare
lsÍfuka YsIHhkaf.a l=i,;d wfmalaIs; uÜgug ixj¾Okh fõ oehs .=rejrhd ;yjqre l< hq;=h'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh YsIHhkag ksis w;aoelSï iemhsh hq;=jd muKla fkdj tajd YsIHhka
úiska ksis mßÈ w;alr .;a nj o fidaÈis l< hq;=h' fuh isÿùu i|yd ksis u`. fmkaùu ,nd Èh
hq;=h' we.hSfï ^;lafiarelrKfha& ksr; .=rejrekag fohdldrhlska u`. fmkaùu l< yelsh'
tajd m%;sfmdaIK yd mQ¾j fmdaIK hkqfjka fmdÿfõ y÷kajkq ,efí' .=rejrhdf.a N+ñldj úh
hq;af;a" YsIHhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d yd fkdyelshdjka fy<sorõ jQ úg bf.kqï ÿIalr;d u`. yeÍu
i|yd m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §u iy yelshdjka yd ÿn,;d y÷kd .;a úg m%n, l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd mQ¾j fmdaIK ,nd §u h'
l=uk wNsu;d¾: ljr uÜgug idOkh jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSug YsIHhkag yels úh hq;=h' th
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajhg fya;= fõ' YsIHhka <`.d jk ksmqK;d uÜgï
we.hSu u.ska úksYaph lsÍu .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaIs; h' YsIHhkaf.a m%.;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
fouõmshkag fyda fjk;a wod< wxYj,g Tjqka oekqï Èh hq;=h' ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l<
yels fyd| u l%uh YsIHhka wLKav j ;lafiare lsÍfï wjia:dj ,nd fok mdi,a mdol
;lafiarelrKh fõ'
by; wNsu;d¾:h is;ays ;nd .;a .=rejre b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh yd bf.kSfï l%shdj,sh M,odhS
lsÍu i|yd M,odhS bf.kqï" b.ekaùï" we.hSï l%u Ndú; lr;a' YsIHhka yd .=rejreka úiska
Ndú; l< yels we.hSï fuj,ï j¾. my; oelafõ' kj m%;sixialrK iu`. fï l%u úNd.
164
fomd¾;fïka;=j yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska .=rejrekag y÷kajd fok ,§' tuksid"
moaO;sfha isák .=rejre tajd ms<sn| fyd¢ka oks;a hhs wms wfmalaId lruq'
we.hSï fuj,ï j¾.(

1' mejreï 2' jHdmD;s
3' iólaIKh 4' .fõIKh
5' ksÍlaIKh 6' m%o¾Yk
7' lafIa;% pdßld 8' flá ,sÅ;
9' jHqy.; rpkd 10' újD; fmd;a mÍlaId
11' ks¾udK l%shdldrlï 12' ijka§fï mÍlaId
13' m%dfhda.sl jev 14' l:kh
15' iaj ks¾udKh 16' lKavdhï jev
17' ixl,ams; is;shï 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h
19' ì;a;s m;%sld 20' m%Yak úpdr
21' m%Yak yd W;a;r 22' újdo
23' u~q¿ idlÉPd 24' iïuka;K %
25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.K
by; i|yka l%shdldrlï" ish¨ tall yd ish¨ úIh i|yd Ndú;h .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId
fkdflf¾' YsIHhkaf.a m%.;sh WÑ; j ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd wod< tall yd wod< úIh i|yd
iqÿiq l%uh ie,ls,af,ka f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag yels úh hq;=h' ;lafiarelrK fuj,ï
j¾." .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhkays i|yka lr ;sfí'
ish mka;sj, wod< ;lafiarelrK fuj,ï l%shd;aul lsÍu u`. yeÍug .=rejre ;e;a lr;a kï
YsIHhkaf.a Ydia;%Sh yelshd" wfõoksl idOl yd ufkda pd,l l=i,;d j¾Okh m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï
W!k;d ;sfnkq we;'
165
;la f ia r elrK ie,eia u
1' we.hSu ( 1 jdrh
2' wNsu;d¾: ( • iajdëk ks¾udK ksmoùug YsIHhka fm<Uùu'

• ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh mqnqÿjd ,Su'
3' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgï ( 1'1" 1'2" 1'3" 1'4" 1'5" 1'6" 1'7" 1'8" 2'1" 2'2" 3'1" 3'2" 10'1" 10'2"
10'3" 10'4
4' wdjrKh jk úIh wka;¾.;h ( ksmqK;d uÜgïj,ska wdjrKh jk úIh wka;¾.;h
5' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%o¾Ykhla
6' l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

• .=rejrekag ο m%o¾Ykh i|yd iqÿiq úIh wka;¾.;h mQ¾j
fmdaIKh Wfoid wdo¾Yk" l%shdldÍ wdlD;s" kj
ks¾udK" wegjqï" ie,iqï wdÈh n÷ wdl¾IK
ksIamdok ks¾udKhg iEu ls%hdldrlul § u
YsIHhkag u`. fmkajkakd'
ο fuu ks¾udKj, jd¾;d mj;ajd .kak'
ο wjYH ;ekays § YsIHhkag úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIK
iydh ,nd fokak'
ο ks¾udK ljrla jqj o by< uÜgul m%;sidOkh
;=<ska ixj¾Okd;aul Èß .ekaùï ,nd fokak'
ο jdrjdikfha § WÑ; m%o¾Ykhla mj;ajkak'
• YsIHhkag ο l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùfï § ,nd .;a w;aoelSï

mokï lr iqÿiq m%o¾Yk NdKav ks¾udKh lrkak'
ο fï WmlrK ks¾udKh i|yd mßirfha olakg
we;s fmdÿ$wvq ñ,$bj; oeuQ øjH yels;dla ÿrg
Ndú; lrkak'
ο hï wdldrhl ixj¾Okd;aul Ndú;h i|yd Tfí
ks¾udKh fh§fï yelshdj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'
166
7' ;lafiarej yd we.hSu i|yd wdlD;sh(
tla tla ks¾Kdhlh i|yd ,enQ ,l=Kq
1' m% o ¾Yk 2' ,efnk 3' m%o¾Yk 4' f;areï 5' l% s h dld
YsIHhkaf.a kï
NdKa v j, kj NdKa v j, ls Í fï Í;a j h
wod<;dj w;a o elS ï ks u dj meyeÈ,s l u
,l=Kq§fï ie,eiau
4 úYsIag
3 fyd|hs
2 idudkH
1 ixj¾Okh wjYHhs
167
1' we.hSu ( 2 jdrh
2' wNsu;d¾: ( • oekqu Ndú;fhka" ixúOdkfhka" m%pdrfhka ,nd.;a

bf.kqï w;aoelSï ;yjqre lsÍu'
• iïuka;K % hla meje;aùug wjYH ixúOdk l=i,;d
j¾Okh lsÍu'
• bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'
3' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgï ( 4'1" 4'2" 5'1" 5'2" 5'3" 6'1" 6'2" 7'1" 7'2" 7'3" 7'4" 8'1" 8'2" 8'3"
8'4
4' wdjrKh jk úIh wka;¾.;h ( ksmqK;d uÜgïj,ska wdjrKh jk úIh wka;¾.;h
5' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( iïuka;%Khla

• .=rejrekag ο ld¾hd, meflacfha Wmfhda.S;dj yd fufyhqï
moaO;sfha wjYH;dj wjOdrKh i|yd wdl¾IKSh
ksjerÈ yd iïmQ¾K bÈßm;a lsÍula ks¾udKh i|yd
YsIHhka fhduq lrkak'
ο ksYaÑ; iïuka;%Khl wruqKg .e,fmk whqre
ish oekqu ixúOdkh i|yd YsIHhkag iydh jkak'
ο iïuka;%Kh i|yd Èkh" fõ,dj yd ia:dkh kshu
lrkak'
ο ld, iSudj ;SrKh lrkak' wod< iyNd.S;ajh
^8 fY%aKsfhka fyda 9 fY%aKsfhka fyda YsIHhka
lKvdhula& isák nj iy;sl jkak'
ο iïuka;%Kh i|yd wjYH iïm;a yd ;dlaIKsl
iydh ,nd fokak'
ο fï bÈßm;a lsÍfï jd¾;djla ;nd .kak'
ο m%;sidOkh u.ska ixj¾Okd;aul Èß.ekaùu ,nd
fokak'
• YsIHhkag ο fmr mdvïj, § ,nd.;a w;aoelSï mokï lr iqÿiq

wdl¾IKSh bÈßm;a lsÍula ir, NdIdfjka iQodkï
lrkak'
ο ld¾hd, meflacfha Wmfhda.S;dj yd fufyhqï
moaO;sfha wjYH;dj iNdjg ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd
bÈßm;a lsÍula lrkak'
168
ο iïuka;%Khg .e,fmk whqre ia:dkh ixúOdkh
lrkak'
ο mdif,a wfkla whg ndOd fkdjk whq r e
iïuka;%Kh mj;ajkak'
ks ¾ Kdhl
oekq u bÈßm;a bÈßm;a lKa v dhu iNdfjka

YsIHhkaf.a kï
ixúOdkh ls Í fï ls Í fï ;= < u;= jQ
wdl¾IKS ; a j h meyeÈ,s l u iyfhda . S ; dj m% Y a k j,g
m% ; s p dr
,l=Kq§fï ie,eiau
4 úYsIag
3 fyd|hs
2 idudkH
1 ixj¾Okh wjYHhs
169
1' we.hSu ( 3 jdrh
2' wNsu;d¾: ( • .e,Sï igykla Ndú; lr § we;s .eg¨jlg úi÷ula

j¾Okh lsÍu'
• .e,Sï igykla l%uf,aLhlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
• mß.Kl Ndú; lr l%uf,aLh mÍlaId lsÍu'
3' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgï ( 9'1" 9'2" 9'3" 9'4" 9'5" 9'6
4' wdjrKh jk úIh wka;¾.;h ( .eg¨jla úYaf,aIKfha m%Odk mshjr

.e,Sï igykaj, Ndú; lrk ixfla;
.e,Sï igykaj, md,k jHqy ksrEmKh
by< uÜgfï l%uf,aLhg wod< fla;lrKh y÷kd
.ekSu
mß.Kl l%uf,aL ,sùfï NdId
ir, l%uf,aL ,sùu
5' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( mß.Kl l%uf,aLh

• .=rejrekag ο 9'1 l%shdldrlu wdrïNfha § my; i|yka kso¾Yk
mokï lr y÷kd .;a .eg¨jla úi£u i|yd
l%uf,aLhla j¾Okh l< hq;= nj YsIHhkag lshkak'
ο .e,Sï igykla wdOdrfhka we,af.dß;ula iemhsh
hq;= nj
ο .e,Sï igyk i|yd meial,a fyda oDYH fíisla
fyda fla; iemhsh hq;= nj
ο mß.Klfha meia l ,a fyda oDYH fíis l a fyda
l%uf,aLhla wdo¾Ykh l< hq;= nj YsIHhkag
lshkak'
ο j¾Okh lrk úi÷fï we;=<;a l< hq;= my; i|yka
wx. ms<sn| j Tjqkag oekqï fokak'
ο md,k jHqy ;=kla ^wkqlu% h" f;aÍu yd mqk¾lrKh&
Ndú;h
ο l%uf,aLh j¾Okh lsÍug YsIHhka f;dard .;a
.eg¨j my; i|yka kso¾Yk tlla ksrEmKh l<
hq;h= 's
170
1 ks o ¾Ykh
ο iqÿiq md,k jHqy Ndú; lr ish¨ YsIHhkaf.a ish¨
úIhhka i|yd ,l=Kq wdodk lsÍug
ο tla tla YsIHhdf.a uq¿ ,l=Kq yd idudkH ,l=Kq
.Kkh lsÍug
ο j,x.= fkdjk ,l=Kq we;=<;a l< úg fodaI
mKsúvhla ixo¾Ykh lsÍug
ο YsIHhdf.a ku tla tla úIh i|yd ,l=Kq" uq¿
,l=Kq yd idudkHh uqøKh lsÍug
2 ks o ¾Ykh
ο iqÿiq md,k jHqy Ndú; lr tla tla udifha § tla
tla YsIHhdf.a udisl meñKSu we;=,a lsÍug
ο tla tla YsIHhdf.a meñKSfï m%;sY;h .Kkh
lsÍug
ο m%;sY;h 80]g wvq kï —Tfí meñKSu 80] g wvq
h˜ hk wjjdohla §ug
ο Odjk ld,fha § YsIH ixLHdj wkqj l%uf,aLh
ieliSug
ο YsIHhka úiska j¾Okh lrk ,o ffioaOdka;sl
yd m%dfhda.sl yelshd ms<sn| m%;sfmdaIK ,nd§ug
7 fþofha fhdað; ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrkak'
• YsIHhkag ο § we;s kso¾Ykj,g iudk .eg¨jla y÷kd .kak'

ο l%uf,aLk wdodk yd m%;sodk f,aLk.; lrkak'
ο we,af.dß;u j¾Okh lr wod< .e,Sï igyk
w¢kak'
ο wod< fla;h m;%sldfõ ,shkak'
ο Tfí l%shd idOdrKh lsÍug yd .eg¨ úi£ug .;a
l%u iu`. Tng u;= jQ .eg¨ bÈßm;a lsÍug Tfí
l%uf,aLh mß.Klfha wdo¾Ykh lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'
ο Tn w;alr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgu Tfí .=re;=ud$;=ñh
iu`. idlÉPd lr wu;r jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd
lghq;= lrkak'
171
ks ¾ Kdhl
YsIHhkaf.a kï l%
u f,a L fha wod< md,k .e,S ï l% u f,a L h ;ukaf.a u
uq, mo yd jHq y igyfka bÈßm;a l% s h d
ldrl Í;s Ndú;h ie,eia u yd ls Í u idOdrKSlrKh
Ndú;h mßj¾;kh
,l=Kq§fï ie,eiau
4 úYsIag
3 fyd|hs
2 idudkH
1 ixj¾Okh wjYHhs
172

S 12 Tim 41

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S 12 Tim 41

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S 12 Tim 41

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

ks¾udKYS,S .=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍfï wruqKk

foaYudkH wdpd¾h ^uy;añh& whs' t,a' .sksf.a

wdpd¾h ^uy;añh& bkaÈrd ,s,dukS .sksf.a

wOHla I Kh( tÉ' chisxy uhd

iïnka ë lrKh( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

úIh ks ¾ foa Y ( wdpd¾h ta' mS' uÿrmafmreu

wdpd¾h tka' Ô' fÊ' vhia

wdpd¾h flda,sh mq,isxy

wdpd¾h tka' ã' fldäldr

wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak

tï' Ô' wd¾' l=udrisß uhd

ã' ta' ch,d,a uhd

fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

ta' tï' ldka;s ñh

ví,sõ' ta' tia' ví,sõ' úfÊiQßh ñh

ví,sõ' ta' ã' úl%u;s,l uhd

ã' tia' tia' rdukdhl uhd

wd¾' tï' mS' nKavdr uhd

ví,sõ' tï' ta' tia' úfÊiQßh uhd

tka' fkdan,a rù uhd

ta' tï' jIS¾ uhd

î' t,a' tia' iS' l=udr uhd

tï' hQ' tï' wIal¾ uhd

tï' mS' hQ' tia' whs' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

wd¾' ù' tia' mS' rdcmlaI uhd

fla' Ô' wkqr uhd

fla' hQ' fla' ohdr;ak uhd

tia' tï' ã' fla' fla' ch;s,l ñh

à' tka' wuriQßh ñh

ta' ã' à' ù' wdßhr;ak ñh

ã' ã' tï' tia' mS' fo,al÷r ñh

mßj¾;kh ^is x y,&( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

j¾Kfhda c kh( uÿydiskS m%shxjod pkaøfiak fuú

j¾Kfhda c kh( tï' tka' tka' ßydkd k,Sï fuú

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha f,aLl uvq,a,

wNHka ; r( iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

tï' tka' mS' uoaÿuf.a ñh

ndys r ( ví' tï' ta' tia' úfÊfialr uhd

wdpd¾h mS' ta' fla' ta' fla' mKaä;r;ak fuh

ã' tia' î' rdukdhl uhd

tia' fla' tka' iQßhdrÉÑ uhd

fla' mS' tka' lreKdkdhl uhd

wd¾' ù' tia' mS' rdcmlaI uhd

tka' fkdan,a rú uhd

ta' tï' jIS¾ uhd

tia' tï' ã' fla' fla' ch;s,l ñh

tÉ' iS' tï' chj¾Ok ñh

fla' hQ' fla' ohdr;ak uhd

ã' ã' tï' tia' mS' fo,al÷r ñh

tÉ' Ô' iS' chïm;s uhd

úIh ixia l rKh( wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak

iqis,a tka' ud¥jf.a uhd

fla' Ô' tia' fla' fmf¾rd uhd

NdId ixia l rKh( fla' ã' ã' m¾isj,a uhd