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A Homework On Phase Transformations in Material Processing: 1 Fourier Transform

This document discusses phase transformations in materials processing. It covers thermodynamics and kinetics concepts. Thermodynamics determines if a process is possible, while kinetics describes how fast a process can occur. The document also derives an equation for entropy change during mixing and calculates the steady state flux of atomic hydrogen diffusing through a material. It estimates it would take approximately 3,100 hours for all the hydrogen to dissipate from the material.

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Amrita
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54 views4 pages

A Homework On Phase Transformations in Material Processing: 1 Fourier Transform

This document discusses phase transformations in materials processing. It covers thermodynamics and kinetics concepts. Thermodynamics determines if a process is possible, while kinetics describes how fast a process can occur. The document also derives an equation for entropy change during mixing and calculates the steady state flux of atomic hydrogen diffusing through a material. It estimates it would take approximately 3,100 hours for all the hydrogen to dissipate from the material.

Uploaded by

Amrita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A homework on Phase Transformations in

Material Processing
By AMRIT ARYAL
Jan,2021

1 Fourier Transform

Thermodynamics:
a) It is the branch of physics, which deals with heat, temperature, work and
energy transfer. It gives information about whether or not energy transfer is
possible between two state.
b) There are 3 fundamental of law of thermodynamics.
c) It determines if a given process is possible or not. Thermodynamics gives
driving force which is essential for process change.
Kinetics:
a) It is subject of science which tells about the rate of structure and chemical
change in materials. example of Martensitic reaction, Precipitation from solid
solution and casting.
b) It is derived from statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Difficulty as-
sociated with applying kinetic is experimental uncertainty: difficult to measure
T at a spectic point.

1
c) It provides information about how fast a possible process can actually occur.
kinetic tells about energy barrier in process which is shown in above figure. If
energy barrier is high, slower the process and if energy barrier is low, faster the
process.

2 Please derive the entropy change:


∆Smix = −R (XA ln XA + XB ln XB )

We know ,
∆Smix = S2 = k ln ωconf g

(NA + NB )!
= k ln
NA !NB )!

= k ln(NA + NB )! − k ln NA ! − k ln NB )!

Apply Sterling’s Approximation ln N ! = N ln N − N

= k(NA +NB ) ln(NA +NB )−k(NA +NB )−kNA ln NA −kNA −kNB ln NB −kNB

= k(NA + NB ) ln(NA + NB ) − kNA ln NA − kNB ln NB

we know,
NA = XA N
R = N k where,
NA = number of atoms or molecules of A
NB = number of atoms or molecules of B
XA = number of moles of A
XB = number of moles of B
N= Avogadro Number of atom/molecule
R= gas constant
k=boltzmann constant

∆Smix = k(NA + NB ) ln(NA + NB ) − kNA ln NA − kNB ln NB

= k(XA N + XB N ) ln(XA N + XB N ) − kXA N ln XA N − kXB N ln XB N

2
we know, XA + XB = 1

= k(XA + XB )N ln[(XA + XB )N ] − kXA N ln XA N − kXB N ln XB N

= kN ln(XA +XB )+kN ln N −kXA N ln XA −kXA N ln N −kXB N ln XB −kXB N ln N

= 0 + kN ln N − kXA N ln XA − kXB N ln XB − k(XA + XB )N ln N

= 0 + kN ln N − kXA N ln XA − kXB N ln XB − kN ln N

= −kXA N ln XA − kXB N ln XB

∆Smix = −R(XA ln XA + XB ln XB ) ∵ R = Nk

3.Estimate the steady state flux of atomic hydro-


gen
Given,
D0 = 0.2mm2 /s = 0.2 × 10−6
Q = 13.4kJmol−1
C1 = 5mol/m3 inside surface
C2 = 0 outside surface at atmosphere
dx = 5 × 10−3 m thickness of cylinder.
Q
D = D0 exp(− )
RT

13.4 × 103
 
−6
D = 0.2 × 10 exp −
8.314 × 298

D = 895.9 × 10−12 m2 /s

3
Now
The steady state flux(J)=
dC
J =D
dx

5−0
J = 895.9 × 10−12
5 × 10−3

J = 895.9 × 10−9 mol/m2 s

is the steady state flux of atomic hydrogen.

Again,
the vessel contains(M)= 20 moles of hydrogen
Surface Area (A) = 2m2
Estimate hours taken to dissipate all hydrogen (h) Here,

M ass
flux (J) = Area×time

∴ M ass(M ) = J × A × time

M ass(M ) = J × A × time

20 = 895.9 × 10−9 × 2 × t

t = 11161960sec

This is equal to 3100 hrs.

The solubility of hydrogen at room temperature in pure iron is low. The dif-
fusion of hydrogen from low concentration of hydrogen is not measured from
jumping frequency but it measures from escaping frequency of hydrogen atom
from traps; low energy sites in dislocation. The trap density, low solubility rate
leads to longer storage of hydrogen in iron cylinder.

Hydrogen is the smallest element in nature and its diffusion is occurs easily.
At room temperature, the rate of jumping of hydrogen atom is 1012 /s . There-
fore even at low concentration of hydrogen, it leads to embrittlement of metal.
At high concentration, all interstitial site are covered by hydrogen atoms. Its
rapidly decrease the elastic property of α iron.

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