Introduction, Network Overview

Majority of Slides are from the Textbook:

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach by Jim Kurose, Keith Ross

Introduction 1-1
Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Bis Nandy
 Affiliation: Chief Technology Officer, Solana
Networks (www.solananetworks.com) and
Adjunct Professor, SCE, Carleton U.
 Email: [email protected]

Teaching Assistant: Mr. Hassan Halabian

 Affiliation: PhD student. SCE, Carleton U.
 Email: [email protected]
Introduction

Course web site:
www.sce.carleton.ca/courses/sysc-4502/w11/
 User Name: sysc4502
 Password: nandy2011

Course Activities:
 Lab (4 experiments) – 20%
 Assignments (Three) – 10%
 Mid-term Exam (Date 18th February) – 20%
 Final Exam – 50%

Labs are on alternate weeks (507AA,

Monday@2:30)
Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP

transport: process-process data transfer
application
 TCP, UDP

network: routing of datagrams from source transport
to destination
 IP, routing protocols network

link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements link
 PPP, Ethernet

physical: bits “on the wire” physical

Introduction 1-4
 source
message M application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-5
Communications Software
• Application level protocols (FTP,
HTTP, DNS etc.)
• Provides services to User Application
application • Provides services to Operating System

transport • Transport level protocols (TCP, UDP)

• Socket is the primary programming
interface for application layer
network
• Lower layer software (routing,
link forwarding, MAC layer)
• Software embedded in switches and
routers: Forwarding, Control, Mgmt.
physical
• A set of applications spans across all layers
• Network Security, Network Management
Mapping to Course Outline

Week 1 Introduction, Network

&2 Overview, Data Structures
Week 4 Application layer protocols
application
&5
transport Week 3, Transport: Socket programming
6&7 FSM for TCP protocol
network Week 9 Network layer (routing)
& 10 protocols, Router architecture
Week 11 Special Topics: Security,
& 12 Management, QoS etc.
Outline
1. What is the Internet?
2. Network edge

end systems, access networks, links
3. Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
4. Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
5. History of Internet

Introduction 1-8
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC
millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless
hosts = end systems
laptop
 running network
cellular
handheld apps Home network
Regional ISP

communication links
access fiber, copper,

points
radio, satellite Institutional network
wired
links  transmission
rate = bandwidth

routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data)
Introduction 1-9
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Mobile network

protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet

Internet: “network of Home network

networks” Regional ISP

 loosely hierarchical
 public Internet versus
Institutional network
private intranet

Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force

Introduction 1-10
What’s the Internet: a service view

communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
 Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing

communication services
provided to apps:
 reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
 “best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery

Introduction 1-11
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:

“what’s the time?”
machines rather than

“I have a question” humans

introductions
all communication
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent governed by protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-12
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction 1-13
Outline
1. What is the Internet?
2. Network edge

end systems, access networks, links
3. Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
4. Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
5. History of Internet

Introduction 1-14
A closer look at network structure:

network edge:
applications and
hosts

access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links

network core:
 interconnected
routers
 network of
networks Introduction 1-15
 The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network” peer-peer

client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
 e.g. Web browser/server; client/server
email client/server

peer-peer model:
 minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
 e.g. Skype, BitTorrent

Introduction 1-16
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?

residential access nets

institutional access
networks (school,
company)

mobile access networks

Keep in mind:

bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?

shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-17
Dial-up Modem
central
office
telephone
network Internet

home ISP
home
dial-up modem
PC
modem (e.g., AOL)

 Uses existing telephony infrastructure

 Home is connected to central office
 up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less)
 Can’t surf and phone at same time: not “always on”
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Existing phone line: Internet
0-4KHz phone; 4-50KHz
home upstream data; 50KHz-1MHz
phone downstream data

DSLAM

telephone
splitter network

DSL
modem central
office
home
PC

 Also uses existing telephone infrastruture

 up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps)
 up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)
 dedicated physical line to telephone central office
Residential access: cable modems

Does not use telephone infrastructure

 Instead uses cable TV infrastructure

HFC: hybrid fiber coax

 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2
Mbps upstream

network of cable and fiber attaches homes to
ISP router
 homes share access to router
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

Introduction 1-20
Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Introduction 1-21

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

Introduction 1-22
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network

Introduction 1-23
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

Introduction 1-24
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM (more shortly):

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network

Introduction 1-25
Fiber to the Home
ONT

Internet optical
fibers

ONT
optical
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter

ONT

Optical links from central office to the home

Two competing optical technologies:
 Passive Optical network (PON)
 Active Optical Network (PAN)

Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries

television and phone services
Ethernet Internet access
100 Mbps Institutional
router
Ethernet To Institution’s
switch ISP

100 Mbps

1 Gbps
100 Mbps

server

Typically used in companies, universities, etc

10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet

Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet
switch
Wireless access networks

shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
 via base station aka “access
point”
base

wireless LANs: station
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps

wider-area wireless access

 provided by telco operator
 ~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
mobile
 next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps)
hosts
over wide area

Introduction 1-28
Home networks
Typical home network components:

DSL or cable modem

router/firewall/NAT

Ethernet

wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point

Introduction 1-29
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)

Bit: propagates between
two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires

physical link: what lies  Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
 Category 5:

guided media:
100Mbps Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax

unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-30
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:

two concentric copper
glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit

bidirectional
high-speed operation:

baseband:  high-speed point-to-point
 single channel on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-
 legacy Ethernet 100’s Gps)

broadband:
low error rate: repeaters

 multiple channels on spaced far apart ; immune
cable to electromagnetic noise
 HFC

Introduction 1-31
Physical media: radio

signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic
terrestrial microwave
spectrum  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

no physical “wire”
LAN (e.g., Wifi)

bidirectional  11Mbps, 54 Mbps

propagation
wide-area (e.g., cellular)

environment effects:  3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps

 reflection
satellite
 obstruction by objects  Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
 interference multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-32
Outline
1. What is the Internet?
2. Network edge

end systems, access networks, links
3. Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
4. Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
5. History of Internet

Introduction 1-33
The Network Core

mesh of interconnected
routers

the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
 circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete “chunks”

Introduction 1-34
Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources
reserved for “call”

link bandwidth, switch
capacity

dedicated resources:
no sharing

circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance

call setup required

Introduction 1-35
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources
dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into “pieces”
divided into “pieces”  frequency division

pieces allocated to calls  time division

resource piece idle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)

Introduction 1-36
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets
aggregate resource

user A, B packets share demand can exceed
network resources amount available

each packet uses full link
congestion: packets
bandwidth queue, wait for link use

resources used as needed
store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Bandwidth division into “pieces”  Node receives complete
Dedicated allocation packet before forwarding
Resource reservation

Introduction 1-37
 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,

bandwidth shared on demand  statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-38
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R

takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out)
L = 7.5 Mbits
packet of L bits on to
R = 1.5 Mbps
link at R bps

transmission delay = 15

store and forward: sec
entire packet must
arrive at router before
it can be transmitted
on next link

delay = 3L/R (assuming more on delay shortly …
zero propagation delay)
Introduction 1-39
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!

1 Mb/s link

each user:
 100 kb/s when “active”
 active 10% of time

N users

circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
 10 users

packet switching:
 with 35 users,
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction 1-40
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”

great for bursty data

 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup

excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control

Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem

Introduction 1-41
 Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical

at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T,
Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage
 treat each other as equals

Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Introduction 1-42
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… …
.

…
…

to/from customers

Introduction 1-43
 Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

 Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet

tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Introduction 1-44
 Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

 last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest Tier 1 ISP
of Internet
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-45
 Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP Introduction 1-46
Outline
1. What is the Internet?
2. Network edge

end systems, access networks, links
3. Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
4. Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
5. History of Internet

Introduction 1-47
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers

packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link
capacity

packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-48
Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing:
2. queueing
 check bit errors  time waiting at output
 determine output link link for transmission
 depends on congestion
level of router

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

Introduction 1-49
Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:

R=link bandwidth (bps)
d = length of physical link

L=packet length (bits)
s = propagation speed in

time to send bits into medium (~2x108 m/sec)
link = L/R
propagation delay = d/s

Note: s and R are very

different quantities!
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-50
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

cars “propagate” at
Time to “push” entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll

toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
service car (transmission 12*10 = 120 sec
time)
Time for last car to

car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:

Q: How long until caravan
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth?
A: 62 minutes

Introduction 1-51
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

Yes! After 7 min, 1st car

Cars now “propagate” at at 2nd booth and 3 cars
1000 km/hr still at 1st booth.

Toll booth now takes 1
1st bit of packet can
min to service a car arrive at 2nd router

Q: Will cars arrive to before packet is fully
2nd booth before all transmitted at 1st router!
cars serviced at 1st  See Ethernet applet at AWL
booth? Web site

Introduction 1-52
Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop

dproc = processing delay

 typically a few microsecs or less

dqueue = queuing delay

 depends on congestion

dtrans = transmission delay

 = L/R, significant for low-speed links

dprop = propagation delay

 a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

Introduction 1-53
Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps)

L=packet length (bits)

a=average packet
arrival rate

traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small

La/R -> 1: delays become large

La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be
serviced, average delay infinite!
Introduction 1-54
“Real” Internet delays and routes

What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?

Traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-end
Internet path towards destination. For all i:
 sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
 router i will return packets to sender
 sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-55
“Real” Internet delays and routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

Introduction 1-56
 Packet loss

queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity

packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)

lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-57
 Throughput

throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-58
 Throughput (more)

Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-59
Throughput: Internet scenario

Rs

per-connection
Rs Rs
end-end
throughput:
R
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)

in practice: Rc or Rc Rc
Rs is often Rc
bottleneck

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-60
Outline
1. What is the Internet?
2. Network edge

end systems, access networks, links
3. Network core

circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
4. Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
5. History of Internet

Introduction 1-61
Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles

1961: Kleinrock - queueing
1972:
theory shows  ARPAnet public demonstration
effectiveness of packet-
 NCP (Network Control Protocol)
switching
first host-host protocol

1964: Baran - packet-
 first e-mail program
switching in military nets
 ARPAnet has 15 nodes

1967: ARPAnet conceived
by Advanced Research
Projects Agency

1969: first ARPAnet node
operational

Introduction 1-62
 Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

1970: ALOHAnet satellite Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking
network in Hawaii principles:

1974: Cerf and Kahn -  minimalism, autonomy - no
architecture for internal changes required
interconnecting networks to interconnect networks

1976: Ethernet at Xerox  best effort service model
PARC  stateless routers

ate70’s: proprietary  decentralized control

architectures: DECnet, SNA, define today’s Internet
XNA architecture

late 70’s: switching fixed
length packets (ATM
precursor)

1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Introduction 1-63
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

1983: deployment of
new national networks:

TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet,

1982: smtp e-mail NSFnet, Minitel
protocol defined
100,000 hosts

1983: DNS defined connected to
for name-to-IP- confederation of
address translation networks

1985: ftp protocol
defined

1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-64
Internet History
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps

Early 1990’s: ARPAnet Late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned

more killer apps: instant

1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet

network security to
(decommissioned, 1995)
forefront

early 1990s: Web

est. 50 million host, 100
 hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson million+ users
1960’s]

backbone links running at
 HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
 late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web

Introduction 1-65
Internet History

2007:

~500 million hosts

Voice, Video over IP

P2P applications: BitTorrent
(file sharing) Skype (VoIP),
PPLive (video)

more applications: YouTube,
gaming

wireless, mobility

Introduction 1-66
Introduction: Summary
Covered a “ton” of material! You now have:

Internet overview
context, overview,

what’s a protocol? “feel” of networking

network edge, core, access
more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure

performance: loss, delay,
throughput

history

Introduction 1-67