\hrmohhm bfswdr mdy   O2+

spdfe hur ch`aebys af Nrbfid.  < Jy ohssy 9

Tfat 2 nradfe as b`wbys td``afl jd wcbt th eh. n dd`afl;
dd`afl; ndd`, `amd, `hvd, fdde, prdndr, wbft
^hibou`bry p5 5 tcafmafl; mfhw, jdbf, rdjdjodr, sddj,
2 2 bj ehafl  ? shjdtajds spdfes tcafm, ufedrstbfe
2  sdrahus ?  tb`mbtavd 9  prdtty 5  i`dvdr 9 as b`wbys tbmafl  5 bj wratafl hn tcd sdfsds; cdbr, `hhm, sdd, sjd``, shufe
4  cbre-whrmafl >  rd`abo`d <  ajpbtadft 4 usub``y dfkhy  > as stueyafl phssdssahf;; cbvd, hwf
phssdssahf
3  jdeauj cdalct 1  icddrnu` 27  uftaey 5
22  hvdrwdalct L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p>
2 cbvd lht (stbtd)  ? ehf‑t `amd (stbtd),
? 4 schut (bitahf)  9 ‑j tb`mafl (bitahf) 
?  fdrvhus  9 ob`e  5 cbfeshjd  4 quadt 2 lhds  ? tdxt  9 jddt up  5 usub``y 5 Ehds cd mfhw (stbtd)  4 spdbm (stbtd) 
>  ufnradfe`y  < faid  3 icddrnu` spdfes  4 as ldttafl  > asf‑t  < as > `hhms (stbtd)  < Eh yhu prdndr (stbtd) 
1  sd`flsc  27 bttrbitavd b`wbys tb`mafl  3 as tbmafl pbrt  1 wbfts 3 ‑j wdbrafl (bitahf)
9 Edvd`
Edvd`hpafl
hpafl vhibou`bry bfe
b fe 4
2 wd``-oua`t   ? tcaf  9 ob`e  5 sd`flsc `astdfafl p< 2 e  ? d  9 o  5 n   4 b  > i
4  brrhlbft  > nuffy  < ohssy 2 >
2 s`aj  ? cbfeshjd   9 iutd A‑vd lht b `hvd`y ehl ib``de Jutt. Cd as
^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p5
5  shiabo`d  4 i`dvdr   > l`be `hhmafl `hhms swddt, out wcdf b strbfldr
5 ihjds th tcd ehhr, cd hntdf obrms bfe as
?
ufbttrbitavd, ufrd`abo`d, ufsbnd, ufnradfe`y
ufnradfe`y,, shufeafl shufes rdb``y ufnradfe`y. Bntdr b
2 oralct  ? schrt 9  shiabo`d  5 d`edr`y
ufshiabo`d, ufaftdrdstafl, ufaftd``aldft, `hfl wb`m af tcd rbaf, cd ehdsf‑t sjd`` vdry
4 iutd  > uftaey
ufnbscahfbo`d, ufsd`flsc, ufcbppy faid! Cas `hfl dbrs ndd` shnt bfe cas fhsd as
9 usub``y wdt. \cdf cd as cdbrafl cdbrs jy
4
b  aftdrdstde pbrdfts‑ ibr, cd rufs th tcd wafehw. Cd‑s
tb`mbtavd ’ quadt/sa`dft, hutlhafl ’ scy,
5 b`wbys sddjafl b`wbys sddjs th mfhw
l`be ’ ufcbppy,
cbfeshjd ’ ul`y,nuffy ’ ohrafl,
ohrafl ’ aftdrdstafl 2 Ypdbmdr 2 wcdf tcdy brd ihjafl.
? Ypdbmdr ?
_dbeafl p4 L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p3
9 Ypdbmdr 9
2 <
5 Ypdbmdr ?
@burb Edimdr sba`de rhufe tcd whr`e b`hfd ? brd yhu tcafmafl B   9 ‑j `hhmafl B 
4 Ypdbmdr 5
wcdf scd wbs kust 25. _hjdrh i`ajode 5 tbstds Y 4 `hhms Y  > wdalcs Y
Jhuft Dvdrdst wcdf cd wbs hf`y 29.  > Ypdbmdr ? < tcafm Y  3 ‑j tbstafl B 
< Ypdbmdr 2 1 ‑s wdalcafl B
?
3 Ypdbmdr 5
2 U (`afds 1’22)  ? N  9 U (`afds ?>’?3)  Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p1
Edvd`hpafl
5 N  4 U (`afds 99’95) > N  ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p< 2
< N 3  U (`afds 55’5<)
4 tbo`d tdffas bfe nhhtob``
9
h`e d`edr`y shjdhfd yhu ?
2 pdbm  ? jbturd  9 nu`fl``de
cbvd mfhwf b 2 N ? U  9 N  5 N  4 N  > U
5 buthoahlrbpcy  4 edtdrjafde
`hfl tajd 9
3  dfihuftdrde
> edeaibtde   < afsparbtahfb` nuffy at jbmds strbfld ? brdf‑t yhu  9 eh yhu  5 ibf‑t
yhu `bulc yhu  4 eh yhu
5
2 N ?  H 9  H 5  H 4  N >  N sjbrt i`dvdr wd``-erdssde 5 bfe 4
cbre eanfliu`t fht shnt 2 ehwf  ? ehwf  9 up  5 up  4 up
Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p>
oralct `alct/ aftd``aldft >
2 ih`hurnu` 2 n ? e  9 l  5 b  4 c  > o <  i
prdsdft sajp`d 3  d
>
prdsdft ihftafuhus
2 `hue  ? oralctdst  9 cbre  5 sjbrt <
? 4  h`e Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
2 e ?  i 9  l 5  b 4  d >  o  < n 
Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p3 3
9 2  B yhufl whjbf. Ycd‑s
Ycd‑s prhobo`y bohut 23. 
23. 
2
2 A ehf‑t usub``y dfkhy i`dbfafl jy oderhhj.  ?  Ycd `hhms `amd scd‑s af b `aorbry bfe scd‑s
2 ehf‑t od`advd  ? shufes  9 `amd 
? Uhj rbrd`y flfascds b`` cas chjdwhrm.  prhobo`y stueyafl.  9  Ucd lar` as wdbrafl b
5 od`hfl
9 Hur tdbicdrs brd b`wbys td``afl us wcbt o`ud ibrealbf bfe wcatd U-scart. Ycd cbs lht
th eh.  5 \d hiibsahfb``y lh th sichh` stbtd ebrm strbalct cbar wcaic as tade obim af b
oy ous.  4 Jy orhtcdr bfe A hntdf p`by ? phfytba`.  5  Ycd `hhms rd`bxde
rd`bxde bfe aftdrdstde
aftdrdstde  
ihjputdr lbjds thldtcdr.  > \d shjdtajds b  5 o  2 i  ? e  9 af wcbt scd as ehafl. Ycd b`sh `hhms sdrahus
bfe rbtcdr quatd.

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1 9 L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p25

Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 2 l`be  ? cbre  9 hutlhafl   5 oralct >
4  d`edr`y  > ajpbtadft b wbs  o cbe  i wbs wbatafl 
pafl wratafl p27
Edvd`hpafl
Edvd`h
e A ediaede  d mfhw  n bj b`wbys
2 Tfat ? `hsafl   l cbe `dnt  c cbe put  a wbs
Ycd cbs lht fdw fdalcohurs.
pbyafl  k rbf  m cbe lhfd  ` wbs
^hibou`bry p2?
? wb`mafl  j sbw  f cbe jassde 
b  4 o  9 i  2 e  5 d  ? 2 h wbsf‑t
2 ndrry i  ? vbf n   9 spbidscap o 
9 Edvd`hpafl vhibou`bry bfe
5 ybict d 4  cht-bar ob``hhf
ob``hhf e  > ihbic b
rbtcdr, dxtrdjd`y, vdry, b oat, quatd, rdb``y, ? `astdfafl p24
ihjp`dtd`y
2
2 taimdt  ? ed`by  9 p`btnhrj  5 safl`d
5 2 e  ? b  9 c  5 n   4 o  > i  < d
4  ibfid`  > ibtic  < edpbrturds
2 `hhms `amd ?  `hhms 9  `hhm 5  `hhms 3  l
3  brravb`s  1 rdturf  27 `ullbld
`amd 4  `hhms bs an/`hhms `a`amd
md > `hhms `amd
22 jass ?
4 2 af  ? hut hn   9 hf  5 ehwf  4 hnn  
9
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs > obim
2 tdft  ? jhtd`, chtd`  9 ode bfe
ordbmnbst  5 ibrbvbf  4 chstd` 9
_dvasahf; Tfat 2 5 Ypdbmdr 2; 2 hutehhr dsib`bthr  
2 jbticds  ? jafa-jbrmdt   9 tajdtbo`d  ? (wb`m up) stdps
Lrbjjbr p22
5 pbssphrt ihftrh`  4 oa``  > jbt  Ypdbmdr ?; 2 jdtrhibo`d hr ibo`d ibr  
2 ? ous
< ohbreafl pbss  3 luaedohhm
2 ‑s rbaf afl  ? ‑j `astdfafl  9 erafm 
rbafafl
5
5 ‑j `dbrfafl  4 brd jhvafl  > ihjds _dbeafl p29
2 o  ? o  9 b  5 b  4 o  > i  < o
? 2b bfe 2o 4
b Eh yhu wbft  o ‑j whrmafl  i fdde  b
2 ldt birhss  ? ldt brhufe  9 ldt …
e mfhw  d as yhur prhkdit lhafl  ?
ehwf  5 ldt tcrhulc th  4 ldt hf
n ‑j tryafl  l b`wbys `dbvd 2 b  ? o  9 b  5 o  4 b  > o watc  > ldt brhufe th
9 9
2 Khsc usub``y wdbrs …  ? Jbr`dy as fdvdr Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p2>
ldfdrhus E `bzy F
`btd nhr sichh`.  9 Bffb as b`wbys nhrldttafl 2
bevdfturhus E flt E
cdr …  5 Jbrius as cbvafl b schwdr ralct 2 o  ? i  9 b  5 e
`amds ebfldr W bjoatahus E
fhw …  4 \d ehf‑t hntdf lh th … ?
sd`flsc F brrhlbft F
5 ?  Cd usde th dbt ibmds, out fhw cd dbtsdbts
ohrafl F icddrnu` W
2 ✙  ?  ✜ Ycd `hhms  9  ✜ Ucas nhhe tbstds  nruat.
5 ✙  4  ✜ A tcafm
5
9  Ycd usde th cbvd schrt cbar,
cbar, out fhw scd
2 pdeb`s  ? ih``bpsd   9 ihpd watc 
^hibou`bry p22 cbs `hfl cbar.
5 tbfedj  4 nbfiy erdss 
5  Cd eaef‑t usd
usd th wdbr l`bssds,
l`bssds, out fhw
2 > ihfstbft`y   < jhthrasde
cd ehds.
Oua`e Cdalct Cbar Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p25 4  Cd eaef‑t usd th p`by ruloy, out fhw cd
tcaf tb`` ob`e 2 ehds.
hvdrwdalct jdeauj iur`y b  ihjp`dtde o  af prhlrdss i  odnhrd >  Ycd eaef‑t usd th `astdf th tcd rbeah, out
oal cdalct strbalct fhw scd ehds.
?
strhfl schrt schrt 9
2 o  ? b  9 i
sjb`` wbvy 2  ✜ (wbs vdry dxiatde)  ? ✙ 
9
9  ✜ (usde th `avd)  5 ✙  4 ✙ 
@hhms Wdrshfb`aty 2 cbe spdft, brravde  ? cbe cbppdfde,
>  ✜ (usde th od)  <  ✜ (whf) 
odbutanu` rd`abo`d thhm  9 Cbe yhu b`rdbey `dbrft,
3 ✙
stbrtde  5 sthppde, cbe `hst 
prdtty sd`flsc
4 eaef‑t wbft, cbe nhrlhttdf  > cbe fdvdr
lhhe- pbtadft L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p25
trbvd``de, nd`t  < wdrd, cbe rbafde
`hhmafl ib`j 5
5
cbfeshjd o  eaef‑t usd th ldt i  stbrtde e  whu`e
2 o  ? b  9 e  5 n   4 d  > i
? spdfe/usde th spdfe/spdft d  lrdw
4
2 quadt  ? tb`mbtavd  9 sdrahus 2 wbs lrhwafl, eaef‑t cbvd, `avde  n   thhm/whu`e
lh/usde th lhtbmd/usde
tbmd/usde th tbmd a usde
c cbe stbrtde l  whu`e
th
5  brrhlbft  4 nuffy  > uftaey
? wbs, cbe `dbrft  9 stbrtde, wdrd ﬏yafl spdfe/whu`e spdfe  k  odibjd m  wbs
5 eaef‑t tbmd, cbe `dft 4 usde, wbs lrhwafl `  cbe/usde th th cbvd

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Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p2<

Edvd`hpafl 9  A eh ``hvd
hvd tcd nhhe. Tsd hn Dfl`asc p?2
2 5  Ucd schppafl idftidftrd
rd as suic b fh
fhasy
asy 9
2 A‑e `amd th lh th Eufedd, p`dbsd.  ? As p`bid. o  th i  th e  trbvd``de d  usde
at b eardit trbaf8  9 Dbr`y af tcd jhrfafl, 4  A eae dfkhy tcd vasat th tcd zhh ydstdreby. n   whu`e l  wdrd c  odibusd a  At  k  od
an phssao`d.  5 A‑j trbvd``afl fdxt 4
\ratafl p?2
Ybtureby.  4 A‑e `amd b rdturf, p`dbsd. Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
5
?
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
At `dbvds bt 1.?> fht 27.?> _dvasahf; Tfats 2’?
4
Ucdrd brd tcrdd icbflds, fht twh.
Bt Nafsoury Wbrm, yhu cbvd th icbfld flrst Lrbjjbr p21 2 jassde jy ous  ? as  9 `ullbld
2 5 `hhms `amd  4 ajpbtadft   > usde
th @hfehf ^aithrab, fht th I`bpcbj
< nbrd 3 thhm hnn   1 A‑e `amd, rdturf
Ihjafl obim tcdrd brd twh icbflds, fht 2 wbs raeafl, sbw  ? sth`d, wbs
taimdt  27 chw juic tcd taimdt as 
tcrdd `hhmafl  9 brravde, wdrd wbatafl 
22 wdrd schppafl  2? cbe icdimde af
At brravds bt 21.77, fht 21.97. 5 wbs tryafl, fhtaide
9 ? Tfat 9
2 A‑e `amd b rdturf taimdt th 2 Ycd cbe fdvdr ﬏hwf odnhrd.  ? Cd cbe
Lua`enhre.   ? Ibf yhu td`` jd tcd spdft at hf swddts.  9 Jy h`e pchfd cbe ^hibou`bry p??
ihst8  9 Ibf yhu td`` jd wcdf tcd trbaf orhmdf.  5 A cbe b`rdbey rdbe at. 2
`dbvds8  5 Bfe eh A cbvd th icbfld, 9 ? ihttbld  9 ouflb`hw  5 tdrrbide
p`dbsd8  4 Yhrry, A eaef‑t ibtic tcbt. 2 A usde th raed b oamd, out fhw A eravd chusd  4 ﬏bt  > sdja-edtbic
sdja-edtbicde
de chusd
5 b ibr.  ? Kdss usde th cbtd ﬏yafl, out b > o 4 i 5 e 2
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs fhw scd as b pa`ht.  9 Jbfey usde th ?
`amd ibjpafl, out fhw scd prdndrs stbyafl
4 a z i h r l j s p s z l f y
af chtd`s.  5 Lbry usde th wdbr sichh`
2 Ihu`e yhu wratd at ehwf nhr jd, p`dbsd8 ufanhrj, out fhw cd wdbrs kdbfs.  4 Ucd s q u b r d o o m h y x q p
?  As at phssao`d th pby oy ibre8 twafs usde th cbvd `hfl cbar, out fhw tcdy ` j e z w r i y o x r n x `
9  Ihu`e yhu praft
praft hut tcd tajd
tajdss nhr jd8 `amd schrt cbar. t ` z x u x s d p u c t n y
5  Ibf yhu td`` jd chw juic at ihst ihsts8
s8 5 o q b o o i z h i l d l p r  
4  \caic p`btnhrj ehds at `dbvd nrhj, n o u c r s t r a m s t u h
2 usde th `avd  ? brd stbyafl, brd
p`dbsd8 jdfeafl  9 tcafm  5 wbs iyi`afl, f s i b f i u m q a s b t t

> stbrtde  4 cbe `dnt c n p s f w ` ` i k f w c i

q d b k w y h e e f a j r b
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
^hibou`bry p21 r e w s v f f t s a s d h n  
<
2
2 Hf ch`aeby. ?  B odbic bfe b phrt, 2 safl`d  ? ibfid`  9 jass  5 nbrd 9
watc b iruasd scap af wbtdr (jhuftbafs, 2 i`dbf  ? `avd`y  9 irhwede/ousy  
4  ed`by
sjb``dr ohbts bfe pdhp`d). 9 Ucdy brd 5 casthrai 4  quadt
hf b iruasd scap af tcd Ibraoodbf 5  Ucdy ?
brd sufobtcafl bfe rdbeafl. 4 Ucdy brd 2 tdft  ? ibrbvbf  9 chstd` ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p??
5  chtd`
wdbrafl i`htcds nhr swajjafl bfe b`sh 5
schrts bfe U-scarts. 9
b  scde o  lbrbld i  icajfdy e  rhhn
3 ?  ehwf  9 hnn   5 bwby  4 hut hn 
d  phric n   nrhft ehhr l  eravd c  pbtc
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 5 a  lbtd  k  nrhft lbredf
Edvd`hpafl wratafl p23
Edvd`hpafl 2 icddrnu`  ? shiabo`d  9 tb`mbtavd
_dbeafl p?9
5  d`edr`y  4 `ullbld
2 2 bfe ?
b  9 o  4 i  > e  5 d  ? n   2 Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
dxbjs; Tfats 2’?
Lbtdwby th dxbjs;
? 9
b, i, d _dbeafl p?7 b  ? o  5 i  4 e  9 d  2 n   >
9 2 5
wcbt bf afirdeao`d p`bid! / wd eae dfkhy 2 o ? i  9 o  5 b  4 b  > i 2 odibusd `hib`s eae fht `amd tcd aedb
at. / wbs suic bf ufnhrldttbo`d dxpdradfid hn b fui`dbr phwdr stbtahf af
/ A `hvde at / tcdrd as b rdb``y spdiab` @astdfafl p?7
tcd 21<7s.  ? idftrb` cdbtafl hr
btjhspcdrd. / A ibf‑t wbat. / A eh `hvd zhhs! ? bar ihfeatahfafl  9 _adsd`nd`e bfe ^buobf 
5 Ypdbmdr 2 i Ypdbmdr ? d Ypdbmdr 9 b 5  Easic‑s chjd, odibusd at prheuids flvd
2 At wbs suic b nbftbstai dxpdradfid. Ypdbmdr 5 e tajds (fht nhur tajds) jhrd dfdrly tcbf tcd
?  Wdhp`d wdrd sh nradfe`y bfe cd`
cd`pnu`.
pnu`. chusd fddes.  4 odibusd tcdy prheuid
jhrd dfdrly tcbf tcdy fdde   > tcdy ibf

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afvdst af lrddf dfdrly prhkdits, d.l. tcd pbimde ’ irhwede, cdbvafl >
stbeauj= tcdy b`sh lavd dfdrly obim th tcd stuffafl ’ ordbtctbma
ordbtctbmafl,
fl, spditbiu`br  2  B iaty af Icafb. ?  @hts hn hn smysirbpdrs,
smysirbpdrs,
idftrb` phwdr lrae, bfe ldt jhfdy nhr at bfiadft ’ prdcasthrai prhobo`yy hnflids bfe `uxury ﬏bts= o`hims hn
prhobo`
4 tafy ’ jafasiu`d, jafutd ﬏bts bfe chusds bfe shjd lrddf brdbs= b
2, 9, 5, 4, > erdbenu` ’ bwnu`, tdrrao`d vdry ousy rhbe. 9  A ehf‑t `amd tcd smysirbpdrs ,
tcdy `hhm vdry afeustrab`= A `amd tcd lrddf
> Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p?> brdbs bfe tcd sjb``dr chusds. 5  A tcafm at
2 rdsaedfts   ? ldfdrbtde  9 bwbres whu`e od ousy, irhwede bfe tarafl th `avd af.
2
5  rhtbtds  4 ajpbit   > scbrds
2 oddf  ? cbs  9 `avafl  <
Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p?5 5 ‑vd/cbvd  4 jdt
b  eurbtahf o  schrt i  ihjp`dtd Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
2
Edvd`hpafl wratafl p?3
Wrdsdft pdrndit sajp`d; 2, ?, 4 e  chw jbfy tajds d  flfascde
n   afihjp`dtd 2
Wbst sajp`d; 9, 5
2 Fdwibst`d  ? At wbs lrdbt th cdbr nrhj
? ?
yhu, Ucbfms nhr yhur `dttdr   9 \ratd blbaf
b tcd pbst o  tcd prdsdft i  stbrtde 2 oddf ehafl  ? cbe  9 jdt 
shhf, B`` tcd odst  5 Oy tcd wby
e  ihftafud d  ihjp`dtde n   spdiafli 5 oddf ehafl  4 oddf jbmafl 
> cbe  < jbed ?
9
2 U  ? FJ  9 N  5 FJ  4 N  > U
2 jhvde  ? cbe  9 ‑vd oddf  9
2 Cd‑s oddf ihhmafl nhr twh churs.   9
5 Eae cd bsm  4 cbsf‑t `avde
? Ucdy‑vd oddf p`byafl lh`n safid fafd h‑i`him.  Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
5
9 Ucdy‑vd oddf icbttafl nhr nhur churs.  
?  Cbs scd dvdr sddf bf Atb`abf fl`j8 Qds,
Qds,
5 Ycd‑s oddf trbvd``afl nhr sax churs. _dvasahf; Tfats 2’9
scd cbs. Ycd sbw Iafdjb Wbrbeash `bst
4 Cd‑s oddf s`ddpafl nhr fafd churs.
ydbr.  9 Cbvd tcdy dvdr spdft bfy tajd af Lrbjjbr p?1
Yiht`bfe8 Qds,
Qds, tcdy cbvd. Ucdy `avde hf b
Yihttasc as`bfe af 2115. L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p?> 2
5 2 cbvdf‑t sddf  ? ohulct  9 Cbvd yhu
4
2 Chw `hfl cbvd yhu oddf `avafl af @hfehf8  oddf  5 cbvd mfhwf  4 Eae yhu wbtic
2  kust, ydt  ? fdvdr, dvdr   9 b`rdbey  ? \cdf eae yhu brravd8  9 Cbvd yhu jbed 
jbed  ?
5 safid  4 nhr  jbfy nradfes8  5 Cbvd yhu jdt bfy faid 2 ydt  ? b`rdbey  9  kust  5 fdvdr   4  nhr 
@hfehfdrs8   4 Chw `hfl cbvd yhu oddf
L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p?5 9
p`byafl tcd luatbr8  > Cbvd yhu oddf th b
> ihfidrt af @hfehf ydt8  < \cdf eae yhu ?  A‑vd oddf i`dbfafl jy churs. 
jy oamd nhr twh churs.
b Cbvd yhu dvdr cdbre  o cbs  i `ads  stbrt `dbrfafl Dfl`asc8 9 A‑vd dbtdf 27 oasiuats.  5 A‑vd kust sddf
e cbs oddf  d cbsf‑t dxastde  n cbs hf`y b lchst.  4 A‑vd kust whf tcd spd``afl
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oddf  l wdft  c (cbe) flfascde 
a cbvd oua`t  k `amd  m brd 2 5
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2
2 bosh`utd`y   ? thtb``y  9 bosh`utd`y ? ^hibou`bry p?1
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5  ihjp`dtd`y  4 rdb``y  > bosh`utd`y 2
?  b lar`, sjb`` oua`eafl nhr jusaiabfs,
? edimicbars, trdds, `hvd`y h`e oua`eafls, b 2 oha`afl  ? pbimde/irhwede 
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9 bwby nrhj tcd `avd`y iaty. 5 phrt  4 ihttbld >  thwf cb``
b  ? o  9 i  2 e  4 d  5 9 9
5 b tcd nhrdlrhufe  o tcd jaee`d  2 e  ? o  9 b  5 i
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5
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4 9  /v/ 5  /f/
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4
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Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
4  turmdy  > strbwodrry   < ibrrht

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3  tufb  1 irdbj  27 p`uj  22 pad  chjdwhrm thfalct bfe tcdf A‑j prhobo`y Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p94
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? 27.97, A‑`` lh th ode.
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9 2 ?  b ralct o aedb i blrdd
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9
5 <  ufedricbrlde
2 vdldtbrabf  ? rbw  9 nrdsc  5 tbsty ? odnhrd
oartceby/ yhu‑rd
/ prdndr 
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4 hvdr-djpcbsasd  > prd-wbscde dfhulc / shjdwcdrd
^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p97
9 lhhe / schu`e
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2 e  ? b  9 i  5 d  4 l  > n   < o 5
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diud.
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b  brd … lhafl th od o  lh i  ‑j e  flfascde d  oy 2 Bf dfe-hn-dxbjs pbrty  ? orafl b
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2o b  wa`` od swajjafl o  wa`` od ruffaf
ruffafl
l ?
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9 wa``/whf‑t   5 lhafl th d  wa`` od puttafl n   wa`` od
od ﬏yafl usds jhrd afnhrjb` `bflubld
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ma`hjdtrd.
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cd Ychrtdr sdftdfids af B
9
wafehws.
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5  Oy jaeeby U Uhj
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4  Oy 9 pj [bi wa`` cbvd pbaftde tcd
5 strdssnu`, out A tcafm tcdy‑rd lhafl wd``.
lbrbld ehhr.
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>  Oy 4 pj U Uhj
hj wa`` cbvd iut tcd lrbss.
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<  Oy 1 pj tcdy wa`` cbvd ohtc nb``df bbs`ddp
s`ddp
b  ‑s lhafl th ldt o A‑`` bsm i  whf‑t jafe jalct od b oat `btd tchulc. A‑j lhafl hut
af nrhft hn tcd U^.
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l  brd wd lhafl th `alct c  as lhafl th L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p95 jbtic, out A rdimhf wd‑`` ldt obim bt brhufe
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5
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> Ucbfms blbaf nhr tcd afvatbtahf. A‑j rdb``y
cbvd `dnt  4 ldts af/as ldttafl af / wa``
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jbtic. Ucbt flfascds bt sax h‑i`him. Ucdf ldt af    3> whu`e/usde
`avde usde th od/wbs < cbvd
  ibjpafl
th lh B`` tcd odst,
A‑j lhafl chjd bfe A‑j lhafl th cbvd jy 1 cbvdf‑t thuicde Naff
eaffdr. A‑j cd`pafl jy `att`d sastdr watc cdr 9
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs

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\ratafl p91 9
_dvasahf; Tfats 2’5
4 2 sphfshr   ? edim  9 jhfshhf
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2 > 5
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? sddf  > nhr tcrdd ydbrs  < cbs cd oddf
2b
2 wa`` od  ? ‑s lhafl  9 wa`` waf  stueyafl  3 fl`tcy  1 ebary  27 ihjds 
2 ibf‑t, hulct th  ? justf‑t  9 ibf‑t,
5 ‑`` cbvd  4 brd yhu ehafl 22 wd‑`` od `avafl
9 cbe  odttdr
ibf 5 ehf‑t cbvd th  4 cbvd th,
> schu`e
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4 wa`` cbvd nhufe hut
2 ?
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e oddf `avafl d  ihjafl n   ‑`` od < Dfl`asc 3  oah`hly  1 dflafddrafl < ibf 3  schu`ef‑t
l  wdrd p`bffafl
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whrm
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stuey
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5 ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p57 e  khurfb`ast d  edftast n   afstruithr 
2 i  ? l  9 d  5 c  4 b  > o  < a 5 ?
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9
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2 Odibusd hn rbaf bfe ﬏hheafl, odibusd 2 b  ? i  9 e  5 o
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5
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9  Odibusd hfid pupa`
pupa`ss sthp bttdfe
bttdfeafl
afl
9 e  whrmafl d  edtba` n   ebtb l  pbtadft
tdjphrbra`y, tcdy hntdf ehf‑t ihjd obim.
2 nhhe p`bfts/irhps  ? tcare  9 sdrahus  c  quaim`y a  bffhyafl  k tcd trutc/fdws
5  Cd sbvde up bfe cd lht sphfshrs th cd`p.
5 wafe 4  Icafb  > sdvdrb` rdbshfs  m  eanndrdft/irdbtavd `  sty`d j  rd`bxde/
4  Ucdy brd sh`br phwdrde, usafl pbfd`s hf ihjnhrtbo`d
< strdssde bfe wdbm tcd ohbts‑ rhhns.
Tsd hn Dfl`asc p91 >  <7% hn chjds eh fht cbvd d`ditraiaty.
5 Ucdy ibf fhw whrm bfe stuey bntdr ebrm.
2 B  ? E  9 I  5 I  4 I  > B <  E < `aorbrads, trbafafl idftrds, i`afais, nbrjafl
3  O 1  I 27  O 22  I 2?  E ohbts
3  Uh lavd tcdj b odttdr icbfid af `and, bfe
odibusd oy ?747 hfd flntc hn Obfl`bedsc
ihu`e od ufedr wbtdr.

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^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p59 5 bfe 4 ^hibou`bry p5<

4 brlujdft dfvarhfjdft qub`aflibtahf 2
sdiuraty deuibtahf ufavdrsaty ibrddr bevaid 2 oah`hly  ? `atdrbturd   9 dflafddrafl
bithr  pbaftdr 
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`dbedr  trbfs`bthr  Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs ?
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pabfast icdjast 2  tddfbldr ?  nhrdlrhufe 9  ibjdrb 5  psyich`hly  4 icdjastry  > WD
sba`hr  cbarerdssdr  5  lar` 4  jhuftbafs >  sidfdry 9
td`dpchfast jusaiabf <  `hhms djp`hydr, djp`hydd
vah`afast pbydd 3  khurfb`ast
butchr  rdidptahfast Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs prhndsshr 
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1 trbafdr, trbafdd
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ph`ataiabf
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2 sdihfe  ? zdrh  9 flrst 5
rafl shhf.  ? Lavd jd shjd cd`p.  9 A‑e
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5 ‑`` cd`p  4 lhds  > ‑`` `dbrf < erdbenu` 3  bfiadft
9
5 Yphrts `dbedr hf b sujjdr ibjp. Tfat >
?  An A cbe b ybict, A‑e sba` brhufe tcd 5
whr`e.  9 An A carde b surflfl afstruithr, ^hibou`bry p53
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A‑e odihjd bf dxpdrt surndr.  5 An A 2
vdry aftdrdstde af b`` tdbj sphrts= A ibf‑t wbat
cbe bf dxpdfsavd ibjdrb, A‑e tbmd lrdbt
th cdbr nrhj yhu 2 o  ? e  9 l  5  k  4 c  > b  < a
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4 3  i  1 n   27 d
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pdrshf, A‑e lavd `hts hn jhfdy th icbraty.
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4
> ?
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ihjd th tcd ih``dld pbrty  4 trbaf wbsf‑t Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 2 rdjhtd ihftrh`  ? jairhwbvd hvdf 
`btd, cd whu`e brravd hf tajd 9 eascwbscdr   5 ealatb`

L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p55 _dvasahf; Tfats 2’4 ibjdrb 4  sbtfbv > JW9 p`bydr 
5
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fdde  l lbvd  c whu`e ihjd ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p53
5 cbvd th  4 just  > ibf
a  cbvd oddf `avafl  k wa`` vasat 4
?
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5 tcd swatic
2 4 rdvasd
nhr at >
9
2 swatic hnn   ? afsdrt  9 turf up 
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5 easihffditde
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9 2 An A cbe (shjd) jhfdy, A‑e ouy b fdw oamd.   2

2 A‑j lhafl th tb`m bohut  ? \cbt‑s jhrd  ? A usde th wdbr schrts b`` ydbr af prajbry Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
9 Narst hn b``  5 Ydihfe`y  4 Bfhtcdr tcafl  sichh`.  9 An A wbs h`edr A ihu`e stby hut ?
> Nafb``y  < Ucd phaft A‑j tryafl th jbmd bntdr tdf h‑i`him.  5 A‑vd mfhwf Khcbf
 ^d`irh
 ^d`irh ’ hfd pchth schws chw ^
^d`irh
d`irh as
safid ?773.

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usde bfe tcd htcdr hfd schws tcd p`bft `amd yhu‑rd easbpphaftde. Eh yhu mfhw bohut
bohut 4
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9 whrrade bohut ndd`afl djobrrbssde, odibusd >
2 E  ? N  9 B  5 O  4 I  > D  < O tcdy brd vdry ufedrstbfeafl tcdrd. An yhu‑vd
2  A ibf sdd tcrdd stuedfts, twh lar`s
lar`s bfe
3  N rdb`asde tcbt yhu‑rd tarde hn yhur ihursd, kust
hfd ohy bfe tcdy‑rd prhobo`y nradfes.
lh bfe sdd tcdj. Ucdy brd rdsphfsao`d nhr
5 ? Ucdy‑rd prhobo`y shjdwcdrd af tcd
cd`pafl stuedfts swatic ihursds. A tcafm at‑s
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5  trbjph`afd  4 chhm  > trbfsp`bft af b pbrm. 9  A tcafm tcdy‑rd datcdr
datcdr tdxtafl
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4
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5 ohrde odibusd tcdy‑rd jhrd aftdrdstde af
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^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p42
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bt tcd hptaiabf8
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>  Chw hntdf eh yhyhur
ur lrbfepbr
lrbfepbrdfts
dfts cbvd/ Nurtcdrjhrd,, Nafb``y
Nurtcdrjhrd
9  Ucd fdws as odafl rdbe
rdbe oy Bffb \a``abjs
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thfalct. 4
i`afai8
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4  Ucd prhndsshrs wa`` od jdt bt tcd trbaf Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
9
stbtahf.
2 d  ? n   9 o  5 b  4 e  > i
>  Ucd jbf wbs sdftdfide
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ohhm ib``de Obe Yiadfid wbs wrattdf Lrbjjbr p44
5
oy b Oratasc khurfb`ast. 2
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3  B rdbeafl systdj
systdj nhr tcd o
o`afe
`afe wbs d  th cbvd n   brluafl l  th tcafm c  wbstafl 
wbstafl  2 Ja``ahfs hn a``dlb` E^Es brd sh`e dbic ydbr.
afvdftde oy @huas Orba``d. a  cbvd  k th eh m  Ychwafl `  cbvafl ?  Ucd fdxt H`yjpais wa`` wa`` od cd`e af jy
jy
1  Nhur wafehws wdrd ebjblde oy tcd wafe. ihuftry.
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Edvd`hpafl
Edvd`hpafl vhibou`bry bfe
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2
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2 ?
?
2 lhhe bt/aftdrdstde af  ? bwbrd hn   ?  \d b`wbys cbvd
cbvd hur U^ flxde wcdf at
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs ordbms ehwf.
9 eanndrdft th/nrhj  5 lhhe nhr/bt 
4 aftdrdstde af  > whrrade bohut  9 9  A cbe jy oamd jdfede `bst jhftc.
< ohrde hn/watc  3 bnrbae hn   2 e  ? i  9 n   5 d  4 o  > b 5  Jy ebe‑s
ebe‑s cbe b wdosatd edsalfde nhr cas
1 rdsphfsao`d nhr   27 saja`br th 5b bfe 5o fdw ihjpbfy.

? 2 Ohtc hn tcd pchths schw yhufl pdhp`d. 4  \d brd cbvafl b`` tcd oderhhjs pbaftde.
Faid th cdbr nrhj yhu. Qhur fdw ihursd ?  Qhu ibf td`` odibusd hn tcd whhedf  >  A usub``y cbvd jy ohhts rdpbarde.
shufes saja`br th jafd. A‑j rdb``y p`dbsde tbo`d bfe tcd dquapjdft. <  Jy pbrdfts cbe phrtrbats pbaftde hn jd
watc tcd ichaid A‑vd jbed, out yhu shufe 9  Chwdvdr, tcdrd brd sdvdr bb`` eanndrdfids. bfe jy sastdr.

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5  wbticafl  4 @dbrfafl ? D`dpcbft ph`h as p`byde
5 tdffas ihurt rbimdt b nrhft raedr wchsd kho as th luaed tcd
2 wdrd tbmdf  ? as odafl rdpbarde  nhhtob`` patic lhb` phst d`dpcbft
9 whu`e icdim  5 wbs trbvd``afl  smaafl s`hpd lhll`ds _aedrs usd staims wcaic/tcbt … tcdy b`wbys
4 cbvd oddf wbatafl  > as ed`byde, ‑`` ib``  aid-smbtafl rafm smbtds cat …
< ehf‑t pbss lh`n ihursd i`uo Ucd patic wcdrd tcdy p`by … wcdf tcd
^hibou`bry p44 btc`dtais trbim trbafdrs d`dpcbfts brd icbflde.
2 9 Ucd sazd hr wdalct hn tcd d`dpcbfts wcaic/
tcbt ihjpdtd …
b eascwbscdr   o vbiuuj i`dbfdr   2 ohufid  ? cat  9 odbt  5 sihrde
i sbtfbv  e rdjhtd ihftrh` 4  sihrd  > lbjd … cdb`tc bfe sbndty hn tcd bfajb`s wcaic/
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?
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5
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2
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_dbeafl p4> ? dxpdradfide tdbj wbs mfhimde hut af tcd

2 i  ? o  9 b flrst rhufe.
2
9 9
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? 5 Bfta-lrbvaty yhlb as lhhe nhr yhur cdbrt bfe
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5  boshro  4 vbry  > `bydr  _dvdrsd ruffafl as lhhe nhr ob`bfid,
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9 Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 4
2 i  ? i  9 o  5 b  4 b  > o Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p>7 2 N  ? U  9 N  5 N  4 U  > N  < U
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2
5 2 wch/tcbt   ? wcaic/tcbt  9 wcdrd  ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p>2
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rdsphfsao `d nhr 4  cbvafl jy dyds
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2 o  ? i  9 b  5 d  4 n   > e
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<
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n   wch, wcaic hr tcbt   l pdrshf, tcafl,
4 hut  5 sdfe hnn   4 ibrry hf
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>
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4 schu`e wdbr   > A‑`` jddt, Odafl 
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27 brd cbvafl b pazzb ed`avdrde 2 wcdrd  ? wcdf  9 wcdf  5 wcaic ?
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Tfat < 4 4  wcdf  > wchsd
2 d (wch)  ? n (wchsd)  9 o (wcdf)  9
^hibou`bry p43
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idftrd, wcdrd jy
2 < i (wcdrd) shf whrms hut, as orbfe fdw.  9 Ucas phh`,
2 sfhwohbreafl   ? obsmdtob``  9 smaafl wcdrd Uhj Eb`dy usde th prbitasd, as 47
5  lh`n   4 aid chimdy  > btc`dtais  jdtrds.  5 Ucd iraimdtdrs, wch lht vdry
< vh``dyob``  3 eavafl  1  nhhtob``  earty oy tcd dfe hn tcd jbtic, wdrd wdbrafl

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wcatd.  4 Ucd Nrdfic ruffdr, wchsd nbja`y Edvd`hpafl wratafl p>5

Edvd`hpafl ^hibou`bry p>4
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ihjafl flrst.
b  \cy bfe chw vaedh lbjafl as ajphrtbft 2 aid chimdy  ? nhhtob``   9 sba`afl
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2 E  ? E  9 FE  5 E  4 FE o  tcd deathr hn
hn tcd jblbzafd i oy djba` ?
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9 2 up  ? af  9 hut  5 up  4 nhr 
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? o  Af nhhtob``, wcaic
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byde 5
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aftdrfbtahfb``y af 23<?, at‑s `uimy th cbvd
b ehuo`d fujodr hf yhur scart. 9 b  Af 5
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staims irhssde. 5 b  Af obsmdtob
obsmdtob``,``, wchsd
^hibou`bry p>>
2 Cas cdbrt odbts quaim`y.
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?  Cd tb`ms bohut at watc nradfes.
nradfes.
at‑s lhhe `uim th wapd tcd sh`ds hn yhur 2  lb``dry ?  smdtic 9 sta`` `and
9  ^dry phpu`br; stbeaujs ibf bttrbit
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wcaic
aic flrst odibjd
odibjd 5  bostrbit 4  dxcaoatahf >  sd`n-phrtrbat
tchusbfes hn spditbthrs.
bf H`yjpai sphrt af 231>, at‑s obe `uim th <  siu`pturd 3  `bfesibpd
5  Fh, hf`y tcd jdftb` sihrds.
ch`e jhrd tcbf twh ob``s wcdf sdrvafl. 2o
4  Ucdrd as `dss pcysaib` dxdriasd.
pafl spdbmafl p>9
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prhndssahfb`
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jdrs cd
2
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? > 2 `bfesibpd  ? sd`n-phrtrbat  9 sta`` `and 
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3  U
9
9 _dvasahf; Tfats 2’<
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2 5
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4  wch 4 pabfasts
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4
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2 aftdrvb`  ? taimdts  9 vasathrs
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odibjd tcd flrst whjbf th i`ajo Dvdrdst.
5
2  iraimdt ?  dxdriasd 9  hptajastai ?  Ucd vdry flrst H`yjp
H`yjpaisℯ,
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5  brlujdft 4  ajphrtbfid
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4 9  Ucd flrst jhedrf H`H`yjpai
yjpai Lbjds
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> b`sh thhm p`bid.
9
2  Af tcas paiturd tcdrd
tcdrd brd flvd tddfbldrs, 5  Lh`n ob``s, wcaic brd fhw sh`ae, usde th
2 o  ? o  9 b  5 i  4 i  > b
hfd ohy bfe nhur lar`s. ?  A tcafm tcdy brd ihftbaf `aquae.
4  _aicbre \a``abjs, wchsd ebulctdrs Ydrdfb 5
af shjdhfd‑s lbredf. 9  Ucdy brd dbtafl
pazzb. 5  Jbyod tcas pchth
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bntdr ehafl shjd sphrt hr pdrcbps at as dxtrdjd`y phhr bs b ica`e. 4
shjdhfd‑s oartceby. 5 2 jafabturd   ? o`ho  9 djpbtcasd
< 2 p`byde  ? lbvd  9 wcaic  5 lht hut  5  thuicafl  4 prhkditde   > puee`d
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< ‑j lhafl th jbmd
3 Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p>3
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 2
wbs vasatafl= cbe vasatde= cbe vasatde= whu`e
vasat= ihu`e vasat= jalct vasat= cbe th

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? ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p>> jafutds `btdr 3  bntdr b ndw jafutds 

? eaef‑t mfhw  9 jalct tbmd  5 ihu`e ldt  > 1 Nafb``y  27 Af tcd dfe  22 Bntdrwbres
4 wb`mde pbst cas afstb``btahfs 2 tcra``afl  ? jhvafl  9 dxcbustde 5
9 5  p`dbsde  4 bffhyde  > bjusafl Bt tcd odlaffafl hn b edsiraptahf;
edsiraptahf; bt flrst,
2 Cd sbae cas ebe cbe jbed caj b trbaf sdt flrst
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2
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2 sbjd, stbtdjdfts  ? suokdit, fht 
?  Cd sbae tcbt wcdf
wcdf cd cbe lht ehehwf
wf Bt tcd dfe hn b edsiraptahf; flfb``y, af tcd dfe
9 eh  5 wcdtcdr 
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sthrads
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4 5o jaee`d hn tcd eby.
b  bsmde o  oddf/odihjd i  wcaic 3
b  afflfatavd o  fdidssbry i  th`e e  bsmde
e  th`e d  cbe n   us l  tcdrd c  wdrd Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
a  lhafl
4
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fds.‑ Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
`astdfafl p>1
5  –W`dbsd jhvd b `att`d nbstdr‑. Edvd`hpafl wratafl p<?
2
> 2
2 bjbzde  ? aftdrdstafl   9 surprasafl
2 Ucd luaed bsmde tcdj th `dbvd b`` tcdar 2 d  ? l  9 b  5 o  4 n   > i  < e
5  ufafsparde  4 nralctdfafl  > rd`bxde
tcafls bt tcd dftrbfid.
<  ohrde  3 easbpphaftafl ?
? Ucd luaed th`e hfd hn tcd ohys fht th lh
? bitahf, erbjb, siadfid flitahf, tcra``dr 
thh i`hsd th tcd pbaftafls.
2 tdrranyafl  ? whrrade  9 sbtasflde 9 Ucd luaed th`e twh lar`s fht th dbt tcdar 9
5  dftdrtbafafl sbfewaicds af tcd lb``dry. Uypd hn fl`j; siadfid flitahf bfe tcra``dr
9 5 Ucd luaed bsmde tcd tdbicdr th tbmd tcd  Q
 Qds,
ds, tcd wratdr tcafms
tcafms at‑s
at‑s bjbzafl.
?  Uhj‑
hj‑ss jbtcs chjdwhrm as vdry ihfnusafl.
ihfnusaf l. ica`erdf afth tcd fdxt rhhj. 5
/ Uhj as vdry ihfnusde oy cas jbtcs 2 I  ? E 9 O 5 B
chjdwhrm. L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p<7 4
9  Uhfalct‑s oartceby pbrty as dxiatafl. / < 2 U ? N 9 N 5 U 4 U > N
\d brd dxiatde bohut tcd oartceby pbrty b Cd th`e jd A ihu`e cbvd b jbkhr pbrt.
thfalct. >
o  Cd th`e us th od quadt bfe (th) `astdf.
`astdf.
5  Ucd fujodr hn pdhp`d
pdhp`d bt tcd jhedrf
jhedrf Bfy hn tcd nh``hwafl;
i  Cd th`e us wd b`` cbe th wdbr hur
brt dxcaoatahf wbs surprasafl. / A wbs siadfid flitahf, tcra``dr, jbaf icbrbitdrs,
ihstujds tcbt eby.
surprasde oy tcd fujodr hn pdhp`d bt tcd wd``-mfhwf bithrs, p`ht, cbppy dfeafl,
e  Cd sbae wd ihu`e b`` flfasc dbr`y, odibusd bitafl, spdiab` dnndits
jhedrf brt dxcaoatahf.
at wbs tcd flrst eby.
4  Ucd ibfid``btahf hn
hn tcd sichh` ihfidr
ihfidrtt rd`dbsde af S, Ycd p`bys bf S, Ucd fl`j wbs
d  Cd sbae cd whu`e sdd us thjhrrhw. earditde oy
as vdry easbpphaftafl. / Ucd ica`erdf
brd vdry easbpphaftde oy/bohut tcd Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p<2
Edvd`hpafl th suj up, A whu`e edflfatd`y rdihjjdfe
ibfid``btahf hn tcd sichh` ihfidrt. 2 bfe ? Whsatavd bekditavds;
5 2 a  ? d  9 b  5 i  4 c  > n   < l bjbzafl, nbftbstai, ihfvafiafl, aftdrdstafl
aftdrdstafl,,
? 3  e  1  k  27 o afirdeao`d, dxiatafl, jdjhrbo`d, tdfsd
4 9 <
2 i  ? b  9 b  5 i  4 o  > o 2 Bt flrst  ? Narst  9 Ucdf  5 @btdr   Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
4 Bntdr tcbt  > fdxt  < B ndw

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\hrmohhm bfswdr mdy   O2+

Tsd hn Dfl`asc p<4 5  Ucd ohys easbppdbrde.

easbppdbrde. Ucdar ufi`d,
_dvasahf; Tfats 2’3
9 _aicbre, wbs tcdf tcd Mafl hn Dfl`bfe.
Lrbjjbr p<9 b th  o wcaic  i od  e wcaic 4  \d ehf‑t mfhw,
mfhw, out at as tchulct tcbt
2 d  wcaic  n ibf/jalct/ihu`e  l hn   c th datcdr Mafl _aicbre hr tcd `btdr mafl,
a  wcdrd  k up  m tcdf  ` odnhrd Cdfry ^AA ma``de tcdj.
2 Ucd ohy th`e tcd luaed cd wbs 25.
>  Odibusd tcd butchratads
butchratads ediaede tcdy
?  Cd sbae cd ihu`ef‑t sdd cas pbrdfts \ratafl p<4 ihu`ef‑t od tdstde usafl jhedrf nhrdfsai
bfywcdrd.
5 jdtches.
9  Cd b`sh th`e cdr (tcbt) cd wbsf‑t whrrade
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs <  _aicbre AAA, tcd ohys‑ ufi`d
(bfe tcbt) tcdy whu`e od tcdrd vdry shhf.
5  Cas pbrdfts brravde bfe sbae
sbae tcdy‑e oddf 4 3  Cd wbs b obe jbf
jbf ’ b va``baf,
va``baf, wch ma``de
2 wch A bejard  ? chw `hfl tcd paiturds cas hwf fdpcdws.
af tcd lb``dry schp.
thhm th pbaft  9 odbt tcd Eutic  5 wcaic 5
4  Ucdy sbae tcdy wdrd
wdrd `dbvafl (bs/od
(bs/odibusd)
ibusd)
cbs oddf bf H`yjpai sphrt safid 2 va``baf  ? phashfde   9 smd`dthf
tcdy eaef‑t wbft th jass tcd trbaf.
211?  4 blrdd watc yhu  > wcdrd 5  `dlatajbtd  4 cdar   > tcrhfd
? tcd tdffas ihurts wdrd  < wchsd <  hredrs
2 Cd wbftde th mfhw an A cbe vasatde tcd ihbic  3 vasathrs wdrd … th od quadt
lb``dry.  ? Ucdy bsmde caj wcdrd cd wbs 4
1  dxiatde  27 bit  22 cd whu`e shhf
ohrf.  9 Ucd tdbicdr bsmde us an wd cbe Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
pbaft b sd`n-phrtrbat  2? af b prdtty va``bld,
thuicde at.  5 Ycd wbftde th mfhw chw wcdrd A lrdw up Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p<3
`hfl wd cbe oddf tcdrd.
2b
9 Tfat 1
2 B  ? O  9 O  5 B
2 th`e tcd ohys fht th thuic tcd
^hibou`bry p<> 2o
siu`pturds  ? bsmde us fht th tb`m af tcd
2 b  watchut o  cbvd i pbst pbrtaiap`d
`aorbry  9 th`e jd fht th jax b`` tcd ih`hurs
2 prajd jafastdr  e  just d  47% n   ibf‑t l  277%
bt tcd sbjd
vasathrs th ldttajd 5 bt tcd
  taimdts
tcdar edsm
nrhj th`e tcd
cdr    ?  fbtahfb` bftcdj ?
5   9  ph`ataib` pbrtads 2 ibf‑t  ? just  9 jalct  5 just
2  o ?  l 9  c  5  b  4  i >  d <  n   5  quddf 4  just  > jby  < ibf‑t  3 ihu`e
3  e   4  n ̀
n `bl 9
  >  ibpatb` 2 e  ? i  9 b  5 o
^hibou`bry p<9
  <  prdsaedft 5
2
  3  d`ditahf ?  Cd jalct/jby
jalct/jby cbvd lht stuim af trbnfli.
trbnfli.
2 e  ? d  9 b  5 o  4 i
  1  ph`aiads 9  Ucdy just cbvd oddf vdry cuflry.
?
27  iurrdfiy 5  At just cbvd o`hwf
o`hwf hvdr af tcd sthrj.
sthrj.
2 jusaiabf   ? bueadfid  9 ihjphsdr
22  tcd fujodr hn pdhp`d wch `a`avd
vd af hfd 4  At jalct cbvd oddf tcd wafe.
5  shflwratdr   4 pdrnhrjdr 
pbrtaiu`br ihuftry >  Ycd jalct/jby
jalct/jby fht cbvd jbrmde at ydt.
9
? <  A just cbvd raeedf hvdr shjd orhmdf l`bss.
2 dxcbustafl  ? surprasde  9 edprdssafl
2 tcd TY  ? Wh`bfe   9 Ywatzdr`bfe  3  A ibf‑t cbvd put at af jy obl tcas jhrfafl.
5  djobrrbssde  4 aftdrdstde
5 Ypbaf 4  Kbpbf >  \b`ds
5 L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p<3
9
2 icbrbitdrs  ? ihfeuithr   9 dxiatde 4
2 o  ? b  9 i  5 e
5  easlustafl  4 stbld >  nrddzafl  b jalct  o surd  i oddf  e cbvd
< tarafl ^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p<> d  ihu`e  n jalct  l wcdrd  c b`rdbey
5 a  th`e  k cbe nhufe  m shufes   ` ib``de
Lbtdwby th dxbjs; Tfats <’3 2 vhtd  ? rdalfde   9 eaitbtds Edvd`hpafl vhibou`bry bfe
5  prdeaitahfs  4 calcdr   > maflehj `astdfafl p<1
_dbeafl p<5
_dbeafl p<< 2
2
2 bfe ? Fhufs; brasthirbiy, ebfldr, sdfsd, cd`p,
2  N (`afds 3’1) ?  N (`afd 2<) 9 U (`afds
(`afd
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs tdrrhr 
29’25) 5  FJ 4  U (`afds 21’??) >  N
Bekditavds; hnfliab`, tdrrao`d, fbturb`
(`afds ?>’?<) <  U (`afds 99’95) 3 N (`afds 9
95’94) 1  FJ 27  N (`afd (`afd 93) 2 At wbs sueedf bfe ufdxpditde. Yhjd ?
tchulct cd jalct cbvd oddf phashfde. 2 cd`p`dss  ? ibrdnu`  9 usd`dss
@astdfafl p<5
5  ibrd`dss  4 usdnu`  > cd`pnu`
? Cd wbs hf`y 57.
?  Cas yhufl shf, Dewbre. 9
2 N  ? N  9 N  5 U  4 U  > N  < U
9  th mddp caj sbnd 2 tcarsty  ? jystdrahus   9 nbjhus
3  N
5  ebfldrhus  4 ihjnhrtbo`d  > cuflry

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\hrmohhm bfswdr mdy   O2+

5 Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p32

Edvd`hpafl 4
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 2 An A cbe mfhwf wcbt wbs lhafl th cbppdf,
4 Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs A whu`e fdvdr cbvd `dnt tcd chusd. Jy
2 Uutbfmcbjuf, Mafl hn Bfiadft Dlypt pbrdfts wdrd bwby nhr tcd wddmdfe. B fdw
?
lar` af jy i`bss cbe bsmde jd th lh nhr b
?  9,977 ydbrs
ydbrs blh 2 Yhjd yhufl pdhp`d hf b edjhfstrbtahf, swaj watc cdr. A usde th `hvd swajjafl,
> prhobo`y stuedfts. Af tcd nhrdlrh
nhrdlrhufe,
ufe, out shjdtcafl jbed jd ufidrtbaf. A ehf‑t
b af 21??  o 27  i capphphtbjus tcdrd brd twh ohys wbvafl ﬏bls. Hf tcd mfhw wcy. A ihu`e cbvd sbae fh, out A eaef‑t
e pcysaib``y flt  d ohfd easdbsd  n 297 `dnt tcdrd brd shjd ph`aid hnflidrs bfe hf wbft th od ufnradfe`y sh A blrdde.
l cas/b `dl  c nb``afl/b nb``/ordbmafl cas `dl  tcd ralct tcdrd‑s b rde ehuo`d-edimdr ous.
a EFB ?  Ucdy brd ch`ea
ch`eafl
fl up salfs bfe schutafl Jbrad
pbimdecbe jbed
nruat shjd sbfewaicds
bfe erafms bfewbs
nhr us. Ucd suf cbe
hr prhtdstafl. scafafl, sh at wbs b pdrndit eby th od oy
^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p<1 9  Ucdy ihu`e cbvd cdbre bf bffhufidjdft tcd ravdr. Bs wd iyi`de th tcd ravdr, A odlbf
< bt tcdar ih``dlds hr shjd fdws hf`afd hr th ndd` cbppadr, `alct-cdbrtde. Ucd wbtdr
odbutanu` edjhirbtai hf tcd U^ wcaic cbs upsdt tcdj. wbs `hvd`y bfe wd swbj nhr churs. Bntdr
erbjbtai ndbrnu`/ndbr`dss 5  Ucdy prhobo`y ndd` bflry.
bflry. tcbt, wd cbe hur paifai. Jbrad wbs faid.
cdrhai chjd`dss 9 Ycd eaef‑t tb`m juic, out A kust tchulct scd
chpdnu`/chpd`dss jdbfaflnu` b wbvafl ﬏bls o  hf tcd ralct i Jhst hn jalct od scy.
pdbidnu` phdtai tcd e  A jdbf d jhrd yhufl pdhp`d @btdr, wcdf wd wdrd iyi`afl obim, A afvatde
rhjbftai tchulctnu`/ n  At
  At sddjs l A ajblafd c ihu`e cbvd Jbrad th ihjd th jy chusd th wbtic b
whfedrnu` tchulct`dss cdbre a  wcaic as obe  k  rdb``y bflry E^E. Out scd sja`de bfe sbae tcbt scd cbe
th ldt chjd. A wbs ndd`afl tarde bfywby, sh
whrtc`dss 5
wd sbae lhheoyd bfe `dnt dbic htcdr bt tcd
Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p37 2  fhuf (strdss as hhf
f tcd flrst sy``bo`d)
dfe hn jy rhbe.
?  vdro (strdss as h
hf
f tcd sdihfe sy``bo`d)
2 \cdf A wbs wb`mafl up th jy nrhft ehhr A
2 An Ibrtdr cbef‑t jbed tcbt afirdeao`d 4 stbrtde th ndd` tcbt shjdtcafl wbs wrhfl
easihvdry, cas `and whu`e cbvd oddf Ucdy b`` nh``hw tcd sbjd pbttdrf (strdss blbaf. Ucd ehhr wbs waed hpdf. A jalct
eanndrdft.. ?  An cd cbe oddf
ihjp`dtd`y eanndrdft flrst sy``bo`d af fhuf bfe sdihfe af vdro); cbvd nhrlhttdf th `him at, out A ibf‑t cbvd
cdb`tcy, tcdsd bitavatads whu`e cbvd oddf ihftrbst ihftrbst, afirdbsd afirdbsd, `dnt at hpdf. Jy cdbrt wbs odbtafl quaim`y
fhrjb` nhr b mafl. pdrjat pdrjat, rdnufe rdnufe, rdkdit rdkdit, bs A wb`mde s`hw`y afsaed. A sbae –cd``h!‑ out
uplrbed uplrbed fhohey bfswdrde. Yhjdohey wbs af tcd
?
>b chusd. A ib``de hut blbaf, bfe tcbt‑s wcdf …
2 o  ? o  9 b
2 F  ?  ^  9  ^  5 F  4  ^ >  ^ >
9
>o bfe >i Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
2 n   ? b  9 o  5 d  4 i  > e
2 Ucdy rdkditde jy bpp`aibtahf nhr b
5
sich`brscap. At‑s vdry easbpphaftafl. _dvasahf; Tfats 2’1
2 cbe  ? cbvd  9 cbef‑t oddf  5 ‑e
?  Bntdr b`` tcbt rdsdbric, U
Uhj
hj lht b rdb``y
4 whu`e cbvd >  cbe Lrbjjbr p39
calc jbrm.
4 9  A‑vd kust cbe bf up
uplrbed
lrbed hf jy pch
pchfd.
fd. 2
? A cbef‑t erhppde tcd ohhm af tcd obtc.   2 just  ? ibf‑t  9 just  5 jby
9 A cbef‑t orhmdf jy l`bssds.  5 jy `att`d 5  \d cbvdnhr
systdjs th hur
ihftrbst tcd twh ph`ataib`
bssalfjdft. 4  ibf‑t  > jby
orhtcdr cbef‑t erbwf hf jy ohhm. 
< ?
4 A cbef‑t spa`t jy erafm hf at.
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 2 At ibf‑t cbvd oddf Wbu`.  ? Ucd wafe
L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p37 3 jalct cbvd nralctdfde hnn yhur ibt.  9 At
just cbvd tbmdf jhftcs th prdpbrd nhr tcd
> Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs
rhyb` vasat.  5 At just cbvd oddf Kbjad wch 
wch 
2 An A‑e sddf Jbrtaf‑s sastdr, A whu`e cbvd Edvd`hpafl wratafl p3?
Edvd`hpafl rbfl tcd ehhrod``. 4 Ucdy jby cbvd whf
lavdf cdr cas wb``dt. odibusd tcdar ph`ataib` ibjpbalf wbs quatd
2
?  An Fbtcbf cbef‑t lht nhhe
nhhe phashfafl, cd suiidssnu`.  > Ucdy just cbvd icbflde
2 pbst pdrndit  ? pbst sajp`d  9 pbst
whu`e cbvd tbmdf tcd dxbj. tcd fbtahfb` bftcdj, at shufes eanndrdft.
ihftafuhus  5 usde th  4 jheb` vdros
9  An yhu cbef‑t th`e jd th usd tcbt scbjphh, 
scbjphh,  
? 9
jy cbar whu`ef‑t cbvd turfde lrddf.
2 E  ? O  9 B  5 I 2 whu`e cbvd sdft  ? whu`e cbvd 
5  An @umd‑s trbaf cbe oddf ed`byde, cd
9 cbe  5 whu`ef‑t cbvd od`advde 
whu`e cbvd brravde `btd nhr sichh`. 9
4 cbef‑t `hst
4  An D``b cbef‑t cd`pde cdr ebe jdfe tcd 2 U  ? N  9 U  5 U  4 N  > N
ibr bs b ica`e, scd whu`ef‑t cbvd odihjd 5 5
b jdicbfai. 2 lht/tbmdf/cbe, whu`e  ? wchsd 
Ytuedfts‑ hwf bfswdrs 9 cbe, 7  5 jd/us  4 tbmdf/orhulct,
>  An A‑e cbe bf dyd tdst, A whu`e cbvd rdb`asde  
mfhwf  > th  < jby/jalct/ihu`e
A fddede l`bssds.

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^hibou`bry p39 fh-; fhtcafl, fhohey, fh hfd Lrbjjbr af ihftdxt p33

2 dvdry-; dvdrytcafl, dvdryohey
dvdryohey,, dvdryhfd, 2
2 ibpatb`  ? fbtahfb` bftcdj  9 ﬏bl  dvdrywcdrd 2 i  ? o  9 b
5 phpu`btahf 4  iurrdfiy ? ?
? 2 Dvdryhfd ? shjdtcafl   9 bfytcafl, 2 whu`e `astdf  ? cbe  9 sphmd  5 cbe
2 mafl  ? prdsaedft   9 jdjodrs hn bfywcdrd, fhohey 5  dvdrywcdrd, mfhwf  4 cbef‑t ohulct  > wbs 
pbr`abjdft   5 `bws/ph`aiads shjdtcafl 4  shjdwcdrd < whu`ef‑t mddp
9 9 9
2 ibrd`dss   ? sdfsao`d  9 ihjnhrtbo`d 2 shjdtcafl  ? bfywcdrd  9  dvdrywcdrd  ?  Cd wascds scd whu`ef‑t
whu`ef‑t dbt oasiuats
oasiuats af cas
5  fbturb`  4 cd`pnu` 5 bfytcafl  4 bfyohey  >  dvdryohey  rhhj.
< shjdhfd  3 bfytcafl, fhtcafl
5 9  Cd wascds scd whu`e
whu`e bsm odnhrd
odnhrd
5 ohrrhwafl cas stbtahfdry.
2 siadftafli  ? jystdrahus  9 cd`p`dss
5  phssao`d  4 brtastai   > dfkhybo`d b  bekditavds bfe bevdros
bevdros o  fhufs i  tcbt 5  Cd wascds scd whu`ef‑t
whu`ef‑t sby rued
rued tcafls
<  uf`uimy  3 shiabo`d  1 ajpbtadft 4 bohut cas cbar.
27  ufihjnhrtbo`d  22 hvdrirhwede ? suic b ousy rhbe, sh ebfldrhus  4  Cd wascds scd whu`ef‑t
whu`ef‑t djobrrbss caj af af
2?  quadt  29 ufcdb`tcy 9 suic b nradfe`y schpmddpdr, sh cd`pnu`   nrhft hn cas nradfes.
5 brd suic irhwede p`bids, sh fhasy 5
Tfat 27 2 An hf`y A cbe ohulct tcbt kbimdt af tcd
L_BJJB_ ICB@@DFLD p3>
^hibou`bry p35 sb`d.
> ?  A wasc A‑e ohulct
ohulct tchsd Famd trbafdrs
trbafdrs hf
2 ?  Ycd‑s suic b nbst ibscadr.
ibscadr. dOby ydstdreby.
2 a  ?  k  9 e  5 d  4 l  > b  < n 9  Jafd‑s fht suic b ihh` smbtdohbre. 9  A wasc yhu whu`ef‑t
whu`ef‑t `dbvd tcd `alcts
`alcts hf af
3  i  1 o  27 c
5  Cd‑e `hst sh juic wdalct tcbt A eaef‑t dvdry rhhj.
? rdihlfasd caj/Nrbfm. 5  An hf`y jy juj cbef‑t put jy fdw
2 b obmdry  ? b outicdr‑s  9 b ohhmschp  4  Ucdrd wbs suic b obe sjd`` (a(af
f tcd ibná)  kujpdr af tcd wbsc.
wbsc.
5 b obmdry  4 b sphrts schp  > b schd tcbt wd ediaede fht th stby. 4  An hf`y shjdohey
shjdohey cbe sbvde tcd
schp  < b phst hnflid >  A‑vd oddf bt tcas sichh` safid ?725. edpbrtjdft sthrd nrhj i`hsafl ehwf.
9 <  Ucbt‑s tcd rdstburbft wcdrd A cbe jy >  A wasc A cbe iur`adr cbar.
2 trh``dy  ? rdnufe, rdidapt  9 qudud  oartceby pbrty. 4
5 icbflafl rhhj  4 easihuft, obrlbaf  3  B`` hn jy oar
oartceby
tceby ibmd wbs dbt
dbtdf
df oy jy 2 A‑e lht up dbr`adr   ? At wbs suic b quadt
> edoat  < edoat ibre, ibsc nradfes. jhrfafl/sh quadt  9 prbitaib``y fhohey
1  Wdhp`d wa`` cbvd stbrtde `avafl hf Jbrs tcdrd  5 A ihu`e cbvd b ihnndd ordbm  4 b
^HIBOT@B_Q DSUDFYAHF p35
oy/af ?797. sbfewaic hr shjdtcafl  > wcdf A
5
Edvd`hpafl
Edvd`hpafl vhibou`bry bfe
b fe rdturfde  < An hf`y cd cbe stbyde watc jd
2 flsc ihuftdr   ? bas`ds  9 prheuits 3  A bsmde cdr ph`atd`y
ph`atd`y th wbat  1 A wasc A
`astdfafl p3<
5  dsib`bthr   4 rdidapt  > iusthjdr cbe stbyde ib`jdr   27 cd th`e jd
sdrvaids  < schppafl 2
2 `dfe  ? wbstd  9 waf  5 ehfbtd Edvd`hpafl
Edvd`hpafl spdbmafl p31
_dbeafl p34
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Ucas pbld cbs oddf ehwf`hbede nrhj www.jbija``bflbtdwby?.i

www.jbija``bflbtdwby?.ihj
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