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    Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery: Fifth Edition, in Si/Metric Units

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    KKDh
    This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and the design of turbomachines. The textbook covers topics such as dimensional analysis, axial flow turbines and compressors, centrifugal pumps and fans, radial flow gas turbines, hydraulic turbines, and wind turbines. It includes 10 chapters and discusses key concepts such as velocity diagrams, stage efficiency, cascade performance, and three-dimensional flows within turbomachines. The document aims to provide an overview of the content covered in the textbook.

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    Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery: Fifth Edition, in Si/Metric Units

    Uploaded by

    KKDh
    78 views6 pages
    This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and the design of turbomachines. The textbook covers topics such as dimensional analysis, axial flow turbines and compressors, centrifugal pumps and fans, radial flow gas turbines, hydraulic turbines, and wind turbines. It includes 10 chapters and discusses key concepts such as velocity diagrams, stage efficiency, cascade performance, and three-dimensional flows within turbomachines. The document aims to provide an overview of the content covered in the textbook.

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    This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and the design of turbomachines. The textbook covers topics such as dimensional analysis, axial flow turbines and compressors, centrifugal pumps and fans, radial flow gas turbines, hydraulic turbines, and wind turbines. It includes 10 chapters and discusses key concepts such as velocity diagrams, stage efficiency, cascade performance, and three-dimensional flows within turbomachines. The document aims to provide an overview of the content covered in the textbook.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views6 pages

    Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery: Fifth Edition, in Si/Metric Units

    Uploaded by

    KKDh
    This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and the design of turbomachines. The textbook covers topics such as dimensional analysis, axial flow turbines and compressors, centrifugal pumps and fans, radial flow gas turbines, hydraulic turbines, and wind turbines. It includes 10 chapters and discusses key concepts such as velocity diagrams, stage efficiency, cascade performance, and three-dimensional flows within turbomachines. The document aims to provide an overview of the content covered in the textbook.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Fluid Mechanics,

    Thermodynamics of
    Turbomachinery

    Fifth Edition, in Si/Metric units

    S. L. Dixon, B.Eng., Ph.D.


    Senior Fellow at the University of Liverpool

    AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON


    ELSEVIER N E W YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
    B
    SSKH SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
    Contents
    PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION xi

    PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION xiii

    ^PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XV

    ^ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii

    IJST OF SYMBOLS xix

    1. Introduction: Dimensional Analysis: Similitude 1


    Definition of a turbomachine 1
    Units and dimensions 3
    Dimensional analysis and performance laws 5
    Incompressible fluid analysis 6
    Performance characteristics 7
    Variable geometry turbomachines 8
    Specific speed 10
    Cavitation 12
    Compressible gas flow relations 15
    Compressible fluid analysis 16
    The inherent unsteadiness of the flow within turbomachines 20
    References 21
    Problems 22

    2. Basic Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics: Definitions of Efficiency 24


    Introduction 24
    The equation of continuity 24
    The first law of thermodynamics—internal energy 25
    The momentum equation—Newton's second law of motion 26
    The second law of thermodynamics—entropy 30
    Definitions of efficiency 31
    Small stage or polytropic efficiency 35
    Nozzle efficiency 42
    Diffusers 44
    References 54
    Problems 55
    vi Contents
    3. Two-dimensional Cascades 56 „
    Introduction 56
    Cascade nomenclature 57 *
    Analysis of cascade forces 58
    Energy losses 60
    Lift and drag 60
    Circulation and lift 62
    Efficiency of a compressor cascade 63
    Performance of two-dimensional cascades 64
    The cascade wind tunnel 64
    Cascade test results 66
    Compressor cascade performance 69
    Turbine cascade performance 72
    Compressor cascade correlations 72
    Fan blade design (McKenzie) 80
    Turbine cascade correlation (Ainley and Mathieson) 83
    Comparison of the profile loss in a cascade and in a turbine stage 88
    Optimum space-chord ratio of turbine blades (Zweifel) 89
    References 90
    Problems 92

    4. Axial-flow Turbines: Two-dimensional Theory 94


    Introduction 94
    Velocity diagrams of the axial turbine stage 94
    Thermodynamics of the axial turbine stage 95
    Stage losses and efficiency 97
    Soderberg's correlation 98
    Types of axial turbine design 100
    Stage reaction 102
    Diffusion within blade rows 104
    Choice of reaction and effect on efficiency 108
    Design point efficiency of a turbine stage 109
    Maximum total-to-static efficiency of a reversible turbine stage 113
    Stresses in turbine rotor blades 115
    Turbine flow characteristics 121
    Flow characteristics of a multistage turbine 123
    The Wells turbine 125
    Pitch-controlled blades 132
    References 139
    Problems 140

    5. Axial-flow Compressors and Fans 145


    Introduction 145
    Two-dimensional analysis of the compressor stage 146
    Contents vii
    I: VetScity diagrams ofthe compressor stage 148
    Thermodynamics of the compressor stage 149
    Stage loss relationships and efficiency 150
    Reaction ratio 151
    Choice of reaction 151
    Stage loading 152
    Simplified off-design performance 153
    Stage pressure rise 155
    Pressure ratio of a multistage compressor 156
    Estimation of compressor stage efficiency 157
    Stall and surge phenomena in compressors 162
    Control of flow instabilities 167
    Axial-flow ducted fans 168
    Blade element theory 169
    Blade element efficiency 171
    Lift coefficient of a fan aerofoil 173
    References 173
    Problems 174

    6. Three-dimensional Flows in Axial Turbomachines 177


    Introduction 177
    Theory of radial equilibrium 177
    a The indirect problem 179
    The direct problem 187
    • Compressible flow through a fixed blade row 188
    Constant specific mass flow 189
    I Off-design performance of a stage 191
    ' Free-vortex turbine stage 192
    f Actuator disc approach 194
    Blade row interaction effects 198
    Computer-aided methods of solving the through-flow problem 199
    I Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the design of axial turbomachines 201
    <: Secondary flows 202
    f References 205
    ' Problems 205

    f. Centrifugal Pumps, Fans and Compressors 208


    t
    •i Introduction 208
    | Some definitions 209
    f Theoretical analysis of a centrifugal compressor 211
    E Inlet casing 212
    I Impeller 212
    § Conservation of rothalpy 213
    I Diffuser 214
    viii Contents
    Inlet velocity limitations 214
    Optimum design of a pump inlet 215
    Optimum design of a centrifugal compressor inlet 217
    Slip factor 222
    Head increase of a centrifugal pump 227
    Performance of centrifugal compressors 229
    The diffuser system 237
    Choking in a compressor stage 240
    References 242
    Problems 243

    8. Radial Flow Gas Turbines 246


    Introduction 246
    Types of inward-flow radial turbine 247
    Thermodynamics of the 90 deg IFR turbine 249
    Basic design of the rotor 251
    Nominal design point efficiency 252
    Mach number relations 256
    Loss coefficients in 90 deg IFR turbines 257
    Optimum efficiency considerations 258
    Criterion for minimum number of blades 263
    Design considerations for rotor exit 266
    Incidence losses 270
    Significance and application of specific speed 273
    Optimum design selection of 90 deg IFR turbines 276
    Clearance and windage losses 278
    Pressure ratio limits of the 90 deg IFR turbine 279
    Cooled 90 deg IFR turbines 280
    A radial turbine for wave energy conversion 282
    References 285
    Problems 287

    9. Hydraulic Turbines 290


    Introduction 290
    Hydraulic turbines 291
    The Pelton turbine 294
    Reaction turbines 303
    The Francis turbine 304
    The Kaplan turbine 310
    Effect of size on turbomachine efficiency 313
    Cavitation 315
    Application of CFD to the design of hydraulic turbines 319
    References 320
    Problems 320
    Contents ix
    10. Wind Turbines 323
    Introduction 323
    Tripes of wind turbine 325
    Growth of wind power capacity and cost 329
    Outline of the theory 330
    Actuator disc approach 330
    Estimating the power output 337
    Power output range 337
    Blade element theory 338
    The blade element momentum method 346
    Rotor configurations 353
    The power output at optimum conditions 360
    HAWT blade selection criteria 361
    Developments in blade manufacture 363
    Control methods (starting, modulating and stopping) 364
    Blade tip shapes 369
    Performance testing 370
    Performance prediction codes 370
    Comparison of theory with experimental data 371
    Peak and post-peak power predictions 371
    Environmental considerations 373
    References 374

    libliography 377

    Appendix 1. Conversion of British and US Units to SI Units 378

    Appendix 2. Answers to Problems 379

    index 383

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