“TECHNICAL REPORT”

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

(REDESIGN OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST
PRIMARY SCHOOL, DUE TO STRUCTURAL AND
CONSTRUCTION FAULTS DETECTED)

AND

DETAIL REPORT ON (DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION OF COVER SLAB AND DRAIN
FOR THE SCHOOL ENTRANCE DRAINAGE)

PRESENTED TO

THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS (NSE)

BY

OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI

September 9, 2020
 “TECHNICAL REPORT”

THE NSE (NSE)

BY

OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION AS A
CORPORATE MEMBER OF THE NIGERIAN
SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

September 9, 2020
CERTIFICATE OF SUBMISSION

This is certify that I, OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI has

Written this report myself and it is true account of my training and working
experience.

…………………………………………………
………. …………………………………………………
…………………..
Signature of candidate and date Signature of Senior Engineer and date

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………… ……………………
Name of Candidate Name of Senior Engineer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF (FIRST BEST OF
10)
ST
1.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF (YOUR 1 PROJECT TITLE)
1.1 PRELIMINARY STUDIES/INVESTIGATIONS
1.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/CRITERIA
1.3 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS
1.4 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
1.5 INSTALLATION/ANALYSIS/TEST & CALCULATIONS (BEME)
1.6 ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND COMMISSIONING

CHAPTER TWO: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION/DETAILED

REPORT OF (YOUR 2ND PROJECT TITLE)
2.1 DETAILS AND DESIGN CALCULATION OF (PROJECT TITLE)
2.2 PRELIMINARY STUDIES/INVESTIGATION
2.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.4 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS
2.5 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
2.6 INSTALLATION/ANALYSIS/TEST & CALCULATIONS
2.7 ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS AND COMISSIONING

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RELEVANCE OF PROJECTS
3.1 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 1
3.1.1 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 1 EXAMPLE: (UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN,
MULTI-PURPOSE 150 ROOM ACCOMODATION/RESEARCH PROJECT) TO
THE SOCIETY AT LARGE
TRANSPORTATION (WHERE
APPLICABLE) RECREATION (WHERE
APPLICABLE)
WATER SUPPLY (WHERE
APPLICABLE) EMPLOYMENT
(WHERE APPLICABLE)
IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY AND STANDARD
OF LIVING E.t.c
3.1.2 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 1 EXAMPLE (UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, MULTI-
PURPOSE 150 ROOM ACCOMODATION/RESEARCH PROJECT) TO THE
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
ENCHANCEMENT OF RESEARCH (DATA COLLECTION ,
RESEARCH FINDINGS, INNOVATIONS e.t.c)
DEVELOPMENT/TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGH
DELIVERY OF PECULIAR, FUNCTIONAL AND SAFE DESIGNS
CONSTRUCTION ACUMEN AND INDIGENOUS
TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH DEVELOPMENT OF
ENGINEERING MANPOWER
DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS AND
MANAGEMENT SKILLS DELIVERY OF PROJECT
3.2 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 2
3.2.1 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 2 TO THE SOCIETY
3.2.2 RELEVANCE OF PROJECT 2 TO THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 1
Name of company (Employer): OASI Consultants Limited
Name of project: Redesign of Seventh-day Adventist primary school, due to structural and
construction faults detected.
Client:Seventh-Day Adventist Church Nigeria (Eastern Nigeria Union Conference)
Position held: Engineer
Nature of job: The structure is an *L* shaped blocks of classrooms. The ground floor has been
completed and already in use as a primary school for the Seventh-day Adventist church. The first
floor is already in construction when they started noticing some of the faults in the members, the
structure is designed to be a three floors nursery and primary school. Some of the faults include
1. The first-floor columns where the slant of which if it were to be loaded will definitely
buckle
2. The reinforcement for the staircase was not placed right even from the drawing which
would have given way to shear and cracks and potential collapse
3. The first-floor slab cantilevered balcony which is carrying the column load from the
second and third floor had no support from the ground floor column. The alignment of
the columns was off. Of which if construction was to continue would result in
overloading the slab and eventual collapse
Hence there was a need for a redesign and proper supervision so that the recommended
amendments were implemented.
PERSONNEL INVOLVED: The client, the consultant, Site Engineer, Fabricators, Carpenters,
laborers.
ACTUAL WORK DONE: The recommendations implemented were
1. Redesign of the entire structure
2. Development of new Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
3. Demolition, alignment, and recasting of the faulty columns
4. Refabricating of the staircase reinforcements
5. Introduction of column heads on the first ground floor columns to help transfer loads
from the cantilevered first-floor slab to the ground floor columns
PROJECT METHODOLOGY:
The steps taken include:
1. Redesign of the entire structure
2. Development of new Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
3. Demolition, alignment, and recasting of the faulty columns
4. Refabricating of the staircase reinforcements
5. Introduction of column heads on the first ground floor columns to help transfer loads
from the cantilevered first-floor slab to the ground floor columns

RECOMMENDATION

Building re-design resolves client requirements into a set of instructions for the construction of a
building. Below I provide a summary of a process that, while it varies from project to project
nonetheless tends to follow a series of well-established stages e.g.

Establishing the need

  Identifying and describing the need that might result in the requirement for amendment
works.
 Establishing the real causes of the faults
 Preparing a strategic brief that describes the overall project requirements and significant
constraints, focusing on what the project needs to achieve rather than prescribing
potential solutions.

Feasibility Study

 structural surveys of existing buildings (if they are expected to be retained and used)
 site topography
 Looking for evidence of underground chambers, voids, tunnels, pipes, watercourses, etc.
 checking with statutory utilities whether any of their infrastructures pass under or over
the site
 checking with statutory utilities about the capacity of the services supplying the site
 aground investigations report looking at the ground's
o bearing capacity,
o mineral composition
o chemical composition
o presence of flora & fauna (esp. protected species / invasive species)
 a review of planning policy requirements and their potential impact on-site capacity
 a review of the surrounding neighborhood (the site context)

Detailed design

Detailed design (sometimes referred to as design development or detailed design and technical
design) takes on and develops the approved concept design. By the end of this stage, the design
should describe all the main components of the building and how they fit together,

Overall layout. Road layouts and landscape. Operational flows. Horizontal and vertical
circulation routes. Schedules for accommodation. Identification of standard and non-standard
room layouts. If appropriate, room datasheets. Building dimensions and gridlines. Architectural
plans sections and elevations of buildings, parts of buildings and components. Outline
specification including schedules of components, defining the performance and/or material
standards required (including colors). Elements of design that require specialist input or early
choice of manufacturer. Requirements for mock-ups, testing, samples or models necessary to
satisfy performance or public relations requirements (including computer-generated images).
Key assemblies, component drawings, and schedules. Initial schedules of finishes, doors, and
ironmongery, sanitary fittings, room numbers, and signage. Structural plan sections, elevations,
and specifications. Building services plans, sections, and elevations. Definition of phases if the
project is to be phased. Safety strategy.

to be submitted to the client include

 Drawings (location drawings, component drawings, and dimensioned diagrams).

 Specifications, design criteria and calculations.
  Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation and Bar Bending Schedules.

Conclusion: In summary, design tends to follow a relatively consistent process of project

definition followed by the development of an increasingly detailed solution. Throughout this
process, it is vital to be clear who the stakeholders for the new building are and what it is they
need, and then to keep focused on satisfying that need. The design itself is then a complex
balance of maintaining close control whilst not closing off options too early.

Changes tend to cost more and cause more disruption as the design progresses, and there is a
tendency for budgets and designs to diverge unless strong management is in place.

CALCULATION SHEET
Design Calculation Sheet
Date: SEPTEMBER 2017
Basic Design Information
Imposed Load : 2.5 kN/m²
Finishes : 1.2 kN/m²
Partition Allowance : 1 kN/m²
Soil Bearing Pressure : 180KN/m²
Slab Design, fcu : 25 N/mm²
Slab Design, fy : 410 N/mm²
Beam Design, fcu : 25 N/mm²
Beam Design, fy : 410 N/mm²
Column Design, fcu : 25 N/mm²
Column Design, fy : 410 N/mm²
Foundation Design, fcu : 25 N/mm²
Foundation Design, fy : 410 N/mm²
Density Of Concrete : 24 kN/m³

Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 2

Slab Loading
Slab Thickness = 175 mm
Characteristic imposed load, qk = 2.5 kN/m²
Finishes = 1.2kN/m²
Partition allowance = 1 kN/m²
Density of concrete = 24 kN/m³
Self weight of slab = 0.175 x 24 = 4.2 kN/m²
Characteristic dead load , gk = 4.2 + 1.2 + 1 = 6.4
kN/m²
Characteristic dead load , gk = 6.4 kN/m²
Design ultimate load = 1.4gk + 1.6 qk
Design ultimate load , n = 1.4 x 6.4 + 1.6 x 2.5 = 12.96
kN/m²
Design ultimate load , n = 12.96 kN/m²
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 2
Analysis and Design
Total design load ,n = 12.96 kN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 1600 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 4124 mm
ly / lx = 2.5775
Moment, M = (n x lx²)/8
Moment, M = 12.96 x 1.6 ²/ 8 = 4.15 kNm/m
Moment, M = 4.15 kNm/m
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 2
Reinforcement Design
Applied moment = 4.15 kNm
fcu = 25N/mm² : fy = 410 N/mm²
effective depth, d = 175 - 20 - 12 - 12/2 = 137 mm
Type Of Steel = High Yield
As_min. = 0.0013 x 1000 x 175 = 227.5 mm²/m
As_min. = 227.5 mm²/m
k = M / bd²fcu
k = (4.15 x 1000000) / (1000 x 137² x 25) = 0.008844371
k = 0.008844371
Since K <= 0.156, the section is singly reinforced
z = (d x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - (K/0.9))))
z = 137 x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - (0.008844371/ 0.9)) =
135.6402
Since z > (0.95 x d), z = (0.95 x d)
z = (0.95 x 137) = 130.15

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Panel 3
Panel Analysis and Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
3
Design Code:
As = M/0.95 x fy x z
As_min. = 227.5 mm²/m
As required = (4.15 x 1000000) / (0.95 x 410 x 130.15) =
81.86 mm²/m
As required = 81.86 mm²/m
As provided (Bottom Outer Layer) = 377 mm²/m
Use Y12 @ 150
Code reference - BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997 : Section
3.4.4.4
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 2
Deflection Check
As required = 81.86mm²/m : As provided = 377
mm²/m
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20
effective depth, d = 175 - 20 - (12)/2 = 149 mm
m/bd² = 4.15 x 1000000 / (1000 x 149²) = 0.1869285
fs = (5 x fy x As req.) / (8 x As prov.)
fs = (5 x 410x81.86) / (8 x377) = 55.64091 N/mm²
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - fs) / (120 x (0.9 +
(m/bd²)))
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - 55.64091) / (120 x (.9
+ 0.1869285)))
modification factor = 3.780503
Since modification factor > 2, then modification factor
=2
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = Basic span eff. depth
ratio x modification factor
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = 20 x 2 = 40
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 1600 / 149 = 10.73826
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 10.73826
Since allowable ratio > actual ratio : Check ok
Code reference - BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997 : Section 3.5.7
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 3
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 1600 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 3200 mm
ly / lx = 2
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
1.59KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 31.37 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
0.8KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 31.37 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 2.09KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 41.23 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Panel 5
Panel Analysis and Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
4
Design Code:
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 1.06KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 20.91 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 4
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2600 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 4124 mm
ly / lx = 1.586154
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
3.63KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 71.61 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
2.1KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 71.61 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 4.83KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 95.28 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.8KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 55.23 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 5
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2600 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 3200 mm
ly / lx = 1.230769
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
2.88KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 56.81 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
2.1KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 56.81 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 3.79KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 74.76 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.8KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 55.23 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Panel 8
Panel Analysis and Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
5
Design Code:
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 6
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2300 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 3200 mm
ly / lx = 1.391304
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
2.52KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 49.71 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
1.65KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 49.71 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 3.4KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 67.07 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.19KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 43.2 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 7
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2300 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 2500 mm
ly / lx = 1.086957
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
1.88KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 37.09 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
1.65KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 37.09 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 2.48KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 48.92 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.19KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 43.2 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 8
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2300 mm

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Panel 10
Panel Analysis and Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
6
Design Code:
Length of long span ,ly = 4000 mm
ly / lx = 1.73913
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
3.02KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 59.57 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
1.65KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 59.57 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 4.04KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 79.69 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.19KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 43.2 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 9
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 3467 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 4000 mm
ly / lx = 1.153735
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
4.7KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 92.71 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
3.74KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 92.71 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 6.18KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 121.91 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 4.98KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 98.24 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 10
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 2500 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 3467 mm
ly / lx = 1.3868
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
2.98KNm/m

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Panel 11
Panel Analysis and Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
7
Design Code:
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 58.78 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
1.94KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 58.78 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 4.01KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 79.1 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 2.59KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 51.09 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Panel 11
Total design load ,n = 12.96KN/m²
Length of short span ,lx = 3200 mm
Length of long span ,ly = 3467 mm
ly / lx = 1.083437
Short span - mid span : Msx = Bsx x n x lx² =
3.63KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 71.61 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Deflection Check Ok
Long span - mid span : Msy = Bsy x n x lx² =
3.19KNm/m
effective depth, d = 137
As required = 71.61 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
150
Short span - edge : Mx = Bx x n x lx² = 4.78KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 94.29 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Long span - edge : My = By x n x lx² = 4.25KNm/m
effective depth, d = 149
As required = 83.84 : As provided = 377 : Use Y12 @
200
Code reference - BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997 : Section
3.5.3.4
2376 4124 3200
10.27 KN/m
4.31 KN/m
14.57 KN/m
10.37 KN/m
4.31 KN/m
14.57 KN/m
9.49 KN/m
4.31 KN/m
14.57 KN/m
BM 1 - (450 x 230)
Moment Distribution - Loading Case 1
D.F. 1 0.6345 0.3655 0.4369 0.5631 1
FEM -13.71 13.71 -41.46 41.46 -24.21 24.21
Dist 13.71 17.61 10.14 -7.54 -9.71 -24.21
C.O 8.81 6.86 -3.77 5.07 -12.1 -4.86
Dist -8.81 -1.96 -1.13 3.07 3.96 4.86
C.O -0.98 -4.41 1.53 -0.56 2.43 1.98
Dist 0.98 1.83 1.05 -0.82 -1.05 -1.98
C.O 0.92 0.49 -0.41 0.52 -0.99 -0.52
Dist -0.92 -0.05 -0.03 0.21 0.26 0.52
C.O -0.03 -0.46 0.1 -0.01 0.26 0.13
Dist 0.03 0.23 0.13 -0.11 -0.14 -0.13
Total FEM 0 33.88 -33.88 41.34 -41.34 0
ERDAL 34.63 34.63 60.31 60.31 45.39 45.39
ERDAM -14.26 14.26 -1.81 1.81 12.92 -12.92
S.F. 20.37 48.89 58.5 62.12 58.31 32.47
Reaction 20.37 107.39 120.43 32.47
x-Max 5.6 m 9.38 m 13.5 m
M-Max 6.98 KNm 24.62 KNm 18.5 KNm
Moment Distribution - Loading Case 2
D.F. 1 0.6345 0.3655 0.4369 0.5631 1
FEM -8.73 8.73 -41.46 41.46 -15.51 15.51
Dist 8.73 20.77 11.96 -11.34 -14.61 -15.51
C.O 10.39 4.36 -5.67 5.98 -7.76 -7.3
Dist -10.39 0.83 0.48 0.78 1 7.3
C.O 0.41 -5.2 0.39 0.24 3.65 0.5
Dist -0.41 3.05 1.76 -1.7 -2.19 -0.5
C.O 1.52 -0.2 -0.85 0.88 -0.25 -1.1
Dist -1.52 0.67 0.38 -0.28 -0.35 1.1
C.O 0.34 -0.76 -0.14 0.19 0.55 -0.17
Dist -0.34 0.57 0.33 -0.32 -0.42 0.17
Total FEM 0 32.85 -32.85 35.94 -35.94 0
ERDAL 22.05 22.05 60.31 60.31 29.09 29.09
ERDAM -13.83 13.83 -0.75 0.75 11.23 -11.23
S.F. 8.22 35.88 59.56 61.06 40.32 17.86
Reaction 8.22 95.44 101.38 17.86
x-Max 5.4 m 9.38 m 13.7 m
M-Max 1.8 KNm 27.77 KNm 8.74 KNm
Moment Distribution - Loading Case 3
D.F. 1 0.6345 0.3655 0.4369 0.5631 1
FEM -13.71 13.71 -26.38 26.38 -24.21 24.21
Dist 13.71 8.04 4.63 -0.95 -1.22 -24.21
C.O 4.02 6.86 -0.47 2.32 -12.1 -0.61
Dist -4.02 -4.05 -2.34 4.27 5.51 0.61
C.O -2.03 -2.01 2.13 -1.17 0.31 2.76
Dist 2.03 -0.08 -0.04 0.38 0.48 -2.76
C.O -0.04 1.01 0.19 -0.02 -1.38 0.24
Dist 0.04 -0.76 -0.44 0.61 0.79 -0.24
C.O -0.38 0.02 0.31 -0.22 -0.12 0.4
Dist 0.38 -0.21 -0.12 0.15 0.19 -0.4
Total FEM 0 22.55 -22.55 31.8 -31.8 0
ERDAL 34.63 34.63 38.37 38.37 45.39 45.39
ERDAM -9.49 9.49 -2.24 2.24 9.94 -9.94
S.F. 25.14 44.12 36.13 40.61 55.33 35.45
Reaction 25.14 80.25 95.94 35.45
x-Max 5.8 m 9.38 m 13.5 m
M-Max 10.78 KNm 12.49 KNm 22.1 KNm
Shear Force Diagram
Shear Force (KN)
0
30
60
90
-30
-60
-90
0123456789
X - Distance (m)
Loading Case 1 Loading Case 2 Loading Case 3
Bending Moment Diagram
Bending Moment (KNm)
0
-20
-40
-60
20
40
60
0123456789
X - Distance (m)
Loading Case 1 Loading Case 2 Loading Case 3

Subject:
BM 1 - (450 x 230)
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
8
Design Code:

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Beam BM 1 - (450 x 230), Span 1
Reinf. Design , Deflection Check
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
9
Design Code:
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Beam BM 1
- (450 x 230), Span 1
Rectangle Section Reinforcement Design
Applied moment = 10.78 kNm
Breadth of section = 230 mm
Depth of section = 450 mm
Cover = 25mm : fcu = 25N/mm² : fy = 410 N/mm²
effective depth, d = 450 - 25 - (16 / 2 ) - 8 = 409 mm
effectiveDepth, d = 409 mm
Type Of Steel = High Yield
As_min. = 0.0013 x 230 x 450 = 134.55 mm²
As_min. = 134.55 mm²
k = M / bd²fcu
k = (10.78 x 1000000) / (230 x 409² x 25) = 0.01120738
k = 0.01120738
Since K <= 0.156, the section is singly reinforced
z = (d x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - (K/0.9))))
z = 409 x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - (0.01120738/ 0.9)) =
403.8418
As = M/0.95 x fy x z
As required = (10.78 x 1000000) / (0.95 x 410 x 388.55)
= 71.23 mm²
As required = 71.23 mm²
As_min. = 134.55 mm²
As provided (Bottom) = 402 mm²
Use = 2Y16
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Beam BM 1
- (450 x 230), Span 1
Deflection Check
As required = 71.23mm² : As provided = 402 mm²
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 26
effective depth, d = 450 - 25 - (16 / 2 ) - 8 = 409 mm
effectiveDepth, d = 409 mm
m/bd² = 10.78 x 1000000 / (230 x 409²) = 0.2801846
fs = (5 x fy x As req.) / (8 x As prov.)
fs = (5 x 410x71.23) / (8 x402) = 45.4047 N/mm²
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - fs) / (120 x (0.9 +
(m/bd²)))
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - 45.4047) / (120 x (.9
+ 0.2801846)))
modification factor = 2
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = Basic span eff. depth
ratio x modification factor
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = 26 x 2 = 52
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 2376 / 409 = 5.809291
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 5.809291
Since allowable ratio > actual ratio : Check ok

Element Location : First Floor

Element : Beam BM 1 - (450 x 230), Span 2
Reinf. Design , Deflection Check
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
10
Design Code:
Code reference - BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997 : Section 3.5.7
Shear Check Ok
Use Y8 @ 250
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Beam BM 1
- (450 x 230), Span 2
Flange Section Reinforcement Design
Applied moment = 27.77 kNm
Breadth of section = 230 mm
Depth of section = 450 mm
Cover = 25mm : fcu = 25N/mm² : fy = 410 N/mm²
Length of span = 4124mm : Width of flange , bw = 225
mm : Thickness of flange ,hf = 150mm
Assumed diameter of tension bar = 16 mm
Assumed diameter of link bar = 8 mm
Type Of Steel = High Yield
As_min. = 0.0013 x 230 x 450 = 134.55 mm²
As_min. = 134.55 mm²
Effective width of flange , bf = 225 + ((4124 x 0.7) / 10)
= 513.68 mm
effective depth, d = 450 - 25 - (16 / 2 ) - 8 = 409 mm
effectiveDepth, d = 409 mm
Mf = 0.45 x fcu x bf x hf(d - (hf/2))
Mf = 0.45 x 25 x 513.68 x 150 x (409 - 75) = 289.5229
kNm
s is within the flange
k = M / bd²fcu
k = (27.77 x 1000000) / (513.68 x 409² x 25) =
0.01292697
k = 0.01292697
s = 2 x (d - z)
s = 2 x (409 - 388.55 ) = 40.90002 mm
x = s / 0.9
x = 40.90002 /0.9 = 45.44447 mm
z = (d x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - (k /0.9))))
z = 409 x (0.5 + Sqrt(0.25 - ( 0.01292697 / 0.9)) = 388.55
z = 388.55
As = M / 0.95 x fy x z
As required = (27.77 x 1000000) / (0.95 x 410 x 388.55)
= 183.49 mm²
As required = 183.49 mm²
As_min. = 134.55 mm²
As provided (Bottom) = 402 mm²
Use = 2Y16
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Beam BM 1
- (450 x 230), Span 2
Deflection Check
As required = 183.49mm² : As provided = 402 mm²
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 26
Company Details:
Project Name:
Subject:
Element Location : First Floor
Element : Beam BM 1 - (450 x 230), Span 3
Reinf. Design
Made By:
Checked By:
Sheet No:
11
Design Code:
effective depth, d = 450 - 25 - (16 / 2 ) - 8 = 409 mm
effectiveDepth, d = 409 mm
m/bd² = 27.77 x 1000000 / (230 x 409²) = 0.7217743
fs = (5 x fy x As req.) / (8 x As prov.)
fs = (5 x 410x183.49) / (8 x402) = 116.9635 N/mm²
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - fs) / (120 x (0.9 +
(m/bd²)))
modification factor = .55 + ((477 - 116.9635) / (120 x (.9
+ 0.7217743)))
modification factor = 2
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = Basic span eff. depth
ratio x modification factor
Allowable span /eff. depth ratio = 26 x 2 = 52
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 4124 / 409 = 10.08313
Actual span /eff.depth ratio = 10.08313
Since allowable ratio > actual ratio : Check ok
Code reference - BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997 : Section 3.5.7
Shear Check Ok
Use Y8 @ 250
Element Location : First Floor , Element : Beam BM 1
- (450 x 230), Span 3
Flange Section Reinforcement Design
Applied moment = 22.1 kNm
Breadth of section = 230 mm
Depth of section = 450 mm
Cover = 25mm : fcu = 25N/mm² : fy = 410 N/mm²
Length of span = 3200mm : Width of flange , bw = 225
mm : Thickness of flange ,hf = 150mm
Assumed diameter of tension bar = 16 mm
Assumed diameter of link bar = 8 mm
Type Of Steel = High Yield
As_min. = 0.0013 x 230 x 450 = 134.55 mm²
As_min. = 134.55 mm²
Effective width of flange , bf = 225 + ((3200 x 0.7) / 10)
= 449 mm
effective depth, d = 450 - 25 - (16 / 2 ) - 8 = 409 mm
effectiveDepth, d = 409 mm
Mf = 0.45 x fcu x bf x hf(d - (hf/2))
Mf = 0.45 x 25 x 449 x 150 x (409 - 75) = 253.0676 kNm
s is within the flange
k = M / bd²fcu
k = (22.1 x 1000000) / (449 x 409² x 25) = 0.01176954
k = 0.01176954
s = 2 x (d - z)
s = 2 x (409 - 388.55 ) = 40.90002 mm
x = s / 0.9
x = 40.90002 /0.9 = 45.44447 mm

BEME
COST INDEXING FOR DIFFERENT MATERIAL
CONCERETE
A. Grade 20 (1:2:4)mix
(i) Cement = 7bags @ 2550 = 17850
(ii) Freight = for 7 bags @ N30 = 210
(iii) Chipping = 1.37 tons @ N65000/Trip =686
(iv) River sand = 0.686 ton @ N10,000/Trip = 686
(v) Water assume w/c = 0.67 = 5.16 gallon = 25
 (vi) Labour = 7 bags @ N600 = N4200
(vii) Mason (daily rate) @ N3000 = N3000

Total N34876
(viii) Add overhead 10% of 34876 = N3487.6
(ix) Add profile 20% of 34876 = N6975.2
3
Net cost index for placing Im of 1:2:4 con N45337.8
B. Grade 15 (1:3:6) mix
i. Cement = 5 bags @ N2550= N12,750
ii. Freight = for 5 bags @ N30 = N150
iii. Chipping = 1.44 tons @ N65000/trip = N9,360
iv. River sand = 0.72 ton @ N10,000/Trip N720
v. Water = 4.4 gallon = N18.03
vi. Labour = 5 bags = N3000
vii. Mason (Daily rate) @ N3000= N3000
viii. Total N28998.03
ix. Add overhead 10% of 20, 982 N2899.803

Add profile 20% of 20,982 N5799.606

3
Net cost index for placing Im of 1:3:6 con. = N37697.44
BLOCK WALL
This will include cost of block (9x9x18), mortar (1:6) and labourrequired
Mortar (1:6)
i. Cement = 1bag @ 2550 = N 2550
ii. Freight = @ N30 = 30
iii. River Sand = 0.3 ton = 210
iv. Water = 0.75 gallon = 3.75
v. Labour (Serving) daily rate = 100 = 1500

vi. Total for mortar alone = N4293

vii. Number of 9 x 9 x 18 block normally laid with 1 bag of 1:6 mix mortar = 50
blocks @ 150 N7500
viii. Labour for laying 50 blocks @ = N2500
Total for mortar & block = N14,293

ix. overhead 10% of N 12,043 = N 1429.3

x. Add profit 20% of N 12,043 = N 14293
= N 2858.6
N18, 580.9
Now 1 block has a surface wall area of (9” x 18”) or (225 x 450) mm
 Surface area 0.225 x 0.45 = 0.10125m2
If 50 blocks will give an approx. surface wall area of about
50 x 0.10125 = 5.06m2 when laid

If 50 block (or 0.1025m2 area) = N14.053

Then 1 block (or 0.10125m2 area) = 0.10125 x 14.053 = N281
5.06 1
Similarly, if 0.10125m2 cost N281
2
Then 1m will cost 1 X 281 = N2, 777
0, 10125 1
Net cost index for constructing 1m2 of block wall = N 2,777

COST OF BLOCK:
The cost of block (6” x 6” 18”) (150mm thick), mortar (1:6) and labourrequired =
N100
Cost of laying the block (rib floor) = N50
2 2
1m = 10blocks. /m
Cost index for constructing 1m2 of block wall = 150 x 10 = N1500per m2
i. Overhead 10% of N 1,500 = 1650
ii. Add profit 20% of N 1,500 1800
N1, 800
3. FORM WORK
The cost index shall be determined base on 3. 6 x 3. 6 sq. meters of planks
surface area = 3. 6 x 3. 6 = 12.96m2
The 12.96m2 contains
i. Cost of 12 plank (1 x 12 x 12) @N1,050 = N12,600
ii. “ “ 6 purlin (2 x 2 x 12) @N300 = N1,800

iii. “ “42 props (Bamboo) @ N180 = N3,360

iv. “ “ nail 0.1 of bags @ N 4,000 = N400
v. “ “ nail 0.1 of bags @ N4,500 = N450
vi. labour for fixing the planks @N5000 = N500
vii. Add overhead, 10% of 22110 = N3000
viii. Add profit, 20% of 22110 = N2211

= N4422
Total = N 28,743
Cost for provision and fixing in place 12 plank with a surface area of 12.96m3 = N28,
743
= Cost for 1m2 = 1 x 28743 = 2,217.8 say 2,220
 12.961
4. STEEL REINFORCEMENT

A. REINFORCEMENT (Y12)
Purchase cost of 1 length (11m) =2050
Freight = 400
Labour for cutting bending and fixing =2480

Add overhead 10% of 1780 = 248

Add profit 20% of 1780 = 496
Say N3250
3224 =3250
Since 11m = 3250 N295.5 =300
1m = 3250/11 = say per m
Y1/m = 0.888kg = 1kg =0.888 kg
=300 300 N330kg
338000/ton
B. REINFORCEMENT (Y16)
i. purchase cost of 1 length (11m) = N2,300
ii. Freight = N 30
iii. Labour for cutting bending and fixing = N 600
= N2, 930
iv. Add profit 20% of 2930 = N293
v. Add profit 20% of 2030 = N586

= N3809 Say N3810

Since 11m = N3810
1m =3810/11 = N346 per m;
Y16/m = 1.579kg = N346; 1kg = 346/1.579 = N219/kg = N219000/ton

C. REINFORCEMENT (Y10)
vi. Purchase cost of 1 length (11m) = N1, 020
vii. Freight =N 30
viii. Labour for cutting bending and fixing = N 600
= N 1,650
ix. Add overhead 10% of = N1650
x. Add profit 20% of = N330
= N 2145 say N2150
Since 11m = N2150
1m =2150 = N 195 per m;
11
Y10/m = 0.616kg = N 195; 1kg = 195/0.616 = N316/kg
=N316000/ten

C. LINKS REINFORCEMENT (Y8)

i. purchase Cost of 1 length (11m) = N900
ii. Freight = N 30
iii. Labour for cutting bending and fixing = N 50
Total N 980
Since 11m = N980
1m = 980/11 = 89 per m; Y8/m = 0.395kg = N89;
1kg = 89/0.395 = N225/kg = N225000/ton

5. EXCAVATION WORK
i. Consider excavation cost of N2000 per partition (12F)
ii. Width of trench = 0.675m
iii. Depth = 1.2m
iv. partition = 3.6m
v. Total Vol. = 0.675 x 1.2 x 3.6 = 2.92m3
vi. Total Cost = N2000
Additional cost due to collapse of trench say 5% of 2000 = N100
3 3
Cost/m = 2100 = 719 Say N720/m
2.92

6. HARDCORE FILLING
i. 1 trip (i.e. 454m3) of hardcore cost = N 25,000

ii. Labour for rolling/ consideration (2 labourers) = N 200

= N 27,000
iii. Add overhead 10% of 27000 = N 2700
iv. Add profit 20% of 27000 = N5400

Since 4.54m3 of hardcore = N35, 100

Cost index for 1m3 1x 35100 = N7, 730
4.54 1

7. BACKFILL OF EARTH MATERIALS

The cost index to be = 50% index for 1m3 of excavation

I.e. 1m3 backfill = 50% of N720 = N360

8. FILLING AND COMPACTION OF BOTTOM OF EXCAVATION WITH

IMPORTED MATERIAL
Take 20% of excavation cost
I.e. 1m3 of filling = 20% of N720 = N144 Say N144

PRINT BAR BENDING, FORMWORK AND

CONCRETE VOLUME SCHEDULE
BEME
BILL 1: PROPOSED PROPOSED Seventh-day Adventist primary school.
QUANTI
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TY RATE AMOUNT
      (=N=) (=N=)
A250 Testing of Materials nr nr   175,000.00
A325        

A334 Compaction Plant nr nr   200,000.00

A335 Concrete mixing Plant nr nr   300,000.00

Administration Supervision and
A372 Labour nr nr   350,000.00

  ARCA DESIGN/STRUCTURAL DESIGN nr nr   750,000.00

Bill No. 1 Carried to GRAND N
  SUMMARY       1,775,000

BILL 2: PROPOSED Seventh-day Adventist primary school.    

QUANTI
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TY RATE AMOUNT
        (=N=) (=N=)
  BILL NO 2.: SUB STRUCTURE        
  Demolition and site Clearance        
 Trees and stumps. Tree of Girth: 2,000.0
D250 exceeding 5 m nr 12.00 0 24,000.00

  Earthworks        
General Excavation. Top soil for
E421 disposal. Depth 663.81 20.00 13,276.2
  not exceeding 150mm        
Excavation of foundations. Material
E333 for re-use other 152.172 850.00 129,346.2
than topsoil, rock or artificial hard
  matetrial. Depth        
  not exceeding 0.5 - 1m        
Filling and compaction to structures in
E615 150mm layers. 152.172 75.00 11,412.9
imported natural material other than
  topsoil, rock or artificial hard material.        
           
Filling ancillaries, preparation of
E721 surface with natural 99.50 180.00 17,910
rock material. Max. size: 150mm
  Layers        
  In Situ Concrete        
Provision of concrete for ordinary
  structural use.        
Cement to BS 12.2omm Max. size
  aggregate.        
  Grade C15 (1: 3: 6)        
  Grade C20 (1: 2: 4)        
  Placing of concrete        
Mass, Blinding, thickness not 28,260.
F611 exceeding 50mm 2.00 00 56,520.00
Mass Footings. Thickness not 101.330 28,260. 1,175,050.8
F622 exceeding 225mm 8 00 0
Reinforced mass concrete suspended
F631 slab 150mm   17.855    
Reinforced, Bases and starters. 33,280.
F722 Thickness: 225-00mm 5.22 00 173,721.60
N2,503,296.
B2/1 To collection       9
  Concrete Ancillaries        
Formwork fair finish. For concrete
components of constant cross- 322.120
G282 section, Columns m 1 50.00 16106.005
 Reinforced, high yield steel bars to BS
  4449        
G524 12mm Diameter ton 0.15 338,000 50700
G525 16mm Diameter ton 0.50 219,000 109500
G522 8mm Diameter ton 0.80 225,000 180,000
  Blockwork        
Lighweight blockwork, one block 2,777.0
U411 construction,   3.00 0 8,331.00
  vertical wall        
N357,137.0
B2/2 To Collection       05

BILL 3: PROPOSED Seventh-day Adventist primary school.  

QUANTI
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TY RATE AMOUNT
        (=N=) (=N=)
  BILL NO. 3: SUPER STRUCTURE        
  In Situ Concrete        
provision of concrete for ordinary
  structural use. Cement        
  to BS 12. 20mm Max size aggregation        
  Grade C20 (1: 2: 4)        
  Placingof concrete        
Reinforced, colums. Cross sectional
F752 Area: not exceeding        
41,850.
  0.03-0.1 m2 m3 1.8 2 75,330.36
41,850.
F752 Ditto. Diameter: not exceeding 0.05m2 m3 2.50 2 188325.9
Reinforced, Beams. Cross sectional
F762 Area: not exceeding        
41,850.
  0.03-01m2 m3 36.40 2 1523347.28
Ditto: Cross sectional Area: not 41,850.
F761 exceeding 0.03m2 m 3
1.50 2 62775.0
Reinforced, Suspended slabs. Max.
F731 thickness: not exceeding m3 15.95 41850 667510.69
  75mm        

  Concrete Ancillaries        
Formwork fair finish. For concrete
  components of constant       0.00
  cross-section        
G282 Columns m 155.00 50.00 7,750.00
G281 Beams m 16.00 50.00 800.00
Formwork fair finish. Plane Horizontal.
G213 Width: not exceeding        
2,220.0
  0.2-0.4 m2 96.00 0 213,120.00
Formwork fair finish. Plane sloping. 2,220.0
G223 Width: not exceeding m2 6.00 0 13,320.00
  0.2-0.4        
Deformed high yield steel bars to BS 370,000
G522 4449 8mm Diameter ton 0.70 .00 257,150.00
235,000
G524 12mm Diameter ton 1.80 .00 423,000.00
215,000
G525 16mm Diameter ton 2.50 .00 537,500.00
3,387,872.0
B3/1 To Collection       0

BILL 2: PROPOSED Seventh-day Adventist primary school.

QUANTI
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TY RATE AMOUNT
        (=N=) (=N=)
  Collection        
2,503,296.
  B2/1       9
357,137.00
  B2/1       5
Bill No. 2 Carried to GRAND 2,860,433.
  SUMMARY       905

BILL 3:PROPOSED Seventh-day Adventist primary school.

QUANTI
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT TY RATE AMOUNT
        (=N=) (=N=)
  Blockwork        
Lightweight blockwork, one block 4,900.0
U412 construction, battered m2 74.00 0 362,600.00
  wall        
Lighweight blockwork, one block
U411 construction, vertical m2 10460 28 2939260
  wall        
B3/2 To Collection       3,301,860
           
  collection        
  B3/1        
3,301,86
  B3/2   0    
Bill No. 3 Carried to GRAND 4,722,422.0
  SUMMARY       0

SUMMARY: PROPOSED Seventh-

day Adventist primary school.      
BILL
NO. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT      

  GRAND SUMMARY    
2,550,000.0
  BILL NO. 1 - GENERAL ITEMS 0  
2,870,432.6
  BILL NO. 2 - SUB STRUCTURE 0  
4,722,422.0
  BILL NO 3- SUPER STRUCTURE 0  
10,142,854.
  SUB TOTAL 60    
  Add 10% Contingencies 1,014,285.46  
N11,157,14
  GRAND TOTAL 0.06    
CHAPTER 2 :
FULL TITLE OF PROJECT: Design and construction of cover slab and drain
for the school entrance drainage.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION: In October of 2009 I was enlisted into the national
youth service corps (NYSC) program and was posted to serve in kebbi state. My
place of primary assignment was kebbi state ministry of works. The entrance into
the school next to my house had a drainage running by it and it was badly
dilapidated and has made it impossible for a heavy car e.g. truck or water tankers
to enter the building without the risk of the fabricated metal cover which was
already bent, from collapsing and causing damage to the car or individuals, so
there was a need to make a permanent amendment which will be durable and cost-
effective. So I designed and helped constructed a cover slab that ticks the above
boxes and gives a guarantee of lasting really long.
YEAR OF PROJECT: 2009

CLIENTS NAME: FREMA Secondary School, KEBI State

EMPLOYER: KEBBI STATE MINISTRY OF WORKS
COST OF PROJECT: N260, 000.00K
NEED, BASIS AND PURPOSE OF PROJECT: The entrance into the school
had a drainage running by it and it was badly dilapidated and has made it
impossible for a heavy car e.g. truck or water tankers to enter the building without
the risk of the fabricated metal cover which was already bent, from collapsing and
causing damage to the car or individuals, so there was a need to make a permanent
amendment which will be durable and cost-effective. So I designed and helped to
last really long.
PERSONNEL INVOLVED: I as the Graduate Engineer did the design of the
cover slab which was checked Engr. E. Kenneth and I also supervised the
construction process. With me, were also masons, fabricators, a carpenter, and
some laborers, the students also helped out with water.
ACTUAL WORK DONE:
1. Re-design of the damaged drain section
2. Excavation of the failed section
3. Design of a cover slab
4. Construction of a cover slab and rectangular drain
PROJECT METHODOLOGY:
Design codes used: DESIGN CODE –
1. BS 8110: PART 1 (1997) AND PART 2 (1985) - STRUCTURAL USE OF
CONCRETE (CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
2. BS 153, PART 3A (ROAD AND BRIDGE STANDARD LOADING.

Loads considered:
1. Dead load (for slab)
2. HA + KEL (40kN/m)
3. HB loading (45 units - 112.5kn)

 Carrying out reconnaissance surveys and studies of the site.

 Collection and interpretation of relevant data including hydro-meteorological
data, geotechnical data, topographical, contour and profile survey data
 Consultations with relevant stakeholders
 Performing soil investigations and construction materials testing
 Preparation of preliminary and detailed engineering design of the fault control
works
 Preparation of comprehensive engineering drawings, geotechnical studies report
hydrologic, hydraulic and structural designs and details.
 Preparation of bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME) and
cost estimate
 Preparation of inception, preliminary engineering, and detailed engineering
design reports,
The above tasks have been summarized into three key stages as follows:
* Stage I - Project Initiation and Reconnaissance Studies
* Stage II -Detailed Surveys, Investigations and Preliminary Design
* Stage III -Detailed Engineering Design
* Stage IV -construction of drain
* Stage V -construction of Cover Slab

DESIGN INFORMATION

INTENDED USE OF STRUCTURE - COVER SLAB TO CONCRETE CHANNEL

DESIGN CODE - 1. BS 8110: PART 1 (1997) AND PART 2 (1985) - STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE
(CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION)
2. BS 153, PART 3A (ROAD AND BRIDGE STANDARD LOADING).

MATERIAL DATA
N/mm
Characteristic strength of Concrete fcu = 25 ²
N/mm
Charateristic strength of reinforcement fy = 410 ²
Mass density of reinforced concrete, γ = 24 kN/m³

Loads considered
1 dead load (for slab)
HA + KEL (40kN/m) (Imposed
2 Load)  
3 HB loading (45 units) (Imposed Load)

450 450

150
1000

150

PLAN OF DRAIN WITH

SLABS

25mm

A A
450m
400mm m

0.025
25

150 1000 150

1300
 PLAN OF COVER SLAB

1300

SECTION A - A

1300

150 1000 150

   
CROSS SECTION OF DRAIN

Assumed depth of slab = h = 200 mm

Bar size φ = 12 mm
Concrete cover, C
= 25 mm
Effective span, L = 1150 mm
Width of slab, W
= 450 mm

Effective depth d = h- c - φ/2 = 169 mm h c d

   (mm) (mm) (mm)
  200 25 169

LOADIN
G

DEAD LOAD (DL)

Depth of slab, h = 0.2 m
Widthof slab, w = 0.45 m  
Unit weight of concrete, γ = 24 kN/m³
 
SLAB SELF WEIGHT, gk = 0.2*0.45*24 = 2.16 kN/m h γ gk
(kN/m³ (kN/m²
  (m) ) )
  0.2 24 2.16
IMPOSED LOAD  
qk = 5 kN/m²  

Design Load, n = 1.4gk + 1.6qk = 11.024 kN/m² 1.4gk 1.6qk n

(kN/m²
(kN/m²) (kN/m²) )
3.024 8 11.024

2 HA IMPOSED LOAD (IL)

KEL = 40 kN/m
a. HA UDL + KNIFE EDGE LOAD

(+)
UDL w
= 78.36 kN/m2

1.15
1.15

b. HB LOAD (ABNORMAL LOAD)

Load dispersion

a= 375 mm
b= 75
 375

d d d d d

d d d d
B=
(A) b+2d
A = a + 2d (B)

a= 375 mm
B
A

TYRE CONTACT AREA

FOR HB LOAD
Tyre contact area = 375mm x 75mm
load dispersal area = A*B
where,
a = 0.375 m
b = 0.075 m
d= 0.169 m

A = a + 2d = 0.713 a b d A B
B = b + 2d = 0.413 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
0.375 0.075 0.169 0.713 0.413
(Ref. Reynolds Reinforced concrete Designer's Handbook Table (11))

HB LOAD, W = 112.5 kN

Imposed load, IL = (W/(A*B)*1.25) = 477.55 kN/m2  

 45
W A B IL
(kN/m2
(kN) (m) (m) )
477.55
112.5 0.713 0.413 45

MOMENTS
1. DEAD LOAD, DL
n= 11.024 kN/m²
L= 1.15 m

MDL = nL2/8 = 1.822405 kN m n L MDL

(kN/m²) (m) kNm
1.8224
11.024 1.15 05

2. HA + KEL MOMENTS, MIL

w= 78.36 kN/m²
P= 40 kN/m
L= 1.15 m
24.453
MIL(HA+KEL) = (wL2/8) + (PL/4)= 89 KNm
w P L MIL
(kN) (kN) (m) (kNm)
24.453
78.36 40 1.15 89

3. FROM HB LOADING
477.554
w= 5 kN/m²
L= 1.15 m

MIL(HB
MIL(HB) = wL²/8 = 78.94573 kN-m w L )
(kN/m²) (m) (kNm)
477.554 78.945
5 1.15 73

SUMMARY OF MOMENTS
1. MDL + MIL(HA + KEL)
MDL = 1.82240 kNm
 5
MIL(HA + KEL)= 24.45389 kNm
26.276
MDL + MIL(HA + KEL) = 29 kN/m MDL MIL MTOTAL
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1.82240 24.4538 26.276
5 9 29
2.MDL + MIL(HB)
1.82240
MDL = 5 kNm
MIL(HB) 78.9457
= 3 kNm MDL MIL(HB) MTOTAL
MDL + MIL(HB) = 80.76814 kNm (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1.8224 78.9457 80.7681
05 3 4

 
SECTION ANALYSIS/DESIGN
Use Maximum moment
80.7681
Mmax = 4 kNm
b= 450 mm
d= 169 mm
fcu = 25 N/mm²
K = M/(bd2fcu)< 0.156 Mmax b d fcu K
(N/mm
K = M/(bd2fcu) = 0.25137 (kNm) (mm) (mm) ²)  
80.768 0.2513
14 450 169 25 7

fy = 410 N/mm² Mmax fy la d As

(N/mm²
(kNm) )   (mm) (mm²)
80.768 1583.2
14 410 0.775 169 31
1583.23
Area of steel required As = Mmax/0.95fylad = 1 mm²

RECOMMENDATION
1. Routine cleaning and maintenance of drains should be carried out ones a
month and 4 times during the rainy season

2. Carry out reconnaissance surveys and studies of the site before the design of
any structure.
3. Knowledge of the steps involved in the preparation of the bill of
engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME) and cost estimate for any
project is of utmost importance for an engineer

Conclusion
My experience on the FREMA Secondary School, cover slab and drain design
and construction initiated my first foray into full structural design and project
management which I was involved in from site reconnaissance to BEME
preparation and project planning and execution. In the course of this project, I
participated both managerially and technically. I was actively involved in the
analysis of survey data, production of design, preparation of BEME, cash flow
analysis, supervision/overseeing of engineering construction work, management
of meeting with the client.
To be frank these responsibilities were initially tasking on me since as a young
engineer I was suddenly ushered into the engineering field but I was able to rise
to the occasion and I have immensely benefited from the experience I garnered
from the exposure at such an early stage of my career.
 CHAPTER 3

RELEVANCE OF PROJECT ONE

 The entrance into the school had a drainage running by it and it was badly
dilapidated and has made it impossible for a heavy car e.g. truck or water tankers
to enter the building without the risk of the fabricated metal cover which was
already bent, from collapsing and causing damage to the car or individuals, so
there was a need to make a permanent amendment which will be durable and cost-
effective. So I designed and helped to last really long.
My experience on the FREMA Secondary School, cover slab and drain design
and construction initiated my first foray into full structural design and project
management which I was involved in from site reconnaissance to BEME
preparation and project planning and execution. In the course of this project, I
participated both managerially and technically. I was actively involved in the
analysis of survey data, production of design, preparation of BEME, cash flow
analysis, supervision/overseeing of engineering construction work, management
of meeting with the client.
To be frank these responsibilities were initially tasking on me since as a young
engineer I was suddenly ushered into the engineering field but I was able to rise
to the occasion and I have immensely benefited from the experience I garnered
from the exposure at such an early stage of my career.

RELEVANCE OF PROJECT TWO

The structure is an *L* shaped blocks of classrooms. The ground floor has been
completed and already in use as a primary school for the Seventh-day Adventist
church. The first floor is already in construction when they started noticing some
of the faults in the members, the structure is designed to be a three floors nursery
and primary school.
Some of the faults include
1. The first-floor columns where the slant of which if it were to be loaded will
definitely buckle
2. The reinforcement for the staircase was not placed right even from the
drawing which would have given way to shear and cracks and potential
collapse
3. The first-floor slab cantilevered balcony which is carrying the column load
from the second and third floor had no support from the ground floor
column. The alignment of the columns was off. Of which if construction was
to continue would result in overloading the slab and eventual collapse
Hence there was a need for a redesign and proper supervision so that the
recommended amendments were implemented.
RECOMMENDATION
1. Routine cleaning and maintenance of drains should be carried out ones a
month and 4 times during the rainy season

2. Carry out reconnaissance surveys and studies of the site before the design of
any structure.
3. Knowledge of the steps involved in the preparation of the bill of
engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME) and cost estimate for any
project is of utmost importance for an engineer
4. Building re-design resolves client requirements into a set of instructions for
the construction of a building. Below I provide a summary of a process that,
while it varies from project to project nonetheless tends to follow a series of
well-established stages e.g.
1. consideration
 HB loading requirements derive from the nature of exceptional industrial
loads (e.g. electrical transformers, generators, pressure vessels, machine
presses, etc.) likely to use the column slab in the area.
The vehicle load is represented by a four axled vehicle with four wheels
equally spaced on each axle. The load on each axle is defined by a number
of units which is dependent on the class of road and is specified in BD 37/01
Chapter 4 as follows:
Motorways and trunk roads require 45 units, Principal roads require 37.5
units and other public roads require 30 units. One unit of HB is equal to
10kN per axle. There are five HB vehicles to check although most vehicles
can be discounted by inspection. The spacing between the inner two axles of
the vehicle has five different values which produce the range of HB vehicle
to consider.
  


  1 unit of HB loading.
 Only one HB vehicle is considered to load anyone superstructure. The
vehicle is positioned within one notional lane or straddles two notional lanes
in order to obtain the worst effect on the member. HA loading is placed in
any remaining lane not occupied by the HB vehicle. Also, if the deck is long
enough, the HA UDL only is placed in the lane occupied by the HB vehicle
but is omitted from the length of lane within 25m from the front and back of
the HB vehicle.

5.

Conclusion
My experience on the FREMA Secondary School, cover slab and drain design
and construction initiated my first foray into full structural design and project
management which I was involved in from site reconnaissance to BEME
preparation and project planning and execution. In the course of this project, I
participated both managerially and technically. I was actively involved in the
analysis of survey data, production of design, preparation of BEME, cash flow
analysis, supervision/overseeing of engineering construction work, management
of meeting with the client.
To be frank these responsibilities were initially tasking on me since as a young
engineer I was suddenly ushered into the engineering field but I was able to rise
to the occasion and I have immensely benefited from the experience I garnered
from the exposure at such an early stage of my career.

In summary, design tends to follow a relatively consistent process of project

definition followed by the development of an increasingly detailed solution.
Throughout this process, it is vital to be clear who the stakeholders for the new
building are and what it is they need, and then to keep focused on satisfying that
need. The design itself is then a complex balance of maintaining close control
whilst not closing off options too early.

Changes tend to cost more and cause more disruption as the design progresses, and
there is a tendency for budgets and designs to diverge unless strong management is
in place.
“MY POST-GRADUATE EXPERIENCE”

REPORT PRESENTED TO THE

NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

BY

OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI

APRIL, 2020
 “MY POST-GRADUATE EXPERIENCE”

REPORT PRESENTED TO THE

NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

BY

OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR REGISTRATION AS A CORPORATE MEMBER
OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS

APRIL, 2014
CERTIFICATE OF SUBMISSION

This is certify that I, OZOAGU FELIX MADUABUCHI has

written this report myself and it is true account of my training and working
experience.

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………. …………………..
Signature of candidate and date Signature of Senior Engineer and date

………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………… ……………………
Name of Candidate Name of Senior Engineer
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 SECONDARY EDUCATION (SCHOOLS ATTENDED WITH DATE)
1.1 HIGHER EDUCATION (SCHOOLS ATTENDANCE WITH DATE)
1.2 NYSC (PLACE OF PRIMARY ASSIGNMENT WITH DATE)
1.3 IN-SERVICE TRAINING : POSTGRADUATE (COURSE AND INSTITUTE WITH
DATES)
1.3.1 COURSE 1 (TITLE)
INSTITU
TE DATE
1.3.2 COURSE 2 (TITLE)
INSTIT
UE
DATE
1.3.3 COURSE 3 (TITLE)
INSTITU
TE DATE
1.3.4 COURSE 4 (TITLE)
INSTITU
TE DATE

CHAPTER TWO: PROFESSIONAL/WORK EXPERIENCE

2.0 PROFESSIONAL/WORK EXPERIENCE (10 GOOD MIX)
2.1 WORK EXPERIENCE 1: (INDUSTRIAL TRAINING: WRITE YOUR TITLED
EXPERIENCE)
TITLE THE ENGINEERING SUBBRANCH/TECHNOLOGY, TRADE SKILL AND
INNOVATION/WORK EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED IN THE COURSE OF
PROJECT/WORK)
2.1.1 PROJECT TITLE (AS IN CONTRACT DOCUMENT) OR NAME OF JOB
DEPARTMENT
2.1.2 THE ORGANIZATION’S NAME/CLIENT/USER DEPT
2.1.3 STATEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVE
2.1.4 PROJECT DURATION
2.1.5 POSITION HELD
2.1.6 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST (IF ACCESSIBLE)
2.1.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIENCE
PROJECT/NEED
(NARRATIVE) LEVEL OF
PARTICIPATION
RESPONSIBILITY – SUMMARY OF JOB DESCRIPTION
ROUTINE PROJECT AMENDMENT IF ANY AND WHY
SOLUTOIN(S) PROFFERED
SOLUTION SELECTED AND WHY
IF BIGER THAN 1/5 OF A
PAGE THEN THEY SHOULD
BE PUT IN APPENDIX
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PROJECT FOR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
 LESSON S LEARNT FROM THE PROJECTFOR ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL (NSE) DEVELOPMENT
SKETCHES, CALCULATIONS, DRAWINGS, etc
PICTURES
2.2 WORK EXPERIENCE 2 (NYSC): WRITE YOUR TITLED EXPERIENCE
2.2.1 PROJECT TITLE (AS IN CONTRACT DOCUMENT) OR NAME OF JOB
DEPARTMENT
2.2.2 THE ORGANIZATION’S NAME/CLIENT/USER DEPT
2.2.3 STATEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVE
2.2.4 PROJECT DURATION
2.2.5 POSITION HELD
2.2.6 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST (IF ACCESSIBLE)
2.2.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIENCE
PROJECT/NEED
(NARRATIVE) LEVEL OF
PARTICIPATION
RESPONSIBILITY – SUMMARY OF JOB DESCRIPTION
ROUTINE PROJECT AMENDMENT IF ANY AND WHY
SOLUTOIN(S) PROFFERED
SOLUTION SELECTED AND WHY
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PROJECT FOR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
LESSON S LEARNT FROM THE PROJECTFOR ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL (NSE) DEVELOPMENT
SKETCHES, CALCULATIONS, DRAWINGS,
etc
IF BIGER THAN 1/5 OF A PAGE
THEN THEY SHOULD BE PUT
PICTURES IN
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND AND DATES:
Hill Top Primary School, Enugu Ngwo, Enugu State 1990
– 1995
Colliery Comprehensive Secondary School, Enugu State 1995 – 2001
Enugu State University of Science and Technology 2002 – 2007
Kebbi State Ministry of Works 2009 –
2010

QUALIFICATION:
First School Leaving Certificate (FSLC) 1995
Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) 2001
Bachelor Engineering (Civil) 2007
CHAPTER TWO
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
I am a Civil Engineer with more than 5 years of experience in structural design, geotechnical
engineering, construction management, health and safety, research and development, leadership
and mentoring, as well as problem-solving, stable, thoughtful, technical, responsible, good
communication skill, intransigent in HSE with a clear potential to learn.
Key skills include:
 Vast understanding of Civil and Geo-Technical Engineering concepts
 Proficient in Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint
 Strong familiarity with design software like Civil-Soft, ORION, AutoCAD CIVIL3D,
AutoCAD and MatLab
 Ability to work well with team members to ensure efficient operations
 Excellent time management and organizational abilities
 Outstanding internal and external communications skills
 Extensive background in risk assessment and investigation
 Fluent in English (written and oral communication skills)
 Organizational and strategic planning
 Multitasking
  WORK EXPERIENCE:

1. NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE CORP (NYSC) Kebbi State Ministry

of Works 2009 – 2010

A. Supervision of the Construction of Gindi Sambawa Road

(Jega Local Government)
B. The entrance into the school had a drainage running by it
and it was badly dilapidated and has made it impossible
for a heavy car e.g. truck or water tankers to enter the
building without the risk of the fabricated metal cover
which was already bent, from collapsing and causing
damage to the car or individuals, so there was a need to
make a permanent amendment which will be durable and
cost-effective. So I designed and helped constructed a
cover slab that ticks the above boxes and gives a
guarantee of lasting really long.
C. I was part of the engineering team that designed and supervised the
emergency mitigation of umuagbai, umuagu, and uratta flood
plain, the construction of Culverts for Uratta Road project and the
culverts and the riprap structure for the infiltration basin.
D. I was Responsible for giving full administrative and technical
support to the consultant Engineer.
E. I was In-charge of planning communication routes between
workers and management for Umuagbai erosion mitigation project
F. Conducted Incident investigation and Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
facilitating and reporting.
G. Trained interns on the use of Microsoft Excel in Designing and
Analysis of structures
H. Overseeing development of structural drawings with AutoCAD,
profile/sections/elevations
I. Overseeing Landscaping, Interlocks Laying, stone pitching
J. Documentation and Spreadsheet writing (excel); reproduction of
calculation sheets on Excel
K. I learned the principles of BEME (bill of engineering measurement
and evaluation) using CESSM4 and applied them in the
preparation of the bill of engineering measurement and evaluation
of different projects.
L. I Learnt the design and calculation of drainage slopes and invert
levels
M. I Conducted Inspection of the Scale/Aspect Ratio of structural
designs before printing.
3. Oasi Consultant Int. Ltd Safety Supervisor/Civil Engineer December 2011 – August 2018
 I designed and supervised the construction of a duplex in Afikpo, Ebonyi state.
 I designed and supervised the construction of a retaining wall for BOJIH Limited in
Enugu.
 I carried out, unaided, safety report inspection of Transmission Company of Nigeria
(T.C.N Enugu Branch), O.A.S.I workplace, C.C.C (Consolidated Construction
Company) 9th Mile construction Site, Seventh-Day Adventist Primary School and
identifying the more common hazards, decided whether they are adequately controlled
and, where necessary, suggesting appropriate and cost-effective control measures.
 I redesigned a primary school structure for seventh-day Adventist Baptist church which
had structural design faults and construction mistakes
 I Assist the Head - Health, Safety, and Environment in safety policy formulation,
coordination with safety officers and ensuring compliance across I.E.
 I carried out unaided a research on the effect of oil spill on the geotechnical properties of
lateritic soil, I simulated the effects using the spent engine oil, which is commonly found
and easily accessible, and which also has similar properties, I studied the effects on
compaction, C.B.R test and atterberg limit test.
 I carried out unaided a research on the compressive strength of sandcrete blocks produced
using manual method and mechanical method in Nkanu West LGA.
 I Conduct toolbox talks, ensure safe equipment handover to third parties, safe lifting
methods, safety regulation and ensured that hazard compensatory measures are in place
 I conduct Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma projects to reduce engineering rework. By
making, this comparative study of both the working methods we get the need and
importance of process improvement methodology in the construction context for quality,
cost, productivity, productivity time, customer satisfaction and Six Sigma. Reduced
project lead times companywide by 20 percent over a two-year period
 I carry out the periodic inspections and tests on Safety Equipment (Fire Water Pump,
signage’s, Emergency valves, emergency exits, and electrical systems) and fill out the
relevant log sheets.
  I introduced the research, development, and implementation of new technologies, design,
standards, procedures and processes, custom data acquisition, and NHV testing systems.
Which helped improve efficiency by 57%.
 Created a training guide for new recruits, monitor their work periodically and act as their
adviser.
 I evaluated work assignments and developed a master schedule for multiple projects.
 I participate in Developing HSE audits / Inspection plan and Lead regular
inspection/Audits of Contractor HSE-MS and writing of audit reports.
 I carry out Workplace inspections, risk assessment and quantification, near miss, hazards
reporting, corrective actions tracking, closeout, and writing of management reports.
 I lead a team developing/revising HSE Safe Operating Procedures, (SOPs) and this has
led to an overall 80% increase in work safety and safety culture.
 Confirmed that all engineering designs conformed to design specifications, considered
factors such as air quality noise pollution and temperature cycles.
 I worked with the project manager to develop designs that met budget guidelines.
 Created designs for new development and the upgrade of existing highway structures,
Evaluated traffic surveys and other analytical data prior to developing final designs.
Resolved any design flaws or issues with the implementation of completed plans.
 I conducted research, e.g. drafting Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and Community
Guidelines.
 I develop HSE audits/Inspection plan and Lead regular inspection/Audits of Contractor
HSE-MS and writing of audit reports.
 I work independently to monitor Risk Management, Identification, prevention, and
Quantification.

2. ENGINEER Anbeez Services Limited Feb 2019 – date

A. Supervision of Earthwork at Ihe, Enugu State for RAMP-2

B. Supervision of drainage work at Obeagu, Enugu State for RAMP-
C. Supervision of Road Construction work at Obinofia-Ndiuno (for RAMP-2)
Enugu State
D. Supervision of Gabion work done at Agbaja Ngwo (for NEWMAP) Enugu
State
E. I am the Resident Engineer for the World Bank Assisted project at Enugu-Ngwo, I am
in charge of the Gully Erosion site reclamaition at St theresas Ngwo. I supervised the
installation of Gabion retaining wall that are used in the gully, I also supervised the
construction of drainages, culverts and drop structures which containes stilling basin
and chute-blocks, Riprap/Rock Apron.
F. I plan, supervise and coordinate the day-to-day activities of the operators, drivers,
labour and surveyors. this includes the earthwork by the operators, the haulage of
laterites by the truck drivers, the casting of concrete by the labour and installation of the
gabions, and the taking of compaction levels by the surveyors which is used to
determine the total amount of earthwork and the carrying out of compaction tests on
every level that has been compacted by the lab technologist.
G. I was Responsible for giving full administrative and technical support to the consultant
Engineer and ministry of works representatives.
H. I was In-charge of planning communication routes between workers and management
for Enugu-Ngwo erosion mitigation project
I. Conducted Incident investigation and Root Cause Analysis (RCA) facilitating and
reporting.
J. I co-ordinate toolbox talk and safety trainings for the skilled and unskilled labour under
me.