SE241: Advanced Computer

Programming
Lecture # 02: Diving In (Advancing on Basics)

Muhammad Imran
(Based on Java, The Complete Reference)
http://www.secscourses.tk

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 Outline
• The Primitive Data Types
• The Scope and Lifetime of Variables
• Type Conversion and Casting
• Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions

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 The Primitive Data Types
• Java defines eight primitive types of data: byte, short, int,
long, char, float, double, and boolean.
• These can be put in four groups:
 Integers
• This group includes byte, short, int, and long
• Whole-valued signed numbers
 Floating-point numbers
• This group includes float and double
• Numbers with fractional precision

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 The Primitive Data Types
 Characters
• This group includes char
• Represents characters in a character set, like letters and numbers
 Boolean
• This group includes boolean
• Special type for representing true/false values

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 Integers
• Four integer types:
 byte, short, int, and long
• All of these are signed
 Positive and negative values
 Java doesn’t support unsigned (positive-only) integers
• The width of an integer type
 Refers to the behavior it defines for variables and expressions of that type
 It should not be thought of as the amount of storage it consumes
• The java runtime environment
 is free to use whatever size it wants
 as long as the types behaves as are declared.

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 Integers

Name Width Range

long 64 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
int 32 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

short 16 -32,768 to 32,767

byte 8 -128 to 127

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 Example
// Compute distance light travels using long variables.
class Light {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int lightspeed;
long days;
long seconds;
long distance;
// approximate speed of light in miles per second
lightspeed = 186000;
days = 1000; // specify number of days here
seconds = days * 24 * 60 * 60; // convert to seconds
distance = lightspeed * seconds; // compute distance
System.out.print("In " + days);
System.out.print(" days light will travel about ");
System.out.println(distance + " miles.");//16070400000000
} Output
} In 1000 days light will travel about 16070400000000 miles. 7
 Floating-Point Types
• Floating-point numbers are also called real numbers.
• Used when evaluating expressions that require fractional
precision.
• There are two kinds of floating-point types, float and
double, which represent single and double precision
numbers, respectively.

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 Floating-Point Types

Name Width Range

double 64 1.7e-308 to
1.7e+308

float 32 3.4e-038 to
3.4e+038

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 Example
// Compute the area of a circle.
class Area {
public static void main(String args[]) {
double pi, r, a;
r = 10.8; // radius of circle
pi = 3.1416; // pi, approximately
a = pi * r * r; // compute area
System.out.println("Area of circle is " + a);
}
}

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 Characters
• The data type used to store characters is char.
• Java uses Unicode to represent characters.
• Unicode defines a fully international character set that can
represent all of the characters found in all human
languages.
• For this purpose, it requires 16 bits.
• The range of char is 0 to 65,536.
• There are no negative chars.

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 Example
// Demonstrate char data type.
class CharDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1, ch2;
ch1 = 88; // code for X
ch2 = 'Y';
System.out.print("ch1 and ch2: ");
System.out.println(ch1 + " " + ch2);
}
} Output
ch1 and ch2: X Y

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 Example
// char variables behave like integers.
class CharDemo2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
char ch1;
ch1 = 'X';
System.out.println("ch1 contains " + ch1);
ch1++; // increment ch1
System.out.println("ch1 is now " + ch1);
}
} Output
ch1 contains X
ch1 is now Y
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 Booleans
• The type boolean is used for logical values.

• It can be either true or false.

• This is the type returned by all relational operators, such

as a<b.

• boolean is also the type required by the conditional

expressions that govern the control statements such as if
and for.

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 Example
// Demonstrate boolean values. Output
class BoolTest { b is false
public static void main(String args[]) { b is true
boolean b;
This is executed.
b = false;
System.out.println("b is " + b); 10 > 9 is true
b = true;
System.out.println("b is " + b);
// a boolean value can control the if statement
if(b) System.out.println("This is executed.");
b = false;
if(b) System.out.println("This is not executed.");
// outcome of a relational operator is a boolean
value
System.out.println("10 > 9 is " + (10 > 9));
}
} 15
 Boolean Literals
• There are only two logical values that a boolean value can
have
 true

 false

• The values of true and false do not convert into any

numerical representation, such as 1 or 0.

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 Integer Literals
• Beginning with JDK 7, you can also specify integer literals
using binary. To do so, prefix the value with 0b or 0B.

int x = 0b1010; // means 10 in decimal

• You can embed one or more underscores in an integer

literal for readability of large integer literals.

• When the literal is compiled the underscores are

discarded.

int x = 123_456_789; 17
 The Scope and Lifetime of Variables

• All variables have a

 scope, which defines their visibility
• A code block defines a scope

• A scope determines what objects are visible to other parts of the program

 and a lifetime
• lifetime of a variable is confined to its scope

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 The Scope of Variables
• Objects declared in the outer scope will be visible to code within
the inner scope.

• However, the reverse is not true.

• Objects declared within the inner scope will not be visible outside
it.

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Example: Scope of Variables
// Demonstrate block scope.
class Scope {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10) { // start new scope
int y = 20; // known only to this block
// x and y both known here.
System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}
}
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 The Scope of Variables
• Variables are created when their scope is entered, and
destroyed when their scope is left.

• Lifetime of a variable is confined to its scope.

• Although blocks can be nested, we cannot declare a

variable to have the same name as one in an outer
scope.

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 Example
// This program will not compile
class ScopeErr {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int bar = 1;
{// creates a new scope
int bar = 2; //Compile time error, bar already defined!
}
}
}

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 Type Conversion and Casting
• It is common to assign a value of one type to a variable of another
type.
• If the two types are compatible, then Java will perform the
conversion automatically.
• For example, it is always possible to assign an int value to a long
variable.
• However, not all types are compatible.
• Thus, not all type conversions are implicitly allowed.
• For instance, there is no conversion defined from double to byte.

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 Type Conversion and Casting
• Fortunately, it is still possible to obtain a conversion
between incompatible types.

• To do so, we must use a cast.

• A cast performs an explicit conversion between

incompatible types.

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 Automatic Conversions
• An automatic type conversion will take place if the
following two conditions are met.
 the two types are compatible
 the destination type is larger than the source type.
• When these two conditions are met. A widening
conversion takes place.
 For example, the int type is large enough to hold all valid byte
values

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 Automatic Conversions
• For widening conversions, the numeric types, including
integer and floating point types, are compatible with each
other.
• However, the numeric types are not compatible with char
or boolean.
• Also, char and boolean are not compatible with each
other.
• Java also performs an automatic type conversion when
storing a literal integer constant into variables of type
byte, short, or long.

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 Casting Incompatible Types
• If we want to assign an int value to a byte variable, this
conversion will not be performed automatically, because a
byte is smaller than an int.
• This kind of conversion is called a narrowing conversion.
• To create a conversion between two incompatible types,
we must use a cast.
• General form of cast is:
 (target-type) value

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 Casting Incompatible Types
• If the integer’s value is larger than the range of a byte, it
will be reduced modulo (the remainder of an integer
division by) the byte’s range.

int a;
byte b;
// ...
b = (byte) a;

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 Casting Incompatible Types
• Truncation
 A different type of conversion will occur when a floating-point
value is assigned to an integer type.
 When a floating-point value is assigned to an integer type, the
fractional component is lost.
 For example, if the value 1.23 is assigned to an integer, the
resulting value will simply be 1.
 Also, if the size of the whole number component is too large to
fit into the integer type, then that value will be reduced modulo
the target type’s range.

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 Example: Casting Incompatible Types
// Demonstrate casts. Output
class Conversion { Conversion of int to byte.
public static void main(String args[]) { i and b 257 1
byte b; Conversion of double to int.
int i = 257; d and i 323.142 323
double d = 323.142;
System.out.println("\nConversion of int to byte."); Conversion of double to byte.
d and b 323.142 67
b = (byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to int.");
i = (int) d;
System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);
System.out.println("\nConversion of double to byte.");
b = (byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);
}
} 30
 Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions

• In addition to assignment, there is another place where

certain type conversions may occur.

• In an expression, the precision required of an intermediate

value will sometimes exceed the range of either operand.

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 Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
byte a = 40;
byte b = 50;
byte c = 100;
int d = a * b / c;

• The result of the intermediate term a*b easily exceeds the range of
either of its byte operands.
• Java automatically promotes each byte, short or char operand to int
when evaluating an expression.
• Sub-expression a*b is performed using integers.

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 Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
• Automatic promotions can cause confusing compile time errors.
 byte b = 50;
 b = b * 2; // Error! Cannot assign an int to a byte!
• The code is attempting to store 50*2, a perfectly valid byte value,
back into a byte variable.
• However, because of automatic promotion of operands to int, the
result has also been promoted to int.
• The result is now int, which cannot be assigned to a byte without
the use of a cast.

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 Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions

byte b = 50;

b = (byte)(b * 2);

• This cast is needed even, as in this case, the value being

assigned can easily fit in the target type.

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 The Type Promotion Rules
• Java defines several type promotion rules that apply to
expressions.
 All byte, short and char values are promoted to int.
 If one operand is a long, the whole expression is promoted to
long.
 If one operand is a float operand, the entire expression is
promoted to float.
 If any of operands is a double, the result is double.

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Example: The Type Promotion Rules
class Promote {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b = 42;
char c = 'a';
short s = 1024;
int i = 50000;
float f = 5.67f;
double d = .1234;
double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s);
System.out.println((f * b) + " + " + (i / c) + " - " + (d * s));
System.out.println("result = " + result);
}
}
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Example: The Type Promotion Rules
double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s);

• In f*b, b is promoted to a float

• In i/c, c is promoted to int
• In d*s, the value of s is promoted to double
• The outcome of float plus an int is a float.
• Then the resultant float minus the last double is
promoted to double, which is the type for the final
result of the expression.
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 Recommended Reading
• Page # 35 to 51, Chapter # 3: Data Types, Variables, and
Arrays from Herbert Schildt, Java: The Complete
Reference, J2SETM 9th Edition

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